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Sathishkumar K. From nature to medicine: bioactive compounds in the battle against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-2. [PMID: 38967107 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2375754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the search for new therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Natural products have shown promise as sources of bioactive compounds with antiviral properties. This letter highlights the potential of these compounds in developing effective COVID-19 therapies. Quercetin, found in fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated antiviral activity by inhibiting viral replication. Glycyrrhizin, from licorice root, can modulate host cell signaling to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Curcumin, from turmeric, disrupts the interaction between the virus's spike protein and the ACE2 receptor, preventing viral entry. Additionally, compounds like resveratrol possess immunomodulatory properties that can reduce the hyperinflammatory response in severe COVID-19. Despite these promising findings, the variability of natural extracts and potential side effects necessitate rigorous clinical trials. Natural product-derived bioactive compounds represent a promising avenue for novel COVID-19 therapies, warranting further investigation and clinical validation to uncover effective treatments and enhance preparedness for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nayak D, Rathnanand M, Tippavajhala VK. Navigating Skin Delivery Horizon: An Innovative Approach in Pioneering Surface Modification of Ultradeformable Vesicles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:126. [PMID: 38834910 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of pharmaceutical advancements, the strategic application of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the skin through topical and transdermal routes has emerged as a compelling avenue for therapeutic interventions. This non-invasive approach has garnered considerable attention in recent decades, with numerous attempts yielding approaches and demonstrating substantial clinical potential. However, the formidable barrier function of the skin, mainly the confinement of drugs on the upper layers of the stratum corneum, poses a substantial hurdle, impeding successful drug delivery via this route. Ultradeformable vesicles/carriers (UDVs), positioned within the expansive realm of nanomedicine, have emerged as a promising tool for developing advanced dermal and transdermal therapies. The current review focuses on improving the passive dermal and transdermal targeting capacity by integrating functionalization groups by strategic surface modification of drug-loaded UDV nanocarriers. The present review discusses the details of case studies of different surface-modified UDVs with their bonding strategies and covers the recent patents and clinical trials. The design of surface modifications holds promise for overcoming existing challenges in drug delivery by marking a significant leap forward in the field of pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Rathnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Wang K, Huang H, Zhan Q, Ding H, Li Y. Toll-like receptors in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e549. [PMID: 38685971 PMCID: PMC11057423 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer. Therefore, TLRs are expected to be targets for therapeutic treatment of inflammation-related diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and human cancers. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the molecular and structural biology of TLRs. The role of different TLR signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and even cancers (oral, gastric, breast, colorectal) is highlighted and summarizes new drugs and related clinical treatments in clinical trials, providing an overview of the potential and prospects of TLRs for the treatment of TLR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hanyao Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qi Zhan
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Haoran Ding
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Wijewickrama A, Idampitiya D, Karunarathne M, Pahalagamage S, Sellahewa K, Govindapala D, Kalambarachchi H, Sooriyarachchi R, Chandrarathne N, Goonaratna C, Perera J. Efficacy and safety of Link Natural Sudarshana, an Ayurvedic herbal preparation in COVID-19 patients: A phase II multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117535. [PMID: 38070837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In vitro and in vivo studies have shown anti-viral and immunomodulatory actions in components of many traditional medicines. Various constituents of traditional medicines have been found to be effective against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in several clinical trials and in-silico studies. Sudarshana cúrna, a polyherbal Ayurvedic medicine, has been used over thousands of years for a variety of infectious fevers. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Link Natural Sudarshana (LNS) tablets, in patients with COVID 19 disease. LNS is a polyherbal preparation comprising 49 medicinal plants included in the Sudarshana cúrna. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized parallel-group double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center phase II clinical trial was conducted in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. They were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received LNS tablets whereas the control group received placebo tablets for 10 days or until the patient was discharged from the hospital. All patients received standard symptomatic treatment. The primary outcome, a reduction in mean log viral load was assessed at day 5 of treatment. The secondary outcomes, clinical progression and safety, were assessed by, monitoring changes in symptoms daily on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 4 and laboratory tests respectively. RESULTS A total of 171 patients (treatment group 83, control group 88) completed the trial. There were no significant differences between the baseline status of the two groups except that body mass index was significantly higher in the placebo group. The mean log viral load reduction at day 5 was higher in the treatment group (2.20 ± 1.67) compared to the placebo group (1.93 ± 1.80), with a mean difference of -0.278. This difference was not statistically significant at the 5% significant level. Reduction of mean cumulative symptom score, which included 16 symptoms graded according to severity, was higher in the treatment group compared to the placebo group. This difference was not statistically significant. None of the study participants developed hypoxia. Among the 7 lymphopenia patients in the placebo group, 3 continued to have lymphopenia at day 10, whereas 9 lymphopenia patients in the treatment group, reverted to normal counts. C reactive proteins (CRP) showed a greater reduction in the treatment group. None reported adverse effects. No significant changes occurred in hematological and biochemical parameters that assessed safety. CONCLUSIONS LNS is safe to use in COVID-19 patients and accelerated the decline in viral load, relieved symptoms, reduced CRP levels and reversed lymphopenia earlier, when compared to the placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadeeka Chandrarathne
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Chang T, Tang X, Wang Q, Pan D, Wang J, Nan H, Zhang W, Liu L, Qi B. A bibliometric review of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (licorice) research: Insights and future directions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117409. [PMID: 37972909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a Chinese herb known as licorice, is frequently incorporated in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations, due to its significant medicinal value and sweet taste. Despite licorice's merits, no systematic scientometric study has yet been conducted to analyze licorice research trends over the past 25 years. AIM OF THE STUDY We conducted this study with the aim to provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of research advances in the application of licorice as a TCM ingredient and to offer valuable insights to guide future endeavors in this research field. METHODS We selected licorice-related research papers published between 1997 and 2021 from the Web of Science Core Collection then conducted a scientometric analysis using VOSviewer and CiteSpace software tools. RESULTS A total of 4883 licorice-related publications, including 4511 research papers, 372 review papers, and their cited references, were included in the analysis. Most of these articles were authored by researchers in China (36.8%), including major contributors Wang Ying, Ye Min, and Zhang Yu. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology (impact factor = 5.4) hosted the greatest number of papers (145 articles). Keyword cluster analysis revealed three keyword categories indicating that current licorice research is focused on licorice quality control and identification of licorice active ingredients and associated pharmacological mechanisms. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive overview of licorice-related research trends over the past 25 years as based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of published licorice-related articles. The results of this multi-level analysis of licorice research related to TCM formulations, chemical compositions, and pharmacological effects should provide valuable reference data and insights to guide future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Tianying Chang
- EBM Office, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Daian Pan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bin Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Machado ACHR, Marinheiro LJ, Benson HAE, Grice JE, Martins TDS, Lan A, Lopes PS, Andreo-Filho N, Leite-Silva VR. A Novel Handrub Tablet Loaded with Pre- and Post-Biotic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Combining Virucidal Activity and Maintenance of the Skin Barrier and Microbiome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2793. [PMID: 38140133 PMCID: PMC10747770 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a holobiont tablet with rapid dispersibility to provide regulation of the microbiota, virucidal activity, and skin barrier protection. METHODS A 23 factorial experiment was planned to define the best formulation for the development of the base tablet, using average weight, hardness, dimensions, swelling rate, and disintegration time as parameters to be analyzed. To produce holobiont tablets, the chosen base formulation was fabricated by direct compression of prebiotics, postbiotics, and excipients. The tablets also incorporated solid lipid nanoparticles containing postbiotics that were obtained by high-pressure homogenization and freeze-drying. The in vitro virucidal activity against alpha-coronavirus particles (CCoV-VR809) was determined in VERO cell culture. In vitro analysis, using monolayer cells and human equivalent skin, was performed by rRTq-PCR to determine the expression of interleukins 1, 6, 8, and 17, aquaporin-3, involucrin, filaggrin, FoxO3, and SIRT-1. Antioxidant activity and collagen-1 synthesis were also performed in fibroblast cells. Metagenomic analysis of the skin microbiome was determined in vivo before and after application of the holobiont tablet, during one week of continuous use, and compared to the use of alcohol gel. Samples were analyzed by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS A handrub tablet with rapid dispersibility was developed for topical use and rinse off. After being defined as safe, the virucidal activity was found to be equal to or greater than that of 70% alcohol, with a reduction in interleukins and maintenance or improvement of skin barrier gene markers, in addition to the reestablishment of the skin microbiota after use. CONCLUSIONS The holobiont tablets were able to improve the genetic markers related to the skin barrier and also its microbiota, thereby being more favorable for use as a hand sanitizer than 70% alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Henriques Ribeiro Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 720, Sao Paulo 04039-002, SP, Brazil; (A.C.H.R.M.); (V.R.L.-S.)
| | - Laís Júlio Marinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil; (L.J.M.); (P.S.L.)
| | | | - Jeffrey Ernest Grice
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Tereza da Silva Martins
- Laboratório de Materiais Híbridos, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, 2° Andar, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Alexandra Lan
- Shanghai Pechoin Daily Chemical Corporation, Shanghai 200060, China;
| | - Patricia Santos Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil; (L.J.M.); (P.S.L.)
| | - Newton Andreo-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil; (L.J.M.); (P.S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Vania Rodrigues Leite-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 720, Sao Paulo 04039-002, SP, Brazil; (A.C.H.R.M.); (V.R.L.-S.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil; (L.J.M.); (P.S.L.)
