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Petrovsky N. Clinical development of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2363016. [PMID: 38839044 PMCID: PMC11155708 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2363016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein vaccines represent a well-established, reliable and safe approach for pandemic vaccination. SpikoGen® is a recombinant spike protein trimer manufactured in insect cells and formulated with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant. In murine, hamster, ferret and non-human primate studies, SpikoGen® consistently provided protection against a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. A pivotal Phase 3 placebo-controlled efficacy trial involving 16,876 participants confirmed the ability of SpikoGen® to prevent infection and severe disease caused by the virulent Delta strain. SpikoGen® subsequently received a marketing authorization from the Iranian FDA in early October 2021 for prevention of COVID-19 in adults. Following a successful pediatric study, its approval was extended to children 5 years and older. Eight million doses of SpikoGen® have been delivered, and a next-generation booster version is currently in development. This highlights the benefits of adjuvanted protein-based approaches which should not overlook when vaccine platforms are being selected for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Research Department, Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
- Research Department, Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Australia
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2
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Chang LA, Schotsaert M. Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:224-243. [PMID: 38289826 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a critical type of immune cell and central players in type 2 immunity. Existing literature suggests that eosinophils also can play a role in host antiviral responses, typically type 1 immune events, against multiple respiratory viruses, both directly through release of antiviral mediators and indirectly through activation of other effector cell types. One way to prime host immune responses toward effective antiviral responses is through vaccination, where typically a type 1-skewed immunity is desirable in the context of intracellular pathogens like respiratory viruses. In the realm of breakthrough respiratory viral infection in vaccinated hosts, an event in which virus can still establish productive infection despite preexisting immunity, eosinophils are most prominently known for their link to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease upon natural respiratory syncytial virus infection. This was observed in a pediatric cohort during the 1960s following vaccination with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus. More recent research has unveiled additional roles of the eosinophil in respiratory viral infection and breakthrough infection. The specific contribution of eosinophils to the quality of vaccine responses, vaccine efficacy, and antiviral responses to infection in vaccinated hosts remains largely unexplored, especially regarding their potential roles in protection. On the basis of current findings, we will speculate upon the suggested function of eosinophils and consider the many potential ways by which eosinophils may exert protective and pathological effects in breakthrough infections. We will also discuss how to balance vaccine efficacy with eosinophil-related risks, as well as the use of eosinophils and their products as potential biomarkers of vaccine efficacy or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1630, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
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3
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Antonyan T, Chilingaryan G, Zagorski K, Ghazaryan M, Hovakimyan A, Davtyan H, Petrushina I, King O, Kniazev R, Petrovsky N, Ghochikyan A. MultiTEP-Based Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein IgG Epitopes Elicit Robust Binding Antibody Titers with Limited Virus-Neutralizing Activity. Pathogens 2024; 13:520. [PMID: 38921817 PMCID: PMC11206316 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the last two decades, SARS-CoV-2 was the third zoonotic severe acute respiratory betacoronavirus (sarbecovirus) to infect humans, following SARS and MERS. The disruptions caused by the pandemic underscore the need for a universal vaccine against respiratory betacoronaviruses. Our group previously developed the universal platform for vaccine development, MultiTEP, which has been utilized in this study to generate a range of SARS-CoV-2 epitope vaccine candidates. We prepared and characterized 18 vaccines incorporating small peptide fragments from SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein fused with the MultiTEP sequence using overlapping PCR. Wild-type mice were immunized intramuscularly with the immunogen formulated in AdvaxCpG adjuvant. Serum antibodies were detected by ELISA, surrogate neutralization, and pseudovirus neutralization assays. Finally, the most promising vaccine candidate was administered to three non-human primates. All vaccines generated high titers of spike-binding IgG antibodies. However, only three vaccines generated antibodies that blocked RBD binding to the ACE2 receptor in a surrogate virus neutralization assay. However, none of the vaccines induced antibodies able to neutralize pseudotype viruses, including after the administration of the lead vaccine to NHPs. MultiTEP-based COVID-19 vaccines elicited robust, IgG-binding responses against the Spike protein in mice and non-human primates, but these antibodies were not neutralizing, underscoring the need to refine this approach further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Garri Chilingaryan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Manush Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Olga King
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Roman Kniazev
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
| | | | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (T.A.)
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4
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Kosanovich JL, Eichinger KM, Lipp MA, Gidwani SV, Brahmbhatt D, Yondola MA, Chi DH, Perkins TN, Empey KM. Lung ILC2s are activated in BALB/c mice born to immunized mothers despite complete protection against respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374818. [PMID: 38827738 PMCID: PMC11140082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated lung ILC2s produce large quantities of IL-5 and IL-13 that contribute to eosinophilic inflammation and mucus production following respiratory syncytial virus infection (RSV). The current understanding of ILC2 activation during RSV infection, is that ILC2s are activated by alarmins, including IL-33, released from airway epithelial cells in response to viral-mediated damage. Thus, high levels of RSV neutralizing maternal antibody generated from maternal immunization would be expected to reduce IL-33 production and mitigate ILC2 activation. Here we report that lung ILC2s from mice born to RSV-immunized dams become activated despite undetectable RSV replication. We also report, for the first time, expression of activating and inhibitory Fcgamma receptors on ILC2s that are differentially expressed in offspring born to immunized versus unimmunized dams. Alternatively, ex vivo IL-33-mediated activation of ILC2s was mitigated following the addition of antibody: antigen immune complexes. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of Fcgamma receptor ligation by immune complexes as an alternative mechanism of ILC2 regulation in RSV-associated eosinophilic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Madeline A. Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - David H. Chi
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Timothy N. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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5
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Eberlein V, Rosencrantz S, Finkensieper J, Besecke JK, Mansuroglu Y, Kamp JC, Lange F, Dressman J, Schopf S, Hesse C, Thoma M, Fertey J, Ulbert S, Grunwald T. Mucosal immunization with a low-energy electron inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine protects mice without Th2 immune bias. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382318. [PMID: 38646538 PMCID: PMC11026718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections associated with numerous hospitalizations. Recently, intramuscular (i.m.) vaccines against RSV have been approved for elderly and pregnant women. Noninvasive mucosal vaccination, e.g., by inhalation, offers an alternative against respiratory pathogens like RSV. Effective mucosal vaccines induce local immune responses, potentially resulting in the efficient and fast elimination of respiratory viruses after natural infection. To investigate this immune response to an RSV challenge, low-energy electron inactivated RSV (LEEI-RSV) was formulated with phosphatidylcholine-liposomes (PC-LEEI-RSV) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DD-LEEI-RSV) for vaccination of mice intranasally. As controls, LEEI-RSV and formalin-inactivated-RSV (FI-RSV) were used via i.m. vaccination. The RSV-specific immunogenicity of the different vaccines and their protective efficacy were analyzed. RSV-specific IgA antibodies and a statistically significant reduction in viral load upon challenge were detected in mucosal DD-LEEI-RSV-vaccinated animals. Alhydrogel-adjuvanted LEEI-RSV i.m. showed a Th2-bias with enhanced IgE, eosinophils, and lung histopathology comparable to FI-RSV. These effects were absent when applying the mucosal vaccines highlighting the potential of DD-LEEI-RSV as an RSV vaccine candidate and the improved performance of this mucosal vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Eberlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophia Rosencrantz
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Finkensieper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joana Kira Besecke
