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Oliveira LAR, Correa AS, de Jesus TA, Bortolini MJS, Taketomi EA, Resende RDO. Distinct Adverse Reactions to mRNA, Inactivated Virus, and Adenovirus Vector COVID-19 Vaccines: Insights from a Cohort Study on Atopic and Non-Atopic Subjects in Brazil. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:408. [PMID: 38675790 PMCID: PMC11054204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 prompted an unprecedented global response to develop vaccines at an accelerated pace. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and adenovirus vector vaccines emerged as the frontrunners in global immunization efforts, significantly reducing hospitalization, severity, and mortality, supplemented by inactivated virus-based vaccines in developing countries. However, concerns regarding adverse effects, including allergic reactions, have been raised. This study aimed to investigate the adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination, particularly in atopic and non-atopic individuals. A cohort of 305 volunteers receiving BNT162, ChAdOx1, or CoronaVac vaccines were assessed based on a Skin Prick Test (SPT), specific IgE levels, and clinical history of asthma and rhinitis. Adverse effects were self-reported and scored across the different vaccination shots. The results indicated a notable presence of mild adverse effects following the first and third doses, regardless of vaccine type. ChAdOx1 recipients experienced more adverse effects compared to those receiving BNT162 and CoronaVac, including headaches, muscle pain, fever, chills, nausea, and flu-like symptoms. Atopic individuals receiving ChAdOx1 reported more adverse effects, such as muscle pain, fever, and chills, compared to non-atopic individuals. Conversely, headaches were more frequently reported in non-atopic individuals receiving BNT162 compared to atopic individuals. No anaphylaxis or allergic reactions were reported, indicating valuable evidence supporting the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with respiratory allergies. This study highlights the importance of understanding vaccine-related adverse effects, particularly in vulnerable populations, to inform vaccination strategies and address safety concerns in global immunization campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alves Ribeiro Oliveira
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (A.S.C.); (T.A.d.J.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Alessandro Sousa Correa
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (A.S.C.); (T.A.d.J.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Thiago Alves de Jesus
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (A.S.C.); (T.A.d.J.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Miguel Junior Sordi Bortolini
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Health and Sports Sciences Center, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil;
| | - Ernesto Akio Taketomi
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (A.S.C.); (T.A.d.J.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Resende
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (A.S.C.); (T.A.d.J.); (E.A.T.)
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Giles ML, Flanagan KL. COVID-19 vaccination: are more jabs needed or are we now immune? Intern Med J 2024; 54:368-373. [PMID: 38414215 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has progressed, it has become apparent that COVID-19 vaccination has limited impact on SAR-CoV-2 transmission and provides only short-term protection against acquiring infection, but more robust protection against severe disease and death. As a result, vaccinated people remain susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but are less likely to experience severe outcomes. Studies show that immunity derived from the combination of vaccination and natural infection, so-called hybrid immunity, is superior to that provided by vaccination or natural infection alone. Since most Australian adults have received three or more doses of COVID-19 vaccines and >70% have also been infected with SARS-CoV-2, we now have a population with high levels of hybrid immunity. This was mostly achieved by receiving original Wuhan strain vaccines and then experiencing Omicron strain infections. The original Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 has now disappeared and been replaced with Omicron-lineage variants globally. The predominance of the Omicron strain initially led to the development of bivalent vaccines containing both the Wuhan strain and Omicron variants. Currently, vaccines containing the original Wuhan strain of spike protein are being phased out, and new COVID-19 vaccines based exclusively on the Omicron strain XBB have become available in Australia. This article explores the question of whether further doses will be required from 2024 onwards and, if so, who should receive them?
