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Jing Z, Galbo P, Ovando L, Demouth M, Welte S, Park R, Chandran K, Wu Y, MacCarthy T, Zheng D, Fooksman D. Fine-tuning spatial-temporal dynamics and surface receptor expression support plasma cell-intrinsic longevity. eLife 2024; 12:RP89712. [PMID: 38896451 PMCID: PMC11186632 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Durable serological memory following vaccination is critically dependent on the production and survival of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Yet, the factors that control LLPC specification and survival remain poorly resolved. Using intravital two-photon imaging, we find that in contrast to most plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM), LLPCs are uniquely sessile and organized into clusters that are dependent on APRIL, an important survival factor. Using deep, bulk RNA sequencing, and surface protein flow-based phenotyping, we find that LLPCs express a unique transcriptome and phenotype compared to bulk PCs, fine-tuning expression of key cell surface molecules, CD93, CD81, CXCR4, CD326, CD44, and CD48, important for adhesion and homing. Conditional deletion of Cxcr4 in PCs following immunization leads to rapid mobilization from the BM, reduced survival of antigen-specific PCs, and ultimately accelerated decay of antibody titer. In naïve mice, the endogenous LLPCs BCR repertoire exhibits reduced diversity, reduced somatic mutations, and increased public clones and IgM isotypes, particularly in young mice, suggesting LLPC specification is non-random. As mice age, the BM PC compartment becomes enriched in LLPCs, which may outcompete and limit entry of new PCs into the LLPC niche and pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Jing
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Phillip Galbo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Luis Ovando
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Megan Demouth
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Skylar Welte
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Rosa Park
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
- Department of System and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
- Department of System and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - David Fooksman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
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2
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Burian K, Heidler F, Frahm N, Hecker M, Langhorst SE, Mashhadiakbar P, Streckenbach B, Baldt J, Meißner J, Richter J, Zettl UK. Vaccination status and self-reported side effects after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in relation to psychological and clinical variables in patients with multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12248. [PMID: 38806524 PMCID: PMC11133397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the vaccination campaign posed a challenge to patients with autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed for investigating whether psychological/sociodemographic/clinical characteristics of MS patients are associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status and self-reported vaccination side effects (SEs). We have asked patients with MS about their willingness to receive recommended standard vaccinations pre-pandemically since June 2019. Between 10/2021 and 01/2022, we surveyed 193 of these MS patients about their current SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, their perception of vaccination-related SEs, and reasons for and against SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. 75.6% of the patients declared their willingness to receive standard vaccinations before the pandemic. 84.5%, 78.2%, and 13.0% of the patients had received the first, second, and third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, respectively, until the follow-up survey. The most common reason for not getting vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 was concern about possible side effects (82.1%), followed by the belief that the vaccines had not been adequately tested (64.3%). Vaccination-related SEs were reported by 52.8% of the patients. Younger age, higher education, lower degree of disability, relapsing disease course, shorter disease duration, not receiving a disease-modifying therapy and higher anxiety and depression levels were associated with the occurrence of certain vaccination-related SEs. Concerns about novel vaccines are widespread among MS patients and necessitate targeted education of the patients, especially to those with more severe psychopathological symptoms (anxiety or depression) and those who are generally skeptical of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Burian
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany.
| | - Felicita Heidler
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany
| | - Niklas Frahm
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Silvan Elias Langhorst
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pegah Mashhadiakbar
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Streckenbach
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany
| | - Julia Baldt
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany
| | - Janina Meißner
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany
| | - Jörg Richter
- Department of Neurology, Ecumenic Hainich Hospital gGmbH, Pfafferode 102, 99974, Mühlhausen, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
- Durham Law School, The Palatine Centre, Durham University, Stockton Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Neuroimmunology Section, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
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Jing Z, Galbo P, Ovando L, Demouth M, Welte S, Park R, Chandran K, Wu Y, MacCarthy T, Zheng D, Fooksman D. Fine-tuning spatial-temporal dynamics and surface receptor expression support plasma cell-intrinsic longevity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.15.527913. [PMID: 36891288 PMCID: PMC9994177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.527913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Durable serological memory following vaccination is critically dependent on the production and survival of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Yet, the factors that control LLPC specification and survival remain poorly resolved. Using intra-vital two-photon imaging, we find that in contrast to most plasma cells in the bone marrow, LLPCs are uniquely sessile and organized into clusters that are dependent on April, an important survival factor. Using deep, bulk RNA sequencing, and surface protein flow-based phenotyping, we find that LLPCs express a unique transcriptome and proteome compared to bulk PCs, fine tuning expression of key cell surface molecules, CD93, CD81, CXCR4, CD326, CD44 and CD48, important for adhesion and homing, and phenotypically label LLPCs within mature PC pool. Conditional deletion of Cxcr4 in PCs following immunization leads to rapid mobilization from the BM, reduced survival of antigen-specific PCs, and ultimately accelerated decay of antibody titer. In naive mice, the endogenous LLPCs BCR repertoire exhibits reduced diversity, reduced somatic mutations, and increased public clones and IgM isotypes, particularly in young mice, suggesting LLPC specification is non-random. As mice age, the BM PC compartment becomes enriched in LLPCs, which may outcompete and limit entry of new PC into the LLPC niche and pool.
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4
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Elias C, Nunes MC, Saadatian-Elahi M. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia caused by S treptococcus pneumoniae in older adults: a narrative review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:144-153. [PMID: 38323404 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review covers updated perspectives on different aspects of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (pCAP), including the epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, antibiotic treatment, and existing preventive strategies in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS pCAP remains the most prevalent condition among lower respiratory tract infections in the older adults according to Global Burden of Diseases 2019. Older adults can display atypical symptoms such as confusion, general clinical deterioration, new onset of and exacerbation of underlying illness that might trigger clinical suspicion of pCAP. Older adults with pCAP often experience increased disease severity and a higher risk of pulmonary complications compared with younger individuals, owing to age-related changes in immunity and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Vaccination stands fundamental for prevention, emphasizing the need for effective immunization strategies, specifically tailored for older adults. There is a pressing need to reinforce efforts aimed at boosting pneumococcal vaccination rates. SUMMARY Despite a high morbidity and mortality, the burden of pCAP, in particular hospital admission and occurrence of invasive infections, among the elderly population is not sufficiently documented. This review findings emphasize the substantial burden of pCAP in this vulnerable population, driven by factors such as advancing age and underlying comorbidities. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains further complicates treatment decisions and highlights the importance of tailored approaches for managing pCAP in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Elias
- Service d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
- Center of Excellence in Respiratory Pathogens (CERP), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mitra Saadatian-Elahi
- Service d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
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5
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Papazisis G, Topalidou X, Gioula G, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines: Analysis of Pre-Marketing Clinical Trials for Immunogenicity in the Population over 50 Years of Age. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:353. [PMID: 38675736 PMCID: PMC11054105 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence refers to age-related alterations in immune system function affecting both the humoral and cellular arm of immunity. Understanding immunosenescence and its impact on the vaccination of older adults is essential since primary vaccine responses in older individuals can fail to generate complete protection, especially vaccines targeting infections with increased incidence among the elderly, such as the respiratory syncytial virus. Here, we review clinical trials of both candidate and approved vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that include adults aged ≥50 years, with an emphasis on the evaluation of immunogenicity parameters. Currently, there are 10 vaccine candidates and 2 vaccines approved for the prevention of RSV in the older adult population. The number of registered clinical trials for this age group amounts to 42. Our preliminary evaluation of published results and interim analyses of RSV vaccine clinical trials indicates efficacy in older adult participants, demonstrating immunity levels that closely resemble those of younger adult participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papazisis
- Clinical Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Xanthippi Topalidou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgia Gioula
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile (A.M.K.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile (A.M.K.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile (A.M.K.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Langer J, Welch VL, Moran MM, Cane A, Lopez SMC, Srivastava A, Enstone A, Sears A, Markus K, Heuser M, Kewley R, Whittle I. The Cost of Seasonal Influenza: A Systematic Literature Review on the Humanistic and Economic Burden of Influenza in Older (≥ 65 Years Old) Adults. Adv Ther 2024; 41:945-966. [PMID: 38261171 PMCID: PMC10879238 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adults aged ≥ 65 years contribute a large proportion of influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths due to increased risk of complications, which result in high medical costs and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although seasonal influenza vaccines are recommended for older adults, the effectiveness of current vaccines is dependent on several factors including strain matching and recipient demographic factors. This systemic literature review aimed to explore the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥ 65 years. METHODS An electronic database search was conducted to identify studies assessing the economic and humanistic burden of influenza, including influenza symptoms that impact the HRQoL and patient-related outcomes in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Studies were to be published in English and conducted in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, the UK, USA, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies reported on the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Higher direct costs were reported for people at increased risk of influenza-related complications compared to those at low risk. Lower influenza-related total costs were found in those vaccinated with adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) compared to high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV-HD). Older age was associated with an increased occurrence and longer duration of certain influenza symptoms. CONCLUSION Despite the limited data identified, results show that influenza exerts a high humanistic and economic burden in older adults. Further research is required to confirm findings and to identify the unmet needs of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Langer
- Pfizer Patient & Health Impact, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Pfizer Portugal, Lagoas Park, Edifício 10, 2740-271, Porto Salvo, Portugal.