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Yaser Mansuroglu
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan-Christopher Kamp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schopf
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (FEP), Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Hesse
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Thoma
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Gidwani SV, Brahmbhatt D, Zomback A, Bassie M, Martinez J, Zhuang J, Schulze J, McLellan JS, Mariani R, Alff P, Frasca D, Blomberg BB, Marshall CP, Yondola MA. Engineered dityrosine-bonding of the RSV prefusion F protein imparts stability and potency advantages. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2202. [PMID: 38485927 PMCID: PMC10940300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral fusion proteins facilitate cellular infection by fusing viral and cellular membranes, which involves dramatic transitions from their pre- to postfusion conformations. These proteins are among the most protective viral immunogens, but they are metastable which often makes them intractable as subunit vaccine targets. Adapting a natural enzymatic reaction, we harness the structural rigidity that targeted dityrosine crosslinks impart to covalently stabilize fusion proteins in their native conformations. We show that the prefusion conformation of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein can be stabilized with two engineered dityrosine crosslinks (DT-preF), markedly improving its stability and shelf-life. Furthermore, it has 11X greater potency as compared with the DS-Cav1 stabilized prefusion F protein in immunogenicity studies and overcomes immunosenescence in mice with simply a high-dose formulation on alum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V Gidwani
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Aaron Zomback
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mamie Bassie
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Jian Zhuang
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - John Schulze
- Molecular Structure Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, College of Natural Sciences, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Mariani
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- CUNY Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Peter Alff
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Mark A Yondola
- Calder Biosciences Inc., Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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7
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Pena ES, Batty CJ, Hendy DA, Yang S, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Stiepel RT, Ting JPY, Ainslie KM, Bachelder EM. Comparative study of acetalated-dextran microparticle fabrication methods for a clinically translatable subunit-based influenza vaccine. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123836. [PMID: 38266940 PMCID: PMC10923012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The most common influenza vaccines are inactivated viruses produced in chicken eggs, which is a time-consuming production method with variable efficacy due to mismatches of the vaccine strains to the dominant circulating strains. Subunit-based vaccines provide faster production times in comparison to the traditional egg-produced vaccines but often require the use of an adjuvant to elicit a highly protective immune response. However, the current FDA approved adjuvant for influenza vaccines (MF59) elicits a primarily helper T-cell type 2 (Th2)-biased humoral immune response. Adjuvants that can stimulate a Th1 cellular response are correlated to have more robust protection against influenza. The cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP has been shown to provide a potent Th1 response but requires the use of a delivery vehicle to best initiate its signalling pathway in the cytosol. Herein, acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) was used as the polymer to fabricate microparticles (MPs) via double-emulsion, electrospray, and spray drying methods to encapsulate cGAMP. This study compared each fabrication method's ability to encapsulate and retain the hydrophilic adjuvant cGAMP. We compared their therapeutic efficacy to Addavax, an MF59-like adjuvant, and cGAMP Ace-DEX MPs provided a stronger Th1 response in vaccinated BALB/c mice. Furthermore, we compared Ace-DEX MPs to spray dried MPs composed from a commonly used polymer for drug delivery, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). We observed that all Ace-DEX MPs elicited similar humoral and cellular responses to the PLGA MPs. Overall, the results shown here indicate Ace-DEX can perform similarly to PLGA as a polymer for drug delivery and that spray drying can provide an efficient way to produce MPs to encapsulate cGAMP and stimulate the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Pena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebeca T Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Ma J, Chen L, Tang S, Shi Y. Efficacy and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy to prevent lower respiratory tract illness in newborns and infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1260740. [PMID: 38357264 PMCID: PMC10864603 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1260740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination during pregnancy in preventing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants and neonates, we conducted a systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in five databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Cochrane Center Register of Controlled trial) until 1 May 2023. We performed a meta-analysis of the eligible trials using RevMan5.4.1 software. Our analysis included six articles and five RCTs. The meta-analysis revealed significant differences in the incidences of LRTI [risk ratio (RR): 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 0.96; p = 0.03)] and severe LRTI (RR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.79; p = 0.01) between the vaccine group and the placebo group for newborns and infants. These differences were observed at 90, 120, and 150 days after birth (p = 0.003, p = 0.05, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, p = 0.009, p = 0.05). At 180 days after birth, there was a significant difference observed in the incidence of LRTI between the two groups (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.90; p = 0.02). The safety results showed a significant difference in the incidence of common adverse events between the two groups (RR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.12; p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference observed in the incidence of serious adverse events (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.15; p = 0.23), common and serious adverse events (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.10; p = 0.23), or common and serious adverse events among pregnant women and newborns and infants (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.04; p = 0.52). In conclusion, maternal RSV vaccination is an effective and safe immunization strategy for preventing LRTI in postpartum infants, with greater efficacy observed within the first 150 days after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neonatology, SongShan General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children), Chongqing, China
| | - ShiFang Tang
- Department of Neonatology, SongShan General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
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9
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Guo H, Song Y, Li H, Hu H, Shi Y, Jiang J, Guo J, Cao L, Mao N, Zhang Y. A Mixture of T-Cell Epitope Peptides Derived from Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein Conferred Protection in DR1-TCR Tg Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:77. [PMID: 38250890 PMCID: PMC10820450 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) poses a significant disease burden on global health. To date, two vaccines that primarily induce humoral immunity to prevent HRSV infection have been approved, whereas vaccines that primarily induce T-cell immunity have not yet been well-represented. To address this gap, 25 predicted T-cell epitope peptides derived from the HRSV fusion protein with high human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding potential were synthesized, and their ability to be recognized by PBMC from previously infected HRSV cases was assessed using an ELISpot assay. Finally, nine T-cell epitope peptides were selected, each of which was recognized by at least 20% of different donors' PBMC as potential vaccine candidates to prevent HRSV infection. The protective efficacy of F-9PV, a combination of nine peptides along with CpG-ODN and aluminum phosphate (Al) adjuvants, was validated in both HLA-humanized mice (DR1-TCR transgenic mice, Tg mice) and wild-type (WT) mice. The results show that F-9PV significantly enhanced protection against viral challenge as evidenced by reductions in viral load and pathological lesions in mice lungs. In addition, F-9PV elicits robust Th1-biased response, thereby mitigating the potential safety risk of Th2-induced respiratory disease during HRSV infection. Compared to WT mice, the F-9PV mice exhibited superior protection and immunogenicity in Tg mice, underscoring the specificity for human HLA. Overall, our results demonstrate that T-cell epitope peptides provide protection against HRSV infection in animal models even in the absence of neutralizing antibodies, indicating the feasibility of developing an HRSV T-cell epitope peptide-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Hai Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Hongqiao Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Yuqing Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Jie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Jinyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Naiying Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.G.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (H.H.); (Y.S.); (J.J.); (J.G.); (L.C.)