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Giles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Department of Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sopjani M, Falco F, Impellitteri F, Guarrasi V, Nguyen Thi X, Dërmaku-Sopjani M, Faggio C. Flavonoids derived from medicinal plants as a COVID-19 treatment. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1589-1609. [PMID: 38284138 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 disease. Through its viral spike (S) protein, the virus enters and infects epithelial cells by utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a host cell's receptor protein. The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on global public health and economies. Although various effective vaccinations and medications are now available to prevent and treat COVID-19, natural compounds derived from medicinal plants, particularly flavonoids, demonstrated therapeutic potential to treat COVID-19 disease. Flavonoids exhibit dual antiviral mechanisms: direct interference with viral invasion and inhibition of replication. Specifically, they target key viral molecules, particularly viral proteases, involved in infection. These compounds showcase significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively inhibiting various inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, emerging evidence supports the potential of flavonoids to mitigate the progression of COVID-19 in individuals with obesity by positively influencing lipid metabolism. This review aims to elucidate the molecular structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the underlying mechanism of action of flavonoids on the virus. This study evaluates the potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties exhibited by flavonoid compounds, with a specific interest in their structure and mechanisms of action, as therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nevertheless, a significant portion of existing knowledge is based on theoretical frameworks and findings derived from in vitro investigations. Further research is required to better assess the effectiveness of flavonoids in combating SARS-CoV-2, with a particular emphasis on in vivo and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mentor Sopjani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Francesca Falco
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR, Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Guarrasi
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Xuan Nguyen Thi
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Eco sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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Valdez-Cruz NA, Rosiles-Becerril D, Martínez-Olivares CE, García-Hernández E, Cobos-Marín L, Garzón D, López-Salas FE, Zavala G, Luviano A, Olvera A, Alagón A, Ramírez OT, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Oral administration of a recombinant modified RBD antigen of SARS-CoV-2 as a possible immunostimulant for the care of COVID-19. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:41. [PMID: 38321489 PMCID: PMC10848483 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that consider manufacturing limitations, equitable access, and acceptance is necessary for developing platforms to produce antigens that can be efficiently presented for generating neutralizing antibodies and as a model for new vaccines. RESULTS This work presents the development of an applicable technology through the oral administration of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen fused with a peptide to improve its antigenic presentation. We focused on the development and production of the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) produced in E. coli modified with the addition of amino acids extension designed to improve antigen presentation. The production was carried out in shake flask and bioreactor cultures, obtaining around 200 mg/L of the antigen. The peptide-fused RBD and peptide-free RBD proteins were characterized and compared using SDS-PAGE gel, high-performance chromatography, and circular dichroism. The peptide-fused RBD was formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion for oral mice immunization. The peptide-fused RBD, compared to RBD, induced robust IgG production in mice, capable of recognizing the recombinant RBD in Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the peptide-fused RBD generated neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the dosed mice. The formulation showed no reactive episodes and no changes in temperature or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of the designed peptide added to the RBD to improve antigen immunostimulation by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Diego Rosiles-Becerril
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Constanza E Martínez-Olivares
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Garzón
- Unidad de Modelos Biológicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Francisco E López-Salas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Zavala
- Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Axel Luviano
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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Giles ML, Krishnaswamy S, Coote W, Davey MA. Factors Associated with Early Versus Late Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine during Pregnancy over Time in Australia: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1713. [PMID: 38006045 PMCID: PMC10674957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are at an increased risk of hospitalisation, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study is to determine the predictive factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake during pregnancy over time in a population with a high background uptake of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccination. METHODS This is a population-based, cohort study of all pregnant women who gave birth in Victoria, Australia between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022. Data from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection were analysed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS This study reports on 77,719 women who gave birth over a 12 month period, of whom 49,281 (63.4%) received a COVID-19 vaccine, 54,887 (70.6%) received an influenza vaccination and 63,594 (81.8%) received a pertussis vaccine by the time of delivery. Pregnant women aged >30 years (aOR 1.31 CI 1.27, 1.36), who had >=8 antenatal visits (aOR 1.08 CI 1.04, 1.12), and those who received influenza vaccine (aOR 1.23 CI 1.19, 1.28) were more likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccine. Those who smoked (aOR 0.7 CI 0.66, 0.74), were First Nations (aOR 0.83 CI 0.74, 0.93) and those who gave birth in public hospitals (aOR 0.65 CI 0.63, 0.68) were less likely to receive COVID-19 vaccine in the first 12 months of the rollout. CONCLUSION Maternal age, smoking, parity and Indigenous status were factors associated with delayed and sustained lower coverage, even in a population with background maternal influenza and pertussis coverage of 70.6% and 81.8%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.K.); (W.C.); (M.-A.D.)