| | - Verna L Welch
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Mary M Moran
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Alejandro Cane
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Amit Srivastava
- Pfizer Emerging Markets, Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy Sears
- Adelphi Values PROVE, Bollington, SK10 5JB, UK
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7
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Fatima I, Alshabrmi FM, Aziz T, Alamri AS, Alhomrani M, Alghamdi S, Alghuraybi RA, Babalghith AO, Bamagous GA, Alhindi Z, Dablool AS, Alhhazmi AA, Alruways MW. Revolutionizing and identifying novel drug targets in Citrobacter koseri via subtractive proteomics and development of a multi-epitope vaccine using reverse vaccinology and immuno-informatics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38407210 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2316762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Citrobacter koseri is a gram-negative rod that has been linked to infections in people with significant comorbidities and immunocompromised immune systems. It is most commonly known to cause urinary tract infections. Thus, the development of an efficacious C. koseri vaccine is imperative, as the pathogen has acquired resistance to current antibiotics. Subtractive proteomics was employed during this research to identify potential antigenic proteins to design an effective vaccine against C. koseri. The pipeline identified two antigenic proteins as potential vaccine targets: DP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase and Arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase. B and T cell epitopes from the specific proteins were forecasted employing several immunoinformatic and bioinformatics resources. A vaccine was created using a combination of seven cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes (CTL), five helper T cell lymphocyte (HTL), and seven linear B cell lymphocyte (LBL) epitopes. An adjuvant (β-defensin) was added to the vaccine to enhance immunological responses. The created vaccine was stable for use in humans, highly antigenic, and non-allergenic. The vaccine's molecular and interactions binding affinity with the human immunological receptor TLR3 were studied using MMGBSA, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular docking analyses. E. coli (strain-K12) plasmid vector pET-28a (+) was used to examine the ability of the vaccine to be expressed. The vaccine shows great promise in terms of developing protective immunity against diseases, based on the results of these computer experiments. However, in vitro and animal research are required to validate our findings.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene, and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Ahmad Alghuraybi
- Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health Makkah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department College of Medicine Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A Bamagous
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zain Alhindi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas S Dablool
- Public health Department, Health Sciences College at Al-Leith، Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Alhhazmi
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael W Alruways
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Li J, Liang F, Xiao L, Lu W, Wang H. Effect of acupuncture therapy on vaccine-induced immune response in d-galactose-induced aging rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22645. [PMID: 38213597 PMCID: PMC10782161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore whether acupuncture and moxibustion can enhance the immune response by increasing the expression of the endogenous adjuvant HSP70 mRNA. Method Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: model immune acupuncture group (A), model immune control group (B), normal immune acupuncture group (C), and normal immune control group (D). Model immune groups A and B were induced by injecting d-galactose for 6 weeks. Rats in groups A and C were then treated with low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36), Guanyuan (CV4), and Baihui (GV20) and moxibustion for 3 weeks. Subsequently, all rats were observed for 2 more weeks. At the 12th week, diphtheria antitoxin titers were determined using the Vero cell trace neutralization method, CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratios in peripheral blood were examined by flow cytometry, and the relative expression of spleen cell HSP70 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the normal immune control, the diphtheria antitoxin titer, CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio, and expression of spleen cell HSP70 mRNA significantly decreased in the model immune control group (P < 0.01). However, the model immune acupuncture group showed a significant increase in antitoxin titer (P < 0.01) and elevated CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) after EA and moxibustion intervention. Conclusion Acupuncture and moxibustion may enhance the humoral immune response (diphtheria antitoxin titer) and cellular immune response (peripheral blood CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio) by increasing the expression of the endogenous adjuvant HSP70 mRNA, suggesting that acupuncture may serve as a new vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Xianning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Fangyuan Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
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9
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Lu T, Das S, Howlader DR, Jain A, Hu G, Dietz ZK, Zheng Q, Ratnakaram SSK, Whittier SK, Varisco DJ, Ernst RK, Picking WD, Picking WL. Impact of the TLR4 agonist BECC438 on a novel vaccine formulation against Shigella spp. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194912. [PMID: 37744341 PMCID: PMC10512073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) is a severe gastrointestinal infection with a global incidence of 90 million cases annually. Despite the severity of this disease, there is currently no licensed vaccine against shigellosis. Shigella's primary virulence factor is its type III secretion system (T3SS), which is a specialized nanomachine used to manipulate host cells. A fusion of T3SS injectisome needle tip protein IpaD and translocator protein IpaB, termed DBF, when admixed with the mucosal adjuvant double-mutant labile toxin (dmLT) from enterotoxigenic E. coli was protective using a murine pulmonary model. To facilitate the production of this platform, a recombinant protein that consisted of LTA-1, the active moiety of dmLT, and DBF were genetically fused, resulting in L-DBF, which showed improved protection against Shigella challenge. To extrapolate this protection from mice to humans, we modified the formulation to provide for a multivalent presentation with the addition of an adjuvant approved for use in human vaccines. Here, we show that L-DBF formulated (admix) with a newly developed TLR4 agonist called BECC438 (a detoxified lipid A analog identified as Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry candidate #438), formulated as an oil-in-water emulsion, has a very high protective efficacy at low antigen doses against lethal Shigella challenge in our mouse model. Optimal protection was observed when this formulation was introduced at a mucosal site (intranasally). When the formulation was then evaluated for the immune response it elicits, protection appeared to correlate with high IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion from mucosal site lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Debaki R. Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Akshay Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Zackary K. Dietz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | | | - Sean K. Whittier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - David J. Varisco
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Pojero F, Gervasi F, Fiore SD, Aiello A, Bonacci S, Caldarella R, Attanzio A, Candore G, Caruso C, Ligotti ME, Procopio A, Restivo I, Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Accardi G. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nutritionally Relevant Concentrations of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Age-Related Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11029. [PMID: 37446206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence and inflammaging facilitate the insurgence of chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet is a non-invasive intervention to improve the chronic low-grade inflammatory status associated with aging. Olive oil oleuropein (OLE) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) demonstrated a controversial modulatory action on inflammation in vitro when tested at concentrations exceeding those detectable in human plasma. We studied the potential anti-inflammatory effects of OLE and HT at nutritionally relevant concentrations on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as regards cell viability, frequency of leukocyte subsets, and cytokine release, performing an age-focused analysis on two groups of subjects: Adult (age 18-64 years) and Senior (age ≥ 65 years). OLE and HT were used alone or as a pre-treatment before challenging PBMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both polyphenols had no effect on cell viability irrespective of LPS, but 5 µM HT had an LPS-like effect on monocytes, reducing the intermediate subset in Adult subjects. OLE and HT had no effect on LPS-triggered release of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, but 5 µM HT reduced IL-10 secretion by PBMCs from Adult vs. Senior group. In summary, nutritionally relevant concentrations of OLE and HT elicit no anti-inflammatory effect and influence the frequency of immune cell subsets with age-related different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pojero
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gervasi
- Specialistic Oncology Laboratory Unit, ARNAS Hospitals Civico Di Cristina e Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Davide Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "P. Giaccone" University Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ignazio Restivo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Allegra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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11
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Woodward M, Ramasubramanian V, Kamarulzaman A, Tantawichien T, Wang M, Song JY, Choi WS, Djauzi S, Solante R, Lee WS, Tateda K, Pan H, Wang NC, Pang T. Addressing Unmet Needs in Vaccination for Older Adults in the Asia Pacific: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:869-880. [PMID: 37284594 PMCID: PMC10239646 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s406601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of vaccinating the older population against vaccine-preventable diseases in terms of health, social and economic benefits has been increasingly recognised. However, there is a gap in the utilisation of vaccines worldwide. The population is ageing at an unprecedented pace in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region, with the number of persons older than 65 years set to double by 2050 to around 1.3 billion. More than 18% of the population in Japan, Hong Kong, and China is over the age of 65 years. This highlights the importance of prioritising resources to address societal obligations toward the needs of the ageing generation. This review provides an overview of the challenges to adult vaccination in APAC, drivers to increase vaccination coverage, vaccination insights gained through the COVID-19 pandemic, and potential measures to increase the uptake of adult vaccines in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Minggui Wang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, SH, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korean University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Samsuridjal Djauzi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rontgene Solante
- Adult Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, NCR, Philippines