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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10
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Kim MJ, Chu KB, Lee SH, Mao J, Eom GD, Yoon KW, Moon EK, Quan FS. Assessing the protection elicited by virus-like particles expressing the RSV pre-fusion F and tandem repeated G proteins against RSV rA2 line19F infection in mice. Respir Res 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38178222 PMCID: PMC10765939 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection hindering efficacious RSV vaccine development. Yet, the vast majority of the experimental RSV vaccine studies use laboratory-adapted RSV strains that do not reflect the highly pathogenic and inflammatory nature of the virus found in clinical settings. Here, we re-evaluated the protective efficacy of the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine co-expressing the pre-fusion (pre-F) protein and G protein with tandem repeats (Gt) reported in our previous study against the recombinant RSV rA2-line19F strain, which inflicts severe mucus production and inflammation in mice. VLP vaccine immunization elicited virus-specific serum antibody responses that mediated RSV rA2-line19F virus neutralization. VLP vaccine immunization promoted Th1 immune response development in the spleens and CD8 + T cell influx into the lungs of mice, which are essential for efficient viral clearance and dampened inflammatory response. When compared to the VLPs expressing only the pre-F antigen, those co-expressing both pre-F and Gt antigens conferred better protection in mice against rA2-line19F challenge infection. Overall, our data suggest that the pre-clinical VLP vaccine co-expressing RSV pre-F and Gt antigens can effectively protect mice against RSV strains that resemble pathogenic clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sereme Y, Toumi E, Saifi E, Faury H, Skurnik D. Maternal immune factors involved in the prevention or facilitation of neonatal bacterial infections. Cell Immunol 2024; 395-396:104796. [PMID: 38104514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Newborns, whether born prematurely or at term, have a fully formed but naive immune system that must adapt to the extra-uterine environment to prevent infections. Maternal immunity, transmitted through the placenta and breast milk, protects newborns against infections, primarily via immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and certain maternal immune cells also known as microchimeric cells. Recently, it also appeared that the maternal gut microbiota played a vital role in neonatal immune maturation via microbial compounds impacting immune development and the establishment of immune tolerance. In this context, maternal vaccination is a powerful tool to enhance even more maternal and neonatal health. It involves the transfer of vaccine-induced antibodies to protect both mother and child from infectious diseases. In this work we review the state of the art on maternal immune factors involved in the prevention of neonatal bacterial infections, with particular emphasis on the role of maternal vaccination in protecting neonates against bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssouf Sereme
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Eya Toumi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Saifi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Helène Faury
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Department of Microbiology, Necker Hospital, University de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Skurnik
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France; Department of Microbiology, Necker Hospital, University de Paris, Paris, France; FHU PREMA, Paris, France.
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12
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Kawahara E, Yamamoto S, Shibata T, Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. CpG ODN enhances the efficacy of F protein vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper respiratory tract via CD4 + T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149143. [PMID: 37926041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe respiratory illness worldwide, particularly in infants and older adults. Vaccines targeting the fusion glycoprotein (F protein) -one of the surface antigens of RSV- are highly effective in preventing RSV-associated severe lower respiratory tract disease. However, the efficacy of these vaccines against upper respiratory tract challenge needs improvement. Here, we aimed to examine the efficacy of F protein vaccines with or without CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) as an adjuvant in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in mice. F + CpG ODN induced higher levels of F-specific IgG than that induced by F alone; however, levels of neutralizing antibodies did not increase compared to those induced by F alone. F + CpG ODN induced T helper 1 (Th1) cells while F alone induced T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Moreover, F + CpG ODN improved the protection against RSV challenge in the upper respiratory tract compared to F alone, which was largely dependent on CD4+ T cells. Meanwhile, both F + CpG ODN and F alone protected the lower respiratory tract. In conclusion, we demonstrated that induction of F-specific Th1 cells is an effective strategy to prevent RSV challenge in the upper respiratory tract in F protein vaccines. These data support the development of novel F protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Kawahara
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehiko Shibata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Vaccine Creation Group, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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13
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Raman SNT, Zetner A, Hashem AM, Patel D, Wu J, Gravel C, Gao J, Zhang W, Pfeifle A, Tamming L, Parikh K, Cao J, Tam R, Safronetz D, Chen W, Johnston MJ, Wang L, Sauve S, Rosu-Myles M, Domselaar GV, Li X. Bivalent vaccines effectively protect mice against influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2192821. [PMID: 36927227 PMCID: PMC10171128 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2192821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) infections together contribute significantly to the burden of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Despite the disease burden, no approved RSV vaccine is available. While approved vaccines are available for influenza, seasonal vaccination is required to maintain protection. In addition to both being respiratory viruses, they follow a common seasonality, which warrants the necessity for a concerted vaccination approach. Here, we designed bivalent vaccines by utilizing highly conserved sequences, targeting both influenza A and RSV, as either a chimeric antigen or individual antigens separated by a ribosome skipping sequence. These vaccines were found to be effective in protecting the animals from challenge by either virus, with mechanisms of protection being substantially interrogated in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N. Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adrian Zetner
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devina Patel
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caroline Gravel
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jun Gao
- Centre for Vaccines Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wanyue Zhang
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Annabelle Pfeifle
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Levi Tamming
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karan Parikh
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Roger Tam
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael J.W. Johnston
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Simon Sauve
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Oncology and Regulatory Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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14
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Honda-Okubo Y, Bowen R, Barker M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Petrovsky N. Advax-CpG55.2-adjuvanted monovalent or trivalent SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine protects hamsters against heterologous infection with Beta or Delta variants. Vaccine 2023; 41:7116-7128. [PMID: 37863669 PMCID: PMC10873063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants emphasizes the need for vaccines providing broad cross-protective immunity. This study was undertaken to assess the ability of Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted monovalent recombinant spike protein (Wuhan, Beta, Gamma) vaccines or a trivalent formulation to protect hamsters againstBeta or Delta virus infection. The ability of vaccines to block virus transmission to naïve co-housed animals was also assessed. In naïve hosts, the Beta variant induced higher virus loads than the Delta variant, and conversely the Delta variant caused more severe disease and was more likely to be associated with virus transmission. The trivalent vaccine formulation provided the best protection against both Beta and Delta infection and also completely prevented virus transmission. The next best performing vaccine was the original monovalent Wuhan-based vaccine. Notably, hamsters that received the monovalent Gamma spike vaccine had the highest viral loads and clinical disease of all the vaccine groups, a potential signal of antibody dependent-enhancement (ADE). These hamsters were also the most likely to transmit Delta virus to naïve recipients. In murine studies, the Gamma spike vaccine induced the highest total spike protein to RBD IgG ratio and the lowest levels of neutralizing antibody, a context that could predispose to ADE. Overall, the study results confirmed that the current SpikoGen® vaccine based on Wuhan spike protein was still able to protect against clinical disease caused by either the Beta or Delta virus variants but suggested additional protection may be obtained by combining it with extra variant spike proteins to make a multivalent formulation. This study highlights the complexity of optimizing vaccine protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and stresses the need to continue to pursue new and improved COVID-19 vaccines able to provide robust, long-lasting, and broadly cross-protective immunity against constantly evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mckinzee Barker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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15
