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Wu T, Zheng C, Zou X. The Application of Organoids in the Study of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:199-212. [PMID: 39192131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity plays a critical role in the defense against viral infections, yet its complex interactions with viruses have been challenging to study using traditional models. Organoids, three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like structures derived from stem cells, have emerged as powerful tools for modeling human tissues and studying the complex interactions between viruses and the host innate immune system. This chapter summarizes relevant applications of organoids in antiviral innate immunity studies and provides detailed information and experimental procedures for using organoids to study antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Nieves C, Victoria da Costa Ghignatti P, Aji N, Bertagnolli M. Immune Cells and Infectious Diseases in Pre-eclampsia Susceptibility. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00950-4. [PMID: 39304126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a severe pregnancy disorder affecting approximately 10% of pregnancies worldwide, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. The condition poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, including cardiovascular complications and impaired fetal development. Recent trends indicate a rising incidence of pre-eclampsia, correlating with factors such as advanced maternal age and cardiovascular comorbidities. Emerging evidence also highlights a notable increase in the association between autoimmune and infectious diseases with pre-eclampsia. Autoimmune conditions, such as type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, and infections triggered by global health challenges and climate change, including Leptospirosis, Zika, Toxoplasmosis, and Chagas' disease, are now recognized as significant contributors to pre-eclampsia susceptibility by affecting placental formation and function. This review focuses on the immunological mechanisms underpinning pre-eclampsia, exploring how immune system dysregulation and infectious triggers exacerbate the condition. It also discusses the shared pathological mechanisms, including galectins, between autoimmune and infectious diseases with pre-eclampsia and their significant risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We emphasize the necessity for accurate diagnosis and vigilant monitoring of immune and infectious diseases during pregnancy to optimize management and reduce risks. By raising awareness about these evolving risks and their impact on pregnancy, we aim to enhance diagnostic practices and preventive strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for pregnant women, especially in regions affected by climatic changes and endemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Nieves
- Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Paola Victoria da Costa Ghignatti
- Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Narjiss Aji
- Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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3
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Mihalić A, Železnjak J, Lisnić B, Jonjić S, Juranić Lisnić V, Brizić I. Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:959-981. [PMID: 39134803 PMCID: PMC11364667 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a representative member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses, is common in the human population, but immunocompetent individuals are generally asymptomatic when infected with this virus. However, in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns, CMV can cause a wide range of often long-lasting morbidities and even death. CMV is not only widespread throughout the population but it is also widespread in its hosts, infecting and establishing latency in nearly all tissues and organs. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of and immune responses to this virus is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Multiple arms of the immune system are engaged to contain the infection, and general concepts of immune control of CMV are now reasonably well understood. Nonetheless, in recent years, tissue-specific immune responses have emerged as an essential factor for resolving CMV infection. As tissues differ in biology and function, so do immune responses to CMV and pathological processes during infection. This review discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of the immune response to CMV infection in tissues, with particular emphasis on several well-studied and most commonly affected organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Železnjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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de Andrade Vieira Alves F, Nunes PCG, Arruda LV, Salomão NG, Rabelo K. The Innate Immune Response in DENV- and CHIKV-Infected Placentas and the Consequences for the Fetuses: A Minireview. Viruses 2023; 15:1885. [PMID: 37766291 PMCID: PMC10535478 DOI: 10.3390/v15091885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) are arthropod-borne viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae families, respectively. Infection by both viruses can lead to a mild indistinct fever or even lead to more severe forms of the diseases, which are characterized by a generalized inflammatory state and multiorgan involvement. Infected mothers are considered a high-risk group due to their immunosuppressed state and the possibility of vertical transmission. Thereby, infection by arboviruses during pregnancy portrays a major public health concern, especially in countries where epidemics of both diseases are regular and public health policies are left aside. Placental involvement during both infections has been already described and the presence of either DENV or CHIKV has been observed in constituent cells of the placenta. In spite of that, there is little knowledge regarding the intrinsic earlier immunological mechanisms that are developed by placental cells in response to infection by both arboviruses. Here, we approach some of the current information available in the literature about the exacerbated presence of cells involved in the innate immune defense of the placenta during DENV and CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Andrade Vieira Alves
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20550170, RJ, Brazil; (F.d.A.V.A.); (L.V.A.)
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Conrado Guerra Nunes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Laíza Vianna Arruda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20550170, RJ, Brazil; (F.d.A.V.A.); (L.V.A.)
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Gedeão Salomão
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20550170, RJ, Brazil; (F.d.A.V.A.); (L.V.A.)