| | - Wen-Sen Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei City Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhiko Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - HongXing Pan
- Institution of Vaccine Clinical Trials, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, JS, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning-Chi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Tri-Service Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tikki Pang
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Vorobyev DS, Sidorov AV, Kaloshin AA, Mikhailova NA, Poddubikov AV, Gruber IM. Preparation a Recombinant Form of Pneumolysin Protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:749-753. [PMID: 37160796 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant form of pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae was obtained. By using Vector NTI Advance 11.0 bioinformatic analysis software, specific primers were designed in order to amplify the genome fragment of strain No. 3358 S. pneumoniae serotype 19F containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length pneumolysin protein. A PCR product with a molecular weight corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the S. pneumoniae genome fragment encoding the full-length pneumolysin was obtained. An expression system for recombinant pneumolysin in E. coli was constructed. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the inserted nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length recombinant pneumolysin synthesized in E. coli M15 strain. Purification of the recombinant protein was performed by affinity chromatography using Ni-Sepharose in 8 M urea buffer solution. Confirmation of the recombinant protein was performed by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies to pneumolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Vorobyev
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Sidorov
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kaloshin
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Mikhailova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Poddubikov
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - I M Gruber
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Castrodeza-Sanz J, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM. Adjuvants for COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050902. [PMID: 37243006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the improvement of traditional vaccines has meant that we have moved from inactivated whole virus vaccines, which provoke a moderate immune response but notable adverse effects, to much more processed vaccines such as protein subunit vaccines, which despite being less immunogenic have better tolerability profiles. This reduction in immunogenicity is detrimental to the prevention of people at risk. For this reason, adjuvants are a good solution to improve the immunogenicity of this type of vaccine, with much better tolerability profiles and a low prevalence of side effects. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination focused on mRNA-type and viral vector vaccines. However, during the years 2022 and 2023, the first protein-based vaccines began to be approved. Adjuvanted vaccines are capable of inducing potent responses, not only humoral but also cellular, in populations whose immune systems are weak or do not respond properly, such as the elderly. Therefore, this type of vaccine should complete the portfolio of existing vaccines, and could help to complete vaccination against COVID-19 worldwide now and over the coming years. In this review we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of adjuvants, as well as their use in current and future vaccines against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castrodeza-Sanz
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León, ICSCYL, 42002 Soria, Spain
| | - Jose M Eiros
- National Influenza Centre, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, 47013 Valladolid, Spain
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14
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Abstract
The inflammaging concept was introduced in 2000 by Prof. Franceschi. This was an evolutionary or rather a revolutionary conceptualization of the immune changes in response to a lifelong stress. This conceptualization permitted to consider the lifelong proinflammatory process as an adaptation which could eventually lead to either beneficial or detrimental consequences. This dichotomy is influenced by both the genetics and the environment. Depending on which way prevails in an individual, the outcome may be healthy longevity or pathological aging burdened with aging-related diseases. The concept of inflammaging has also revealed the complex, systemic nature of aging. Thus, this conceptualization opens the way to consider age-related processes in their complexity, meaning that not only the process but also all counter-processes should be considered. It has also opened the way to add new concepts to the original one, leading to better understanding of the nature of inflammaging and of aging itself. Finally, it showed the way towards potential multimodal interventions involving a holistic approach to optimize the aging process towards a healthy longevity.
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15
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Jenkins VA, Hoet B, Hochrein H, De Moerlooze L. The Quest for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for Older Adults: Thinking beyond the F Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020382. [PMID: 36851260 PMCID: PMC9963583 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of paediatric respiratory tract infection and causes a significant health burden in older adults. Natural immunity to RSV is incomplete, permitting recurrent symptomatic infection over an individual's lifespan. When combined with immunosenescence, this increases older adults' susceptibility to more severe disease symptoms. As RSV prophylaxis is currently limited to infants, older adults represent an important target population for RSV vaccine development. The relationship between RSV and our immune systems is complex, and these interactions require deeper understanding to tailor an effective vaccine candidate towards older adults. To date, vaccine candidates targeting RSV antigens, including pre-F, F, G (A), G (B), M2-1, and N, have shown efficacy against RSV infection in older adults in clinical trial settings. Although vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust neutralising IgG and cellular responses, it is important that research continues to investigate the RSV immune response in order to further understand how the choice of antigenic target site may impact vaccine effectiveness. In this article, we discuss the Phase 3 vaccine candidates being tested in older adults and review the hurdles that must be overcome to achieve effective protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Jenkins
- Bavarian Nordic AG, 6301 Zug, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-79-558-89-39
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16
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Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases and Autoimmune Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020202. [PMID: 36851080 PMCID: PMC9963674 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A dynamic association of specific microbiota during different stages of human life is well documented [...].
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17
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Jiang B, Wang Q, Wang Z, Xu Y, Yang T, Yang W, Jia M, Feng L. Willingness to accept herpes zoster vaccines and the influencing factors in China. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:888. [PMID: 36435780 PMCID: PMC9701420 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes zoster increases the burden on the elderly in an aging society. Although an effective vaccine licensed by China Food and Drug Administration in 2019 was introduced into the market in June 2020, the willingness and influencing factors of herpes zoster vaccines in Chinese adults ≥ 50-years-old during coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic are yet to be elucidated. METHODS An online questionnaire survey was conducted using a simple random sampling method in October 2021 for viewers of the broadcast program. A binary logistic regression and multiple response analysis were conducted for herpes zoster vaccine and vaccination willingness. Pareto's graphs were plotted to present the multiple-choice questions of influencing factors. RESULTS A total of 3838 eligible participants were included in this study. Among them, 43.02% intended to be vaccinated, including 10.34% self-reported about receiving at least one shot of shingles vaccine, 30.22% declined, and 26.76% were hesitant. This population comprised a large proportion of middle-aged and older people (≥ 50-years-old) who have not experienced an episode of herpes zoster (54.98%) or are unaware of the virus (33.22%). The strongest determinants of vaccine hesitancy among older people were education background of Master's degree or above compared to senior high or equivalent and below, personal monthly income < 3000 RMB compared to 3000-5999 RMB, and living in a rural area. CONCLUSIONS The willingness to get shingles vaccines can be improved further. Professional education and credible recommendation might prompt the elderly to improve their willingness and reassure them of the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. Also, accessibility and affordability should also be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshan Jiang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yunshao Xu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Peking Union Medical College Education Foundation, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weizhong Yang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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18
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Hassannia H, Amiri MM, Ghaedi M, Sharifian RA, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F. Preclinical Assessment of Immunogenicity and Protectivity of Novel ROR1 Fusion Proteins in a Mouse Tumor Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235827. [PMID: 36497309 PMCID: PMC9738141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a new tumor associated antigen (TAA) which is overexpressed in several hematopoietic and solid malignancies. The present study aimed to produce and evaluate different fusion proteins of mouse ROR1 (mROR1) to enhance immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ROR1. Four ROR1 fusion proteins composed of extracellular region of mROR1, immunogenic fragments of TT as well as Fc region of mouse IgG2a were produced and employed to immunize Balb/C mice. Humoral and cellular immune responses and anti-tumor effects of these fusion proteins were evaluated using two different syngeneic murine ROR1+ tumor models. ROR1-specific antibodies were induced in all groups of mice. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22 cytokines in culture supernatants of stimulated splenocytes were increased in all groups of immunized mice, particularly mice immunized with TT-mROR1-Fc fusion proteins. The frequency of ROR1-specific CTLs was higher in mice immunized with TT-mROR1-Fc fusion proteins. Finally, results of tumor challenge in immunized mice showed that immunization with TT-mROR1-Fc fusion proteins completely inhibited ROR1+ tumor cells growth in two different syngeneic tumor models until day 120 post tumor challenge. Our preclinical findings, for the first time, showed that our fusion proteins could be considered as a potential candidate vaccine for active immunotherapy of ROR1-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari P.O. Box 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6559, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Mojgan Ghaedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Ramezan-Ali Sharifian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14197-33141, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran P.O. Box 19839-69412, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 14155-6559, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (F.S.)