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Totolian AA, Smirnov VS, Krasnov AA, Ramsay ES, Dedkov VG, Popova AY. COVID-19 Incidence Proportion as a Function of Regional Testing Strategy, Vaccination Coverage, and Vaccine Type. Viruses 2023; 15:2181. [PMID: 38005859 PMCID: PMC10675075 DOI: 10.3390/v15112181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious challenge for humanity almost everywhere globally. Despite active vaccination around the world, the incidence proportion in different countries varies significantly as of May 2022. The reason may be a combination of demographic, immunological, and epidemiological factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze possible relationships between COVID-19 incidence proportion in the population and the types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines used in different countries globally, taking into account demographic and epidemiological factors. Materials and methods: An initial database was created of demographic and immunoepidemiological information about the COVID-19 situation in 104 countries collected from published official sources and repository data. The baseline included, for each country, population size and density; SARS-CoV-2 testing coverage; vaccination coverage; incidence proportion; and a list of vaccines that were used, including their relative share among all vaccinations. Subsequently, the initial data set was stratified by population and vaccination coverage. The final data set was subjected to statistical processing both in general and taking into account population testing coverage. Results: After formation of the final data set (including 53 countries), it turned out that reported COVID-19 case numbers correlated most strongly with testing coverage and the proportions of vaccine types used, specifically, mRNA (V1); vector (V2); peptide/protein (V3); and whole-virion/inactivated (V4). Due to the fact that an inverse correlation was found between 'reported COVID-19 case numbers' with V2, V3, and V4, these three vaccine types were also combined into one analytic group, 'non-mRNA group' vaccines (Vnmg). When the relationship between vaccine type and incidence proportion was examined, minimum incidence proportion was noted at V1:Vnmg ratios (%:%) from 0:100 to 30:70. Maximum incidence proportion was seen with V1:Vnmg from 80:20 to 100:0. On the other hand, we have shown that the number of reported COVID-19 cases in different countries largely depends on testing coverage. To offset this factor, countries with low and extremely high levels of testing were excluded from the data set; it was then confirmed that the largest number of reported COVID-19 cases occurred in countries with a dominance of V1 vaccines. The fewest reported cases were seen in countries with a dominance of Vnmg vaccines. Conclusion: In this paper, we have shown for the first time that the level of reported COVID-19 incidence proportion depends not only on SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination coverage, which is quite logical, but probably also on the vaccine types used. With the same vaccination level and testing coverage, those countries that predominantly use vector and whole-virion vaccines feature incidence proportion that is significantly lower than countries that predominantly use mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg A. Totolian
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.T.); (V.S.S.); (A.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Viacheslav S. Smirnov
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.T.); (V.S.S.); (A.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Alexei A. Krasnov
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.T.); (V.S.S.); (A.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Edward S. Ramsay
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.T.); (V.S.S.); (A.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Vladimir G. Dedkov
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.T.); (V.S.S.); (A.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Anna Y. Popova
- Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, 127994 Moscow, Russia;
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Richard RM, Maziashvili G, Tran M, Ramos I, Laxman AS, Didbaridze N. Breast Milk Conferred Immunity to Infants Against COVID-19. Cureus 2023; 15:e42075. [PMID: 37602015 PMCID: PMC10434728 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has notably impacted healthcare systems and everyday life worldwide. Regulatory authorities have approved the emergency use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines due to the rapid spread of the virus. However, during vaccination testing, pregnant and breastfeeding women were initially excluded, leading to a lack of evidence-based recommendations. When taking the COVID-19 pandemic into account, breastfeeding has emerged as a potential defense mechanism against this infection due to its numerous benefits for newborns. Human breast milk contains immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), lactoferrin, and various cells that play an inevitable role in the newborn's protection against respiratory infections and immune system development. Various studies have highlighted that the onset and severity of respiratory infections in infants can be reduced through breastfeeding, and the effects are noticeable during the first six months of life and that breast milk also has the potential to enhance mucosal immunity and promote a diverse microbiome, reducing the risk of asthma, allergies, and enteric diseases through the provision of specific antibodies and immunological factors. Researchers have indicated that breastfeeding mothers who contracted and recovered from COVID-19 or received vaccination passed protective antibodies to their infants through breast milk. Although rare cases of detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in breast milk have been reported, the virus has not been cultured from these samples, suggesting a low risk of transmission to the breastfed baby. However, further research is essential to understand the extent of protection provided by breast milk against COVID-19 and the potential effect of distinct phases of lactation. Nonetheless, the current evidence supports the benefits and safety of breastfeeding during the pandemic. With appropriate safety measures, promoting breastfeeding can contribute to the overall health and well-being of infants during the phase of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Mary Richard