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Tornatore M, Amaral SC, Alves BM, de Oliveira GR, Finger-Jardim F, Avila EC, Pivato AF, Lobato RC, Chies JAB, Ellwanger JH, Soares EA, Sánchez-Luquez K, Gonçalves CV, Martínez AMBD, Soares MA, da Hora VP. HLA-G alleles and their impacts on placental HSV-1 infection in women from southern Brazil. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 159:104134. [PMID: 37634319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G) is an immunoregulatory molecule with a critical role in pregnancy success. HLA-G alleles are associated with differential susceptibility to multiple conditions, including gestational problems, infectious diseases, and viral persistence. Of note, both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can impair HLA-G expression, interfering with HLA-G-associated immunoregulation. On the other hand, the impacts of HLA-G alleles on susceptibility to Herpesviridae infection is a neglected issue. Therefore, this study evaluated HLA-G allele frequencies and their associations with placental Herpesviridae infection in women from southern Brazil. Placenta samples were collected soon after delivery, and detection of viral DNA of HSV-1, HSV-2 and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A fragment of HLA-G (exons 2-4) was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and analyzed to allele determination. One hundred and seventy women had their alleles determined. Overall, 25 HLA-G alleles were found, distributed into 56 different genotypes. The most frequent alleles were G* 01:01:01 and G* 01:01:02, found in 37.9 % and 16.5 % of samples, respectively. Among the 170 women, 89 (52.4 %) tested positive for Herpesviridae DNA in the placenta, 55 (32.3 %) tested negative, 3 (1.8 %) were negative for HSV-1 and HSV-2 (with absent HCMV data), and 23 (13.5 %) were undetermined. The G* 01:01:01 allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of placental HSV-1 infection (p = 0.0151; OR=1.837; IC=1.108-3.045). This study describes new information concerning placental HLA-G alleles in women from southern Brazil and helps explain how genetic background can modify susceptibility to placental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tornatore
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Brunna M Alves
- Post-Graduate Program in Oncovirology, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Finger-Jardim
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Emiliana Claro Avila
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Fernandes Pivato
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Rubens Caurio Lobato
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Esmeralda A Soares
- Post-Graduate Program in Oncovirology, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Sánchez-Luquez
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Vitola Gonçalves
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Barral de Martínez
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Post-Graduate Program in Oncovirology, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada da Hora
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Sureshchandra S, Doratt BM, True H, Mendoza N, Rincon M, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Multimodal profiling of term human decidua demonstrates immune adaptations with pregravid obesity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112769. [PMID: 37432849 PMCID: PMC10528932 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte diversity of the first-trimester maternal-fetal interface has been extensively described; however, the immunological landscape of the term decidua remains poorly understood. We therefore profiled human leukocytes from term decidua collected via scheduled cesarean delivery. Relative to the first trimester, our analyses show a shift from NK cells and macrophages to T cells and enhanced immune activation. Although circulating and decidual T cells are phenotypically distinct, they demonstrate significant clonotype sharing. We also report significant diversity within decidual macrophages, the frequency of which positively correlates with pregravid maternal body mass index. Interestingly, the ability of decidual macrophages to respond to bacterial ligands is reduced with pregravid obesity, suggestive of skewing toward immunoregulation as a possible mechanism to safeguard the fetus against excessive maternal inflammation. These findings are a resource for future studies investigating pathological conditions that compromise fetal health and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brianna M Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Heather True
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Norma Mendoza
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Monica Rincon
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicole E Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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7
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Palav HC, Bhonde G, Padwal V, Velhal S, Pereira J, Singh AK, Ghosh S, Karandikar K, Satoskar P, Bhor V, Patel V. Integrated immune monitoring of HCMV infection in pregnant women with complications and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106109. [PMID: 37040845 PMCID: PMC7615074 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with bad obstetric history (BOH) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO). Here, we characterized antiviral humoral profiles, systemic and virus specific cellular immune responses concurrently in pregnant women (n = 67) with complications including BOH and associated these signatures with pregnancy outcomes. Infection status was determined using nested blood PCR, seropositivity and IgG avidity by ELISA. Systemic and HCMV specific (pp65) cellular immune responses were evaluated by flow cytometry. Seropositivity was determined for other TORCH pathogens (n = 33) on samples with recorded pregnancy outcomes. This approach was more sensitive in detecting HCMV infection. Blood PCR positive participants, irrespective of their IgG avidity status, had higher cytotoxic potential in circulating CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05) suggesting that infection associated cellular dysfunction was uncoupled with avidity maturation of antiviral humoral responses. Also, impaired anamnestic degranulation of HCMV-pp65-specific T cells compared to HCMV blood PCR negative participants (p < 0.05) was observed. APO correlated with HCMV blood PCR positivity but not serostatus (p = 0.0039). Most HCMV IgM positive participants (5/6) were HCMV blood PCR positive with APO. None were found to be IgM positive for other TORCH pathogens. Multiple TORCH seropositivity however was significantly enriched in the APO group (p = 0.024). Generation of HCMV specific high avidity IgG antibodies had no bearing on APO (p = 0.9999). Our study highlights the utility of an integrated screening approach for antenatal HCMV infection in the context of BOH, where infection is associated with systemic and virus specific cellular immune dysfunction as well as APO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Chandrashekhar Palav
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gauri Bhonde
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jacintha Pereira