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Kosanovich JL, Eichinger KM, Lipp MA, Gidwani SV, Brahmbhatt D, Yondola MA, Perkins TN, Empey KM. Exacerbated lung inflammation following secondary RSV exposure is CD4+ T cell-dependent and is not mitigated in infant BALB/c mice born to PreF-vaccinated dams. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206026. [PMID: 37646035 PMCID: PMC10461110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalizations due to bronchiolitis in children under 5 years of age. Moreover, severe RSV disease requiring hospitalization is associated with the subsequent development of wheezing and asthma. Due to the young age in which viral protection is needed and risk of vaccine enhanced disease following direct infant vaccination, current approaches aim to protect young children through maternal immunization strategies that boost neutralizing maternal antibody (matAb) levels. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the influence of maternal immunization on secondary immune responses to RSV in the offspring or whether the subsequent development of wheezing and asthma is mitigated. Toward this goal, our lab developed a murine model of maternal RSV vaccination and repeat RSV exposure to evaluate the changes in immune response and development of exacerbated lung inflammation on secondary RSV exposure in mice born to immunized dams. Despite complete protection following primary RSV exposure, offspring born to pre-fusion F (PreF)-vaccinated dams had exaggerated secondary ILC2 and Th2 responses, characterized by enhanced production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These enhanced type 2 cellular responses were associated with exaggerated airway eosinophilia and mucus hyperproduction upon re-exposure to RSV. Importantly, depletion of CD4+ T cells led to complete amelioration of the observed type 2 pathology on secondary RSV exposure. These unanticipated results highlight the need for additional studies that look beyond primary protection to better understand how maternal immunization shapes subsequent immune responses to repeat RSV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Madeline A. Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Timothy N. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Lamontagne F, Arpin D, Côté-Cyr M, Khatri V, St-Louis P, Gauthier L, Archambault D, Bourgault S. Engineered Curli Nanofilaments as a Self-Adjuvanted Antigen Delivery Platform. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300224. [PMID: 37031161 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanoparticles constitute efficient antigen delivery systems in vaccine formulations due to their size and repetitive nature that mimic most invading pathogens and promote immune activation. Nonetheless, the coadministration of an adjuvant with subunit nanovaccines is usually required to induce a robust, long-lasting, and protective immune response. Herein, the protein Curli-specific gene A (CsgA), which is known to self-assemble into nanofilaments contributing to bacterial biofilm, is exploited to engineer an intrinsically immunostimulatory antigen delivery platform. Three repeats of the M2e antigenic sequence from the influenza A virus matrix 2 protein are merged to the N-terminal domain of engineered CsgA proteins. These chimeric 3M2e-CsgA spontaneously self-assemble into antigen-displaying cross-β-sheet nanofilaments that activate the heterodimeric toll-like receptors 2 and 1. The resulting nanofilaments are avidly internalized by antigen-presenting cells and stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells. Without the need of any additional adjuvants, both assemblies show robust humoral and cellular immune responses, which translate into complete protection against a lethal experimental infection with the H1N1 influenza virus. Notably, these CsgA-based nanovaccines induce neither overt systemic inflammation, nor reactogenicity, upon mice inoculation. These results highlight the potential of engineered CsgA nanostructures as self-adjuvanted, safe, and versatile antigen delivery systems to fight infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lamontagne
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mélanie Côté-Cyr
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Philippe St-Louis
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Laurie Gauthier
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P.8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Quebec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada
- The Center of Excellence in Research on Orphan Diseases - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, H3C 3P8, Canada
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17
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Ma Q, Li M, Ma L, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhong H, Wen J, Wang Y, Yan Z, Xiong W, Wu L, Guo J, Yang W, Yang Z, Zhang B. SARS-CoV-2 bivalent mRNA vaccine with broad protection against variants of concern. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195299. [PMID: 37292197 PMCID: PMC10244545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has rapidly spread around the globe. With a substantial number of mutations in its Spike protein, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is prone to immune evasion and led to the reduced efficacy of approved vaccines. Thus, emerging variants have brought new challenges to the prevention of COVID-19 and updated vaccines are urgently needed to provide better protection against the Omicron variant or other highly mutated variants. Materials and methods Here, we developed a novel bivalent mRNA vaccine, RBMRNA-405, comprising a 1:1 mix of mRNAs encoding both Delta-derived and Omicron-derived Spike proteins. We evaluated the immunogenicity of RBMRNA-405 in BALB/c mice and compared the antibody response and prophylactic efficacy induced by monovalent Delta or Omicron-specific vaccine with the bivalent RBMRNA-405 vaccine in the SARSCoV-2 variant challenge. Results Results showed that the RBMRNA-405 vaccine could generate broader neutralizing antibody responses against both Wuhan-Hu-1 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta, Omicron, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. RBMRNA-405 efficiently blocked infectious viral replication and lung injury in both Omicron- and Delta-challenged K18-ACE2 mice. Conclusion Our data suggest that RBMRNA-405 is a promising bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with broad-spectrum efficacy for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Manufacturing, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caroline Zhang
- Department of Manufacturing, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Zhong
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen
- Department of Manufacturing, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Yan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Manufacturing, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linping Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangdong Lewwin Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-clinical Evaluation and Research, Guangdong Lewwin Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Biliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Argorna Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Computational Biomedicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Alameh MG, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Yostrerat N, Pitakpolrat P, Buranapraditkun S, Manopwisedjaroen S, Thitithanyanont A, Jongkaewwattana A, Hunsawong T, Im-Erbsin R, Reed M, Wijagkanalan W, Patarakul K, Techawiwattanaboon T, Palaga T, Lam K, Heyes J, Weissman D, Ruxrungtham K. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine encoding secreted non-stabilized spike in female mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2309. [PMID: 37085495 PMCID: PMC10120480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of an mRNA vaccine platform in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is important to enhance vaccine accessibility and ensure future pandemic preparedness. Here, we describe the preclinical studies of "ChulaCov19", a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA encoding prefusion-unstabilized ectodomain spike protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP). In female BALB/c mice, ChulaCov19 at 0.2, 1, 10, and 30 μg elicits robust neutralizing antibody (NAb) and T cell responses in a dose-dependent relationship. The geometric mean titers (GMTs) of NAb against wild-type (WT, Wuhan-Hu1) virus are 1,280, 11,762, 54,047, and 62,084, respectively. Higher doses induce better cross-NAb against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (BA.1 and BA.4/5) variants. This elicited immunogenicity is significantly higher than those induced by homologous CoronaVac or AZD1222 vaccination. In a heterologous prime-boost study, ChulaCov19 booster dose generates a 7-fold increase of NAb against Wuhan-Hu1 WT virus and also significantly increases NAb response against Omicron (BA.1 and BA.4/5) when compared to homologous CoronaVac or AZD1222 vaccination. Challenge studies show that ChulaCov19 protects human-ACE-2-expressing female mice from COVID-19 symptoms, prevents viremia and significantly reduces tissue viral load. Moreover, anamnestic NAb response is undetectable in challenge animals. ChulaCov19 is therefore a promising mRNA vaccine candidate either as a primary or boost vaccination and has entered clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nongnaphat Yostrerat