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
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Ma J, Chen X, Xue R, Wang F, Dong J, Tao N, Qin Z. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits cytokine storms induced by the ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 via ROS-elimination in activated T cells. Phytother Res 2023; 37:6006-6020. [PMID: 37726983 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storms are the cause of complications in patients with severe COVID-19, and it becomes the target of therapy. Several natural compounds were selected to screen the inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulates the specific T-cell activation model in vivo and in vitro. The coculture system included the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and splenocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glycolysis in T cells were evaluated. Cinnamaldehyde effectively inhibits cytokine storms both in vitro and in vivo. It decreased inflammatory cytokine (such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2) production by murine peripheral blood cells upon direct stimulation with ConA, after immunization with the MHV-A59 virus or ORF3a peptide from SARS-CoV-2. Cinnamaldehyde restored the percentage of T cells, which was originally decreased in the peripheral blood and splenocytes of ORF3a-immunized mice. In a coculture system, cinnamaldehyde reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages in a T-cell dependent manner. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde decreased the ROS level in activated T cells, which in turn reduced glycolysis and the activation of T cells. Cinnamaldehyde can be used as a candidate molecule for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xue
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ning Tao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Latif A, Naqi M, McAnally JF. A Case of Liquorice-Infused Marijuana Causing Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2023; 10:003991. [PMID: 37680778 PMCID: PMC10482139 DOI: 10.12890/2023_003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana has long been used both for recreational and medicinal purposes. Most of the available forms of marijuana contain additives such as liquorice to enhance its flavour. Liquorice increases the amounts of cortisol in the body and produces metabolic abnormalities seen in primary hyperaldosteronism[1]. Liquorice extracts are mixed with marijuana in the same way as for tobacco[2,3]. We describe a case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to excessive smoking of liquorice-laced marijuana. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess caused by marijuana use. LEARNING POINTS First report of liquorice-laced marijuana causing syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME).Since its legalisation, marijuana is reported to be the most used substance second only to alcohol. With the increased availability of marijuana, the health care providers and consumers must be cognisant of its side effects.It is a dose-dependent phenomenon. The effects vary from minor clinical symptoms to fatal arrhythmias based on the amount consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asnia Latif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers NJMS Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Muniba Naqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers NJMS Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, New Jersey, USA
| | - James F. McAnally
- Department of Nephrology, Rutgers NJMS Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Chen H, Zhang X, Li J, Xu Z, Luo Y, Chai R, Luo R, Bian Y, Liu Y. Discovering Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Formulas for Complex Diseases Based on a Combination of Reverse Systematic Pharmacology and TCM Meridian Tropism Theory: Taking COVID-19 as an Example. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26871-26881. [PMID: 37546617 PMCID: PMC10398703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infections and death have been a part of our daily lives since the COVID-2019 pandemic outbreak in 2019, and the societal and economic consequences have lingered for an unanticipated duration. Novel and effective treatments are still desperately needed around the world to combat the infection. Here, we discovered a novel traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) to potentially combat COVID-19 through reverse systematic pharmacology (disease → targets → TCMF → disease). METHODS Combining Integrative network pharmacology and the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, a TCMF for COVID-19 was identified. In silico physiological interactions between herbs and disease hub targets were validated by molecular docking and dynamics simulation. RESULTS Based on disease-related gene/pathway targets and a combination of reverse pharmacology and TCM meridian tropism theory, a COVID-19-associated herb database was constructed. A new TCMF, including Gancao, Baitouweng, Congbai, and Diyu (GBCD), was discovered for anti-COVID-19 therapy. The KEGG and GO analyses of 49 intersecting genes suggested that GBCD could combat COVID-19 through antiviral, antiinflammation, immunoregulation, and cytoprotection activities. Moreover, these possible effects were validated through docking and MD simulation. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to combine reverse pharmacology and meridian tropism theories for TCMF development, and a novel herbal combination, GBCD, was discovered for anti-COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chen
- School
of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School
of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Li
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- School
of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Rundong Chai
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Ruzhen Luo
- School
of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School
of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- School
of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai
District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
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10
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Chiang CY, Lin YJ, Weng WT, Lin HD, Lu CY, Chen WJ, Shih CY, Lin PY, Lin SZ, Ho TJ, Shibu MA, Huang CY. Recuperative herbal formula Jing Si maintains vasculature permeability balance, regulates inflammation and assuages concomitants of "Long-Covid". Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114752. [PMID: 37116351 PMCID: PMC10130602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide health threat that has long-term effects on the patients and there is currently no efficient cure prescribed for the treatment and the prolonging effects. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been reported to exert therapeutic effect against COVID-19. In this study, the therapeutic effects of Jing Si herbal tea (JSHT) against COVID-19 infection and associated long-term effects were evaluated in different in vitro and in vivo models. The anti-inflammatory effects of JSHT were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and in Omicron pseudotyped virus-induced acute lung injury model. The effect of JSHT on cellular stress was determined in HK-2 proximal tubular cells and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The therapeutic benefits of JSHT on anhedonia and depression symptoms associated with long COVID were evaluated in mice models for unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). JSHT inhibited the NF-ƙB activities, and significantly reduced LPS-induced expression of TNFα, COX-2, NLRP3 inflammasome, and HMGB1. JSHT was also found to significantly suppress the production of NO by reducing iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Further, the protective effects of JSHT on lung tissue were confirmed based on mitigation of lung injury, repression in TMRRSS2 and HMGB-1 expression and reduction of cytokine storm in the Omicron pseudotyped virus-induced acute lung injury model. JSHT treatment in UCMS models also relieved chronic stress and combated depression symptoms. The results therefore show that JSHT attenuates the cytokine storm by repressing NF-κB cascades and provides the protective functions against symptoms associated with long COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yi Chiang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Weng
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Dao Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Lu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jing Chen
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Yen Shih
- Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation Hospital, Hualien 97002, Tawian
| | - Pi-Yu Lin
- Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation Hospital, Hualien 97002, Tawian; Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; School of Post-Baccalaure-ate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004,Taiwan; Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, HualienTzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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11
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Zuo J, Meng T, Wang Y, Tang W. A Review of the Antiviral Activities of Glycyrrhizic Acid, Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Monoglucuronide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050641. [PMID: 37242424 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice, a natural medicine derived from the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species, possesses a wide range of therapeutic applications, including antiviral properties. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG) is the active metabolite of GL. GL and its metabolites have a wide range of antiviral activities against viruses, such as, the hepatitis virus, herpes virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and so on. Although their antiviral activity has been widely reported, the specific mechanism of action involving multiple links such as the virus itself, cells, and immunity are not clearly established. In this review, we will give an update on the role of GL and its metabolites as antiviral agents, and detail relevant evidence on the potential use and mechanisms of actions. Analyzing antivirals, their signaling, and the impacts of tissue and autoimmune protection may provide promising new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230011, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230011, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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12