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayantani Ghosh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalyani Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Vikrant Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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8
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Guerrero Saldivia SE, Unnikrishnan S, Chavarria YY, Akindele AO, Jalkh AP, Eastmond AK, Shetty C, Rizvi SMHA, Sharaf J, Williams KAD, Tariq M, Acharekar MV, Balani P. Zika Virus: A Systematic Review of Teratogenesis, Congenital Anomalies, and Child Mortality. Cureus 2023; 15:e34735. [PMID: 36909038 PMCID: PMC9998135 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infection (ZIKV) was one of the most catastrophic epidemics. ZIKV in nonpregnant women is mild and sometimes asymptomatic. However, infection during pregnancy leads to congenital malformations in the fetus, while maternal signs of infection are preceded by a rash. The maternal-fetal infection begins with a rash that occurs early during pregnancy. The most severe pathologies were related to the first trimester of gestation, including microcephaly, musculoskeletal, genitourinary, craniofacial, ocular, and pulmonary manifestations. The prognosis may not be encouraging. Herd immunity increases CD8+ (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) earlier and decreases in the resolution phase. However, CD4+ (T-helper cells) remains higher after infection. Recent ongoing vaccine development shows good immunity, control of the vector (Aedes mosquitoes), and treatment. ZIKV, anomalies, mortality, herd immunity, and vaccine were our main keywords. This systematic review demonstrates the teratogenesis of ZIKV in children, congenital anomalies, mortality, and a view of the future and behavior of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yeny Y Chavarria
- Internal Medicine, Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Adebisi O Akindele
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ana P Jalkh
- Family Medicine, Dermatology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Aziza K Eastmond
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Chaitra Shetty
- Medicine and Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Joudi Sharaf
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Kerry-Ann D Williams
- Anesthesiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maha Tariq
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maitri V Acharekar
- Gastroenterology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Prachi Balani
- Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, USA
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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9
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Yang S, Feng T, Ma C, Wang T, Chen H, Li L, Liu Y, Zhou B, Zhou R, Li H. Early Pregnancy Human Decidua Gamma/Delta T Cells Exhibit Tissue Resident and Specific Functional Characteristics. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6618535. [PMID: 35758607 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy is a complicated process that builds upon two aspects of the maternal immune system that need to be balanced. As one of the indispensable groups of immune cell at the maternal-fetal interface, the decidual gamma/delta (γδ) T cells have attracted research attention in normal pregnancy and miscarriage. However, the role of γδ T cells in fetal growth remains poorly understood. Here we found that the γδ T cell population resident in decidua during early pregnancy was enriched and secreted growth factors including growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1). A diminution in such growth factors may impair fetal development and result in fetal growth restriction. We also observed that early decidual γδ T cells exhibited stronger cytokine-secretion characteristics, but that their cytotoxic actions against A549 cells were weaker, compared with γδ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, the functional abilities of early decidual γδ T cells in promoting trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation were also significantly more robust than in γδ T cells of PBMCs. These findings highlight the importance of γδ T cells in fetal growth and maternal immunotolerance during pregnancy, and show that they differ from γδ T cells in PBMCs. We thus recommend additional investigation in this research area to further elucidate a role for γδ T cells in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - ChengYong Ma
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiehao Wang
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongqin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liman Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Juttukonda LJ, Wachman EM, Boateng J, Jain M, Benarroch Y, Taglauer ES. Decidual immune response following COVID-19 during pregnancy varies by timing of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 151:103501. [PMID: 35231754 PMCID: PMC8867981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While COVID-19 infection during pregnancy is common, fetal transmission is rare, suggesting that intrauterine mechanisms form an effective blockade against SARS-CoV-2. Key among these is the decidual immune environment of the placenta. We hypothesize that decidual leukocytes are altered by maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and that this decidual immune response is shaped by the timing of infection during gestation. To address this hypothesis, we collected decidua basalis tissues at delivery from women with symptomatic COVID-19 during second (2nd Tri COVID, n = 8) or third trimester (3rd Tri COVID, n = 8) and SARS-CoV-2-negative controls (Control, n = 8). Decidual natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and T cells were evaluated using quantitative microscopy, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). When compared with the Control group, decidual tissues from 3rd Tri COVID exhibited significantly increased macrophages, NK cells and T cells, whereas 2nd Tri COVID only had significantly increased T cells. In evaluating decidual cytokine expression, we noted that IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly correlated with macrophage cell abundance. However, in 2nd Tri COVID tissues, there was significant downregulation of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. Taken together, these results suggest innate and adaptive immune responses are present at the maternal-fetal interface in maternal SARS-CoV-2 infections late in pregnancy, and that infections earlier in pregnancy show evidence of a resolving immune response. Further studies are warranted to characterize the full scope of intrauterine immune responses in pregnancies affected by maternal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J Juttukonda
- Boston Combined Residency Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 801 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
| | - Elisha M Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 801 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
| | - Jeffery Boateng
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 801 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
| | - Mayuri Jain
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
| | - Yoel Benarroch
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Taglauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 801 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02119, USA.
