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Li Y, Yang HS, Klasse PJ, Zhao Z. The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39041650 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Oyebanji OA, Sundheimer N, Ragavapuram V, Wilson BM, Abul Y, Gravenstein S, Bosch J, King CL, Canaday DH. Avidity maturation of humoral response following primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among nursing home residents and healthcare workers. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y. [PMID: 38789833 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections, despite vaccination, can be clinically consequential for frail nursing home residents (NHR). Poor vaccine-induced antibody quality may add risk for such subsequent infections and more severe disease. We assessed antibody binding avidity, as a surrogate for antibody quality, among NHR and healthcare workers (HCW). We longitudinally sampled 112 NHR and 52 HCWs who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after each dose up to the Wuhan-BA.4/5-based Omicron bivalent boosters. We quantified anti-spike, anti-receptor binding domain (RBD), and avidity levels to the ancestral Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 & 4/5 strains. The primary vaccination series produced substantial anti-spike and RBD levels which were low in avidity against all strains tested. Antibody avidity progressively increased in the 6-8 months that followed. Avidity significantly increased after the 1st booster but not for subsequent boosters. This study underscores the importance of booster vaccination among NHR and HCWs. The 1st booster dose increases avidity, increasing vaccine-induced functional antibody. The higher cross-reactivity of higher avidity antibodies to other SARS-CoV-2 strains should translate to better protection from ever-evolving strains. Higher avidities may help explain how the vaccine's protective effects persist despite waning antibody titers after each vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo A Oyebanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Sundheimer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Ragavapuram
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brigid M Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yasin Abul
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Galván-Ojeda HJ, Acosta-Elias J, Saavedra-Alanis VM, Espinosa-Tanguma R, Del Carmen Rodríguez-Aranda M, Hernández-Arteaga AC, Navarro-Contreras HR. Raman spectroscopy study of 7,8-dihydrofolate inhibition on the Wuhan strain SARS-CoV-2 binding to human ACE2 receptor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 312:124050. [PMID: 38402702 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that elevated levels of folic acid in the bloodstream may confer protection against Wuhan-SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigate its associated symptoms. Notably, two comprehensive studies of COVID-19 patients in Israel and UK uncovered a remarkable trend, wherein individuals with heightened folic acid levels exhibited only mild symptoms and necessitated no ventilatory support. In parallel, research has underscored the potential connection between decreased folic acid levels and the severity of Covid-19 among hospitalized patients. Yet, the underlying mechanisms governing this intriguing inhibition remain elusive. In a quest to elucidate these mechanisms, we conducted a molecular dynamics simulation approach followed by a Raman spectroscopy study to delve into the intricate interplay between the folic acid metabolite, 7,8-dihydrofolate (DHF), and the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2 receptor, coupled with its interaction with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2. Through a meticulous exploration, we scrutinized the transformation of the ACE2 + RBD complex, allowing these reactants to form bonds. This was juxtaposed with a similar investigation where ACE2 was initially permitted to react with DHF, followed by the exposure of the ACE2 + DHF complex to RBD. We find that DHF, when bonded to ACE2, functions as a physical barrier, effectively inhibiting the binding of the Wuhan strain RBD. This physicochemical process offers a cogent explanation for the observed inhibition of host cell infection in subjects receiving supplementary folic acid doses, as epidemiologically substantiated in multiple studies. This study not only sheds light on a potential avenue for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection but also underscores the crucial role of folic acid metabolites in host-virus interactions. This research paves the way for novel therapeutic strategies in the battle against COVID-19 and reinforces the significance of investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of folic acid in the context of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Joazet Galván-Ojeda
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a, Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Jesus Acosta-Elias
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78000, Mexico
| | - Victor M Saavedra-Alanis
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78000, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Espinosa-Tanguma
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78000, Mexico
| | - Ma Del Carmen Rodríguez-Aranda
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a, Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Aida Catalina Hernández-Arteaga
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a, Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Hugo Ricardo Navarro-Contreras
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a, Sección, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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4
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Fröberg J, Koomen VJCH, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, Philipsen R, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD, Baas MC, van der Molen RG, de Jonge MI, Hilbrands LB, Huynen MA, Diavatopoulos DA. Primary Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 via Infection or Vaccination Determines Mucosal Antibody-Dependent ACE2 Binding Inhibition. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:137-146. [PMID: 37675756 PMCID: PMC10786246 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal antibodies play a critical role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections or reinfections by blocking the interaction of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the difference between the mucosal antibody response after primary infection and vaccination. METHODS We assessed longitudinal changes in the quantity and capacity of nasal antibodies to neutralize the interaction of RBD with the ACE2 receptor using the spike protein and RBD from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1), as well as the RBD from the Delta and Omicron variants. RESULTS Significantly higher mucosal IgA concentrations were detected postinfection vs postvaccination, while vaccination induced higher IgG concentrations. However, ACE2-inhibiting activity did not differ between the cohorts. Regarding whether IgA or IgG drove ACE2 inhibition, infection-induced binding inhibition was driven by both isotypes, while postvaccination binding inhibition was mainly driven by IgG. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the relationship between antibody isotypes and neutralization by using a sensitive and high-throughput ACE2 binding inhibition assay. Key differences are highlighted between vaccination and infection at the mucosal level, showing that despite differences in the response quantity, postinfection and postvaccination ACE2 binding inhibition capacity did not differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeri Fröberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Vera J C H Koomen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | | | - Ria Philipsen
- Radboud Technology Center Clinical Studies, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Marije C Baas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
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Loi LK, Yang CC, Lin YC, Su YF, Juan YC, Chen YH, Chang HC. Decoy peptides effectively inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 on oral epithelial cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22614. [PMID: 38107325 PMCID: PMC10724569 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells involves the interaction between the viral spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Given that the spike protein evolves rapidly to evade host immunity, therapeutics that block ACE2 accessibility, such as spike decoys, could serve as an alternative strategy for attenuating viral infection. Here, we constructed a drug screening platform based on oral epithelial cells to rapidly identify peptides or compounds capable of blocking the spike-ACE2 interaction. We engineered short decoy peptides, 8 to 14 amino acids in length, using the spike protein's receptor-binding motif (RBM) and demonstrated that these peptides can effectively inhibit virus attachment to host cells. Additionally, we discovered that diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, similarly inhibited virus binding. Our research thus validates the potential of decoy peptides as a new therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infections, opening avenues for further development and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Keng Loi
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Fun Su
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Juan