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Zamzami MA. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA studies of the activity of glycyrrhizin relevant substructures on SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1846-1858. [PMID: 35037842 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2025147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), which is a life-threatening disease. The World Health Organization has classified COVID-19 as a severe worldwide public health pandemic due to its high death rate, quick transmission, and lack of medicines. To counteract the recurrence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, active antiviral medications are urgently required. Glycyrrhizin was documented with activity on different viral proteins, including SARS-CoV-2; in this study, the activity of glycyrrhizin and its substructures (604 molecules) were screened on SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase using molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and MM/GBSA. Sixteen molecules exhibited docking energy higher than -7 kcal/mol; four compounds (10772603, 101088272, 154730753 and glycyrrhizin) showed the highest binding energy, and good stability during MD simulation. The glycyrrhizin compound exhibited favorable docking energy (-7.9 kcal/mol), and it was the most stable complex during MD simulation. The predicted binding free energy of the glycyrrhizin complex was -57 ± 8 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that this molecule, after more validation, could become a good candidate for developing and manufacturing an anti-SARS-CoV-2 medication.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin A Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z, Mohammadizadeh Ranjbar F, Nassiri M, Amiri A, Abbasifard M. Nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 express abnormal levels of Toll-like receptors. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:401-408. [PMID: 36651678 PMCID: PMC10177669 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2166378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the immune system has been attributed with etiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, the transcript levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were measured in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells obtained from COVID-19 patients to assess the involvement of these molecules in the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were used to obtain epithelial cells from 120 COVID-19 patients and 100 healthy controls. COVID-19 cases were classified into those having clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization, having clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization, and those without clinical symptoms. The mRNA expression levels of TLRs were measured in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Overall, mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 was significantly higher in COVID-19 cases compared to controls. The mRNA expression of TLRs were all higher significantly in the samples from COVID-19 patients having clinical symptoms and needing hospitalization as well as in those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization in comparison to controls. TLR expression was significantly higher in those with clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization and those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization compared to COVID-19 cases without clinical symptoms. In cases with clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization and those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization, there was a correlation between TLR expression and clinicopathological findings. In conclusion, aberrant expression of TLRs in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from COVID-19 cases may predict the severity of the diseases and necessity for supportive cares in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nassiri
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Amiri
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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14
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Mohammed MA. Fighting cytokine storm and immunomodulatory deficiency: By using natural products therapy up to now. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111329. [PMID: 37124230 PMCID: PMC10134036 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus strain (COVID-19) caused severe illness and mortality worldwide from 31 December 2019 to 21 March 2023. As of this writing, 761,071,826 million cases have been diagnosed worldwide, with 6,879,677 million deaths accorded by WHO organization and has spread to 228 countries. The number of deaths is closely connected to the growth of innate immune cells in the lungs, mainly macrophages, which generate inflammatory cytokines (especially IL-6 and IL-1β) that induce "cytokine storm syndrome" (CSS), multi-organ failure, and death. We focus on promising natural products and their biologically active chemical constituents as potential phytopharmaceuticals that target virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Successful therapy for this condition is currently rare, and the introduction of an effective vaccine might take months. Blocking viral entrance and replication and regulating humoral and cellular immunity in the uninfected population are the most often employed treatment approaches for viral infections. Unfortunately, no presently FDA-approved medicine can prevent or reduce SARS-CoV-2 access and reproduction. Until now, the most important element in disease severity has been the host's immune response activation or suppression. Several medicines have been adapted for COVID-19 patients, including arbidol, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, dexamethasone, and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical drugs, such as tocilizumab, glucocorticoids, anakinra (IL-1β cytokine inhibition), and siltuximab (IL-6 cytokine inhibition). However, these synthetic medications and therapies have several side effects, including heart failure, permanent retinal damage in the case of hydroxyl-chloroquine, and liver destruction in the case of remdesivir. This review summarizes four strategies for fighting cytokine storms and immunomodulatory deficiency induced by COVID-19 using natural product therapy as a potential therapeutic measure to control cytokine storms.
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Kongratanapasert T, Kongsomros S, Arya N, Sutummaporn K, Wiriyarat W, Akkhawattanangkul Y, Boonyarattanasoonthorn T, Asavapanumas N, Kanjanasirirat P, Suksatu A, Sa-ngiamsuntorn K, Borwornpinyo S, Vivithanaporn P, Chutipongtanate S, Hongeng S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Thitithanyanont A, Khemawoot P, Sritara P. Pharmacological Activities of Fingerroot Extract and Its Phytoconstituents Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters. J Exp Pharmacol 2023; 15:13-26. [PMID: 36699694 PMCID: PMC9869698 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s382895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the suffering of people around the world, with an inaccessibility of specific and effective medication. Fingerroot extract, which showed in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, could alleviate the deficiency of antivirals and reduce the burden of health systems. Aim of Study In this study, we conducted an experiment in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters to determine the efficacy of fingerroot extract in vivo. Materials and Methods The infected hamsters were orally administered with vehicle control, fingerroot extract 300 or 1000 mg/kg, or favipiravir 1000 mg/kg at 48 h post-infection for 7 consecutive days. The hamsters (n = 12 each group) were sacrificed at day 2, 4 and 8 post-infection to collect the plasma and lung tissues for analyses of viral output, lung histology and lung concentration of panduratin A. Results All animals in treatment groups reported no death, while one hamster in the control group died on day 3 post-infection. All treatments significantly reduced lung pathophysiology and inflammatory mediators, PGE2 and IL-6, compared to the control group. High levels of panduratin A were found in both the plasma and lung of infected animals. Conclusion Fingerroot extract was shown to be a potential of reducing lung inflammation and cytokines in hamsters. Further studies of the full pharmacokinetics and toxicity are required before entering into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teetat Kongratanapasert
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supasek Kongsomros
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
| | - Nlin Arya
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kripitch Sutummaporn
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Yada Akkhawattanangkul
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Tussapon Boonyarattanasoonthorn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
| | - Nithi Asavapanumas
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ampa Suksatu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khanit Sa-ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Excellence Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, 10540, Thailand
- Correspondence: Phisit Khemawoot, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakarn, 10540, Thailand, Tel/Fax +66 28395161, Email
| | - Piyamitr Sritara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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16
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Mokhtari T, Azizi M, Sheikhbahaei F, Sharifi H, Sadr M. Plant-Derived Antioxidants for Management of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms. TANAFFOS 2023; 22:27-39. [PMID: 37920320 PMCID: PMC10618592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to review the literature to introduce some effective plant-derived antioxidants to prevent and treat COVID-19. Natural products from plants are excellent sources to be used for such discoveries. Among different plant-derived bioactive substances, components including luteolin, quercetin, glycyrrhizin, andrographolide, patchouli alcohol, baicalin, and baicalein were investigated for several viral infections as well as SARS-COV-2. The mechanisms of effects detected for these agents were related to their antiviral activity through inhibition of viral entry and/or suppuration of virus function. Also, the majority of components exert anti-inflammatory effects and reduce the cytokine storm induced by virus infection. The data from different studies confirmed that these agents may play a critical role against SARS-COVID-2 via direct (antiviral activity) and indirect (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) mechanisms, suggesting that natural products are a potential option for management of patients with COVID-19 due to the lower side effects and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Mokhtari
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maryam Azizi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sheikhbahaei
- Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hooman Sharifi
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Makan Sadr
- Virology Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Triterpenic Acid Amides as Potential Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010303. [PMID: 36615498 PMCID: PMC9822074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been declining during the pandemic, the problem related to designing novel antiviral drugs that could effectively resist viruses in the future remains relevant. As part of our continued search for chemical compounds that are capable of exerting an antiviral effect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we studied the ability of triterpenic acid amides to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Molecular modeling suggested that the compounds are able to bind to the active site of the main protease via non-covalent interactions. The FRET-based enzyme assay was used to reveal that compounds 1e and 1b can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 main protease at micromolar concentrations.