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patrawadee Pitakpolrat
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Thai Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Immunology (TPGHAI) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Taweewan Hunsawong
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Im-Erbsin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Matthew Reed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kieu Lam
- Genevant Sciences Corporation, Vancouver, BC, V5T 4T5, Canada
| | - James Heyes
- Genevant Sciences Corporation, Vancouver, BC, V5T 4T5, Canada
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, and School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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19
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Yi C, Su C, Sun X, Lu X, Si C, Liu C, Yang Z, Yuan H, Huang Y, Wen J, He Y, Zhang Y, Ma L, Cong Y, Zhao G, Ling Z, Wang B, Sun B. A human antibody potently neutralizes RSV by targeting the conserved hydrophobic region of prefusion F. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:729-742. [PMID: 36853487 PMCID: PMC9971687 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues to pose serious threats to pediatric populations due to the lack of a vaccine and effective antiviral drugs. RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein mediates viral-host membrane fusion and is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. We generated 23 full-human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) against prefusion F protein (pre-F) from a healthy adult with natural RSV infection by single B cell cloning technique. A highly potent RSV-neutralizing hmAb, named as 25-20, is selected, which targets a new site Ø-specific epitope. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural modelling analysis demonstrated that 25-20 mainly targets a highly conserved hydrophobic region located at the a4 helix and a1 helix of pre-F, indicating a site of vulnerability for drug and vaccine design. It is worth noting that 25-20 uses an unreported inferred germline (iGL) that binds very poorly to pre-F, thus high levels of somatic mutations are needed to gain high binding affinity with pre-F. Our observation helps to understand the evolution of RSV antibody during natural infection. Furthermore, by in silico prediction and experimental verification, we optimized 25-20 with KD values as low as picomolar range. Therefore, the optimized 25-20 represents an excellent candidate for passive protection against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yi
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Caixia Su
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao Lu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Chuanya Si
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Caixuan Liu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hong Yuan
- MedimScience.Co, Hangzhou, 311217 China
| | - Yuying Huang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jing Wen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yonghui He
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Liyan Ma
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yao Cong
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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20
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Chu KB, Quan FS. Respiratory Viruses and Virus-like Particle Vaccine Development: How Far Have We Advanced? Viruses 2023; 15:v15020392. [PMID: 36851606 PMCID: PMC9965150 DOI: 10.3390/v15020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With technological advancements enabling globalization, the intercontinental transmission of pathogens has become much easier. Respiratory viruses are one such group of pathogens that require constant monitoring since their outbreak leads to massive public health crises, as exemplified by the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2. To prevent the transmission of these highly contagious viruses, developing prophylactic tools, such as vaccines, is of considerable interest to the scientific community. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly sought after as vaccine platforms for their safety and immunogenicity profiles. Although several VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus have been approved for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration, VLP vaccines against the three aforementioned respiratory viruses are lacking. Here, we summarize the most recent progress in pre-clinical and clinical VLP vaccine development. We also outline various strategies that contributed to improving the efficacy of vaccines against each virus and briefly discuss the stability aspect of VLPs that makes it a highly desired vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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21
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Su C, Zhong Y, Zhao G, Hou J, Zhang S, Wang B. RSV pre-fusion F protein enhances the G protein antibody and anti-infectious responses. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:168. [PMID: 36535957 PMCID: PMC9762623 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children is the most common viral respiratory infection and can cause severe lung damage or death. There is no licensed vaccine for preventing RSV infection. Previously we demonstrated that an RSV vaccine, BARS13, consisting of recombinant G protein from E. coli plus cyclosporine A (CsA) as an immune-modulator, can protect animals from RSV challenge without inducing vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). To maximize the efficacy of such a vaccine, we introduced RSV pre-fusion F protein (pre-F) to form a new vaccine comprised of the pre-F and G proteins with the CsA. Two intramuscular immunizations with the vaccine induced a higher level of neutralizing antibodies against RSV and protected mice from RSV challenge without incurring VED. Interestingly, the addition of the pre-F to the vaccine facilitated anti-G antibody production and protection from RSV infection mainly via induction of antibodies against the central conserved domain (CCD) of the G protein which correlated with blocking the CX3C-CX3CR1 interaction. A 15 amino acid sequence (FP4) within the F2 region of pre-F served as a CD4+ Th epitope to facilitate the anti-G antibody response. Collectively, such a combination of the FP4 peptide with the G protein and CsA provides a novel strategy for developing a safe and maximally effective recombinant G protein-containing RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Su
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan-Advaccine Join-Lab for Vaccine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Zhong
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan-Advaccine Join-Lab for Vaccine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jiawang Hou
- Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shuren Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,Present Address: Shenzhen Pregene Biopharma Company LTD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan-Advaccine Join-Lab for Vaccine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China ,Advaccine Biopharmaceutics (Suzhou) Co. LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province China ,grid.411405.50000 0004 1757 8861National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China ,grid.411333.70000 0004 0407 2968Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Luo J, Qin H, Lei L, Lou W, Li R, Pan Z. Virus-like particles containing a prefusion-stabilized F protein induce a balanced immune response and confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054005. [PMID: 36578490 PMCID: PMC9792133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. Currently, no licensed RSV vaccines are available. In this study, we explored stable prefusion conformation virus-like particles (Pre-F VLPs) as RSV vaccine candidates. RSV fusion (F) protein mutants were constructed to form stabilized Pre-F or postfusion (Post-F) configurations. VLPs containing Pre-F or Post-F protein were generated using a recombinant baculovirus (rBV)-insect cell expression system. The assembly and immunological properties of Pre-F or Post-F VLPs were investigated. Pre-F and Post-F VLPs contained antigenic sites Ø and I of pre- and postfusion conformations, respectively. Compared with Post-F VLPs, immunization with Pre-F VLPs elicited upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 and downregulation of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production in mice. A high percentage of CD25+ Foxp3+ cells or a low percentage of IL-17A-producing cells among CD4+ T cells was observed in the lungs of mice vaccinated with Pre-F VLPs. Importantly, immunization with Pre-F VLPs induced a high level of RSV neutralizing antibody and a balanced immune response, which protected mice against RSV infection without evidence of immunopathology. Our results suggested that Pre-F VLPs generated from rBV-insect cells represent promising RSV vaccine candidates.