- iStat Biomedical Co., Ltd, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Takahashi E, Sawabuchi T, Homma T, Fukuda Y, Sagara H, Kinjo T, Fujita K, Suga S, Kimoto T, Sakai S, Kameda K, Kido H. Clinical Utility of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titer Multiplied by Binding Avidity of Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) in Monitoring Protective Immunity and Clinical Severity. Viruses 2023; 15:1662. [PMID: 37632005 PMCID: PMC10459795 DOI: 10.3390/v15081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional serum antibody titer, which expresses antibody level, does not provide antigen binding avidity of the variable region of the antibody, which is essential for the defense response to infection. Here, we quantified anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding avidity to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) by competitive binding-inhibition activity (IC50) between SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen immobilized on the DCP microarray and various RBD doses added to serum and expressed as 1/IC50 nM. The binding avidity analyzed under equilibrium conditions of antigen-antibody binding reaction is different from the avidity index measured with the chaotropic agent, such as urea, under nonequilibrium and short-time conditions. Quantitative determination of the infection-protection potential of antibodies was assessed by ABAT (antigen binding avidity antibody titer), which was calculated by the quantity (level) × quality (binding avidity) of antibodies. The binding avidity correlated strongly (r = 0.811) with cell-based virus-neutralizing activity. Maturation of the protective antibody induced by repeated vaccinations or SARS-CoV-2 infection was classified into three categories of ABAT, such as an initial, low, and high ABAT. Antibody maturity correlated with the clinical severity of COVID-19. Once a mature high binding avidity was achieved, it was maintained for at least 6-8 months regardless of the subsequent change in the antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Takako Sawabuchi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Tetsuya Homma
- Division of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan; (T.H.); (Y.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Yosuke Fukuda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan; (T.H.); (Y.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Division of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan; (T.H.); (Y.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, University of the Ryukyu Graduate School of Medicine, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan;
| | - Kaori Fujita
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization Okinawa National Hospital, Okinawa 901-2214, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Suga
- National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Mie 514-0125, Japan;
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Satoko Sakai
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Keiko Kameda
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
- National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Mie 514-0125, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (E.T.); (T.S.); (T.K.); (K.K.)
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Hajilooi M, Keramat F, Moazenian A, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Solgi G. The quantity and quality of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies show contrariwise association with COVID-19 severity: lessons learned from IgG avidity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:203-220. [PMID: 37103583 PMCID: PMC10133916 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-023-00763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Gaining more appreciation on the protective/damaging aspects of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity associated with disease severity is of great importance. This study aimed to evaluate the avidity of serum IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) in hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 carriers as well as to compare antibody avidities with respect to vaccination status, vaccination dose and reinfection status. Serum levels of anti-S and anti-N IgG were determined using specific ELISA kits. Antibody avidity was determined by urea dissociation assay and expressed as avidity index (AI) value. Despite higher IgG levels in the symptomatic group, AI values of both anti-S and anti-N IgG were significantly lower in this group compared to asymptomatic individuals. In both groups, anti-S AI values were elevated in one-dose and two-dose vaccinees versus unvaccinated subjects, although significant differences were only detected in the symptomatic group. However, anti-N avidity showed no significant difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated subgroups. Almost all vaccinated patients of different subgroups (based on vaccine type) had higher anti-S IgG avidity, while the statistical significance was detected only between those receiving Sinopharm compared to the unvaccinated subgroup. Also, statistically significant differences in antibody AIs were only found between primarily infected individuals of the two groups. Our findings indicate a key role for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG avidity in protection from symptomatic COVID-19 and calls for the incorporation of antibody avidity measurement into the current diagnostic tests to predict effective immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 infection or even for prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fariba Keramat
- Brucellosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Moazenian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Blvd, Opposite to Lona Park, P.O. Box 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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8
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da Costa HHM, Orts DJB, Moura AD, Duarte-Neto AN, Cirqueira CS, Réssio RA, Kanamura CT, Miguita K, Ferreira JE, Santos RTM, Adriani PP, Cunha-Junior JP, Astray RM, Catarino RM, Lancelotti M, Prudencio CR. RBD and Spike DNA-Based Immunization in Rabbits Elicited IgG Avidity Maturation and High Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:555. [PMID: 36851769 PMCID: PMC9959588 DOI: 10.3390/v15020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are a critical part of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) research as they are used to gain insight into the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Among the technologies available for generating nAbs, DNA-based immunization methods are an alternative to conventional protocols. In this pilot study, we investigated whether DNA-based immunization by needle injection in rabbits was a viable approach to produce a functional antibody response. We demonstrated that three doses of DNA plasmid carrying the gene encoding the full-length spike protein (S) or the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 induced a time-dependent increase in IgG antibody avidity maturation. Moreover, the IgG antibodies displayed high cross neutralization by live SARS-CoV-2 and pseudoviruses neutralization assays. Thus, we established a simple, low cost and feasible DNA-based immunization protocol in rabbits that elicited high IgG avidity maturation and nAbs production against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the importance of DNA-based platforms for developing new immunization strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan H. M. da Costa
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diego J. B. Orts
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | - Andrew D. Moura
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo A. Réssio
- Pathology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Miguita
- Pathology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia P. Adriani
- Skinzymes Biotechnology Ltd., São Paulo 05441-040, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanopharmaceuticals and Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jair P. Cunha-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Immunotechnology, Department of Immunology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil
| | - Renato M. Astray
- Multi-Purpose Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancelotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campinas State University, Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Prudencio
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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9
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Interactions between Humans and Dogs during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recent Updates and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030524. [PMID: 36766413 PMCID: PMC9913536 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the deadliest epidemics. This pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the role of dogs in spreading the disease in human society is poorly understood. This review sheds light on the limited susceptibility of dogs to COVID-19 infections which is likely attributed to the relatively low levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the respiratory tract and the phylogenetic distance of ACE2 in dogs from the human ACE2 receptor. The low levels of ACE2 affect the binding affinity between spike and ACE2 proteins resulting in it being uncommon for dogs to spread the disease. To demonstrate the role of dogs in spreading COVID-19, we reviewed the epidemiological studies and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs. Additionally, we discussed the use of detection dogs as a rapid and reliable method for effectively discriminating between SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected individuals using different types of samples (secretions, saliva, and sweat). We considered the available information on COVID-19 in the human-dog interfaces involving the possibility of transmission of COVID-19 to dogs by infected individuals and vice versa, the human-dog behavior changes, and the importance of preventive measures because the risk of transmission by domestic dogs remains a concern.