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18
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Sharun K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Natesan S, Megawati D, Singh KP, Michalak I, Dhama K. A comprehensive review on pharmacologic agents, immunotherapies and supportive therapeutics for COVID-19. NARRA J 2022; 2:e92. [PMID: 38449903 PMCID: PMC10914132 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected many countries throughout the world. As urgency is a necessity, most efforts have focused on identifying small molecule drugs that can be repurposed for use as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Although several drug candidates have been identified using in silico method and in vitro studies, most of these drugs require the support of in vivo data before they can be considered for clinical trials. Several drugs are considered promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19. In addition to the direct-acting antiviral drugs, supportive therapies including traditional Chinese medicine, immunotherapies, immunomodulators, and nutritional therapy could contribute a major role in treating COVID-19 patients. Some of these drugs have already been included in the treatment guidelines, recommendations, and standard operating procedures. In this article, we comprehensively review the approved and potential therapeutic drugs, immune cells-based therapies, immunomodulatory agents/drugs, herbs and plant metabolites, nutritional and dietary for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd I. Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Opp to Airforce station HQ, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karam P. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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da Silva EF, Antunes Fernandes KH, Diedrich D, Gotardi J, Freire Franco MS, Tomich de Paula da Silva CH, Duarte de Souza AP, Baggio Gnoatto SC. New triazole-substituted triterpene derivatives exhibiting anti-RSV activity: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1524-1531. [PMID: 36447520 PMCID: PMC9663970 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Currently, ribavirin, a nucleoside analog containing a 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide moiety, is a first-line drug for its treatment, however, its clinical use has been limited due to its side effects. Here, we designed two new nitroaryl-1,2,3-triazole triterpene derivatives as novel anti-RSV drugs. Their anti-RSV and cytotoxic activity were evaluated in vitro, RSV protein F gene effects by RT-PCR and molecular modeling with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) were performed. Compound 8 was the best performing compound, with an EC50 value of 0.053 μM, a TI of 11160.37 and it inhibited hRSV protein F gene expression by approximately 65%. Molecular docking showed a top-ranked solution located in the same region occupied by crystallographic ligands in their complex with IMPDH. The results obtained in this study suggest that compound 8 might be a new anti-RSV candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenilson F da Silva
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes Fernandes
- Clinical and Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Diedrich
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Gotardi
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcia Silvana Freire Franco
- Laboratory of Computational Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-020, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva
- Laboratory of Computational Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Clinical and Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Banerjee S, Baidya SK, Adhikari N, Ghosh B, Jha T. Glycyrrhizin as a promising kryptonite against SARS-CoV-2: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical evidences. J Mol Struct 2022; 1275:134642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Altı Tıbbi Bitkinin Sitotoksik Etkileri ve SARS-CoV-2'ye Karşı Antiviral Etkinliğinin Araştırılması. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1165597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Today, the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes deaths in 224 countries around the world, continues to show its effect all over the world. However, unfortunately, there are few studies that determine the effect of natural products derived from plants on COVID-19. However, as it is known, the source of most drugs is plants and medicinal aromatic plants have been used frequently for therapeutic purposes since the existence of humanity. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plants such as Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas) and Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) and their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions.
Material and Method: This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, plants were collected and extracts were obtained. At the beginning of the second stage, cytotoxic effects on vero cells at non-cytotoxic broad-spectrum concentrations against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture of six medicinal plants were investigated. In this step, the concentration of six ethnobotanically important medicinal plants that were not cytotoxic to SARS-CoV-2 was determined. In the continuation of the second stage, the plants were evaluated for the determination of viral replication inhibition and their antiviral effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. In this step, in vitro antiviral effects of plants against SARS-CoV-2 were determined at a concentration that did not show cytotoxic effects..
Results: The concentration of six plants used in the study without cytotoxic effects was determined.. Among the plants examined, it was determined that the only plant that was effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions was the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The licorice plant was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro at the 2nd dilution (1:4) after the initial concentration.
Conclusion: According to the findings obtained from our study, it was determined that the licorice plant was effective against the SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions. Supported by further studies, it can be thought that our findings may contribute to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Efficacy, Plant Extract, Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas), Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata).
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Rizvi ZA, Babele P, Sadhu S, Madan U, Tripathy MR, Goswami S, Mani S, Kumar S, Awasthi A, Dikshit M. Prophylactic treatment of Glycyrrhiza glabra mitigates COVID-19 pathology through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hamster model and NETosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945583. [PMID: 36238303 PMCID: PMC9550929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary pathology, and is presented mostly with an inflammatory cytokine release, a dysregulated immune response, a skewed neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a hypercoagulable state. Though vaccinations have proved effective in reducing the COVID-19-related mortality, the limitation of the use of vaccine against immunocompromised individuals, those with comorbidity, and emerging variants remains a concern. In the current study, we investigate for the first time the efficacy of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) extract, a potent immunomodulator, against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Prophylactic treatment with GG showed protection against loss in body weight and a 35%–40% decrease in lung viral load along with reduced lung pathology in the hamster model. Remarkably, GG reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In vitro, GG acted as a potent immunomodulator by reducing Th2 and Th17 differentiation and IL-4 and IL-17A cytokine production. In addition, GG also showed robust potential to suppress ROS, mtROS, and NET generation in a concentration-dependent manner in both human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDNs). Taken together, we provide evidence for the protective efficacy of GG against COVID-19 and its putative mechanistic insight through its immunomodulatory properties. Our study provides the proof of concept for GG efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 using a hamster model and opens the path for further studies aimed at identifying the active ingredients of GG and its efficacy in COVID-19 clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Babele
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Upasna Madan
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Tripathy
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
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Liu ZM, Yang MH, Yu K, Lian ZX, Deng SL. Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989664. [PMID: 36188605 PMCID: PMC9518217 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous epidemic worldwide which broke out in 2020. According to data analysis of the other coronavirus family, for instance severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can provide experience for the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), have an indispensable function in identifying the invader even activate the innate immune system. It is possible for organism to activate different TLR pathways which leads to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type Ⅰ interferon. As a component of non-specific immunity, TLRs pathway may participate in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, due to previous works have proved that TLRs are involved in the invasion and infection of SARS-CoV and MERS to varying degrees. Different TLR, such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 probably have a double-sided in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is of great significance for a correctly acknowledging how TLR take part in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, which will be the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
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Lei P, Chen H, Ma J, Fang Y, Qu L, Yang Q, Peng B, Zhang X, Jin L, Sun D. Research progress on extraction technology and biomedical function of natural sugar substitutes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:952147. [PMID: 36034890 PMCID: PMC9414081 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.952147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved human material living standards have resulted in a continuous increase in the rate of obesity caused by excessive sugar intake. Consequently, the number of diabetic patients has skyrocketed, not only resulting in a global health problem but also causing huge medical pressure on the government. Limiting sugar intake is a serious problem in many countries worldwide. To this end, the market for sugar substitute products, such as artificial sweeteners and natural sugar substitutes (NSS), has begun to rapidly grow. In contrast to controversial artificial sweeteners, NSS, which are linked to health concepts, have received particular attention. This review focuses on the extraction technology and biomedical function of NSS, with a view of generating insights to improve extraction for its large-scale application. Further, we highlight research progress in the use of NSS as food for special medical purpose (FSMP) for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yimen Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linkai Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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Iraci N, Corsaro C, Giofrè SV, Neri G, Mezzasalma AM, Vacalebre M, Speciale A, Saija A, Cimino F, Fazio E. Nanoscale Technologies in the Fight against COVID-19: From Innovative Nanomaterials to Computer-Aided Discovery of Potential Antiviral Plant-Derived Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1060. [PMID: 36008954 PMCID: PMC9405735 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have increasingly emphasized the need to develop new active antiviral products obtained from artificial synthesis processes using nanomaterials, but also derived from natural matrices. At the same time, advanced computational approaches have found themselves fundamental in the repurposing of active therapeutics or for reducing the very long developing phases of new drugs discovery, which represents a real limitation, especially in the case of pandemics. The first part of the review is focused on the most innovative nanomaterials promising both in the field of therapeutic agents, as well as measures to control virus spread (i.e., innovative antiviral textiles). The second part of the review aims to show how computer-aided technologies can allow us to identify, in a rapid and therefore constantly updated way, plant-derived molecules (i.e., those included in terpenoids) potentially able to efficiently interact with SARS-CoV-2 cell penetration pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Carmelo Corsaro
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Neri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Maria Mezzasalma
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Martina Vacalebre
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Saija
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (N.I.); (S.V.G.); (G.N.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Enza Fazio
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physics Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (A.M.M.); (M.V.); (E.F.)