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23
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Kang L, Wang S, Wang D, Wang J, Zheng R, Jiang X, Liu B. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells mediate the activation of CD4+ T cells and aggravate Th1/Th2 imbalance via MHC II molecules during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Ren H, Li H, Cao L, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Guo J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu W. Intranasal immunization with HRSV prefusion F protein and CpG adjuvant elicits robust protective effects in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:6830-6838. [PMID: 36253219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in elderly individuals and young children/infants and can cause bronchiolitis and even death. There is no licensed HRSV vaccine. An ideal vaccine should induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies and a Th1-biased immune response. In this study, we used EXPI293 cells to express the fusion (F) protein with a prefusion conformation (PrF) and compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal immunization with PrF in combination with two mucosal adjuvants (CpG ODN and liposomes) in mice. After two intranasal administrations, mice in the PrF + CpG group produced high titers of neutralizing antibodies (4961) and a Th1-biased immune response compared with the PrF + Lipo group. The lung viral load of mice in the PrF + CpG group was significantly reduced (3.5 log) compared with that in the adjuvant control group, and the survival rate was 100 %, while the survival rate of mice in the PrF + Lipo group was only 67 %. At the same time, this immunization strategy reduced the pathological damage to the lungs in mice. In conclusion, the combination of PrF and CpG adjuvant is immunogenic, elicits a Th1 type immune response, and completely protects mice from a lethal HRSV challenge. It is worthy of further evaluation as an HRSV vaccine in clinical trials. Clinical trial registration. This study was not related to human participation or experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yangzi Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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25
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Perkins T, Oury TD, Petrovsky N, Marshall CP, Yondola MA, Empey KM. Prior respiratory syncytial virus infection reduces vaccine-mediated Th2-skewed immunity, but retains enhanced RSV F-specific CD8 T cell responses elicited by a Th1-skewing vaccine formulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025341. [PMID: 36268035 PMCID: PMC9577258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Development of a vaccine has been hindered due the risk of enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) following natural RSV exposure and the young age (<6 months) at which children would require protection. Risk factors linked to the development of ERD include poorly neutralizing antibody, seronegative status (never been exposed to RSV), and a Th2-type immune response. Stabilization of the more antigenic prefusion F protein (PreF) has reinvigorated hope for a protective RSV vaccine that elicits potent neutralizing antibody. While anecdotal evidence suggests that children and adults previously exposed to RSV (seropositive) are not at risk for developing vaccine associated ERD, differences in host immune responses in seropositive and seronegative individuals that may protect against ERD remain unclear. It is also unclear if vaccine formulations that skew towards Th1- versus Th2-type immune responses increase pathology or provide greater protection in seropositive individuals. Therefore, the goal of this work was to compare the host immune response to a stabilized prefusion RSV antigen formulated alone or with Th1 or Th2 skewing adjuvants in seronegative and seropositive BALB/c mice. We have developed a novel BALB/c mouse model whereby mice are first infected with RSV (seropositive) and then vaccinated during pregnancy to recapitulate maternal immunization strategies. Results of these studies show that prior RSV infection mitigates vaccine-mediated skewing by Th1- and Th2-polarizing adjuvants that was observed in seronegative animals. Moreover, vaccination with PreF plus the Th1-skewing adjuvant, Advax, increased RSV F85-93-specific CD8 T cells in both seronegative and seropositive dams. These data demonstrate the importance of utilizing seropositive animals in preclinical vaccine studies to assess both the safety and efficacy of candidate RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy N. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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26
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Hartmeier PR, Kosanovich JL, Velankar KY, Armen-Luke J, Lipp MA, Gawalt ES, Giannoukakis N, Empey KM, Meng WS. Immune Cells Activating Biotin-Decorated PLGA Protein Carrier. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2638-2650. [PMID: 35621214 PMCID: PMC10105284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle formulations have long been proposed as subunit vaccine carriers owing to their ability to entrap proteins and codeliver adjuvants. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) remains one of the most studied polymers for controlled release and nanoparticle drug delivery, and numerous studies exist proposing PLGA particles as subunit vaccine carriers. In this work we report using PLGA nanoparticles modified with biotin (bNPs) to deliver proteins via adsorption and stimulate professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We present evidence showing bNPs are capable of retaining proteins through the biotin-avidin interaction. Surface accessible biotin bound both biotinylated catalase (bCAT) through avidin and streptavidin horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Analysis of the HRP found that activity on the bNPs was preserved once captured on the surface of bNP. Further, bNPs were found to have self-adjuvant properties, evidenced by bNP induced IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-12 production in vitro in APCs, thereby licensing the cells to generate Th1-type helper T cell responses. Cytokine production was reduced in avidin precoated bNPs (but not with other proteins), suggesting that the proinflammatory response is due in part to exposed biotin on the surface of bNPs. bNPs injected subcutaneously were localized to draining lymph nodes detectable after 28 days and were internalized by bronchoalveolar lavage dendritic cells and macrophages in mice in a dose-dependent manner when delivered intranasally. Taken together, these data provide evidence that bNPs should be explored further as potential adjuvanting carriers for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hartmeier
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jennifer Armen-Luke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Madeline A Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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27