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11
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Tarantal AF, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Noctor SC. Translational Utility of the Nonhuman Primate Model. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:491-497. [PMID: 35283343 PMCID: PMC9576492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are essential for the study of human disease and to explore the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. They share similar genetic, physiologic, immunologic, reproductive, and developmental features with humans and thus have proven crucial for the study of embryonic/fetal development, organ system ontogeny, and the role of the maternal-placental-fetal interface in health and disease. The fetus may be exposed to a variety of inflammatory stimuli including infectious microbes as well as maternal inflammation, which can result from infections, obesity, or environmental exposures. Growing evidence supports that inflammation is a mediator of fetal programming and that the maternal immune system is tightly integrated with fetal-placental immune responses that may set a postnatal path for future health or disease. This review addresses some of the unique features of the nonhuman primate model system, specifically the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), and importance of the species for studies focused on organ system ontogeny and the impact of viral teratogens in relation to development and congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Tarantal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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12
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True H, Blanton M, Sureshchandra S, Messaoudi I. Monocytes and macrophages in pregnancy: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:77-92. [PMID: 35451089 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A successful human pregnancy requires precisely timed adaptations by the maternal immune system to support fetal growth while simultaneously protecting mother and fetus against microbial challenges. The first trimester of pregnancy is characterized by a robust increase in innate immune activity that promotes successful implantation of the blastocyst and placental development. Moreover, early pregnancy is also a state of increased vulnerability to vertically transmitted pathogens notably, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), SARS-CoV-2, and Listeria monocytogenes. As gestation progresses, the second trimester is marked by the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment that promotes fetal tolerance and growth while preventing preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, and other gestational complications. Finally, the period leading up to labor and parturition is characterized by the reinstatement of an inflammatory milieu triggering childbirth. These dynamic waves of carefully orchestrated changes have been dubbed the "immune clock of pregnancy." Monocytes in maternal circulation and tissue-resident macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface play a critical role in this delicate balance. This review will summarize the current data describing the longitudinal changes in the phenotype and function of monocyte and macrophage populations in healthy and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather True
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Madison Blanton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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13
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Contributes to Inflammatory Pathology in the Placenta during Brucella abortus Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0001322. [PMID: 35100011 PMCID: PMC8929372 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00013-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on Brucella pathogenesis has focused primarily on its ability to cause persistent intracellular infection of the mononuclear phagocyte system. At these sites, Brucella abortus evades innate immunity, which results in low-level inflammation and chronic infection of phagocytes. In contrast, the host response in the placenta during infection is characterized by severe inflammation and extensive extracellular replication of B. abortus. Despite the importance of reproductive disease caused by Brucella infection, our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in placental inflammation and abortion is limited. To understand the immune responses specifically driving placental pathology, we modeled placental B. abortus infection in pregnant mice. B. abortus infection caused an increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), specifically in the placenta. We found that placental expression levels of Tnfa and circulating TNF-α were dependent on the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the B. abortus type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector protein VceC. Blockade of TNF-α reduced placental inflammation and improved fetal viability in mice. This work sheds light on a tissue-specific response of the placenta to B. abortus infection that may be important for bacterial transmission via abortion in the natural host species.
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14
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Girsch JH, Mejia Plazas MC, Olivier A, Farah M, Littlefield D, Behl S, Punia S, Sakemura R, Hemsath JR, Norgan A, Enninga EAL, Johnson EL, Chakraborty R. Host-Viral Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. What We Know and What We Need to Know. FRONTIERS-A JOURNAL OF WOMEN STUDIES 2022; 2:833106. [PMID: 36742289 PMCID: PMC9894500 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.833106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the hemochorial placenta is a unique temporary organ that forms during pregnancy to support fetal development, gaseous exchange, delivery of nutrition, removal of waste products, and provides immune protection, while maintaining tolerance to the HLA-haploidentical fetus. In this review, we characterize decidual and placental immunity during maternal viral (co)-infection with HIV-1, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Zika virus. We discuss placental immunology, clinical presentation, and epidemiology, before characterizing host susceptibility and cellular tropism, and how the three viruses gain access into specific placental target cells. We describe current knowledge on host-viral interactions with decidual and stromal human placental macrophages or Hofbauer cells, trophoblasts including extra villous trophoblasts, T cells, and decidual natural killer (dNK) cells. These clinically significant viral infections elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses to control replication. However, the three viruses either during mono- or co-infection (HIV-1 and HCMV) escape detection to initiate placental inflammation associated with viral transmission to the developing fetus. Aside from congenital or perinatal infection, other adverse pregnancy outcomes include preterm labor and spontaneous abortion. In addition, maternal HIV-1 and HCMV co-infection are associated with impaired fetal and infant immunity in postnatal life and poor clinical outcomes during childhood in exposed infants, even in the absence of vertical transmission of HIV-1. Given the rapidly expanding numbers of HIV-1-exposed uninfected infants and children globally, further research is urgently needed on neonatal immune programming during maternal mono-and co-infection. This review therefore includes sections on current knowledge gaps that may prompt future research directions. These gaps reflect an emerging but poorly characterized field. Their significance and potential investigation is underscored by the fact that although viral infections result in adverse consequences in both mother and developing fetus/newborn, antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies can improve clinical outcomes in the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Girsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria C. Mejia Plazas
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amanda Olivier
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mohamed Farah
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dawn Littlefield
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Supriya Behl
- Department of Pediatric Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sohan Punia
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Reona Sakemura
- Department of Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jack R. Hemsath
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrew Norgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. L. Enninga
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Erica L. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,Correspondence: Rana Chakraborty
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15
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Chitosan/benzyloxy-benzaldehyde modified ZnO nano template having optimized and distinct antiviral potency to human cytomegalovirus. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118965. [PMID: 34973780 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of biomolecules encapsulated nano particles is currently originating ample attention to generate unconventional nanomedicines in antiviral research. Zinc oxide nanoparticle has been extensively studied for antimicrobial, antifungal and antifouling properties due to high surface to volume ratios and distinctive chemical as well as physical properties. Nevertheless, still minute information is available on their response on viruses. Here, in situ nanostructured and polysaccharide encapsulated ZnO NPs are fabricated with having antiviral potency and low cytotoxicity (%viability ~ 90%) by simply controlling the formation within interspatial 3D networks of hydrogels through perfect locking mechanism. The two composites ChH@ZnO and ChB@ZnO shows exceedingly effective antiviral activity toward Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) having cell viability 93.6% and 92.4% up to 400 μg mL-1 concentration. This study brings significant insights regarding the role of ZnO NPs surface coatings on their nanotoxicity and antiviral action and could potentially guide to the development of better antiviral drug.