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10
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McCullagh L, Sheehy N, De Gascun CF, Hassan J. D614G SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Infectivity and Binding of Spike Protein to the ACE2 Receptor Inversely Correlates with Serum SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG Levels. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:63-70. [PMID: 36648773 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functional characteristics of antibodies produced against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will assist in the determination of disease outcomes for this virus. In this study, the ability of antibodies to inhibit viral entry into the host cell through the interaction of the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor on the human cell surface was investigated. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in 20 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the samples were further analyzed using a functional binding assay. Inhibition of viral infectivity was also measured using a pseudovirus neutralization assay against a D614G SARS-CoV-2 virus strain. A significant correlation between IgG levels and neutralizing antibody 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) titers was observed (p < 0.05). Similarly, the IC50 titers obtained in the neutralization and binding assays were significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Varying levels of IgG and IC50 titers were observed for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive samples, with one sample not showing any neutralizing capability despite detectable IgG levels. Gender comparisons showed no statistical differences in any of the assays. These results suggest that increased SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels correlate with greater protection against the entry of the virus into cells; however, further investigations in larger studies are needed to confirm the correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McCullagh
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Sheehy
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cillian F De Gascun
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jaythoon Hassan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Bauer G, Struck F, Staschik E, Maile J, Wochinz‐Richter K, Motz M, Soutschek E. Differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and its variants in one assay: Rational tool for the assessment of protective immunity. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5294-5303. [PMID: 35851961 PMCID: PMC9349558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The avidity (binding strength) of IgG directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein has been recognized as a central marker in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology. It seems to be linked to increased infection-neutralization potential and therefore might indicate protective immunity. Using a prototype line assay based on the established recomLine SARS-CoV-2 assay, supplemented with RBD of the delta and the omicron variant, differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards RBD of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and distinct variants was possible within one assay. Our data confirm that natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or one vaccination step lead to low avidity IgG, whereas further vaccination steps gradually increase avidity to high values. High avidity is not reached by infection alone. After infection with WT SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination based on mRNA WT, the avidity of cross-reacting IgG directed towards RBD of the delta variant only showed marginal differences compared to IgG directed towards RBD WT. In contrast, the avidity of IgG cross-reacting with RBD of the omicron variant was always much lower than for IgG RBD WT, except after the third vaccination step. Therefore, parallel avidity testing of RBD WT and omicron seems to be mandatory for a significant assessment of protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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12
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Monroe JM, Haralambieva IH, Warner ND, Grill DE, Quach HQ, Kennedy RB. Longitudinal antibody titer, avidity, and neutralizing responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11676. [PMID: 36439767 PMCID: PMC9675084 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While waning immunity and SARS-CoV-2 variant immune escape continue to result in high infection rates worldwide, associations between longitudinal quantitative, qualitative, and functional humoral immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. In this study, we found significant waning of antibody against Spike S1 (R = -0.32, p = 0.035) and N protein (R = -0.39, p = 0.008), while RBD antibody moderately decreased (R = -0.19, p = 0.203). Likewise, neutralizing antibody titer (ND50) waned over time (R = -0.46, p = 0.001). In contrast, antibody avidity increased significantly over time for Spike S1 (R = 0.62, p = 6.0e-06), RBD (R = 0.54, p = 2.0e-04), and N (R = 0.33, p = 0.025) antibodies. Across all humoral responses, ND50 strongly associated with Spike S1 (R = 0.85, p = 2.7e-13) and RBD (R = 0.78, p = 2.9e-10) antibodies. Our findings provide longitudinal insight into humoral immune responses after infection and imply the potential of Spike S1/RBD antibody titer as surrogate correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M. Monroe
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Diane E. Grill
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Huy Quang Quach
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Zlei M, Sidorov IA, Joosten SA, Heemskerk MHM, Myeni SK, Pothast CR, de Brouwer CS, Boomaars-van der Zanden AL, van Meijgaarden KE, Morales ST, Wessels E, Janse JJ, Goeman JJ, Cobbaert CM, Kroes ACM, Cannegieter SC, Roestenberg M, Visser LG, Kikkert M, Feltkamp MCW, Arbous SM, Staal FJT, Ottenhoff THM, van Dongen JJM, Roukens AHE, de Vries JJC. Immune Determinants of Viral Clearance in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients: Reduced Circulating Naïve CD4+ T Cell Counts Correspond with Delayed Viral Clearance. Cells 2022; 11:2743. [PMID: 36078151 PMCID: PMC9455062 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific cellular and humoral responses are major determinants for protection from critical illness after SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the magnitude of the contribution of each of the components to viral clearance remains unclear. Here, we studied the timing of viral clearance in relation to 122 immune parameters in 102 hospitalised patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 in a longitudinal design. Delayed viral clearance was associated with more severe disease and was associated with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific (neutralising) antibodies over time, increased numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and a range of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines illustrating ongoing, partially Th2 dominating, immune activation. In contrast, early viral clearance and less critical illness correlated with the peak of neutralising antibodies, higher levels of CD4 T cells, and in particular naïve CD4+ T cells, suggesting their role in early control of SARS-CoV-2 possibly by proving appropriate B cell help. Higher counts of naïve CD4+ T cells also correlated with lower levels of MIF, IL-9, and TNF-beta, suggesting an indirect role in averting prolonged virus-induced tissue damage. Collectively, our data show that naïve CD4+ T cell play a critical role in rapid viral T cell control, obviating aberrant antibody and cytokine profiles and disease deterioration. These data may help in guiding risk stratification for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Zlei
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor A. Sidorov
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. M. Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cilia R. Pothast
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline S. de Brouwer
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Linda Boomaars-van der Zanden