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19
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Lin XQ, Li AL, Zhang MX, Lv L, Chen Y, Chen HD, Tung TH, Zhu JS. Willingness of Older Adults with Chronic Diseases to Receive a Booster Dose of Inactivated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taizhou, China. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101665. [PMID: 36298530 PMCID: PMC9611491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an important measure to control the spread of COVID-19 among elderly high-risk groups; however, the propensity to receive COVID-19 vaccine boosters has not been evaluated in these populations. Here, we aimed to investigate the willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster among the elderly chronic disease population in Taizhou, China. A cross-sectional, hospital-based survey was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital between 6 July and 11 August 2021 in Taizhou, China, and the data were uploaded to Wen-Juan-Xing, one of the largest online platforms used to collect survey data in China. The targeted population was non-oncology chronic disease patients aged 60 years and above. The minimum sample size was 229, determined by the G*Power software (v3.1.9.2, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany). A total of 254 patients with valid data were enrolled in this study, with a response rate of 82.5% (254/308). Chi-square tests and one-way binary regression were used to compare the proportions and the degree of influence of categorical factors. The magnitude of the effect for the comparisons was measured by Gramer’s V. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to correct for confounders and to identify factors. All data were analyzed using SPSS v24.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). A total of 198 respondents (77.9%) were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, and 77.6% of respondents were willing to receive the primary dose. Age < 70 years (OR 2.82), stable disease control (OR 2.79), confidence in the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine (OR 3.11), and vaccine recipient (OR 5.02) were significantly associated with the willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose. Promoting primary dose vaccination is essential for advancing booster vaccination, and it is important to focus on elderly patients’ confidence in the vaccine, in addition to strengthening health management and promoting disease stability. Follow-up studies should focus on elderly patients who belong to specific disease groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - A-Li Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Mei-Xian Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Li Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - He-Dan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
- Correspondence: (T.-H.T.); (J.-S.Z.)
| | - Jian-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
- Correspondence: (T.-H.T.); (J.-S.Z.)
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20
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Seymour F, Carmichael J, Taylor C, Parrish C, Cook G. Immune senescence in multiple myeloma-a role for mitochondrial dysfunction? Leukemia 2022; 36:2368-2373. [PMID: 35879358 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Age-related immune dysfunction is primarily mediated by immunosenescence which results in ineffective clearance of infective pathogens, poor vaccine responses and increased susceptibility to multi-morbidities. Immunosenescence-related immunometabolic abnormalities are associated with accelerated aging, an inflammatory immune response (inflammaging) and ultimately frailty syndromes. In addition, several conditions can accelerate the development of immunosenescence, including cancer. This is a bi-directional interaction since inflammaging may create a permissive environment for tumour development. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a mature B-cell malignancy that presents in the older population. MM exemplifies the interaction of age- (Host Response Biology; HRB) and disease-related immunological dysfunction, contributing to the development of a frailty syndrome which impairs the therapeutic impact of recent advances in treatment strategies. Understanding the mechanisms by which accelerated immunological aging is induced and the ways in which a tumour such as MM influences this process is key to overcoming therapeutic barriers. A link between cellular mitochondrial dysfunction and the acquisition of an abnormal immune phenotype has recently been described and has widespread physiological consequence beyond the impact on the immune system. Here we outline our current understanding of normal immune aging, describe the mechanism of immunometabolic dysfunction in accelerating this process, and propose the role these processes are playing in the pathogenesis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Seymour
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathan Carmichael
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
- NIHR (Leeds) Medtech & In vitro Diagnostic Cooperative, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Taylor
- Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds UK, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Parrish
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trial Research, University of Leeds UK, Leeds, UK
| | - Gordon Cook
- Department of Haematology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
- NIHR (Leeds) Medtech & In vitro Diagnostic Cooperative, Leeds, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trial Research, University of Leeds UK, Leeds, UK
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21
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Gao G, Hu J, Wang Y, Wang G. Regional Inequalities and Influencing Factors of Residents' Health in China: Analysis from the Perspective of Opening-Up. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912069. [PMID: 36231372 PMCID: PMC9566669 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While opening-up promotes regional economic development, its impact on the residents' health level cannot be ignored. Based on provincial data of China from 2009 to 2020, the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index are used to analyze the regional inequalities in residents' health in China. The Difference-in-Difference model is constructed to study the impact of China's opening-up policies and other factors on residents' health. The results show that, firstly, the health levels of Chinese residents have steadily improved and regional inequalities have been gradually narrowing. Secondly, the Belt and Road Initiative has significantly improved the residents' health along the route, while the Pilot Free Trade Zone, which is another important opening-up policy in China, has had an inhibitory effect on the health of residents. Thirdly, it is proven that the Belt and Road Initiative improves the health of residents in provinces along the route by increasing the degree of opening-up and improving the regional environmental quality. This study will support and advance the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG10 (Reduced Inequalities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Gao
- Faculty of International Trade, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinmiao Hu
- Faculty of International Trade, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Faculty of International Trade, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China
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22
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Lower vaccine-acquired immunity in the elderly population following two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination is alleviated by a third vaccine dose. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4615. [PMID: 35941158 PMCID: PMC9358634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact of age on vaccinations is essential for the design and delivery of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we present findings from a comprehensive analysis of multiple compartments of the memory immune response in 312 individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Two vaccine doses induce high antibody and T cell responses in most individuals. However, antibody recognition of the Spike protein of the Delta and Omicron variants is less efficient than that of the ancestral Wuhan strain. Age-stratified analyses identify a group of low antibody responders where individuals ≥60 years are overrepresented. Waning of the antibody and cellular responses is observed in 30% of the vaccinees after 6 months. However, age does not influence the waning of these responses. Taken together, while individuals ≥60 years old take longer to acquire vaccine-induced immunity, they develop more sustained acquired immunity at 6 months post-vaccination. A third dose strongly boosts the low antibody responses in the older individuals against the ancestral Wuhan strain, Delta and Omicron variants. Responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in different populations are important to define efficacy. Here the authors show using a cohort in Singapore that two doses of mRNA vaccine is less effective in recipients over 60 years of age and that a further dose of vaccine can improve these antibody levels.
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23
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Madireddy I, Pierson Smela M. Stably Integrating an Inducible CRISPR-Cas9 to Protect Against Viral Infections in Vitro. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000590. [PMID: 35789697 PMCID: PMC9250034 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems protect bacteria from viral nucleic acids. The Cas9 enzyme cleaves bacteriophage DNA preventing viral genes from being expressed in the bacterial host. In this work, the Cas9 protein is repurposed to function as an intracellular mammalian defense mechanism that protects human cells from cytomegaloviral DNA. The A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line was genetically modified to express a doxycycline-inducible Cas9, and a guide RNA targeting a luciferase reporter plasmid. This investigation revealed a robust inducible Cas9 system that successfully reduced the expression of the luciferase viral reporter by up to 98% and by 75% on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indeever Madireddy
- BioCurious, Santa Clara, CA
,
BASIS Independent Silicon Valley, San Jose, CA
,
Correspondence to: Indeever Madireddy (
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24
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. Considerations of CD8+ T Cells for Optimized Vaccine Strategies Against Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918611. [PMID: 35774782 PMCID: PMC9237416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be changed, recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have drawn strong attention to another arm of acquired immunity, CD8+ T cells, which are also called killer T cells. Recent evidence accumulated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed that even variants of SARS-CoV-2 that escaped from neutralizing-antibodies that were induced by either infection or vaccination could not escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. In addition, although traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated virus and subunit vaccines, are less efficient in inducing CD8+ T cells, newly introduced platforms for SARS-CoV-2, namely, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, can induce strong CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, CD8+ T cells function locally and need to be at the site of infection to control it. To fully utilize the protective performance of CD8+ T cells, it would be insufficient to induce only memory cells circulating in blood, using injectable vaccines; mucosal immunization could be required to set up CD8+ T cells for the optimal protection. CD8+ T cells might also contribute to the pathology of the infection, change their function with age and respond differently to booster vaccines in comparison with antibodies. Herein, we overview cutting-edge ideas on CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity that can enable the rational design of vaccines for respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshiro Hirai,
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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25
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Divergent age-related humoral correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in older and young adults: a pilot, controlled, human infection challenge model. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2022; 3:e405-e416. [PMID: 36098319 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are typically more severe in older adults. Older adults are more vulnerable to infection and do not respond effectively to vaccines due to a combination of immunosenescence, so-called inflamm-ageing, and accumulation of comorbidities. Although age-related changes in immune responses have been described, the causes of this enhanced respiratory disease in older adults remain poorly understood. We therefore performed volunteer challenge with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in groups of younger and older adult volunteers. The aim of this study was to establish the safety and tolerability of this model and define age-related clinical, virological, and immunological outcomes. METHODS In this human infection challenge pilot study, adults aged 18-55 years and 60-75 years were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Symptoms were documented by self-completed diaries and viral load determined by quantitative PCR of nasal lavage. Peripheral blood B cell frequencies were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot and antibodies against pre-fusion and post-fusion, NP, and G proteins in the blood and upper respiratory tract were measured. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03728413. FINDINGS 381 adults aged 60-75 years (older cohort) and 19 adults aged 18-55 years (young cohort) were assessed for enrolment using protocol-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria between Nov 12, 2018, and Feb 26, 2020. 12 healthy volunteers aged 60-75 years and 21 aged 18-55 years were inoculated intranasally with RSV Memphis-37. Nine (67%) of the 12 older volunteers became infected, developing mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract symptoms that resolved without serious adverse events or sequelae. Viral load peaked on day 6 post-inoculation and symptoms peaked between days 6 and 8. Increases in circulating IgG-positive and IgA-positive antigen-specific plasmablasts, serum neutralising antibodies, and pre-F specific IgG were similar younger and older adults. However, in contrast to young participants, secretory IgA titres in older volunteers failed to increase during infection and, unlike serum IgG, did not correlate with protection. INTERPRETATION Better understanding of age-related differences in clinical outcomes and immune correlates of protection can overcome reduction in vaccine efficacy with advancing age. We identify correlates of protection in older adults, revealing previously unrecognised factors which might have implications for targeted vaccine discovery and drug development in this vulnerable group. FUNDING Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline EMINENT Consortium.