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16
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Jash S, Sharma S. Pathogenic Infections during Pregnancy and the Consequences for Fetal Brain Development. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020193. [PMID: 35215136 PMCID: PMC8877441 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens comprised of viruses, bacteria, gut microbiome, and parasites are a leading cause of ever-emerging diseases in humans. Studying pathogens for their ability to cause diseases is a topic of critical discussion among scientists and pharmaceutical centers for effective drug development that diagnose, treat, and prevent infection-associated disorders. Pathogens impact health either directly by invading the host or by eliciting an acute inflammatory immune response. This paradigm of inflammatory immune responses is even more consequential in people who may be immunocompromised. In this regard, pregnancy offers an altered immunity scenario, which may allow the onset of severe diseases. Viruses, such as Influenza, HIV, and now SARS-CoV-2, associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, raise new concerns for maternal and fetal/neonatal health. Intrauterine bacterial and parasitic infections are also known to impact pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health. More importantly, viral and bacterial infections during pregnancy have been identified as a common contributor to fetal brain development defects. Infection-mediated inflammatory uterine immune milieu is thought to be the main trigger for causing poor fetal brain development, resulting in long-term cognitive impairments. The concept of in utero programming of childhood and adult disorders has revolutionized the field of neurodevelopment and its associated complications. Recent findings in mice and humans clearly support the idea that uterine immunity during pregnancy controls the health trajectory of the child and considerably influences the cognitive function and mental health. In this review, we focus on the in utero programming of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and assess the effects of pathogens on the onset of ASD-like symptoms.
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17
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Lv Z, Xiong LL, Qin X, Zhang H, Luo X, Peng W, Kilby MD, Saffery R, Baker PN, Qi HB. Role of GRK2 in Trophoblast Necroptosis and Spiral Artery Remodeling: Implications for Preeclampsia Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:694261. [PMID: 34917606 PMCID: PMC8670385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.694261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired invasion of extravillous trophoblasts and severe oxidative stress manifest the poor placentation in preeclampsia, which is life-threatening and more than a hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Previous studies have reported that G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) play a key role in initiating hypertension and hypertensive renal damage, yet little evidence so far suggests a link between GRKs and preeclampsia-related hypertension. Here, we demonstrate GRK2 expression is significantly downregulated (P < 0.0001) in preeclamptic placentae compared to normotensive controls. Knockdown or inhibition of GRK2 in placentae caused insufficient arterial remodeling and elevated trophoblast necroptosis in vivo. These further induced preeclampsia-like phenotype in mice: hypertension, proteinuria, and elevated pro-angiogenic cytokines. By human extra-villous invasive trophoblast cell line (HTR8/SVneo cells), we revealed the knockdown or inhibition of GRK2 triggered excessive death with typical necroptotic characteristics: nuclear envelope rupture and the activation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. Necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of RIPK1, is able to restore the survival of trophoblasts. Together, our findings demonstrated that insufficient GRK2 activity compromises spiral artery remodeling and initiates necrotic events in placentae, thereby leading to preeclampsia. These findings advance our understanding of GRK2 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and could shed light on a potential treatment for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Ling Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mark D Kilby
- Centre for Women's and New Born Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Saffery
- Cancer, Disease and Developmental Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip N Baker
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hong-Bo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Decidual NK cells kill Zika virus-infected trophoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115410118. [PMID: 34785597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115410118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy infects fetal trophoblasts and causes placental damage and birth defects including microcephaly. Little is known about the anti-ZIKV cellular immune response at the maternal-fetal interface. Decidual natural killer cells (dNK), which directly contact fetal trophoblasts, are the dominant maternal immune cells in the first-trimester placenta, when ZIKV infection is most hazardous. Although dNK express all the cytolytic molecules needed to kill, they usually do not kill infected fetal cells but promote placentation. Here, we show that dNK degranulate and kill ZIKV-infected placental trophoblasts. ZIKV infection of trophoblasts causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which makes them dNK targets by down-regulating HLA-C/G, natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptor ligands that help maintain tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus. ER stress also activates the NK activating receptor NKp46. ZIKV infection of Ifnar1 -/- pregnant mice results in high viral titers and severe intrauterine growth restriction, which are exacerbated by depletion of NK or CD8 T cells, indicating that killer lymphocytes, on balance, protect the fetus from ZIKV by eliminating infected cells and reducing the spread of infection.