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krista E. van Meijgaarden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shessy T. Morales
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els Wessels
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J. Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Goeman
- Medical Statistics Section, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christa M. Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aloys C. M. Kroes
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. Cannegieter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardus G. Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sesmu M. Arbous
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna H. E. Roukens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jutte J. C. de Vries
- Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Stumpf MM, Freeman B, Mills L, Lester S, Chu VT, Kirking HL, Thornburg NJ, Killerby ME. Examination of Common Coronavirus Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2-Infected and Uninfected Participants in a Household Transmission Investigation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac212. [PMID: 35873297 PMCID: PMC9297157 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared paired serum specimens from household contacts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases with detectable SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion with contacts who remained seronegative. No protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with human coronavirus antibodies; however, an increase in common betacoronavirus antibodies was associated with seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 in mild to moderately ill cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Stumpf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brandi Freeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa Mills
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra Lester
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria T Chu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah L Kirking
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Marie E Killerby
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Computational studies evidenced the potential of steroidal lactone to disrupt surface interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and hACE2. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105598. [PMID: 35596971 PMCID: PMC9098575 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The critical event in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis is recognition of host cells by the virus, which is facilitated by protein-protein interaction (PPI) of viral Spike-Receptor Binding Domain (S-RBD) and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2-Receptor (hACE2-R). Thus, disrupting the interaction between S-RBD and hACE2-R is widely accepted as a primary strategy for managing COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of three steroidal lactones (SL) (4-Dehydrowithaferin A, Withaferin A, and Withalongolide A) derived from plants to disrupt the PPI of S-RBD and hACE2-R under two conditions (CON-I and CON-II) using in-silico methods. Under CON-I, 4-Dehydrowithaferin A destabilizing the interactions between S-RBD and hACE2-R, as indicated by an increase in binding energy (BE) from -1028.5 kJ/mol (control) to -896.12 kJ/mol 4-Dehydrowithaferin A exhibited a strong interaction with S-RBD GLY496 with a hydrogen bond occupancy (HBO) of 37.33%. Under CON-II, Withalongolide A was capable of disrupting all types of PPI, as evidenced by an increased BE from -913 kJ/mol (control) to -133.69 kJ/mol and an increased distance (>3.55 nm) between selected AAR combinations of S-RBD and hACE2-R. Withalongolide A formed a hydrogen bond with TYR453 (97%, HBO) of S-RBD, which is required for interaction with hACE2-R's HIS34. Our studies demonstrated that SL molecules have the potential to disrupt the S-RBD and hACE2-R interaction, thereby preventing SARS-CoV-2 from recognizing host cells. The SL molecules can be considered for additional in-vitro and in-vivo studies with this research evidence.
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16
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Wang Y, Wu M, Li Y, Yuen HH, He ML. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on modulating innate immunity and strategies of combating inflammatory response for COVID-19 therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:27. [PMID: 35505345 PMCID: PMC9063252 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused huge causality and unquantifiable loss of social wealth. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, strong inflammatory response associated with dysregulation of innate immunity causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. In this review, we update the current knowledge on how SARS-CoV-2 modulates the host innate immune response for its evasion from host defense and its corresponding pathogenesis caused by cytokine storm. We emphasize Type I interferon response and the strategies of evading innate immune defense used by SARS-CoV-2. We also extensively discuss the cells and their function involved in the innate immune response and inflammatory response, as well as the promises and challenges of drugs targeting excessive inflammation for antiviral treatment. This review would help us to figure out the current challenge questions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on innate immunity and directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Him Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Traoré A, Guindo MA, Konaté D, Traoré B, Diakité SA, Kanté S, Dembélé A, Cissé A, Incandela NC, Kodio M, Coulibaly YI, Faye O, Kajava AV, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Papini AM, Pacini L, Rovero P, Errante F, Diakité M, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, Corradin G, Balam S. Seroreactivity of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Recombinant S Protein, Receptor-Binding Domain, and Its Receptor-Binding Motif in COVID-19 Patients and Their Cross-Reactivity With Pre-COVID-19 Samples From Malaria-Endemic Areas. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856033. [PMID: 35585976 PMCID: PMC9109707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global interest and the unprecedented number of scientific studies triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, few data are available from developing and low-income countries. In these regions, communities live under the threat of various transmissible diseases aside from COVID-19, including malaria. This study aims to determine the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroreactivity of antibodies from COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 samples of individuals in Mali (West Africa). Blood samples from COVID-19 patients (n = 266) at Bamako Dermatology Hospital (HDB) and pre-COVID-19 donors (n = 283) from a previous malaria survey conducted in Dangassa village were tested by ELISA to assess IgG antibodies specific to the full-length spike (S) protein, the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the receptor-binding motif (RBM436-507). Study participants were categorized by age, gender, treatment duration for COVID-19, and comorbidities. In addition, the cross-seroreactivity of samples from pre-COVID-19, malaria-positive patients against the three antigens was assessed. Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins by sera from COVID-19 patients was 80.5% for S, 71.1% for RBD, and 31.9% for RBM (p < 0.001). While antibody responses to S and RBD tended to be age-dependent, responses to RBM were not. Responses were not gender-dependent for any of the antigens. Higher antibody levels to S, RBD, and RBM at hospital entry were associated with shorter treatment durations, particularly for RBD (p < 0.01). In contrast, higher body weights negatively influenced the anti-S antibody response, and asthma and diabetes weakened the anti-RBM antibody responses. Although lower, a significant cross-reactive antibody response to S (21.9%), RBD (6.7%), and RBM (8.8%) was detected in the pre-COVID-19 and malaria samples. Cross-reactive antibody responses to RBM were mostly associated (p < 0.01) with the absence of current Plasmodium falciparum infection, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdouramane Traoré