- Faculty of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, GEO
| | | | - Mai Tran
- Faculty of Medicine, Washington University of Health and Science, San Pedro, BLZ
| | - Isabel Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Católica de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, HND
| | | | - Nino Didbaridze
- Department of Immunology, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, GEO
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Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Monteiro FLL, Krumpe LRH, Armario-Najera V, Shenoy SR, Perez-Zsolt D, Westgarth HJ, Villorbina G, Bomfim LM, Raïch-Regué D, Nogueras L, Henrich CJ, Gallemí M, Moreira FRR, Torres P, Wilson J, D’arc M, Marfil S, Herlinger AL, Pradenas E, Higa LM, Portero-Otin M, Trinité B, Twyman RM, Capell T, Tanuri A, Blanco J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Rech EL, Christou P, O’Keefe BR. Cyanovirin-N binds to select SARS-CoV-2 spike oligosaccharides outside of the receptor binding domain and blocks infection by SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214561120. [PMID: 36853940 PMCID: PMC10013841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214561120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped positive stranded RNA virus which has caused the recent deadly pandemic called COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virion is coated with a heavily glycosylated Spike glycoprotein which is responsible for attachment and entry into target cells. One, as yet unexploited strategy for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, is the targeting of the glycans on Spike. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins produced by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Some lectins can neutralize enveloped viruses displaying external glycoproteins, offering an alternative therapeutic approach for the prevention of infection with virulent β-coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Here we show that the cyanobacterial lectin cyanovirin-N (CV-N) can selectively target SARS-CoV-2 Spike oligosaccharides and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. CV-N neutralizes Delta and Omicron variants in vitro better than earlier circulating viral variants. CV-N binds selectively to Spike with a Kd as low as 15 nM and a stoichiometry of 2 CV-N: 1 Spike but does not bind to the receptor binding domain (RBD). Further mapping of CV-N binding sites on Spike shows that select high-mannose oligosaccharides in the S1 domain of Spike are targeted by CV-N. CV-N also reduced viral loads in the nares and lungs in vivo to protect hamsters against a lethal viral challenge. In summary, we present an anti-coronavirus agent that works by an unexploited mechanism and prevents infection by a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Luís Lima Monteiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Lauren R. H. Krumpe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Victoria Armario-Najera
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Shilpa R. Shenoy
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Daniel Perez-Zsolt
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | - Harrison James Westgarth
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Gemma Villorbina
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Larissa Maciel Bomfim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Dàlia Raïch-Regué
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | - Lara Nogueras
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Curtis J. Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Pascual Torres
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD21702
| | - Mirela D’arc
- Laboratory of Diversity and Viral Diseases, Institute of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | - Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | - Luiza Mendonça Higa
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-90, Brazil
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid28029, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic08500, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona08916, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid28029, Spain
| | - Elibio L. Rech
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology National Institute of Science and Technology in Synthetic Biology, Brasília70770-917, Brazil
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida25198, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD21702
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD21702
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9
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Abdulla ZA, Al-Bashir SM, Alzoubi H, Al-Salih NS, Aldamen AA, Abdulazeez AZ. The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Protection Generated by COVID-19 Vaccines in Different Age Groups. Pathogens 2023; 12:329. [PMID: 36839601 PMCID: PMC9967364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is greatly dependent on the reaction orchestrated by the immune system. This is clearly obvious in relation to the clinical status of COVID-19 infection, which can be symptomless, mild, moderate, or severe. Even the complications of the disease show a proportional pattern in relation to the immune response. On the contrary, the commonly used anti-COVID-19 vaccines generate protective humoral and cellular immunity. The magnitude of this immunity and the components involved in it are discussed in detail. Furthermore, many of the adverse effects of these vaccines can be explained on the basis of immune reactions against the different components of the vaccines. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccine for different age groups, many factors have to be considered. This is a cornerstone, particularly in the following age groups: 1 day to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years. Many factors are involved in deciding the route, doses, and schedule of vaccination for children. Another important issue in this dilemma is the hesitancy of families in making the decision about whether to vaccinate their children. Added to these difficulties is the choice by health authorities and governments concerning whether to make children's vaccination compulsory. In this respect, although rare and limited, adverse effects of vaccines in children have been detected, some of which, unfortunately, have been serious or even fatal. However, to achieve comprehensive control over COVID-19 in communities, both children and adults have to be vaccinated, as the former group represents a reservoir for viral transmission. The understanding of the various immunological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the preparation and application of its vaccines has given the sciences a great opportunity to further deepen and expand immunological knowledge. This will hopefully be reflected positively on other diseases through gaining an immunological background that may aid in diagnosis and therapy. Humanity is still in continuous conflict with SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be for a while, but the future is expected to be in favor of the prevention and control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaf M. Al-Bashir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Hiba Alzoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Noor S. Al-Salih
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ala A. Aldamen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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10
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Human Breast Milk and Their Neutralizing Capacity after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032957. [PMID: 36769279 PMCID: PMC9917673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the infectious disease known as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The severe impact of the virus on humans is undeniable, which is why effective vaccines were highly anticipated. As of 12 January 2022, nine vaccines have obtained Emergency Use Listing by the World Health Organization (WHO), and four of these are approved or authorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. The initial clinical trials studying COVID-19 vaccine efficacy excluded pregnant and lactating individuals, meaning that data on the effects of the vaccine on breast milk were lacking. Until today, none of the authorized vaccines have been approved for use in individuals under six months. During the first months of life, babies do not produce their own antibodies; therefore, antibodies contained in their mothers' breastmilk are a critical protective mechanism. Several studies have shown the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the breast milk of women who have been vaccinated or had been naturally infected. However, whether these are protective is still unclear. Additionally, research on the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna suggests that these vaccines do not release significant amounts, if any, of mRNA into breast milk. Hence, there is no evidence that vaccination of the mother poses any risk to the breastfed infant, while the antibodies present in breast milk may offer protection against the virus. The primary objective of this systematic review is to summarize the current understanding of the presence of immunoglobulins in human milk that are elicited by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and to evaluate their ability to neutralize the virus. Additionally, we aim to quantify the side effects experienced by lactating mothers who have been vaccinated, as well as the potential for adverse effects in their infants. This study is critical because it can help inform decision-making by examining the current understanding of antibody secretion in breastmilk. This is particularly important because, although the virus tends to be less severe in younger individuals, infants who contract the disease are at a higher risk of requiring hospitalization compared to older children.
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11
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Khare S, Niharika, Singh A, Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Types, Working Principle, and Its Impact on Thrombosis and Gastrointestinal Disorders. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1541-1573. [PMID: 36222988 PMCID: PMC9554396 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario of the coronavirus pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), considerable efforts have been made to control the pandemic by the development of a strong immune system through massive vaccination. Just after the discovery of the genetic sequences of SARS-CoV-2, the development of vaccines became the prime focus of scientists around the globe. About 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines have already been entered into preclinical and clinical trials. Various traditional and novel approaches are being utilized as a broad range of platforms. Viral vector (replicating and non-replicating), nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant protein, virus-like particle, peptide, live attenuated virus, an inactivated virus approaches are the prominent attributes of the vaccine development. This review article includes the current knowledge about the platforms used for the development of different vaccines, their working principles, their efficacy, and the impacts of COVID-19 vaccines on thrombosis. We provide a detailed description of the vaccines that are already approved by administrative authorities. Moreover, various strategies utilized in the development of emerging vaccines that are in the trial phases along with their mode of delivery have been discussed along with their effect on thrombosis and gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Khare
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Niharika
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Ajey Singh
- grid.411488.00000 0001 2302 6594Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007 U.P. India
| | - Imtiyaz Hussain
- grid.412997.00000 0001 2294 5433Government Degree College, University of Ladakh, Dras, Ladakh India
| | - Narsingh Bahadur Singh
- grid.411343.00000 0001 0213 924XPlant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 U.P. India
| | - Subhash Singh
- grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY-14627 USA