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19
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Construction, Identification and Analysis of the Interaction Network of African Swine Fever Virus MGF360-9L with Host Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091804. [PMID: 34578385 PMCID: PMC8473002 DOI: 10.3390/v13091804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is prevalent in many countries and is a contagious and lethal virus that infects pigs, posing a threat to the global pig industry and public health. The interaction between the virus and the host is key to unlocking the mystery behind viral pathogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the viral and host protein interaction may provide clues for developing new antiviral strategies. Here, we show a network of ASFV MGF360-9L protein interactions in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. Overall, 268 proteins that interact with MGF360-9L are identified using immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Accordingly, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was created. It was speculated that the cellular proteins interacting with MGF360-9L are involved in protein binding, metabolism, and the innate immune response. Proteasome subunit alpha type (PSMA3), 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 (PSMC1), autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1), and DEAD-box helicase 20 (DDX20) could interact with MGF360-9L in vitro. PSMA3 and PSMC1 overexpression significantly promoted ASFV replication, and MGF360-9L maintained the transcriptional level of PSMA3 and PSMC1. Here, we show the interaction between ASFV MGF360-9L and cellular proteins and elucidate the virus–host interaction network, which effectively provides useful protein-related information that can enable further study of the potential mechanism and pathogenesis of ASFV infection.
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20
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Sun JY, Wu R, Xu J, Xue HY, Lu XJ, Ji J. Placental Immune Tolerance and Organ Transplantation: Underlying Interconnections and Clinical Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705950. [PMID: 34413856 PMCID: PMC8370472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system recognizes and attacks non-self antigens, making up the cornerstone of immunity activity against infection. However, during organ transplantation, the immune system also attacks transplanted organs and leads to immune rejection and transplantation failure. Interestingly, although the embryo and placenta are semi-allografts, like transplanted organs, they can induce maternal tolerance and be free of a vigorous immune response. Also, embryo or placenta-related antibodies might adversely affect subsequent organ transplantation despite the immune tolerance during pregnancy. Therefore, the balance between the immune tolerance in maternal-fetal interface and normal infection defense provides a possible desensitization and tolerance strategy to improve transplantation outcomes. A few studies on mechanisms and clinical applications have been performed to explore the relationship between maternal-fetal immune tolerance and organ transplantation. However, up to now, the mechanisms underlying maternal-fetal immune tolerance remain vague. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms underlying the maternal-fetal interface, summarize the interconnection between immune tolerance and organ transplantation, and describe the adverse effect of pregnancy alloimmunization on organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Hui-Ying Xue
- The Reproductive Center, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University/Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
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21
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Mate A, Reyes-Goya C, Santana-Garrido Á, Sobrevia L, Vázquez CM. Impact of maternal nutrition in viral infections during pregnancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166231. [PMID: 34343638 PMCID: PMC8325560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Other than being a physiological process, pregnancy is a condition characterized by major adaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis that are necessary to accommodate the fetoplacental unit. Unfortunately, all these systemic, cellular, and molecular changes in maternal physiology also make the mother and the fetus more prone to adverse outcomes, including numerous alterations arising from viral infections. Common infections during pregnancy that have long been recognized as congenitally and perinatally transmissible to newborns include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses (originally coined as ToRCH infections). In addition, enterovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis virus, varicella-zoster virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Zika and Dengue virus, and, more recently, coronavirus infections including Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (especially the novel SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), constitute relevant targets for current research on maternal-fetal interactions in viral infections during pregnancy. Appropriate maternal education from preconception to the early postnatal period is crucial to promote healthy pregnancies in general and to prevent and/or reduce the impact of viral infections in particular. Specifically, an adequate lifestyle based on proper nutrition plans and feeding interventions, whenever possible, might be crucial to reduce the risk of virus-related gestational diseases and accompanying complications in later life. Here we aim to provide an overview of the emerging literature addressing the impact of nutrition in the context of potentially harmful viral infections during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Claudia Reyes-Goya
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Santana-Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Medical School (Faculty of Medicine), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen M Vázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Epidemiología Clínica y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Moström MJ, Scheef EA, Sprehe LM, Szeltner D, Tran D, Hennebold JD, Roberts VHJ, Maness NJ, Fahlberg M, Kaur A. Immune Profile of the Normal Maternal-Fetal Interface in Rhesus Macaques and Its Alteration Following Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719810. [PMID: 34394129 PMCID: PMC8358803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal decidua is an immunologically complex environment that balances maintenance of immune tolerance to fetal paternal antigens with protection of the fetus against vertical transmission of maternal pathogens. To better understand host immune determinants of congenital infection at the maternal-fetal tissue interface, we performed a comparative analysis of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in the peripheral blood and decidua of healthy rhesus macaque pregnancies across all trimesters of gestation and determined changes after Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Using one 28-color and one 18-color polychromatic flow cytometry panel we simultaneously analyzed the frequency, phenotype, activation status and trafficking properties of αβ T, γδ T, iNKT, regulatory