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26
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Paramithiotis E, Sugden S, Papp E, Bonhomme M, Chermak T, Crawford SY, Demetriades SZ, Galdos G, Lambert BL, Mattison J, McDade T, Pillet S, Murphy R. Cellular Immunity Is Critical for Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Immunocompromised Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880784. [PMID: 35693815 PMCID: PMC9179228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine clinical development was conducted with unprecedented speed. Immunity measurements were concentrated on the antibody response which left significant gaps in our understanding how robust and long-lasting immune protection develops. Better understanding the cellular immune response will fill those gaps, especially in the elderly and immunocompromised populations which not only have the highest risk for severe infection, but also frequently have inadequate antibody responses. Although cellular immunity measurements are more logistically complex to conduct for clinical trials compared to antibody measurements, the feasibility and benefit of doing them in clinical trials has been demonstrated and so should be more widely adopted. Adding significant cellular response metrics will provide a deeper understanding of the overall immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, which will significantly inform vaccination strategies for the most vulnerable populations. Better monitoring of overall immunity will also substantially benefit other vaccine development efforts, and indeed any therapies that involve the immune system as part of the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Sugden
- Scientific Team, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eszter Papp
- Global Research and Development, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Bonhomme
- Vaccine Sciences Division, Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) Inc., Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Todd Chermak
- Regulatory and Government Affairs, CellCarta, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Y. Crawford
- Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Gerson Galdos
- Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce L. Lambert
- Center for Communication and Health, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - John Mattison
- Health Information, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Health Technology Advisory Board, Arsenal Capital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | | | - Robert Murphy
- Robert J. Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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27
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Safety of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 among Polish Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Disease-Modifying Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050763. [PMID: 35632519 PMCID: PMC9147677 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The present study aims to report the side effects of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were being treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in Poland. (2) Methods: The study included 2261 patients with MS who were being treated with DMTs, and who were vaccinated against COVID-19 in 16 Polish MS centers. The data collected were demographic information, specific MS characteristics, current DMTs, type of vaccine, side effects after vaccination, time of side-effect symptom onset and resolution, applied treatment, relapse occurrence, and incidence of COVID-19 after vaccination. The results were presented using maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio, t-test, Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact p, and logistic regression. The statistical analyses were performed using STATA 15 software. (3) Of the 2261 sampled patients, 1862 (82.4%) were vaccinated with nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Mild symptoms after immunization, often after the first dose, were reported in 70.6% of individuals. Symptoms included arm pain (47.5% after the first dose and 38.7% after the second dose), fever/chills/flu-like symptoms (17.1% after the first dose and 20.5% after the second dose), and fatigue (10.3% after the first dose and 11.3% after the second dose). Only one individual presented with severe side effects (pro-thrombotic complications) after vaccination. None of the DMTs in the presented cohort were predisposed to the development of side effects. Nine patients (0.4%) had a SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed despite vaccination. (4) Conclusions: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is safe for people with MS who are being treated with DMTs. Most adverse events following vaccination are mild and the acute relapse incidence is low.
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28
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Nanishi E, Angelidou A, Rotman C, Dowling DJ, Levy O, Ozonoff A. Precision Vaccine Adjuvants for Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S72-S80. [PMID: 35439286 PMCID: PMC9376277 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults, defined as those ≥60 years of age, are a growing population vulnerable to infections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although immunization is a key to protecting this population, immunosenescence can impair responses to vaccines. Adjuvants can increase the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens but have not been systematically compared in older adults. We conducted a scoping review to assess the comparative effectiveness of adjuvants in aged populations. Adjuvants AS01, MF59, AS03, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide, included in licensed vaccines, are effective in older human adults. A growing menu of investigational adjuvants, such as Matrix-M and CpG plus alum, showed promising results in early phase clinical trials and preclinical studies. Most studies assessed only 1 or 2 adjuvants and no study has directly compared >3 adjuvants among older adults. Enhanced preclinical approaches enabling direct comparison of multiple adjuvants including human in vitro modeling and age-specific animal models may derisk and accelerate vaccine development for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloe Rotman
- Medical Library, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Correspondence: O. Levy, Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 ()
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Fulop T, Larbi A, Pawelec G, Cohen AA, Provost G, Khalil A, Lacombe G, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Hirokawa K, Franceschi C, Witkowski JM. Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040607. [PMID: 35455356 PMCID: PMC9030923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal ageing is associated with many physiological changes, including differences in the immune system of most animals. These differences are often considered to be a key cause of age-associated diseases as well as decreased vaccine responses in humans. The most often cited vaccine failure is seasonal influenza, but, while it is usually the case that the efficiency of this vaccine is lower in older than younger adults, this is not always true, and the reasons for the differential responses are manifold. Undoubtedly, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response with ageing are associated with failure to respond to the influenza vaccine, but the cause is unclear. Moreover, recent advances in vaccine formulations and adjuvants, as well as in our understanding of immune changes with ageing, have contributed to the development of vaccines, such as those against herpes zoster and SARS-CoV-2, that can protect against serious disease in older adults just as well as in younger people. In the present article, we discuss the reasons why it is a myth that vaccines inevitably protect less well in older individuals, and that vaccines represent one of the most powerful means to protect the health and ensure the quality of life of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Alan A. Cohen
- Groupe de Recherche PRIMUS, Department of Family Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Ave N, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | | | - Abedelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Guy Lacombe
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (A.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain;
- BCAM—The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, CEDEX, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France;
- The Jean Alexandre Dieudonné Laboratory, Université Côte d’Azur, CEDEX 2, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Laboratory of Systems Biology of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky State University, 603000 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Jacek M. Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
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30
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Liang CK, Lee WJ, Peng LN, Meng LC, Hsiao FY, Chen LK. COVID-19 Vaccines in Older Adults: Challenges in Vaccine Development and Policy-Making. Clin Geriatr Med 2022; 38:605-620. [PMID: 35868676 PMCID: PMC8934735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuang Liang
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ning Peng
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chieh Meng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yuan Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital (Managed by Taipei Veterans General Hospital), Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Effectiveness of Multistrain Probiotic Formulation on Common Infectious Disease Symptoms and Gut Microbiota Modulation in Flu-Vaccinated Healthy Elderly Subjects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3860896. [PMID: 35127941 PMCID: PMC8814717 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3860896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The decline of the immune system with aging leads elderly people to be more susceptible to infections, posing high risk for their health. Vaccination is thus important to cope with this risk, even though not always effective. As a strategy to improve protection, adjuvants are used in concomitance with vaccines, however, occasionally producing important side effects. The use of probiotics has been proposed as an alternative to adjuvants due to their efficacy in reducing the risk of common infections through the interactions with the immune system and the gut microbiota. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial was carried out on fifty elderly subjects, vaccinated for influenza, to determine the efficacy of a probiotic mixture in reducing common infection symptoms. The incidence of symptoms was evaluated after 28 days of probiotic intake (namely, T28) and after further 28 days of follow-up (namely, T56). The number of subjects, as well as the number of days with symptoms, was remarkably reduced at T28, and even more at T56 in the probiotic group. Furthermore, the influence of probiotics on immunological parameters was investigated, showing a significant positive improvement of total antioxidant capacity and β-defensin2 levels. Finally, faecal samples collected from participants were used to assess variations in the gut microbiota composition during the study, showing that probiotic intake enhanced the presence of genera related to a healthy status. Therefore, the collected results suggested that the treatment with the selected probiotic mixture could help in reducing common infectious disease symptom incidence through the stimulation of the immune system, improving vaccine efficacy, and modulating the composition of the resident gut microbiota by enhancing beneficial genera.