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Gu J, Ran X, Deng J, Zhang A, Peng G, Du J, Wen D, Jiang B, Xia F. Glycyrrhizin alleviates sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome via suppressing of HMGB1/TLR9 pathways and neutrophils extracellular traps formation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Minnetti M, De Alcubierre D, Bonaventura I, Pofi R, Hasenmajer V, Tarsitano MG, Gianfrilli D, Poggiogalle E, Isidori AM. Effects of licorice on sex hormones and the reproductive system. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Elsersy HE, Zahran MAH, Elbakry AE, Abd-Elwahab M, Ahmed MM, Elgandy MS, Mohammed EHM, Elewa NM. Combined Nasal, Oropharyngeal Povidone Iodine Plus Glycyrrhizic Acid Sprays, Accelerate Clinical and Laboratory Recovery and Reduces Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:863917. [PMID: 35514746 PMCID: PMC9063561 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.863917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is still posing challenging health and economic problems. Effective broad-spectrum antiviral therapy is urgently needed for the control of early SARS-CoV-2 infection to limit its spread and mutations. In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical study, we tested the effects of intranasal and oropharyngeal delivery of a compound of povidone-iodine 0.5% and glycyrrhizic acid 2.5 mg/ml on the laboratory (PCR) and clinical recovery from SARS-CoV-2 patients and their household contacts. 353 patients suspected of having COVID-19 infection were screened by chest CT and nasopharyngeal swab tests (PCR). 200 patients were randomly allocated to two equal groups: treatment and placebo groups. Treatment accelerated the recovery of PCR on days 4, 7, and 10, as evidenced by PCR-positive patients (70, vs. 99%, 20 vs. 65%, 1 vs. 10%) in both the treated and placebo groups, respectively. Treatment enhanced the early recovery of symptoms [day 7.6 ± 2 (CI 7:8.3) vs. 8.9 ± 2 (CI 8.3:9.6)]. Treatment promoted early recovery of anosmia and ageusia [5.6 ± 1 (CI, 4.8:6.4) vs. 11 ± 3 days, (CI, 10.8:12)] in both the treated and control groups (P < 0.0001). There was a notable reduction in transmission of the virus among the household close contacts in the treatment group (4%) vs. 76% in the placebo group. Combined PVI-GA nasal and oropharyngeal spray accelerates both laboratory and clinical recovery of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the early phases of the disease and reduces the household spread of the virus; thus, it may play an important role in controlling coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E. Elsersy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hazem E. Elsersy ;
| | - Magdy A. H. Zahran
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Abd-Elazeem Elbakry
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abd-Elwahab
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Milegy Ahmed
- Internal Medicine Department, Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah Elgandy
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman H. M. Mohammed
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M. Elewa
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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Park M, Horn L, Lappi V, Boxrud D, Hedberg C, Jeon B. Antimicrobial Synergy between Aminoglycosides and Licorice Extract in Listeria monocytogenes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040440. [PMID: 35456115 PMCID: PMC9031314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can develop serious invasive infections. Among foodborne pathogens, L. monocytogenes exhibits the highest case fatality despite antibiotic treatment, suggesting the current therapy should be improved. Although ampicillin and gentamicin are used as a combination therapy to treat listeriosis, our results showed there is no synergy between the two antibiotics. We discovered that aqueous extract of licorice generated significant antimicrobial synergy when combined with aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, in L. monocytogenes. In the presence of 1 mg/mL licorice extract, for instance, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin was reduced by 32-fold. Moreover, antimicrobial synergy with licorice extract made gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates of L. monocytogenes susceptible to gentamicin. Given the common use of licorice as a food sweetener in Western countries and a herb in Oriental medicine, our findings suggest that licorice extract can be potentially used as an antibiotic adjuvant to improve the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungseo Park
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Liz Horn
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN 55164, USA; (L.H.); (V.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Victoria Lappi
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN 55164, USA; (L.H.); (V.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Dave Boxrud
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN 55164, USA; (L.H.); (V.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Craig Hedberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.P.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Gomaa AA, Mohamed HS, Abd-Ellatief RB, Gomaa MA, Hammam DS. Advancing combination treatment with glycyrrhizin and boswellic acids for hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 infection: a randomized clinical trial. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:477-486. [PMID: 35233748 PMCID: PMC8886861 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence points to a potential therapeutic role for glycyrrhizin(GR) and boswellic acids (BA) in the treatment of COVID-19 but conclusive evidence is lacking. Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of GR + BA versus placebo for the treatment of hospitalized patients with moderate SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants infection. The current study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants diagnosed by PCR test who were admitted to Sohag University hospital were eligible if they were at least 18 years of age and had moderate symptoms. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral GR capsule (60 mg) and BA (200 mg) twice daily for 14 days or a matching placebo. All patients also received treatment with the institutional protocol for COVID-19. The primary outcome was mortality and time to recovery. Secondary outcome was clinical status score, 14 days after receiving study drugs. Adverse events from use of study drugs have been evaluated for up to 14 days. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT04487964). During the 6-month enrollment period (June-November, 2021) only 50 patients (54% women; median age 60 years, IQR 54-65) met eligibility and were randomly assigned. Evaluation of the primary outcome at 14 days showed that there were five deaths in the placebo group and no deaths in the GR + BA group. With regard to recovery time, it was significantly shorter (p = 0.0001) in the group receiving GR + BA capsule compared to the placebo group (median 7.0; IQR 6.0-8.0 days vs. median 12.5; IQR 12-20 days). Clinical status on the ordinal score scale as a secondary outcome showed a significant difference between the GR + BA group (median (IQR) score, 2 [2-3]) and placebo groups (mean (IQR) score, 3 [3-5.5]). There was a significant decrease in CRB (p = 0.000041) in GR + BA compared with the placebo group. In conclusion, this safe, inexpensive, antiviral, immunomodulating and anti-inflammatory combination may be considered for use in mild to moderate infections of SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 variants. The study is limited by the small sample size; therefore, larger randomized trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Gomaa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Hamdy S Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Rasha B Abd-Ellatief
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Gomaa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Hammam
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Farzana M, Shahriar S, Jeba FR, Tabassum T, Araf Y, Ullah MA, Tasnim J, Chakraborty A, Naima TA, Marma KKS, Rahaman TI, Hosen MJ. Functional food: complementary to fight against COVID-19. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35284580 PMCID: PMC8899455 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus has embarked on a global pandemic and severe mortality with limited access for its treatments and medications. For the lack of time, research, and enough efficacy, most vaccines are underdeveloped or unreachable to society. However, many recent studies suggest various alternative, complementary remedies for COVID-19, which are functional foods. This review provides an overview of how functional foods can play a great role through modulating the host immune system, generating antiviral activities, and synthesizing biologically active agents effective against the coronavirus. Main body This review article summarizes the natural defense mechanisms in tackling SARS-CoV-2 alongside conventional therapeutic options and their corresponding harmful side effects. By analyzing bioactive components of functional foods, we have outlined its different contributions to human health and its potential immunomodulatory and antiviral properties that can enhance resistivity to viral infection. Moreover, we have provided a myriad of accessible and cost-effective functional foods that could be further investigated to target specific key symptoms of COVID-19 infections. Finally, we have found various functional foods with potent bioactive compounds that can inhibit or prevent COVID-19 infections and disease progression. Short conclusion Numerous functional foods can help the body fight COVID-19 through several mechanisms such as the reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced expression of ACE2 receptors in cells, and inhibiting essential enzymes in SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Farzana
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sagarika Shahriar
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faria Rahman Jeba
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahani Tabassum
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jarin Tasnim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Agnila Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Taslima Anjum Naima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Kay Kay Shain Marma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi H, Eivazzadeh‐Keihan R, Beig Parikhani A, Fattahi Mehraban S, Maleki A, Fereshteh S, Bazaz M, Zolriasatein A, Bozorgnia B, Rahmati S, Saberi F, Yousefi Najafabadi Z, Damough S, Mohseni S, Salehzadeh H, Khakyzadeh V, Madanchi H, Kardar GA, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. COVID-19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e115. [PMID: 35281790 PMCID: PMC8906461 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the rapid onset of the COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the world in 2019, extensive studies have been conducted to unveil the behavior and emission pattern of the virus in order to determine the best ways to diagnosis of virus and thereof formulate effective drugs or vaccines to combat the disease. The emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques considering the multiplicity of reports from one side and contradictions in assessments from the other side necessitates instantaneous updates on the progress of clinical investigations. There is also growing public anxiety from time to time mutation of COVID-19, as reflected in considerable mortality and transmission, respectively, from delta and Omicron variants. We comprehensively review and summarize different aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. First, biological characteristics of COVID-19 were explained from diagnosis standpoint. Thereafter, the preclinical animal models of COVID-19 were discussed to frame the symptoms and clinical effects of COVID-19 from patient to patient with treatment strategies and in-silico/computational biology. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanoscience/nanotechnology in identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 were discussed. This review covers almost all SARS-CoV-2-related topics extensively to deepen the understanding of the latest achievements (last updated on January 11, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
- Advance Chemical Studies LaboratoryFaculty of ChemistryK. N. Toosi UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Arezoo Beig Parikhani
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | | | - Ali Maleki