T (Treg), NK cells, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC). Decidual leukocytes showed a striking enrichment of activated effector memory and tissue-resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ Tregs, CD56+ NK cells, CD14+CD16+ monocytes, CD206+ tissue-resident macrophages, and a paucity of B lymphocytes when compared to peripheral blood. t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) revealed unique populations of decidual NK, T, DC and monocyte/macrophage subsets. Principal component analysis showed distinct spatial localization of decidual and circulating leukocytes contributed by NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and separation of decidua based on gestational age contributed by memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Decidua from 10 ZIKV-infected dams obtained 16-56 days post infection at third (n=9) or second (n=1) trimester showed a significant reduction in frequency of activated, CXCR3+, and/or Granzyme B+ memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and γδ T compared to normal decidua. These data suggest that ZIKV induces local immunosuppression with reduced immune recruitment and impaired cytotoxicity. Our study adds to the immune characterization of the maternal-fetal interface in a translational nonhuman primate model of congenital infection and provides novel insight in to putative mechanisms of vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda J Moström
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Scheef
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lesli M Sprehe
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dawn Szeltner
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Victoria H J Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Marissa Fahlberg
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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23
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de Araújo Albuquerque LP, da Silva AM, de Araújo Batista FM, de Souza Sene I, Costa DL, Costa CHN. Influence of sex hormones on the immune response to leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12874. [PMID: 34309860 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The differences in morbidity and mortality patterns and life expectancy between the sexes are well established in different infectious and parasitic conditions, such as in leishmaniases, in which biological, genetic, sexual and hormonal variations can modulate the immune response indicating greater infectivity, prevalence and clinical severity in men. In this regard, in seeking the understanding of factors related to protection and susceptibility to infection, this review aimed to discuss the influence of sex hormones on the immune response to leishmaniases. In the literature, sex hormone variations promote differences in the innate, humoral and cell-mediated immune response, leading to greater susceptibility, mortality and complications in males. Epidemiological estimates confirm these results, showing a predominance of the disease, in its different clinical forms, in men and suggesting that sexual variations influence immunomodulatory mechanisms since the prevalence of cases comprises the post-puberty and adulthood period. In this perspective, the action of sex hormones has been investigated in different clinical models, highlighting the potential of testosterone in immunosuppression, given its association with greater susceptibility and poor control of parasite load and the induction of cell apoptosis and attenuation of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Therefore, hormonal variations influence the immune response among males and females against leishmaniases, in which androgens may present immunosuppressive potential, while steroids present immunomodulatory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Miranda da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Northeast Network of Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Leishmaniasis Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Maternal and Child Department, Federal University of Piauí and Intelligence Center in Emerging and Neglected Tropical Conditions (CIATEN, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Community Medicine Department, Federal University of Piauí and Intelligence Center in Emerging and Neglected Tropical Conditions (CIATEN, Teresina, Brazil
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24
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A Brief Analysis of Tissue-Resident NK Cells in Pregnancy and Endometrial Diseases: The Importance of Pharmacologic Modulation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. In the endometrium, NK cell populations vary depending on age, hormones, and inflammation. When pregnancy occurs, tissue-resident NK cells and conventional NK cells are recruited to protect the fetus, a tolerogenic response. On the contrary, in the inflamed endometrium, various inflammatory cells down-regulate NK tolerance and impair embryo implantation. Therefore, NK cells’ pharmacological modulation is difficult to achieve. Several strategies have been used, from progesterone, lipid emulsions to steroids; the success has not been as expected. However, new therapeutic approaches have been proposed to decrease the endometrial inflammatory burden and increase pregnancy success based on understanding NK cell physiology.
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25
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Zaga-Clavellina V, Diaz L, Olmos-Ortiz A, Godínez-Rubí M, Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Ortuño-Sahagún D. Central role of the placenta during viral infection: Immuno-competences and miRNA defensive responses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166182. [PMID: 34058350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique immunological condition in which an "immune-diplomatic" dialogue between trophoblasts and maternal immune cells is established to protect the fetus from rejection, to create a privileged environment in the uterus and to simultaneously be alert to any infectious challenge. The maternal-placental-fetal interface (MPFI) performs an essential role in this immunological defense. In this review, we will address the MPFI as an active immuno-mechanical barrier that protects against viral infections. We will describe the main viral infections affecting the placenta and trophoblasts and present their structure, mechanisms of immunocompetence and defensive responses to viral infections in pregnancy. In particular, we will analyze infection routes in the placenta and trophoblasts and the maternal-fetal outcomes in both. Finally, we will focus on the cellular targets of the antiviral microRNAs from the C19MC cluster, and their effects at both the intra- and extracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Ciudad de México C.P. 11000, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Diaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México C.P. 14080, Mexico
| | - Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, INPer, Ciudad de México C.P. 11000, Mexico
| | - Marisol Godínez-Rubí
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Argelia E Rojas-Mayorquín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Guadalajara 45200, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB) CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.