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Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz M, Abdul Razzack A, Bano S, Singh Makkar S, Thevuthasan S, Paul T, Khawar Sana M, Azeem N, Felix M, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Industry 4.0 Technologies for the Manufacturing and Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccines. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319211068638. [PMID: 34984932 PMCID: PMC8753236 DOI: 10.1177/21501319211068638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionary stages of manufacturing have led us to conceptualize the use of Industry 4.0 for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), powered by Industry 4.0 technologies. Using applications of integrated process optimizations reliant on digitized data, we propose novel intelligent networks along the vaccine value chain. Vaccine 4.0 may enable maintenance processes, streamline logistics, and enable optimal production of COVID-19 vaccines. VACCINE 4.0 FRAMEWORK The challenge in applying Vaccine 4.0 includes the requirement of large-scale technologies for digitally transforming manufacturing, producing, rolling-out, and distributing vaccines. With our framework, Vaccine 4.0 analytics will target process performance, process development, process stability, compliance, quality assessment, and optimized maintenance. The benefits of digitization during and post the COVID-19 pandemic include first, the continual assurance of process control, and second, the efficacy of big-data analytics in streamlining set parameter limits. Digitization including big data-analytics may potentially improve the quality of large-scale vaccine production, profitability, and manufacturing processes. The path to Vaccine 4.0 will enhance vaccine quality, improve efficacy, and compliance with data-regulated requirements. DISCUSSION Fiscal and logistical barriers are prevalent across resource-limited countries worldwide. The Vaccine 4.0 framework accounts for expected barriers of manufacturing and equitably distributing COVID-19 vaccines. With amalgamating big data analytics and biometrics, we enable the identification of vulnerable populations who are at higher risk of disease transmission. Artificial intelligence powered sensors and robotics support thermostable vaccine distribution in limited capacity regions, globally. Biosensors isolate COVID-19 vaccinations with low or limited efficacy. Finally, Vaccine 4.0 blockchain systems address low- and middle-income countries with limited distribution capacities. CONCLUSION Vaccine 4.0 is a viable framework to optimize manufacturing of vaccines during and post the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan,Zouina Sarfraz, Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, 7031 SW 62nd Avenue, South Miami, FL 100181, USA.
| | - Muzna Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Shehar Bano
- Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Trissa Paul
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel Felix
- Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador,Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador,Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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O'Hagan DT, van der Most R, Lodaya RN, Coccia M, Lofano G. "World in motion" - emulsion adjuvants rising to meet the pandemic challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:158. [PMID: 34934069 PMCID: PMC8692316 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsion adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have been used for more than two decades as key components of licensed vaccines, with over 100 million doses administered to diverse populations in more than 30 countries. Substantial clinical experience of effectiveness and a well-established safety profile, along with the ease of manufacturing have established emulsion adjuvants as one of the leading platforms for the development of pandemic vaccines. Emulsion adjuvants allow for antigen dose sparing, more rapid immune responses, and enhanced quality and quantity of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of enhancement of immune responses are well defined and typically characterized by the creation of an "immunocompetent environment" at the site of injection, followed by the induction of strong and long-lasting germinal center responses in the draining lymph nodes. As a result, emulsion adjuvants induce distinct immunological responses, with a mixed Th1/Th2 T cell response, long-lived plasma cells, an expanded repertoire of memory B cells, and high titers of cross-neutralizing polyfunctional antibodies against viral variants. Because of these various properties, emulsion adjuvants were included in pandemic influenza vaccines deployed during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, are still included in seasonal influenza vaccines, and are currently at the forefront of the development of vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic variants. Here, we comprehensively review emulsion adjuvants, discuss their mechanism of action, and highlight their profile as a benchmark for the development of additional vaccine adjuvants and as a valuable tool to allow further investigations of the general principles of human immunity.
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Costiniuk CT, Singer J, Langlois MA, Kulic I, Needham J, Burchell A, Jenabian MA, Walmsley S, Ostrowski M, Kovacs C, Tan D, Harris M, Hull M, Brumme Z, Brockman M, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Angel JB, Routy JP, Anis AH, Cooper C. CTN 328: immunogenicity outcomes in people living with HIV in Canada following vaccination for COVID-19 (HIV-COV): protocol for an observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054208. [PMID: 34916326 PMCID: PMC8678543 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most existing vaccines require higher or additional doses or adjuvants to provide similar protection for people living with HIV (PLWH) compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. Additional research is necessary to inform COVID-19 vaccine use in PLWH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multicentred observational Canadian cohort study will enrol 400 PLWH aged >16 years from Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto and Vancouver. Subpopulations of PLWH of interest will include individuals: (1) >55 years of age; (2) with CD4 counts <350 cells/mm3; (3) with multimorbidity (>2 comorbidities) and (4) 'stable' or 'reference' PLWH (CD4 T cells >350 cells/mm3, suppressed viral load for >6 months and <1 comorbidity). Data for 1000 HIV-negative controls will be obtained via a parallel cohort study (Stop the Spread Ottawa), using similar time points and methods. Participants receiving >1 COVID-19 vaccine will attend five visits: prevaccination; 1 month following the first vaccine dose; and at 3, 6 and 12 months following the second vaccine dose. The primary end point will be the percentage of PLWH with COVID-19-specific antibodies at 6 months following the second vaccine dose. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and the interplay between T cell phenotypes and inflammatory markers, will be described. Regression techniques will be used to compare COVID-19-specific immune responses to determine whether there are differences between the 'unstable' PLWH group (CD4 <350 cells/mm3), the stable PLWH cohort and the HIV-negative controls, adjusting for factors believed to be associated with immune response. Unadjusted analyses will reveal whether there are differences in driving factors associated with group membership. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Research ethics boards at all participating institutions have granted ethics approval for this study. Written informed consent will be obtained from all study participants prior to enrolment. The findings will inform the design of future COVID-19 clinical trials, dosing strategies aimed to improve immune responses and guideline development for PLWH. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04894448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)--Canadian HIV Trials Network and Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iva Kulic
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)--Canadian HIV Trials Network and Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judy Needham
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)--Canadian HIV Trials Network and Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ann Burchell
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Clinical Sciences Division and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darrell Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Montreal, Ontario, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- Brisith Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Hull
- Brisith Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina Brumme
- Brisith Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark Brockman
- Brisith Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- Community Advisory Committee, CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- Community Advisory Committee, CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aslam H Anis
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)--Canadian HIV Trials Network and Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Weinberger B. Vaccines and Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: Considerations for the Older Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1435. [PMID: 34960181 PMCID: PMC8704374 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is among the most prominent risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 disease, and therefore older adults are a major target group for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. This review focusses on age-associated aspects of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination strategies, and summarizes data on immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness of the four COVID-19 vaccines, which are licensed in the US and/or Europe; namely, the two mRNA vaccines by BioNTech/Pfizer (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273), and the adenovector vaccines developed by AstraZeneca/University Oxford (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, AZD1222) and Janssen/Johnson&Johnson (Ad26.COV2-S), respectively. After very high protection rates in the first months after vaccination even in the older population, effectiveness of the vaccines, particularly against asymptomatic infection and mild disease, declined at later time points and with the emergence of virus variants. Many high-income countries have recently started administration of additional doses to older adults and other high-risk groups, whereas other parts of the world are still struggling to acquire and distribute vaccines for primary vaccination. Other vaccines are available in other countries and clinical development for more vaccine candidates is ongoing, but a complete overview of COVID-19 vaccine development is beyond the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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36
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Yalçın Gürsoy M, Tanrıverdi G, Özsezer G, Chousko Mechmet F. Vaccination coverage and related factors among the elderly: A cross-sectional study from Turkey. Public Health Nurs 2021; 39:390-397. [PMID: 34551144 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to determine the vaccination rates and related factors among the elderly. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE This study was conducted with 984 elderly people living in a province in western Turkey. MEASUREMENTS The single-stage cluster sampling method was used in the sample selection. The descriptive statistics, the chi-square analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test and the logistic regression analysis for the multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS It was determined that 45.6% of the elderly were vaccinated after the age of 65 and the most frequently administered vaccines were influenza (41.3%), pneumococcal (10.9%), and tetanus (5.5%) vaccines. Higher vaccination rates were determined in the following demographics, namely by 1.8-fold (95% CI, 1.4-2.4) in those living in urban areas, by 2.6-fold (95% CI, 1.8-3.9) in those with high school or higher education, by 1.5-fold (95% CI, 1.0-2.5) in those who did not work, by 1.7-fold (95% CI, 1.3-2.3) in those with chronic diseases and by 2-fold (95% CI, 1.1-3.4) in those who fulfilled their physical own needs themselves. CONCLUSION This study showed that more than half of the elderly did not receive any vaccinations in old age. The vaccination rates of the elderly were associated with many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Yalçın Gürsoy
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Nursing, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Gülbu Tanrıverdi
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Nursing, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Gözde Özsezer
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Nursing, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Fatme Chousko Mechmet
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health Nursing, Canakkale, Turkey
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37
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Howlader DR, Das S, Lu T, Hu G, Varisco DJ, Dietz ZK, Walton SP, Ratnakaram SSK, Gardner FM, Ernst RK, Picking WD, Picking WL. Effect of Two Unique Nanoparticle Formulations on the Efficacy of a Broadly Protective Vaccine Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706157. [PMID: 34483911 PMCID: PMC8416447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in humans. In addition to its innate antibiotic resistance, P. aeruginosa is very effective in acquiring resistance resulting in the emergence of multi-drug resistance strains and a licensed vaccine is not yet available. We have previously demonstrated the protective efficacy of a novel antigen PaF (Pa Fusion), a fusion of the type III secretion system (T3SS) needle tip protein, PcrV, and the first of two translocator proteins, PopB. PaF was modified to provide a self-adjuvanting activity by fusing the A1 subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin from Enterotoxigenic E. coli to its N-terminus to give L-PaF. In addition to providing protection against 04 and 06 serotypes of P. aeruginosa, L-PaF elicited opsonophagocytic killing and stimulated IL-17A secretion, which have been predicted to be required for a successful vaccine. While monomeric recombinant subunit vaccines can be protective in mice, this protection often does not transfer to humans where multimeric formulations perform better. Here, we use two unique formulations, an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and a chitosan particle, as well as the addition of a unique TLR4 agonist, BECC438 (a detoxified lipid A analogue designated Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry 438), as an initial step in optimizing L-PaF for use in humans. The o/w emulsion together with BECC438 provided the best protective efficacy, which correlated with high levels of opsonophagocytic killing and IL-17A secretion, thereby reducing the lung burden among all the vaccinated groups tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaki R Howlader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ti Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - David J Varisco