- Department of ChemistryIran University of Science and TechnologyTehranIran
| | | | - Masoume Bazaz
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | | | | | - Saman Rahmati
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Saberi
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zeinab Yousefi Najafabadi
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- ImmunologyAsthma & Allergy Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shadi Damough
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | - Sara Mohseni
- Non‐metallic Materials Research GroupNiroo Research InstituteTehranIran
| | | | - Vahid Khakyzadeh
- Department of ChemistryK. N. Toosi University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics UnitDepartment of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- ImmunologyAsthma & Allergy Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical EngineeringOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer TechnologyFaculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Miranda RDS, Jesus BDSM, Silva Luiz SR, Viana CB, Adão Malafaia CR, Figueiredo FDS, Carvalho TDSC, Silva ML, Londero VS, Costa‐Silva TA, Lago JHG, Martins RCC. Antiinflammatory activity of natural triterpenes—An overview from 2006 to 2021. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1459-1506. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Souza Miranda
- Institute of Natural Products Research Walter Mors Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Regina Silva Luiz
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IMPG‐UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cristina Borges Viana
- Institute of Natural Products Research Walter Mors Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Camila Rodrigues Adão Malafaia
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Natural Products and Food Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Souza Figueiredo
- Institute of Natural Products Research Walter Mors Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Lopes Silva
- Center of Human and Natural Sciences Federal University of ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Vinicius Silva Londero
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Diadema Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Carlos Campos Martins
- Institute of Natural Products Research Walter Mors Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Bisht D, Rashid M, Arya RKK, Kumar D, Chaudhary SK, Rana VS, Sethiya NK. Revisiting liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as anti-inflammatory, antivirals and immunomodulators: Potential pharmacological applications with mechanistic insight. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100206. [PMID: 35403088 PMCID: PMC8683220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) commonly known as liquorice is one of the highly exploited and utilized medicinal plant of the world. Since ancient times liquorice is considered as an auspicious and valuable traditional medicine across the world for treatment of various ailments. METHOD Several electronic online scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, online books and reports were assessed for collecting information. All the collected information was classified into different sections to meet the objective of the paper. RESULTS The electronic database search yielded 3908 articles from different countries. Out of them one ninety-eight articles published between 1956 and 2021 were included, corresponding to all detailed review on G. glabra and research on anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory through pre-clinical and clinical models. From all selective area of studies on G. glabra and its bioactive components it was established (including molecular mechanisms) as a suitable remedy as per the current requirement of pandemic situation arise through respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Different relevant studies have been thoroughly reviewed to gain an insight on utility of liquorice and its bioactive constituents for anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory effects with special emphasized for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection with possible mechanism of action at molecular level. Proposed directions for future research are also outlined to encourage researchers to find out various mechanistic targets and useful value added products of liquorice in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Mohmmad Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Al-Qassim, 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | | | - Vijay Singh Rana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Neeraj K Sethiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
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36
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Jain R, Hussein MA, Pierce S, Martens C, Shahagadkar P, Munirathinam G. Oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic potential of licorice triterpenoid compound glycyrrhizin and its derivatives: Molecular insights. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106138. [PMID: 35192957 PMCID: PMC8857760 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a well-known natural herb used to treat different ailments since ancient times. Glycyrrhizin (GL), which is the primary triterpenoid compound of licorice extract, has been known to have broad-spectrum pharmacological effects. GL is cleaved into glucuronide and the aglycone, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which exists in two stereoisomeric forms: 18α- and 18β-GA. It is well documented that GL and GA have great potential as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agents. Studies undertaken during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic suggest that GL is effective at inhibiting the viral replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The anticancer effects of GL and GA involve modulating various signaling pathways, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the mammalian target of rapamycin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which are mainly involved in regulating cancer cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The potential of GL and GA in preventing cancer development and suppressing the growth and invasion of different cancer types has been reviewed in this paper. This review also provides molecular insights on the mechanism of action for the oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic effects of GL and its derivative, GA, which could help develop more specific forms of these agents for clinical use.
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Sahakian L, McQuade R, Stavely R, Robinson A, Filippone RT, Hassanzadeganroudsari M, Eri R, Abalo R, Bornstein JC, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. Molecular Targets to Alleviate Enteric Neuropathy and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:221-228. [PMID: 36587161 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric neuropathy underlies long-term gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction associated with several pathological conditions. Our previous studies have demonstrated that structural and functional changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) result in persistent alterations of intestinal functions long after the acute insult. These changes lead to aberrant immune response and chronic dysregulation of the epithelial barrier. Damage to the ENS is prognostic of disease progression and plays an important role in the recurrence of clinical manifestations. This suggests that the ENS is a viable therapeutic target to alleviate chronic intestinal dysfunction. Our recent studies in preclinical animal models have progressed into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of enteric neuropathy in various chronic GI disorders. We have tested the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective efficacy of novel compounds targeting specific molecular pathways. Ex vivo studies in human tissues freshly collected after resection surgeries provide an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in enteric neuropathy. In vivo treatments in animal models provide data on the efficacy and the mechanisms of actions of the novel compounds and their combinations with clinically used therapies. These novel findings provide avenues for the development of safe, cost-effective, and highly efficacious treatments of GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel McQuade
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raj Eri
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Associated I+D+i Unit to the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Scientific Research Superior Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Working Group of Basic Sciences in Pain and Analgesia of the Spanish Pain Society (Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Program in Pediatric Molecular Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zhang QH, Huang HZ, Qiu M, Wu ZF, Xin ZC, Cai XF, Shang Q, Lin JZ, Zhang DK, Han L. Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Effects, and Molecular Mechanisms of Licorice in Potential Therapy of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719758. [PMID: 34899289 PMCID: PMC8661450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global challenge, and although vaccines have been developed, it is expected that mild to moderate patients will control their symptoms, especially in developing countries. Licorice, not only a food additive, but also a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has several pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, detoxification, antibacterial, antitussive, and immunomodulatory effects, especially in respiratory diseases. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizin diamine and glycyrrhizin extract have been widely studied and used in COVID-19 clinical trials. Therefore, it is a very interesting topic to explore the material basis, pharmacological characteristics and molecular mechanism of licorice in adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. In this paper, the material basis of licorice for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is deeply analyzed, and there are significant differences among different components in different pharmacological mechanisms. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators by blocking the binding of ACE 2 to virus spike protein, and exert antiviral and antibacterial effects. Immune cells are stimulated by multiple targets and pathways to interfere with the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Liquiritin can prevent and cure COVID-19 by simulating type I interferon. It is suggested that licorice can exert its therapeutic advantage through multi-components and multi-targets. To sum up, licorice has the potential to adjuvant prevent and treat COVID-19. It not only plays a significant role in anti-inflammation and anti-ACE-2, but also significantly improves the clinical symptoms of fever, dry cough and shortness of breath, suggesting that licorice is expected to be a candidate drug for adjuvant treatment of patients with early / mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Wu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhan-Chang Xin
- Gansu Qilian Mountain Pharmaceutical Limited Liability Company, Jiuquan, China
| | - Xin-Fu Cai