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26
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Saadaoui M, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy: Risk of Vertical Transmission, Fetal, and Neonatal Outcomes. J Pers Med 2021; 11:483. [PMID: 34071251 PMCID: PMC8227688 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide, critical public health challenge and is considered one of the most communicable diseases that the world had faced so far. Response and symptoms associated with COVID-19 vary between the different cases recorded, but it is amply described that symptoms become more aggressive in subjects with a weaker immune system. This includes older subjects, patients with chronic diseases, patients with immunosuppression treatment, and pregnant women. Pregnant women are receiving more attention not only because of their altered physiological and immunological function but also for the potential risk of viral vertical transmission to the fetus or infant. However, very limited data about the impact of maternal infection during pregnancy, such as the possibility of vertical transmission in utero, during birth, or via breastfeeding, is available. Moreover, the impact of infection on the newborn in the short and long term remains poorly understood. Therefore, it is vital to collect and analyze data from pregnant women infected with COVID-19 to understand the viral pathophysiology during pregnancy and its effects on the offspring. In this article, we review the current knowledge about pre-and post-natal COVID-19 infection, and we discuss whether vertical transmission takes place in pregnant women infected with the virus and what are the current recommendations that pregnant women should follow in order to be protected from the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar; (M.S.); (M.K.)
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27
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Verma S, Joshi CS, Silverstein RB, He M, Carter EB, Mysorekar IU. SARS-CoV-2 colonization of maternal and fetal cells of the human placenta promotes alteration of local renin-angiotensin system. MED 2021; 2:575-590.e5. [PMID: 33870242 PMCID: PMC8043616 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection appears to increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs remains unclear. Methods We investigated the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 at maternal-fetal interface in pregnant women who tested positive for the virus using RNA in situ hybridization (viral RNA), immunohistochemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. To investigate whether viral infection alters the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in placenta, which controls blood pressure, we treated human trophoblasts with recombinant spike protein or a live modified virus with a vesicular stomatitis viral backbone expressing spike protein (VSV-S). Findings Viral colonization was highest in maternal decidua, fetal trophoblasts, Hofbauer cells, and in placentas delivered prematurely. We localized SARS-CoV-2 to cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and demonstrate that infected placentas had significantly reduced ACE2. In response to both spike protein and VSV-S, cellular ACE2 decreased although angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) increased with concomitant increase in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1). Viral infection decreased pro-angiogenic factors, AT2R, and placental growth factor, which competitively binds to sFlt1. Sera from infected pregnant women had elevated levels of sFlt1 and angiotensin II type 1-receptor autoantibodies prior to delivery, both signatory markers of pre-eclampsia. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 colonizes ACE2-expressing maternal and fetal cells in the placenta. Infection in pregnant women correlates with alteration of placental RAS. As RAS regulates blood pressure, SARS-CoV-2 infection may thus increase adverse hemodynamic outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. Funding NIH/NICHD grants R01 HD091218 and 3R01HD091218-04S1 (RADx-UP Supplement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chetanchandra S Joshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel B Silverstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mai He
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ebony B Carter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Shende P, Gaikwad P, Gandhewar M, Ukey P, Bhide A, Patel V, Bhagat S, Bhor V, Mahale S, Gajbhiye R, Modi D. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the first trimester placenta leading to transplacental transmission and fetal demise from an asymptomatic mother. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:899-906. [PMID: 33346816 PMCID: PMC7799080 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection of the respiratory tract by SARS-CoV-2 which survives in the tissues during the clinical course of infection but there is limited evidence on placental infection and vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The impact of COVID-19 in first trimester pregnancy remains poorly understood. Moreover, how long SARS-CoV-2 can survive in placenta is unknown. Herein we report a case of a pregnant woman in the first trimester who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 8 weeks of gestation although her clinical course was asymptomatic. At 13 weeks of gestation, her throat swab tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 but viral RNA was detected in the placenta and the Spike (S) proteins (S1 and S2) were immunolocalized in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placental villi. Histologically, the villi were generally avascular with peri-villus fibrin deposition and in some areas the syncytiotrophoblast layer appeared lysed. The decidua also had fibrin deposition with extensive leucocyte infiltration suggestive of inflammation. The SARS-CoV-2 crossed the placental barrier, as the viral RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid and the S proteins were detected in the fetal membrane. Ultrasonography revealed extensively subcutaneous edema with pleural effusion suggestive of hydrops fetalis and the absence of cardiac activity indicated fetal demise. This is the first study to provide concrete evidence of persistent placental infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its congenital transmission associated with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal demise in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Shende
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESI-PGIMSR and Model Hospital Andheri, E.S.I.S. Hospital Kandivali, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradip Gaikwad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESI-PGIMSR and Model Hospital Andheri, E.S.I.S. Hospital Kandivali, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Gandhewar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESI-PGIMSR and Model Hospital Andheri, E.S.I.S. Hospital Kandivali, Mumbai, India
| | - Pawankumar Ukey
- Department of Microbiology, ESI-PGIMSR and Model Hospital Andheri, E.S.I.S. Hospital Kandivali, Mumbai, India
| | - Anshul Bhide
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Sharad Bhagat
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Vikrant Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Smita Mahale
- Director and Department of Structural Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Gajbhiye
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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