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Li L, Honda-Okubo Y, Baldwin J, Bowen R, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Petrovsky N. Covax-19/Spikogen® vaccine based on recombinant spike protein extracellular domain with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant provides single dose protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Vaccine 2022; 40:3182-3192. [PMID: 35465982 PMCID: PMC9013662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 presents an ongoing global health crisis. Protein-based COVID-19 vaccines that are well-tolerated, safe, highly-protective and convenient to manufacture remain of major interest. We therefore sought to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a number of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein candidates expressed in insect cells. By comparison to a full length (FL) spike protein detergent-extracted nanoparticle antigen, the soluble secreted spike protein extracellular domain (ECD) generated higher protein yields per liter of culture and when formulated with either Alum-CpG55.2 or Advax-CpG55.2 combination adjuvants elicited robust antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity in mice. In hamsters, the spike ECD when formulated with either adjuvant induced high serum neutralizing antibody titers even after a single dose. When challenged with the homologous SARS-CoV-2 virus, hamsters immunized with the adjuvanted spike ECD exhibited reduced viral load in day 1-3 oropharyngeal swabs and day 3 nasal turbinate tissue and had no recoverable infectious virus in day 3 lung tissue. The reduction in lung viral load correlated with less weight loss and lower lung pathology scores. The formulations of spike ECD with Alum-CpG55.2 or Advax-CpG55.2 were protective even after just a single dose, although the 2-dose regimen performed better overall and required only half the total amount of antigen. Pre-challenge serum neutralizing antibody levels showed a strong correlation with lung protection, with a weaker correlation seen with nasal or oropharyngeal protection. This suggests that serum neutralizing antibody levels may correlate more closely with systemic, rather than mucosal, protection. The spike protein ECD with Advax-CpG55.2 formulation (Covax-19® vaccine) was selected for human clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | | | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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28
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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29
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Yang JX, Tseng JC, Yu GY, Luo Y, Huang CYF, Hong YR, Chuang TH. Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020423. [PMID: 35214155 PMCID: PMC8878135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 37611)
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30
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Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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31
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Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 and has since morphed into a global pandemic claiming over 2.4 million human lives and severely impacting global economy. The race for a safe and efficacious vaccine was thus initiated with government agencies as well as major pharmaceutical companies as frontrunners. An ideal vaccine would activate multiple arms of the adaptive immune system to generate cytotoxic T cell responses as well as neutralizing antibody responses, while avoiding pathological or deleterious immune responses that result in tissue damage or exacerbation of the disease. Developing an effective vaccine requires an inter-disciplinary effort involving virology, protein biology, biotechnology, immunology and pharmaceutical sciences. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the pathology and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which are fundamental to vaccine development. We then summarize the rationale for developing COVID-19 vaccines and provide novel insights into vaccine development from a pharmaceutical science perspective, such as selection of different antigens, adjuvants, delivery platforms and formulations. Finally, we review multiple clinical trial outcomes of novel vaccines in terms of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gautam N. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Chak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sathy V. Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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32
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses and Protozoan Parasites. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 433:77-106. [PMID: 33650036 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology underwent massive advances over the past decades with the introduction of virus-like particles (VLPs), a supra-molecular nanoparticle vaccine platform that resembles viral structures without the ability to replicate in hosts. This innovative approach has been remarkably effective, as evidenced by its profound immunogenicity and safety. These highly desirable intrinsic properties enabled their further development as vaccines against a multitude of diseases. To date, several VLP-based vaccines have already been commercialized and many more are undergoing clinical evaluation prior to FDA approval. However, efficacious vaccines against a plethora of pathogens are still lacking, which imposes a tremendous socioeconomic burden and continues to threaten public health throughout the globe. This is especially the case for several respiratory pathogens and protozoan parasites. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamentals of VLP vaccines and the unique properties that enable these to be such valuable vaccine candidates and summarize current advances in VLP-based vaccines targeting respiratory and parasitic diseases of global importance.
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33
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Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against fungal infections requires the induction of protective, pathogen-specific cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we asked whether combination adjuvants based on delta inulin (Advax) formulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists could improve vaccine protection mediated by a fungal recombinant protein, Bl-Eng2 (i.e., Blastomyces endoglucanase 2), which itself harbors an immunodominant antigen and dectin-2 agonist/adjuvant. We found that Bl-Eng2 formulated with Advax3 containing TLR9 agonist or Advax8 containing TLR4 agonist provided the best protection against pulmonary infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis, being more effective than complete Freund’s adjuvant or Adjuplex. Advax3 was most efficient in inducing gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing antigen-specific T cells that migrated to the lung upon Blastomyces dermatitidis infection. Mechanistic studies revealed Bl-Eng2/Advax3 protection was tempered by neutralization of IL-17 and particularly IFN-γ. Likewise, greater numbers of lung-resident T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-17, or both IFN-γ and IL-17 correlated with fewer fungi recovered from lung. Protection was maintained after depletion of CD4+ T cells, partially reduced by depletion of CD8+ T cells, and completely eliminated after depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that Bl-Eng2 formulated with Advax3 is promising for eliciting vaccine-induced antifungal immunity, through a previously uncharacterized mechanism involving CD8+ and also CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ and/or IL-17. Although no licensed vaccine exists as yet against any fungal disease, these findings indicate the importance of adjuvant selection for the development of effective fungal vaccines.
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34
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Heinz FX, Stiasny K. Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:104. [PMID: 34400651 PMCID: PMC8368295 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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35
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An enveloped virus-like particle vaccine expressing a stabilized prefusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits highly potent immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:4988-5001. [PMID: 34304928 PMCID: PMC8282453 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) expressing various forms of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and several adjuvants in an effort to identify a highly potent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate. eVLPs expressing a modified prefusion form of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were selected as they induced high antibody binding titers and neutralizing activity after a single injection in mice. Formulation of SARS-CoV-2 S eVLPs with aluminum phosphate resulted in balanced induction of IgG2 and IgG1 isotypes and antibody binding and neutralization titers were undiminished for more than 3 months after a single immunization. A single dose of this candidate, named VBI-2902a, protected Syrian golden hamsters from challenge with SARS-CoV-2 and supports the on-going clinical evaluation of VBI-2902a as a highly potent vaccine against COVID-19.