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Merepen A. Guindo
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bourama Traoré
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Seidina A. Diakité
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Kanté
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Assitan Dembélé
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdourhamane Cissé
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Nathan C. Incandela
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Mamoudou Kodio
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Yaya I. Coulibaly
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Ministry of Health and Social Development, Hopital de Dermatologie de Bamako (HDB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Andrey V. Kajava
- Montpellier Cell Biology Research Center (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Immuno-Allergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Immuno-Allergology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fosca Errante
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Department of Immunology, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Immunology, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Socrates Herrera
- Department of Immunology, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Immunology, Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Saidou Balam
- Immunogenetic Laboratory and Parasitology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Manuylov V, Burgasova O, Borisova O, Smetanina S, Vasina D, Grigoriev I, Kudryashova A, Semashko M, Cherepovich B, Kharchenko O, Kleymenov D, Mazunina E, Tkachuk A, Gushchin V. Avidity of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 RBD as a Prognostic Factor for the Severity of COVID-19 Reinfection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030617. [PMID: 35337024 PMCID: PMC8949074 DOI: 10.3390/v14030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The avidity index (AI) of IgG to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 was determined for 71 patients with a mild (outpatient) course of COVID-19, including 39 primarily and 36 secondarily reinfected, and 92 patients with a severe (hospital) course of COVID-19, including 82 primarily and 10 secondarily infected. The AI was shown to correlate with the severity of repeated disease. In the group of outpatients with a mild course, the reinfected patients had significantly higher median AIs than those with primary infections (82.3% vs. 37.1%, p < 0.0001). At the same time, in patients with a severe course of COVID-19, reinfected patients still had low-avidity antibodies (median AI of 28.4% vs. 25% in the primarily infected, difference not significant, p > 0.05). This suggests that the presence of low-avidity IgG to RBD during reinfection is a negative prognostic factor, in which a patient’s risk of developing COVID-19 in a severe form is significantly increased. Thus, patients with IgG of low avidity (AI ≤ 40%) had an 89 ± 20.5% chance of a severe course of recurrent COVID-19, whereas the detection of high-avidity antibodies (AI ≥ 50%) gave a probability of 94 ± 7.9% for a mild course of recurrent disease (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuylov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
- MedipalTech LLC, 141981 Dubna, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-968-4040-955
| | - Olga Burgasova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
- Medical Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Borisova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | | | - Daria Vasina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Igor Grigoriev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Alexandra Kudryashova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Maria Semashko
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Bogdan Cherepovich
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kharchenko
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Denis Kleymenov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Mazunina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Artem Tkachuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Vladimir Gushchin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
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Kober C, Manni S, Wolff S, Barnes T, Mukherjee S, Vogel T, Hoenig L, Vogel P, Hahn A, Gerlach M, Vey M, Widmer E, Keiner B, Schuetz P, Roth N, Kalina U. IgG3 and IgM Identified as Key to SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization in Convalescent Plasma Pools. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262162. [PMID: 34982806 PMCID: PMC8726489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of convalescent plasma derived from individuals has shown that IgG3 has the most important role in binding to SARS-CoV-2 antigens; however, this has not yet been confirmed in large studies, and the link between binding and neutralization has not been confirmed. By analyzing plasma pools consisting of 247-567 individual convalescent donors, we demonstrated the binding of IgG3 and IgM to Spike-1 protein and the receptor-binding domain correlates strongly with viral neutralization in vitro. Furthermore, despite accounting for only approximately 12% of total immunoglobulin mass, collectively IgG3 and IgM account for approximately 80% of the total neutralization. This may have important implications for the development of potent therapies for COVID-19, as it indicates that hyperimmune globulins or convalescent plasma donations with high IgG3 concentrations may be a highly efficacious therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kober
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Manni
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Wolff
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Barnes
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Vogel
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Hoenig
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vogel
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Hahn
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Gerlach
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vey
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Björn Keiner
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Nathan Roth
- Research & Development, CSL Behring, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Kalina
- Research & Development, CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
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20
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Long-term decay of anti-RBD IgG titers after BNT162b2 vaccination is not mirrored by loss of neutralizing bioactivity against SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 524:11-17. [PMID: 34843705 PMCID: PMC8630423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Long-term kinetics of anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies were analyzed in a cohort of COVID-19 naïve health care workers (HCW) undergoing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS An anti-RBD IgG immunoassay and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) were performed at different time points up to 6 months after vaccination in 57 HCWs. Values of anti-RBD IgG predicting an high neutralizing bioactivity (>60%) were also calculated. RESULTS Mean (range) values of anti-RBD IgG were 294.7 (11.6-1554), 2583 (398-8391), 320.4 (42.3-1134) BAU/mL at T1 (21 days after the 1st dose [T0]), T2 (30 days after the 2nd dose) and T3 (+180 days after T0), respectively. Mean (range) percentages of neutralization (NS%) were 24 (0-76), 86 (59-96) and 82 (52-99) at T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Anti-RBD IgG values and NS% were positively correlated at T2 and T3 while anti-RBD IgG value predicting a NS% > 60 markedly differed at T2 and T3 (594 vs. 108 BAU/mL, respectively). CONCLUSION While a high neutralizing bioactivity was maintained at least 6 months after vaccination in almost all individuals, the mean values of anti-RBD-IgG showed a marked decline at 6 months. The absolute value of anti-RBD IgG is a poor marker of neutralizing bioactivity.