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zackary K Dietz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sierra P Walton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | | | - Francesca M Gardner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William D Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Wendy L Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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38
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Proctor RA. Have We Outlived the Concept of Commensalism for Staphylococcus aureus? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e267-e269. [PMID: 32971535 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of commensalism was introduced 145 years ago. The origin of the term comes from the Latin and embodies the concept of dining together. With a much deeper understanding of organisms that live with humans, a reassessment of what represents a commensal seems in order. This viewpoint article examines whether or not Staphylococcus aureus should still be considered a commensal. As a leading cause of serious community and hospital infections, removing the label "commensal" from S. aureus may help us to focus upon how to approach this organism, as the host response to this nasal colonizer is closer to mutually assured destruction rather than a friendly meal together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, and.,Department of Medical Microbiology/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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39
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Levine MM, Abdullah S, Arabi YM, Darko DM, Durbin AP, Estrada V, Jamrozik E, Kremsner PG, Lagos R, Pitisuttithum P, Plotkin SA, Sauerwein R, Shi SL, Sommerfelt H, Subbarao K, Treanor JJ, Vrati S, King D, Balasingam S, Weller C, Aguilar AO, Cassetti MC, Krause PR, Restrepo AMH. Viewpoint of a WHO Advisory Group Tasked to Consider Establishing a Closely-monitored Challenge Model of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2035-2041. [PMID: 32857836 PMCID: PMC7499532 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO convened an Advisory Group (AG) to consider the feasibility, potential value, and limitations of establishing a closely-monitored challenge model of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthy adult volunteers. The AG included experts in design, establishment, and performance of challenges. This report summarizes issues that render a COVID-19 model daunting to establish (the potential of SARS-CoV-2 to cause severe/fatal illness, its high transmissibility, and lack of a "rescue treatment" to prevent progression from mild/moderate to severe clinical illness) and it proffers prudent strategies for stepwise model development, challenge virus selection, guidelines for manufacturing challenge doses, and ways to contain SARS-CoV-2 and prevent transmission to household/community contacts. A COVID-19 model could demonstrate protection against virus shedding and/or illness induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 challenge or vaccination. A limitation of the model is that vaccine efficacy in experimentally challenged healthy young adults cannot per se be extrapolated to predict efficacy in elderly/high-risk adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yaseen M Arabi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicente Estrada
- Medical School, Complutense University, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Rosanna Lagos
- Centro para Vacunas en Desarrollo (CVD-Chile), Santiago, Chile
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Medical Parasitology Department, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sheng-Li Shi
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, and Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John J Treanor
- Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Haryana (NCR Delhi), India
| | - Deborah King
- Vaccines Priority Area, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlie Weller
- Vaccines Programme, Wellcome Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastazia Older Aguilar
- Global Health Discovery & Translational Sciences, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Cristina Cassetti
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip R Krause
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CEBR, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Chair, WHO R&D Blueprint COVID-19 Vaccines Working Group
| | - Ana Maria Henao Restrepo
- Office of the Executive Director (WHE), WHO Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Regulatory T cells and vaccine effectiveness in older adults. Challenges and prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107761. [PMID: 34162139 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lymphocytes with immunosuppressive activity, increasing interest has arisen in their possible influence on the immune response induced by vaccines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases, and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. However, they also limit beneficial immune responses by suppressing anti-infectious and anti-tumor immunity. Mounting evidence suggests that Tregs are involved, at least in part, in the low effectiveness of immunization against various diseases where it has been difficult to obtain protective vaccines. Interestingly, increased activity of Tregs is associated with aging, suggesting a key role for these cells in the lower vaccine effectiveness observed in older people. In this review, we analyze the impact of Tregs on vaccination, with a focus on older adults. Finally, we address an overview of current strategies for Tregs modulation with potential application to improve the effectiveness of future vaccines targeting older populations.
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41
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Weight CM, Jochems SP, Adler H, Ferreira DM, Brown JS, Heyderman RS. Insights Into the Effects of Mucosal Epithelial and Innate Immune Dysfunction in Older People on Host Interactions With Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:651474. [PMID: 34113578 PMCID: PMC8185287 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.651474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is common and although primarily asymptomatic, is a pre-requisite for pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Together, these kill over 500,000 people over the age of 70 years worldwide every year. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been largely successful in reducing IPD in young children and have had considerable indirect impact in protection of older people in industrialized country settings (herd immunity). However, serotype replacement continues to threaten vulnerable populations, particularly older people in whom direct vaccine efficacy is reduced. The early control of pneumococcal colonization at the mucosal surface is mediated through a complex array of epithelial and innate immune cell interactions. Older people often display a state of chronic inflammation, which is associated with an increased mortality risk and has been termed 'Inflammageing'. In this review, we discuss the contribution of an altered microbiome, the impact of inflammageing on human epithelial and innate immunity to S. pneumoniae, and how the resulting dysregulation may affect the outcome of pneumococcal infection in older individuals. We describe the impact of the pneumococcal vaccine and highlight potential research approaches which may improve our understanding of respiratory mucosal immunity during pneumococcal colonization in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Weight
- Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hugh Adler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Dimeglio C, Miedougé M, Loubes JM, Mansuy JM, Izopet J. Estimating the impact of public health strategies on the spread of SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiological modelling for Toulouse, France. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-8. [PMID: 33713504 PMCID: PMC8250046 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and the resulting disease COVID‐19 has killed over 2 million people as of 22 January 2021. We have used a modified susceptible, infected, recovered epidemiological model to predict how the spread of the virus in France will vary depending on the public health strategies adopted, including anti‐COVID‐19 vaccination. Our prediction model indicates that the French authorities' adoption of a gradual release from lockdown could lead in March 2021 to a virus prevalence similar to that before lockdown. However, a massive vaccination campaign initiated in January 2021 and the continuation of public health measures over several months could curb the spread of virus and thus relieve the load on hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Virology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcel Miedougé
- Virology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Loubes
- Toulouse Mathematics Institute, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mansuy
- Virology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Virology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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43
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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Stokes AH, Franklin K, Fisher DE, Posobiec LM, Binazon O, Tripathi N, Ringenberg MA, Charlap J, Ziejewski MK, Vemireddi V, Khanna Weiss P, Majumdar R, Bouzya B, Donner MN, Rodriguez LA, Baumeister J. Repeated Dose Toxicity Study and Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Studies of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Candidate Vaccine in Rabbits and Rats. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:125-142. [PMID: 33517807 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820985782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections, and vaccines are needed to treat young children and older adults. One of GSK's candidate vaccines for RSV contains recombinant RSVPreF3 protein maintained in the prefusion conformation. The differences in immune function of young children and older adults potentially require different vaccine approaches. For young children, anti-RSV immunity can be afforded during the first months of life by vaccinating the pregnant mother during the third trimester with unadjuvanted RSVPreF3, which results in protection of the infant due to the transplacental passage of anti-RSV maternal antibodies. For older adults with a waning immune response, the approach is to adjuvant the RSVPreF3 vaccine with AS01 to elicit a more robust immune response.The local and systemic effects of biweekly intramuscular injections of the RSVPreF3 vaccine (unadjuvanted, adjuvanted with AS01, or coadministered with a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine) was tested in a repeated dose toxicity study in rabbits. After three intramuscular doses, the only changes observed were those commonly related to a vaccine-elicited inflammatory reaction. Subsequently, the effects of unadjuvanted RSVPreF3 vaccine on female fertility, embryo-fetal, and postnatal development of offspring were evaluated in rats and rabbits. There were no effects on pregnancy, delivery, lactation, or the pre- and postnatal development of offspring.In conclusion, the RSVPreF3 vaccine was well-tolerated locally and systemically and was not associated with any adverse effects on female reproductive function or on the pre- and postnatal growth and development of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Charlap
- Charles River Laboratories, Horsham, PA, USA
- Current affiliation: Chevron, San Ramon, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Payal Khanna Weiss
- 201915Covance Laboratories Inc, Chantilly, VA, USA
- Current affiliation: DEFTEC Corporation, Inc., Chantilly, VA ,USA
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Hodgson SH, Mansatta K, Mallett G, Harris V, Emary KRW, Pollard AJ. What defines an efficacious COVID-19 vaccine? A review of the challenges assessing the clinical efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e26-e35. [PMID: 33125914 PMCID: PMC7837315 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 1 million deaths in the first 6 months of the pandemic and huge economic and social upheaval internationally. An efficacious vaccine is essential to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Although some countries might deploy COVID-19 vaccines on the strength of safety and immunogenicity data alone, the goal of vaccine development is to gain direct evidence of vaccine efficacy in protecting humans against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 so that manufacture of efficacious vaccines can be selectively upscaled. A candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 might act against infection, disease, or transmission, and a vaccine capable of reducing any of these elements could contribute to disease control. However, the most important efficacy endpoint, protection against severe disease and death, is difficult to assess in phase 3 clinical trials. In this Review, we explore the challenges in assessing the efficacy of candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, discuss the caveats needed to interpret reported efficacy endpoints, and provide insight into answering the seemingly simple question, "Does this COVID-19 vaccine work?"