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Liu CH, Lu CH, Lin LT. Pandemic strategies with computational and structural biology against COVID-19: A retrospective. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 20:187-192. [PMID: 34900126 PMCID: PMC8650801 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the etiologic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has dominated all aspects of life since of 2020. Research studies on the virus and exploration of therapeutic and preventive strategies has been moving at rapid rates to control the pandemic. In the field of bioinformatics or computational and structural biology, recent research strategies have used multiple disciplines to compile large datasets to uncover statistical correlations and significance, visualize and model proteins, perform molecular dynamics simulations, and employ the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning to harness computational processing power to further the research on COVID-19, including drug screening, drug design, vaccine development, prognosis prediction, and outbreak prediction. These recent developments should help us better understand the viral disease and develop the much-needed therapies and strategies for the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cheng-Hua Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Asili P, Mirahmad M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Manayi A, Haghighat E, Mahdavi M, Larijani B. Characteristics of published/registered clinical trials on COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review. Daru 2021; 29:449-467. [PMID: 34762250 PMCID: PMC8581284 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide, many countries have designed clinical trials to find efficient treatments. We aimed to critically report the characteristics of all the registered and published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted on COVID-19, and summarize the evaluation of potential therapies developed in various regions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We comprehensively searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Clinicaltrial.gov databases to retrieve all the relevant studies up to July 19, 2021, in conformity with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart. We included all English-language published/registered RCTs on COVID-19, and excluded non-RCT, in-vitro/in-vivo, editorials, and review studies. Two reviewers independently evaluated all the records, and then analyzed by using SPSS 17. RESULTS Within 3018 included studies, 2801 (92.8%) and 217 (7.2%) were registered or published RCTs consisting of about 600 synthetic drugs. Herbal medicines have been studied in 23 trials (10.6%) among the published RCTs and in 357 registered RCTs (12.7%). Hydroxychloroquine 23 (10.6%) and convalescent plasma 194 (6.9%) alone or in combination with other agents were the most frequently used interventions in published and registered RCTs, respectively. Most published RCTs have been conducted in Western Pacific Region (WPRO) (50 trials, 23.0%) including 45 trials from China. Also, a greater proportion of registered RCTs have been conducted in the Region of the Americas (PAHO) (885 trials, 31.6%) including 596 RCTs from the United States (U.S). Globally, 283 registered trials have been conducted to assess new developed vaccines for COVID or previously established for other disorders. CONCLUSION The present study highlighted the wide range of potential therapeutic agents in published and registered COVID-19 clinical trials across a wide range of regions. However, it is urgently required to global coordination in order to conduct more well-designed trials and progress in discovering safe and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Asili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirahmad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Haghighat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shagufta, Ahmad I. An Update on Pharmacological Relevance and Chemical Synthesis of Natural Products and Derivatives with Anti SARS-CoV-2 Activity. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:11502-11527. [PMID: 34909460 PMCID: PMC8661826 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural products recognized traditionally as a vital source of active constituents in pharmacotherapy. The COVID-19 infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmissible, pathogenic, and considered an ongoing global health emergency. The emergence of COVID-19 globally and the lack of adequate treatment brought attention towards herbal medicines, and scientists across the globe instigated the search for novel drugs from medicinal plants and natural products to tackle this deadly virus. The natural products rich in scaffold diversity and structural complexity are an excellent source for antiviral drug discovery. Recently the investigation of several natural products and their synthetic derivatives resulted in the identification of promising anti SARS-CoV-2 agents. This review article will highlight the pharmacological relevance and chemical synthesis of the recently discovered natural product and their synthetic analogs as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. The summarized information will pave the path for the natural product-based drug discovery of safe and potent antiviral agents, particularly against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesSchool of Arts and SciencesAmerican University of Ras Al KhaimahRas Al Khaimah Road, P. O. Box10021Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesSchool of Arts and SciencesAmerican University of Ras Al KhaimahRas Al Khaimah Road, P. O. Box10021Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
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Saha P, Bose S, Srivastava AK, Chaudhary AA, Lall R, Prasad S. Jeopardy of COVID-19: Rechecking the Perks of Phytotherapeutic Interventions. Molecules 2021; 26:6783. [PMID: 34833873 PMCID: PMC8621307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the reason for worldwide pandemic, has already masked around 220 countries globally. This disease is induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Arising environmental stress, increase in the oxidative stress level, weak immunity and lack of nutrition deteriorates the clinical status of the infected patients. Though several researches are at its peak for understanding and bringing forward effective therapeutics, yet there is no promising solution treating this disease directly. Medicinal plants and their active metabolites have always been promising in treating many clinical complications since time immemorial. Mother nature provides vivid chemical structures, which act multi-dimensionally all alone or synergistically in mitigating several diseases. Their unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with least side effects have made them more effective candidate for pharmacological studies. These medicinal plants inhibit attachment, encapsulation and replication of COVID-19 viruses by targeting various signaling molecules such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease 2, spike glycoprotein, main protease etc. This property is re-examined and its potency is now used to improve the existing global health crisis. This review is an attempt to focus various antiviral activities of various noteworthy medicinal plants. Moreover, its implications as prophylactic or preventive in various secondary complications including neurological, cardiovascular, acute kidney disease, liver disease are also pinpointed in the present review. This knowledge will help emphasis on the therapeutic developments for this novel coronavirus where it can be used as alone or in combination with the repositioned drugs to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Subhankar Bose
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, WB, India; (P.S.); (S.B.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSUI), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajiv Lall
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Noble Pharma, LLC, 4602 Domain Drive, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA;
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Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Hydrolyzed Metabolite 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid as Specific Ligands for Targeting Nanosystems in the Treatment of Liver Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111792. [PMID: 34834206 PMCID: PMC8621092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid and its hydrolyzed metabolite 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, obtained from the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, have numerous pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerative, antiallergic, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects, and others. In addition to the pharmacological activities, in the 1980s, an interaction and uptake of these molecules by the liver was verified, which was later confirmed by other studies through the discovery of specific receptors in the hepatocytes. The presence of these specific receptors in the liver led to vectorization and delivery of drugs, by the introduction of glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid on the surface of nanosystems, for the treatment of liver diseases. This review describes experimental evidence of vectorization by conjugating glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid to nanosystems and delivery of antitumor drugs for the treatment of liver cancer and also describes the techniques used to perform this conjugation. We have shown that due to the existence of specific receptors for these molecules, in addition to the targeting of nanosystems to hepatocytes, nanosystems having glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid on their surface had the same therapeutic effect in a significantly lower dose compared to the free drug and unconjugated nanosystems, with consequent reduction of side effects and toxicity.
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Borujerdi R, Adeli SH, Mohammadbeigi A, Aliasl F, Asghari A, Hormati A, Dehnavi HM, Hoseini F, Asghari M. Effects of Iranian Polyherbal Syrup (Zufa syrup) on oxygen saturation and clinical symptoms in suspected patients with COVID-19: a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Med Gas Res 2021; 12:44-50. [PMID: 34677151 PMCID: PMC8562395 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.325991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an urgent need for investigating potential treatments. Traditional medicine offers many potential remedies that have been historically used and have the advantage of bypassing the cultural obstacles in the practice of medicine. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of Zufa syrup in the treatment of suspected patients with mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19. This triple-blind randomized controlled trial recruited patients with evidence of COVID-19 on chest computed tomography without an indication of hospital admission from March 2020 until April 2020. Participants were assessed by a physician and completed a pre-specified form to assess the duration and severity of symptoms. Patients were randomized to receive Zufa syrup (a combination of herbal medicines: Nepetabracteata, Ziziphus jujube, Glycyrrhizaglabra, Ficuscarica, Cordia myxa, Papaver somniferum, Fennel, Adiantumcapillusveneris, Viola, Viper‘s-buglosses, Lavender, Iris, and sugar) or identical-looking placebo syrup at a dose of 7.5 mL (one tablespoon) every 4 hours for 10 days. After applying the eligibility criteria, 116 patients (49.1% male) were randomized to trial arms with a mean age of 44.3. During the follow-up, Cough, dyspnea, headache, myalgia, anorexia, anxiety, and insomnia improved gradually in both groups, and showed no difference between Zufa syrup and placebo. Oxygen saturation and pulse rate had stable trends throughout the follow-up and were similar between study arms. No patient required hospital admission or supplemental oxygen therapy during the study period. To conclude, in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19, Zufa syrup did not show any difference in symptomatology over a 10 days’ period when compared with placebo. Due to potential effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory infections, further studies are warranted to clarify their role in COVID-19. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Qom University of Medical Science (Ethics committee reference number IR.MUQ.REC.1398.165) on March 10, 2020 and was registered in Iranian Clinical Trial Center (approval ID: IRCT20200404046934N1) on April 13, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Borujerdi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Seyed Hasan Adeli
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aliasl
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Akram Asghari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hormati
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Disease Research Center, Qom University of Medical Science, Qom, Iran
| | - Hosein Moradi Dehnavi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Farhad Hoseini
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Spiritual Health Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Majid Asghari
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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45