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21
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Brunetti G, De Pastina A, Hegner M. Quantitative epitope analysis reveals drastic 63% reduced immuno-affinity and 60% enhanced transmissibility for SARS-CoV-2 variants. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6903-6911. [PMID: 36132357 PMCID: PMC9419875 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of a global pandemic that has led to more than 4 million deaths, continues to spread and holds the world in a tight grip. The virus has developed substantial mutations that undermine the efficacy of current vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. Semi-quantitative immuno - and neutralization assays are unable to provide direct quantitative insights about the minute variations of emerging mutants. Here, we develop a quantitative assay that enables synchronous screening of emerging variant epitopes with single amino acid resolution. We report on specific label-free quantitative nanomechanical analysis of pseudovirus spike interaction with ACE2 receptors. Within minutes, we can characterize the B.1.1.7 variant transmissibility due to its 63% increased binding, and measure a 60% reduced efficacy of antibodies towards B.1.351 and P.1 variants. Our technology can assist vaccine development studies, with focus on comparing protection patterns and novel vaccine candidates and tracking of immunity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Brunetti
- Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin (TCD) D02 Dublin Ireland
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin (TCD) D02 Dublin Ireland
| | - Martin Hegner
- Center for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin (TCD) D02 Dublin Ireland
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22
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Struck F, Schreiner P, Staschik E, Wochinz‐Richter K, Schulz S, Soutschek E, Motz M, Bauer G. Vaccination versus infection with SARS-CoV-2: Establishment of a high avidity IgG response versus incomplete avidity maturation. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6765-6777. [PMID: 34387884 PMCID: PMC8427118 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Avidity is defined as the binding strength of immunoglobulin G (IgG) toward its target epitope. Avidity is directly related to affinity, as both processes are determined by the best fit of IgG to epitopes. We confirm and extend data on incomplete avidity maturation of IgG toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (NP), spike protein-1 (S1), and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, an initial rise in avidity maturation was ending abruptly, leading to IgG of persistently low or intermediate avidity. Incomplete avidity maturation might facilitate secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections and thus prevent the establishment of herd immunity. Incomplete avidity maturation after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (with only 11.8% of cases showing finally IgG of high avidity, that is, an avidity index > 0.6) was contrasted by regular and rapid establishment of high avidity in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals after two vaccination steps with the BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine (78% of cases with high avidity). One vaccination step was not sufficient for induction of complete avidity maturation in vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, as it induced high avidity only in 2.9% of cases within 3 weeks. However, one vaccination step was sufficient to induce high avidity in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Bauer
- Institute of VirologyMedical Center–University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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23
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Shirbhate E, Pandey J, Patel VK, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Gorain B, Kesharwani P, Rajak H. Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1539-1550. [PMID: 34176080 PMCID: PMC8236094 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue, ACE2, are commonly allied with hypertension, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway, and other cardiovascular system disorders. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of numerous researchers on ACE2 receptors, where the causative viral particle, SARS-CoV-2, is established to exploit these receptors for permitting their entry into the human cells. Therefore, studies on the molecular origin and pathophysiology of the cell response in correlation to the role of ACE2 receptors to these viruses are bringing novel theories. The varying level of manifestation and importance of ACE proteins, underlying irregularities and disorders, intake of specific medications, and persistence of assured genomic variants at the ACE genes are potential questions raising nowadays while observing the marked alteration in response to the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, the present review has focused on several raised opinions associated with the role of the ACE2 receptor and its impact on COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shirbhate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495 009, India
| | - Jaiprakash Pandey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495 009, India
| | - Vijay K Patel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495 009, India
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box No. 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Jawaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al Imam Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 13314, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Harish Rajak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495 009, India.
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24
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Hassan SS, Lundstrom K, Barh D, Silva RJS, Andrade BS, Azevedo V, Choudhury PP, Palu G, Uhal BD, Kandimalla R, Seyran M, Lal A, Sherchan SP, Azad GK, Aljabali AAA, Brufsky AM, Serrano-Aroca Á, Adadi P, Abd El-Aziz TM, Redwan EM, Takayama K, Rezaei N, Tambuwala M, Uversky VN. Implications derived from S-protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 from six continents. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:934-955. [PMID: 34571123 PMCID: PMC8462006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The spike (S) protein is a critical determinant of the infectivity and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Several mutations in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 have already been detected, and their effect in immune system evasion and enhanced transmission as a cause of increased morbidity and mortality are being investigated. From pathogenic and epidemiological perspectives, S proteins are of prime interest to researchers. This study focused on the unique variants of S proteins from six continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, South America, and North America. In comparison to the other five continents, Africa had the highest percentage of unique S proteins (29.1%). The phylogenetic relationship implies that unique S proteins from North America are significantly different from those of the other five continents. They are most likely to spread to the other geographic locations through international travel or naturally by emerging mutations. It is suggested that restriction of international travel should be considered, and massive vaccination as an utmost measure to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also further suggested that the efficacy of existing vaccines and future vaccine development must be reviewed with careful scrutiny, and if needed, further re-engineered based on requirements dictated by new emerging S protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur 721140, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, WB, India; Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Raner Jośe Santana Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGGBM), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilheus, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jequié 45206-190, Brazil.
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laborat'orio de Geńetica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Genetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Ciˆencias Biol'ogicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B T Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Giorgio Palu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Murat Seyran
- Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, W¨ahringer Straße, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amos Lal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan.
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigaci'on Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat́olica de Valencia San Vicente Ḿartir, c/Guillem de Castro, 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, King Abdulazizi University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
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25