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kushal Mansatta
- University of Oxford Clinical Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry Mallett
- University of Oxford Clinical Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Harris
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine R W Emary
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Rocamora-Reverte L, Melzer FL, Würzner R, Weinberger B. The Complex Role of Regulatory T Cells in Immunity and Aging. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616949. [PMID: 33584708 PMCID: PMC7873351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a tightly regulated network which allows the development of defense mechanisms against foreign antigens and tolerance toward self-antigens. Regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to immune homeostasis by maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens and suppressing exaggerated immune responses. Dysregulation of any of these processes can lead to serious consequences. Classically, Treg cell functions have been described in CD4+ T cells, but other immune cells also harbour the capacity to modulate immune responses. Regulatory functions have been described for different CD8+ T cell subsets, as well as other T cells such as γδT cells or NKT cells. In this review we describe the diverse populations of Treg cells and their role in different scenarios. Special attention is paid to the aging process, which is characterized by an altered composition of immune cells. Treg cells can contribute to the development of various age-related diseases but they are poorly characterized in aged individuals. The huge diversity of cells that display immune modulatory functions and the lack of universal markers to identify Treg make the expanding field of Treg research complex and challenging. There are still many open questions that need to be answered to solve the enigma of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rocamora-Reverte
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Leonard Melzer
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sofra X. Vaccines’ Safety and Effectiveness in the Midst of Covid-19 Mutations. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.133023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The global desire to produce and deploy a safe and effective vaccine to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the morbidity and mortality subsequent to COVID-19 is unprecedented. The unparalleled speed of research development and access to funding is perhaps equally unique in the history of therapeutic achievement. This article, the third in a series of dedicated to exploring the origins and developments of SARS-CoV-2 within the context of the strategies of infection prevention and control, investigates the theatre behind the extraordinary efforts underpinning the research for therapeutic interventions to halt the COVID-19 pandemic. The Chair of the UK Vaccine Taskforce has stated that the exit strategy depends on a vaccine that is effective in reducing mortality, improving population health by reducing serious disease and protecting the NHS and social care system. This article introduces the major COVID-19 vaccine contenders and considers the challenges and opportunities of an effective global vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Phillis
- Deputy Director Infection Prevention and Control, Practice Plus Group, Reading
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Identification and Characterization of CD4 + T Cell Epitopes after Shingrix Vaccination. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01641-20. [PMID: 32999027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01641-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are associated with a range of clinical manifestations. Primary infection with VZV causes chicken pox. The virus remains latent in neurons, and it can reactivate later in life, causing herpes zoster (HZ). Two different vaccines have been developed to prevent HZ; one is based on a live attenuated VZV strain (Zostavax), and the other is based on adjuvanted gE recombinant protein (Shingrix). While Zostavax efficacy wanes with age, Shingrix protection retains its efficacy in elderly subjects (individuals 80 years of age and older). In this context, it is of much interest to understand if there is a role for T cell immunity in the differential clinical outcome and if there is a correlate of protection between T cell immunity and Shingrix efficacy. In this study, we characterized the Shingrix-specific ex vivo CD4 T cell responses in the context of natural exposure and HZ vaccination using pools of predicted epitopes. We show that T cell reactivity following natural infection and Zostavax vaccination dominantly targets nonstructural (NS) proteins, while Shingrix vaccination redirects dominant reactivity to target gE. We mapped the gE-specific responses following Shingrix vaccination to 89 different gE epitopes, 34 of which accounted for 80% of the response. Using antigen presentation assays and single HLA molecule-transfected lines, we experimentally determined HLA restrictions for 94 different donor/peptide combinations. Finally, we used our results as a training set to assess strategies to predict restrictions based on measured or predicted HLA binding and the corresponding HLA types of the responding subjects.IMPORTANCE Understanding the T cell profile associated with the protection observed in elderly vaccinees following Shingrix vaccination is relevant to the general definition of correlates of vaccine efficacy. Our study enables these future studies by clarifying the patterns of immunodominance associated with Shingrix vaccination, as opposed to natural infection or Zostavax vaccination. Identification of epitopes recognized by Shingrix-induced CD4 T cells and their associated HLA restrictions enables the generation of tetrameric staining reagents and, more broadly, the capability to characterize the specificity, magnitude, and phenotype of VZV-specific T cells.
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Monteiro FR, Roseira T, Amaral JB, Paixão V, Almeida EB, Foster R, Sperandio A, Rossi M, Amirato GR, Apostólico JS, Santos CAF, Felismino ES, Leal FB, Thomazelli LM, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Vieira RP, Santos JMB, Bachi ALL. Combined Exercise Training and l-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses after Influenza Virus Vaccination in Elderly Subjects. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040685. [PMID: 33207604 PMCID: PMC7712118 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since aging affects the immune responses against vaccination, the present study evaluated the effects of L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation in the humoral and cellular immune responses in elderly subjects, practitioners or not, of physical exercise training. Methods: Eighty-four elderly people (aged 72.6 ± 6.1), non-practitioners (NP, n = 31), and practitioners of combined-exercise training (CET, n = 53) were submitted to Influenza virus vaccination and supplemented with Gln (0.3 g/kg of weight + 10 g of maltodextrin, groups: NP-Gln (n = 14), and CET-Gln (n = 26)), or placebo (10 g of maltodextrin, groups: NP-PL (n = 17), and CET-PL (n = 27)). Blood samples were collected pre (baseline) and 30 days post-vaccination and supplementation. Results: Comparing with the baseline values, whereas the NP-Gln and CET-PL groups showed higher specific-IgM levels, the CET-Gln group showed higher specific-IgM and IgA levels post-vaccination. The titer rate of hemagglutination inhibition was higher in the CET-Gln, NP-PL, and NP-Gln groups post-vaccination than baseline values. The absolute number of naive and effector CD4+ T cells was higher especially in the NP-Gln and CET-Gln groups, whilst activated CD4+ T cells were higher in CET subgroups post-vaccination. Conclusion: Our results showed that both l-glutamine supplementation and combined-exercise training can improve the immune responses to the Influenza virus vaccine in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Monteiro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04046-200, Brazil;
| | - Tamaris Roseira
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04046-200, Brazil;
| | - Jonatas B. Amaral
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Vitória Paixão
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Ewin B. Almeida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Roberta Foster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04046-200, Brazil;
| | - Adriane Sperandio
- Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04046-200, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo Rossi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Gislene R. Amirato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Juliana S. Apostólico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil;
| | - Carlos A. F. Santos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
| | - Eduardo S. Felismino
- Post-graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo CEP 04829300, Brazil;
| | - Fabyano B. Leal
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (L.M.T.); (E.L.D.); (D.B.L.O.)
| | - Luciano M. Thomazelli
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (L.M.T.); (E.L.D.); (D.B.L.O.)
| | - Edison L. Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (L.M.T.); (E.L.D.); (D.B.L.O.)
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Danielle B. L. Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil; (F.B.L.); (L.M.T.); (E.L.D.); (D.B.L.O.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo CEP 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P. Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos CEP 12245-520, Brazil;
- Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Sao Paulo CEP 08230-030, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos CEP 11060-001, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. B. Santos
- Post-graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos CEP 11060-001, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-13-3229-0163
| | - André L. L. Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo CEP 04025-002, Brazil; (F.R.M.); (T.R.); (J.B.A.); (V.P.); (E.B.A.); (R.F.); (M.R.); (G.R.A.); (C.A.F.S.); (A.L.L.B.)
- Post-graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Sao Paulo CEP 04829300, Brazil;
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Sao Jose dos Campos CEP 12245-520, Brazil;
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