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36
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Considerations for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Targeting an Elderly Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060624. [PMID: 34207770 PMCID: PMC8228432 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is most commonly associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. However, RSV also causes a high disease burden in the elderly that is often under recognized. Adults >65 years of age account for an estimated 80,000 RSV-associated hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths in the United States annually. RSV infection in aged individuals can result in more severe disease symptoms including pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Given the large disease burden caused by RSV in the aged, this population remains an important target for vaccine development. Aging results in lowered immune responsiveness characterized by impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity. This immune senescence poses a challenge when developing a vaccine targeting elderly individuals. An RSV vaccine tailored towards an elderly population will need to maximize the immune response elicited in order to overcome age-related defects in the immune system. In this article, we review the hurdles that must be overcome to successfully develop an RSV vaccine for use in the elderly, and discuss the vaccine candidates currently being tested in this highly susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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37
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Chai KM, Tzeng TT, Shen KY, Liao HC, Lin JJ, Chen MY, Yu GY, Dou HY, Liao CL, Chen HW, Liu SJ. DNA vaccination induced protective immunity against SARS CoV-2 infection in hamsterss. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009374. [PMID: 34043618 PMCID: PMC8158926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient vaccines against COVID-19 is an emergent need for global public health. The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major target for the COVID-19 vaccine. To quickly respond to the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a nucleic acid-based vaccine is a novel option, beyond the traditional inactivated virus vaccine or recombinant protein vaccine. Here, we report a DNA vaccine containing the spike gene for delivery via electroporation. The spike genes of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were codon optimized for mammalian cell expression and then cloned into mammalian cell expression vectors, called pSARS-S and pSARS2-S, respectively. Spike protein expression was confirmed by immunoblotting after transient expression in HEK293T cells. After immunization, sera were collected for antigen-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody titer analyses. We found that both pSARS-S and pSARS2-S immunization induced similar levels of antibodies against S2 of SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, only pSARS2-S immunization induced antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. We further found that pSARS2-S immunization, but not pSARS-S immunization, could induce very high titers of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We further analyzed SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific T cell responses and found that the immune responses were biased toward Th1. Importantly, pSARS2-S immunization in hamsters could induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in vivo. These data suggest that DNA vaccination could be a promising approach for protecting against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Man Chai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yin Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jhe-Jhih Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-WC); (S-JL)
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-WC); (S-JL)
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38
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Stephens LM, Ross KA, Waldstein KA, Legge KL, McLellan JS, Narasimhan B, Varga SM. Prefusion F-Based Polyanhydride Nanovaccine Induces Both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity Resulting in Long-Lasting Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2122-2134. [PMID: 33827894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in both young children and in older adults. Despite the morbidity, mortality, and high economic burden caused by RSV worldwide, no licensed vaccine is currently available. We have developed a novel RSV vaccine composed of a prefusion-stabilized variant of the fusion (F) protein (DS-Cav1) and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated within polyanhydride nanoparticles, termed RSVNanoVax. A prime-boost intranasal administration of RSVNanoVax in BALB/c mice significantly alleviated weight loss and pulmonary dysfunction in response to an RSV challenge, with protection maintained up to at least 6 mo postvaccination. In addition, vaccinated mice exhibited rapid viral clearance in the lungs as early as 2 d after RSV infection in both inbred and outbred populations. Vaccination induced tissue-resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lungs, as well as RSV F-directed neutralizing Abs. Based on the robust immune response elicited and the high level of durable protection observed, our prefusion RSV F nanovaccine is a promising new RSV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Kody A Waldstein
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; .,Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
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39
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Lipp M, Empey KM, Petrovsky N. Strategies for active and passive pediatric RSV immunization. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:2515135520981516. [PMID: 33623860 PMCID: PMC7879001 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520981516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide, with the most severe disease occurring in very young infants. Despite half a century of research there still are no licensed RSV vaccines. Difficulties in RSV vaccine development stem from a number of factors, including: (a) a very short time frame between birth and first RSV exposure; (b) interfering effects of maternal antibodies; and (c) differentially regulated immune responses in infants causing a marked T helper 2 (Th2) immune bias. This review seeks to provide an age-specific understanding of RSV immunity critical to the development of a successful pediatric RSV vaccine. Historical and future approaches to the prevention of infant RSV are reviewed, including passive protection using monoclonal antibodies or maternal immunization strategies versus active infant immunization using pre-fusion forms of RSV F protein antigens formulated with novel adjuvants such as Advax that avoid excess Th2 immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia and Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia
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40
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Blake S, Bremer PT, Zhou B, Petrovsky N, Smith LC, Hwang CS, Janda KD. Developing Translational Vaccines against Heroin and Fentanyl through Investigation of Adjuvants and Stability. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:228-235. [PMID: 33301675 PMCID: PMC9946458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nearly insurmountable adversity that accompanies opioid use disorder (OUD) creates life-altering complications for opioid users. To worsen matters, existing small-molecule drugs continue to inadequately address OUD due to their engagement of the opioid receptor, which can leave the user to deal with side effects and financial hardships from their repeated use. An alternative therapeutic approach utilizes endogenously generated antibodies through active vaccination to reduce the effect of opioids without modulating the opioid receptor. Here, we explore different adjuvants and storage conditions to improve opioid vaccine efficacy and shelf life. Our results revealed that inulin-based formulations (Advax) containing a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) acted as effective adjuvants when combined with a heroin conjugate: immunized mice showed excellent recovery from heroin-induced antinociception accompanied by high titer, high opioid affinity serum antibodies similar to the immunopotentiating properties of traditional alum-based adjuvants. Moreover, nonhuman primates vaccinated with a heroin/fentanyl combination vaccine demonstrated potent antibody responses against opioids when formulated with both inulin and alum adjuvants. Finally, storing a freeze-dried opioid vaccine formulation maintained efficacy for up 1 year at room temperature. The results from our studies represent an advance toward a clinically feasible opioid vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,Cessation Therapeutics, LLC, 3031 Tisch Way, San Jose, California 95128, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia,Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale 5046, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candy S. Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,Corresponding Author: Kim D. Janda - The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States. Phone: (858), 785-2515. Fax: (858) 784-2595. .
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41
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Lipp MA, Perkins TN, Petrovsky N, Marshall C, Yondola MA, Empey KM. Maternal immunization with adjuvanted RSV prefusion F protein effectively protects offspring from RSV challenge and alters innate and T cell immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:7885-7891. [PMID: 33129608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) commonly causes severe respiratory tract infections in infants, peaking between 2 and 6 months of age; an age at which direct vaccination is unlikely to be effective. Maternal immunization can deliver high levels of antibodies to newborns, providing immediate protection. Following natural infection, antibodies targeting the prefusion conformation of RSV F protein (PreF) have the greatest neutralizing capacity and thus, may provide infants with a high degree of RSV protection when acquired through maternal vaccination. However, the influence of anti-PreF maternal antibodies on infant immunity following RSV exposure has not been elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, offspring born to dams immunized with a RSV PreF vaccine formulation were challenged with RSV and their immune responses were analyzed over time. These studies demonstrated safety and efficacy for RSV-challenged, maternally-immunized offspring but high and waning maternal antibody levels were associated with differential innate and T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline A Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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