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Schardt JS, Pornnoppadol G, Desai AA, Park KS, Zupancic JM, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Chen H, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Moon JJ, Tessier PM. Discovery and characterization of high-affinity, potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies via single B cell screening. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20738. [PMID: 34671080 PMCID: PMC8528929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity are valuable for a wide range of biomedical applications involving novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic intervention. Strategies for the rapid and reliable isolation of these antibodies, especially potent neutralizing antibodies, are critical toward improved COVID-19 response and informed future response to emergent infectious diseases. In this study, single B cell screening was used to interrogate antibody repertoires of immunized mice and isolate antigen-specific IgG1+ memory B cells. Using these methods, high-affinity, potent neutralizing antibodies were identified that target the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. Further engineering of the identified molecules to increase valency resulted in enhanced neutralizing activity. Mechanistic investigation revealed that these antibodies compete with ACE2 for binding to the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. These antibodies may warrant further development for urgent COVID-19 applications. Overall, these results highlight the potential of single B cell screening for the rapid and reliable identification of high-affinity, potent neutralizing antibodies for infectious disease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Schardt
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alec A. Desai
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Zupancic
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Emily K. Makowski
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hongwei Chen
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - James J. Moon
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, B10-179, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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26
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Moura AD, da Costa HHM, Correa VA, de S Lima AK, Lindoso JAL, De Gaspari E, Hong MA, Cunha-Junior JP, Prudencio CR. Assessment of avidity related to IgG subclasses in SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian infected patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17642. [PMID: 34480056 PMCID: PMC8417219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is considered a global emergency, resulting in an exacerbated crisis in the health public in the world. Although there are advances in vaccine development, it is still limited for many countries. On the other hand, an immunological response that mediates protective immunity or indicates that predict disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undefined. This work aimed to assess the antibody levels, avidity, and subclasses of IgG to RBD protein, in symptomatic patients with severe and mild forms of COVID-19 in Brazil using an adapted in-house RBD-IgG ELISA. The RBD IgG-ELISA showed 100% of specificity and 94.3% of sensibility on detecting antibodies in the sera of hospitalized patients. Patients who presented severe COVID-19 had higher anti-RBD IgG levels compared to patients with mild disease. Additionally, most patients analyzed displayed low antibody avidity, with 64.4% of the samples of patients who recovered from the disease and 84.6% of those who died in this avidity range. Our data also reveals an increase of IgG1 and IgG3 levels since the 8th day after symptoms onset, while IgG4 levels maintained less detectable during the study period. Surprisingly, patients who died during 8-14 and 15-21 days also showed higher anti-RBD IgG4 levels in comparison with the recovered (P < 0.05), suggesting that some life-threatening patients can elicit IgG4 to RBD antibody response in the first weeks of symptoms onset. Our findings constitute the effort to clarify IgG antibodies' kinetics, avidity, and subclasses against SARS-CoV-2 RBD in symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of IgG antibody avidity in association with IgG4 detection as tool laboratory in the follow-up of hospitalized patients with more significant potential for life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Moura
- Center of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Victor A Correa
- Center of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José A L Lindoso
- Institute of Infectology Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa A Hong
- Center of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair P Cunha-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Immunotechnology, Department of Immunology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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27
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Gaspar EB, Prudencio CR, De Gaspari E. Experimental studies using OMV in a new platform of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2965-2968. [PMID: 33950776 PMCID: PMC8108191 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1920272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 vaccines have recently been approved for emergency use, search for new vaccines are still urgent, since the access of the countries, especially the poorest, to the vaccines, has shown to be slower than the necessary to rapidly control the pandemic. We proposed a novel platform for vaccine using recombinant receptor binding domain (rRBD) from Sars-Cov-2 spike protein and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The antigen preparation produced a humoral and cellular immune response. Taken together our findings suggest a good immunostimulatory patter in response to immunization with rRBD plus N. meningitidis OMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle B. Gaspar
- Animal Health Department, Embrapa Southern Region Animal Husbandry, Bagé, Brazil
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ALTIOK D, SAVCI EZ, ÖZKARA B, ALKAN K, NAMDAR DS, TUNÇER G, KILINÇ BR, SUİÇMEZ E, ÇETİN G, ÜNAL S, DÖNMÜŞ B, KARAGÜLLEOĞLU ZY, UNCUOĞLU DB, TEKELİ C, MENDİ HA, BENGİ VU, CENGİZ SEVAL G, KILIÇ P, GÜNEŞ ALTUNTAŞ E, DEMİR-DORA D. Host variations in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:404-424. [PMID: 34803443 PMCID: PMC8573834 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2104-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the zoonotic pathogen that causes the "Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19)", and COVID-19 itself is yet to be thoroughly understood. Both the disease as well as the mechanisms by which the host interacts with the SARS-CoV-2 have not been fully enlightened. The epidemiological factors -e.g. age, sex, race-, the polymorphisms of the host proteins, the blood types and individual differences have all been in discussions about affecting the progression and the course of COVID-19 both individually and collectively, as their effects are mostly interwoven. We focused mainly on the effect of polymorphic variants of the host proteins that have been shown to take part in and/or affect the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Additionally, how the procedures of diagnosing and treating COVID-19 are affected by these variants and what possible changes can be implemented are the other questions, which are sought to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doruk ALTIOK
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Büşra ÖZKARA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Kamil ALKAN
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Gizem TUNÇER
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Evren SUİÇMEZ
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Güneysu ÇETİN
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Sinan ÜNAL
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Beyza DÖNMÜŞ
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | | | - Cansu TEKELİ
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
| | | | | | | | - Pelin KILIÇ
- Faculty of Dentistry, Başkent University, AnkaraTurkey
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van der Leij WJR, Broens EM, Hesselink JW, Schuurman N, Vernooij JCM, Egberink HF. Serological Screening for Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch Shelter Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081634. [PMID: 34452497 PMCID: PMC8402678 DOI: 10.3390/v13081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that companion animals might be infected with, and could become a reservoir of, SARS-CoV-2. As cats are popular pets and susceptible to Coronavirus, we investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in shelter cats housed in Dutch animal shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this large-scale cross-sectional study, serum samples of shelter cats were collected during the second wave of human COVID-19 infections in The Netherlands. Seroprevalence was determined by using an indirect protein-based ELISA validated for cats, and a Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as confirmation. To screen for feline SARS-CoV-2 shedding, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of cats positive for ELISA and/or VNT were analyzed using PCR tests. In 28 Dutch animal shelters, 240 shelter cats were convenience sampled. Two of these cats (0.8%; CI 95%: 0.1–3.0%) were seropositive, as evidenced by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. The seropositive animals tested PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that shelter cats could be a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 or pose a (significant) risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. R. van der Leij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Els M. Broens
- Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Centre (VMDC), Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Willem Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Nancy Schuurman
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.S.); (H.F.E.)
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Herman F. Egberink
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.S.); (H.F.E.)