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Sahu S, Patil CR, Kumar S, Apparsundaram S, Goyal RK. Role of ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas axis in post-COVID-19 complications and its dietary modulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:225-240. [PMID: 34655418 PMCID: PMC8520076 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) virus uses Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a gateway for their entry into the human body. The ACE2 with cleaved products have emerged as major contributing factors to multiple physiological functions and pathogenic complications leading to the clinical consequences of the COVID-19 infection Decreased ACE2 expression restricts the viral entry into the human cells and reduces the viral load. COVID-19 infection reduces the ACE2 expression and induces post-COVID-19 complications like pneumonia and lung injury. The modulation of the ACE2-Ang (1–7)-Mas (AAM) axis is also being explored as a modality to treat post-COVID-19 complications. Evidence indicates that specific food components may modulate the AAM axis. The variations in the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and the post-COVID its complications are being correlated with varied dietary habits. Some of the food substances have emerged to have supportive roles in treating post-COVID-19 complications and are being considered as adjuvants to the COVID-19 therapy. It is possible that some of their active ingredients may emerge as the direct treatment for the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - C R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Subbu Apparsundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Guguloth SK, Lakshmi A R, Rajendran R, Rajaram K, Chinnasamy T, Huang JD, Zhang H, Senapati S, Durairajan SSK. A Mechanistic Review on Plant-derived Natural Inhibitors of Human Coronaviruses with Emphasis on SARS-COV-1 and SARS-COV-2. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:818-835. [PMID: 34636297 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666211005115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have been receiving continuous attention worldwide as they have caused a serious threat to global public health. This group of viruses is named so as they exhibit characteristic crown-like spikes on their protein coat. SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus that emerged in 2019, causes severe infection in the lower respiratory tract of humans and is often fatal in immunocompromised individuals. No medications have been approved so far for the direct treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the currently available treatment options rely on relieving the symptoms. The medicinal plants occurring in nature serve as a rich source of active ingredients that could be utilized for developing pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial/synthetic drugs with antiviral properties. Compounds obtained from certain plants have been used for directly and selectively inhibiting different coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The present review discusses the potential natural inhibitors against the highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, with a systematic elaboration on the possible mechanisms of action of these natural compounds while acting in the different stages of the life cycle of coronaviruses. Moreover, through a comprehensive exploration of the existing literature in this regard, the importance of such compounds in the research and development of effective and safe antiviral agents is discussed. We focused on the mechanism of action of several natural compounds along with their target of action. In addition, the immunomodulatory effects of these active components in the context of human health are elucidated. Finally, it is suggested that the use of traditional medicinal plants is a novel and feasible remedial strategy against human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Guguloth
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Lakshmi A R
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Radhika Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Kaushik Rajaram
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | | | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, , Pokfulam, Hong Kong. China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong,. China
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology and BJM School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai. India
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47
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Singh R, Goel S, Bourgeade P, Aleya L, Tewari D. Ayurveda Rasayana as antivirals and immunomodulators: potential applications in COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55925-55951. [PMID: 34491498 PMCID: PMC8422837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization with rapid spread across 216 countries. COVID-19 pandemic has left its imprints on various health systems globally and caused immense social and economic disruptions. The scientific community across the globe is in a quest for digging the effective treatment for COVID-19 and exploring potential leads from traditional systems of healthcare across the world too. Ayurveda (Indian traditional system of medicine) has a comprehensive aspect of immunity through Rasayana which is a rejuvenation therapy. Here we attempt to generate the potential leads based on the classical text from Ayurveda in general and Rasayana in particular to develop effective antiviral and/or immunomodulator for potential or adjunct therapy in SARS-CoV-2. The Rasayana acts not only by resisting body to restrain or withstand the strength, severity or progression of a disease but also by promoting power of the body to prevent the manifestation of a disease. These Rasayana herbs are common in practice as immunomodulator, antiviral and protectives. The studies on Rasayana can provide an insight into the future course of research for the plausible development of effective management of COVID-19 by the utilization and development of various traditional systems of healthcare. Keeping in view the current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of developing potential medicines. This study proposes certain prominent medicinal plants which may be further studied for drug development process and also in clinical setup under repurposing of these herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Singh
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Sumeet Goel
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Pascale Bourgeade
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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48
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Gao B, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Sun J, Zhang Z, Zhu D. Concurrent production of glycyrrhetic acid 3- O-mono-β-d-glucuronide and lignocellulolytic enzymes by solid-state fermentation of a plant endophytic Chaetomium globosum. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:88. [PMID: 34540556 PMCID: PMC8442819 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG) as an important derivative of glycyrrhizin (GL) shows stronger biological activities and higher sweetness than GL. The biotransformation process is considered as an efficient strategy for GAMG production, due to its mild reaction, high production efficiency and environmentally friendly status. In this study, licorice straw was used for the first time as a medium for GAMG and lignocellulosic enzyme production via solid-state fermentation (SSF) of endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum DX-THS3. The fermentation conditions including particle size, temperature, seed age, inoculum size, and moisture of substrate were optimized. Furthermore, additional nitrogen sources and carbon sources were screened for GAMG production by C. globosum DX-THS3 of SSF. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the percent conversion of glycyrrhizin reached 90% in 15 days, whereas the control needed 35 days to achieve the same result. The productivity of optimization (P = 2.1 mg/g/day) was 2.33-fold that of non-optimization (P = 0.9 mg/g/day). Meanwhile, high activities of filter paper enzyme (FPase) (245.80 U/g), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) (33.67 U/g), xylanase (83.44 U/g), and β-glucuronidase activity (271.42 U/g) were obtained faster than those in the control during SSF. Our study provides a novel and efficient strategy for GAMG production and indicates C. globosum DX-THS3 as a potential producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-021-00441-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Gao
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Yiwen Xiao
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Junru Sun
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
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Tagde P, Tagde S, Tagde P, Bhattacharya T, Monzur SM, Rahman MH, Otrisal P, Behl T, ul Hassan SS, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L, Bungau S. Nutraceuticals and Herbs in Reducing the Risk and Improving the Treatment of COVID-19 by Targeting SARS-CoV-2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091266. [PMID: 34572452 PMCID: PMC8468567 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide transmission of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a deadly or devastating disease is known to affect thousands of people every day, many of them dying all over the planet. The main reason for the massive effect of COVID-19 on society is its unpredictable spread, which does not allow for proper planning or management of this disease. Antibiotics, antivirals, and other prescription drugs, necessary and used in therapy, obviously have side effects (minor or significant) on the affected person, there are still not clear enough studies to elucidate their combined effect in this specific treatment, and existing protocols are sometimes unclear and uncertain. In contrast, it has been found that nutraceuticals, supplements, and various herbs can be effective in reducing the chances of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also in alleviating COVID-19 symptoms. However, not enough specific details are yet available, and precise scientific studies to validate the approved benefits of natural food additives, probiotics, herbs, and nutraceuticals will need to be standardized according to current regulations. These alternative treatments may not have a direct effect on the virus or reduce the risk of infection with it, but these products certainly stimulate the human immune system so that the body is better prepared to fight the disease. This paper aims at a specialized literary foray precisely in the field of these “cures” that can provide real revelations in the therapy of coronavirus infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal 462026, India
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandeep Tagde
- PRISAL Foundation, Pharmaceutical Royal International Society, Bhopal 462042, India;
| | - Pooja Tagde
- Practice of Medicine Department, Government Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal 462003, India;
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Hubei 430062, China;
- Techno India NJR Institute of Technology, Udaipur 313003, India
| | | | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Pavel Otrisal
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 77111 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jedah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (M.H.R.); (S.B.)
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50
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Madkhali NAB, Haque S, Dhama K. Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:696082. [PMID: 34485226 PMCID: PMC8415352 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.696082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While the zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins are currently cited as the animal origin of the virus. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and are being used in vaccination drives across the world. A number of countries are experiencing second and third waves of the pandemic, which have claimed nearly four million lives out of the 180 million people infected globally as of June 2021. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants are posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, and in some cases, ability to infect vaccinated people (vaccine breakthrough). Here in this mini-review, we specifically looked at the efforts and actions of the Egyptian government to slow down and control the spread of COVID-19. We also review the COVID-19 statistics in Egypt and the possible reasons behind the low prevalence and high case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing Egypt COVID-19 statistics with China (the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic) and the USA, Brazil, India, Italy, and France (the first countries in which the numbers of patients infected with COVID-19). Additionally, we have summarized the SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines used in Egypt, and the use of medicinal plants as preventive and curative options.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, Egypt.,Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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