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Wang Z, Zhou M, Fu Z, Zhao L. The Pathogenic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Possible Mechanisms for Immune Evasion? Front Immunol 2021; 12:693579. [PMID: 34335604 PMCID: PMC8317057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerging, highly transmitted and pathogenic coronavirus that has caused global public health events and economic crises. As of March 4, 2021, more than 100 million people have been infected, more than 2 million deaths have been reported worldwide, and the numbers are continuing to rise. To date, a specific drug for this lethal virus has not been developed to date, and very little is currently known about the immune evasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review was to summarize and sort dozens of published studies on PubMed to explore the pathogenic features of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the possible immune escape mechanisms of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Schasfoort RBM, van Weperen J, van Amsterdam M, Parisot J, Hendriks J, Koerselman M, Karperien M, Mentink A, Bennink M, Krabbe H, Terstappen LW, Mulder AHL. Presence and strength of binding of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during CoViD-19 infection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113165. [PMID: 33799060 PMCID: PMC7962981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) was used to determine the presence and strength of binding of IgG, IgM and IgA against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in sera of 119 CoViD-19 patients. The SPRi assay measures the antibody isotype levels and the strength of binding to the RBD of ultimate 384 patient samples in one run. It turns out that during the course of the disease, the IgG levels and strength of binding increased while generally the IgM and IgA levels go down. Recovered patients all show high strength of binding of the IgG type to the RBD protein. The anti-RBD immunoglobulins SPRi assay provides additional insights in the immune status of patients recovering from CoViD-19 and this new method can furthermore be applied for the assessment of the quality of the immune reaction of healthy individuals to SARS-CoV-2 in vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B M Schasfoort
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Margot van Amsterdam
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Judicaël Parisot
- Carterra, 825 N. 300 W., Suite C309, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA
| | - Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Koerselman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Mentink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Bennink
- NanoBio Research Group, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 70000, 7500, KB, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Krabbe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, PO Box 50000, 7500, KA, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon, BV, 7512KZ, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Leon Wmm Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A H Leontine Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medlon, BV, 7512KZ, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, PO BOX 7600, 7600, SZ, Almelo, the Netherlands
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Giron CC, Laaksonen A, Barroso da Silva FL. Up State of the SARS-COV-2 Spike Homotrimer Favors an Increased Virulence for New Variants. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:694347. [PMID: 35047936 PMCID: PMC8757851 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.694347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide. However, as soon as the first vaccines-the only scientifically verified and efficient therapeutic option thus far-were released, mutations combined into variants of SARS-CoV-2 that are more transmissible and virulent emerged, raising doubts about their efficiency. This study aims to explain possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased transmissibility and the increased rate of hospitalizations related to the new variants. A combination of theoretical methods was employed. Constant-pH Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to quantify the stability of several spike trimeric structures at different conformational states and the free energy of interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) for the most worrying variants. Electrostatic epitopes were mapped using the PROCEEDpKa method. These analyses showed that the increased virulence is more likely to be due to the improved stability to the S trimer in the opened state, in which the virus can interact with the cellular receptor, ACE2, rather than due to alterations in the complexation RBD-ACE2, since the difference observed in the free energy values was small (although more attractive in general). Conversely, the South African/Beta variant (B.1.351), compared with the SARS-CoV-2 wild type (wt), is much more stable in the opened state with one or two RBDs in the up position than in the closed state with three RBDs in the down position favoring the infection. Such results contribute to understanding the natural history of disease and indicate possible strategies for developing new therapeutic molecules and adjusting the vaccine doses for higher B-cell antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Corrêa Giron
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
- Division of Energy Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fernando Luís Barroso da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Bauer G. The potential significance of high avidity immunoglobulin G (IgG) for protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:61-64. [PMID: 33713819 PMCID: PMC7944804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avidity is defined as the strength of binding between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its specific target epitope. IgG of high avidity is established during affinity maturation. Failure to achieve high avidity IgG may result in a lack of protective immunity towards infection and disease. It is known that the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its cellular receptor is driven by high affinity. Therefore, it is predictable that protective antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 should show high affinity/avidity. AVIDITY AFTER SARS-COV-2 INFECTION: Recent findings by several groups demonstrate that the serological response towards infection with SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses is characterized by incomplete avidity maturation, followed by a decline of the serological response. This response might facilitate reinfection, prevent herd immunity and potentially allow repeated cycles of infection. CONSEQUENCES FOR VACCINATION TOWARDS SARS-COV-2: Therefore, the sole focus on antibody titers reached after vaccination towards SARS-CoV-2 might not be sufficient to evaluate the degree of achieved protection. Rather, it is suggested to include avidity determination to optimize vaccination protocols and achieve high avidity IgG directed towards SARS-CoV-2 through vaccination. Avidity determination might also be useful to control for truly protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2 in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Bauer G. Comment to the manuscript by William P. Hausdorff and Jorge Flores: Low-dose and oral exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may help us understand and prevent severe COVID-19, IJID 103 (2021) 37-41. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:251. [PMID: 33819603 PMCID: PMC8016728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Segreto R, Deigin Y, McCairn K, Sousa A, Sirotkin D, Sirotkin K, Couey JJ, Jones A, Zhang D. Should we discount the laboratory origin of COVID-19? ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:2743-2757. [PMID: 33786037 PMCID: PMC7993900 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Segreto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Alejandro Sousa
- Regional Hospital of Monforte, Lugo, Spain
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Jones
- Independent Bioinformatics Researcher, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daoyu Zhang
- Independent Genetics Researcher, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Kapoor N, Ghorai SM, Kushwaha PK, Shukla R, Aggarwal C, Bandichhor R. Plausible mechanisms explaining the role of cucurbitacins as potential therapeutic drugs against coronavirus 2019. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100484. [PMID: 33251326 PMCID: PMC7685940 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the year 2019, the potent zoonotic virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began to rage globally, which resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring it as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. Although extensive research is currently ongoing worldwide to understand the molecular mechanism and disease pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, there are still many nuances to elucidate. Therefore, developing an appropriate vaccine or therapeutic drug to combat coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is exceedingly challenging. Such scenarios require multifaceted approaches to identify suitable contenders for drugs against COVID-19. In this context, investigating natural compounds found in food, spices, and beverages can lead to the discovery of lead molecules that could be repurposed to treat COVID-19. Sixteen cucurbitacin analogues were investigated for activity against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease protein (Mpro), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding receptor, nonstructural protein 12 (NSP12) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), NSP13 helicase, and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway using several relevant tools and simulated screening methods. All key proteins were found to bind efficiently only with cucurbitacin G 2-glucoside and cucurbitacin H with the lowest global energy. Further, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of all the cucurbitacins were analysed to explore their drug profiles. Cucurbitacin G 2-glucoside and H showed the best hits and all the analogues showed no adverse properties that would diminish their drug-likeness abilities. The encouraging results of the current study may lay the foundation for future research and development of effective measures and preventive medications against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Soma Mondal Ghorai
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Prem Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Richa Shukla
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, 211015, India
| | - Charu Aggarwal
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rakeshwar Bandichhor
- Integrated Product Development, Innovation Plaza, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Qutubullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500090, India
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