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Gillot C, Favresse J, Maloteau V, Mathieux V, Dogné JM, Mullier F, Douxfils J. Resistance towards ChadOx1 nCoV-19 in an 83 Years Old Woman Experiencing Vaccine Induced Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122056. [PMID: 36560466 PMCID: PMC9781243 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND in this report, we describe the case of an 83-year-old woman vaccinated with ChadOx1 nCoV-19 who developed a so-called vaccine-induced thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome and who did not develop any antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 at 30 days following the administration of her first dose of ChadOx1 nCoV-19. Experimental section: two serum samples from the patient and 5 serum samples from 5 control individuals having received the two-dose regimen vaccination with ChadOx1 nCoV-19 were evaluated. In order to investigate the lack of response to the vaccination, a cell model was developed. This model permits to evaluate the interaction between responsive cells (A549) possessing the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), a defined concentration of ChadOx1 nCoV-19 and serial dilution of the patient or the control serum. The aim was to assess the impact of these sera on the production of the spike (S) protein induced by the transfection of the genetic material of ChadOx1 nCoV-19 into the A549 cells. The S protein is measured in the supernatant using an ELISA technique. RESULTS interestingly, the serum from the patient who developed the vaccine-induced thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome impaired the production of S protein by the A549 cells transfected with ChadOx1 nCoV-19. This was not observed with the controls who did not interfere with the transfection of ChadOx1 nCoV-19 into A549 cells since the S protein is retrieved in the supernatant fraction. CONCLUSION based on the data coming from the clinical and the cell model information, we found a possible explanation on the absence of antibody response in our patient. She has, or has developed, characteristics that prevent the production of the S protein in contrast to control subjects. We were not able to investigate the entire mechanism behind this resistance which deserve further investigations. A link between this resistance and the development of the thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome following vaccination with ChadOx1 nCoV-19 cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Vincent Maloteau
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Valérie Mathieux
- Service d’Hématologie, CHU UCL NAMUR-Site Sainte Elisabeth, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - François Mullier
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL NAMUR, Department of Laboratory Medicine, B-5300 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, University of Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Qualiblood sa, Research and Development Department, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-81-72-43-91
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New insights into antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 for healthcare personnel vaccinated with tozinameran (Comirnaty). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276968. [PMID: 36327310 PMCID: PMC9632819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study is to determine the levels of spike protein IgG and total antibodies in subjects vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (both infected and non-infected) and the titer evolution over time. In addition, we also addressed the performance of each of the included platforms in the study, as they are intended to measure antibody levels in naturally infected patients. Materials and methods An observational study including 288 volunteer healthcare professionals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (Comirnaty™) at the Andújar Alto Guadalquivir Hospital. Serum samples were obtained in September 2020 and 14 and 90 days after administration of the second dose. The following in vitro methods were used: Elecsys Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 N and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche, Germany) and EliA SARS-CoV-2-Sp1 IgG (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany). Results For the Elecsys S method at 1/10 dilution and for the EliA Sp1 IgG method at 1/5 dilution, 54% and 19% of samples were out of range, respectively. The vaccine activated a high humoral response– 0 to 3000 BAU/mL being the “normal titer range” in all volunteers. Patients vaccinated after COVID-19 exhibited higher total S antibody load values than non-vaccinated volunteers while showing the same response for S IgG isotype. Titers decreased up to 86% in the case of S IgG neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions The characterization of human response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is still far from being completely elucidated. It is important to increase the methods dynamic range to study humoral response evolution in depth and decide whether booster doses or seasonal vaccination plans will be necessary to definitively control the pandemic.
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Mustafa ZU, Bashir S, Shahid A, Raees I, Salman M, Merchant HA, Aldeyab MA, Kow CS, Hasan SS. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Pakistan: A Multicentric, Prospective, Survey-Based Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112344. [PMID: 36366442 PMCID: PMC9694328 DOI: 10.3390/v14112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the vaccination status and factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women in the largest province of Pakistan. A multicentric, prospective, survey-based study using an interviewer-administered tool was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics between 1 December 2021 through 30 January 2022 across seven hospitals in Pakistan. The healthcare professionals providing care at the participating hospitals administered the survey. Four hundred and five pregnant women fully consented and completed the study. The majority of the study participants (70.6%, n = 286) were aged between 25 and 34 and had a previous successful pregnancy history. More than half of the study participants (56.0%, n = 227) did not receive COVID-19 vaccination at the time of data collection despite their family members (93.9%, n = 372) had already received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Among those who received COVID-19 vaccination (n = 173), vaccine efficacy, protection for the foetus, and risk of COVID-19-associated hospitalisation were the main driving factors for vaccine hesitancy. The majority of the unvaccinated women (77.8%, n = 182) had no intention of receiving the vaccine. However, more than two-thirds (85.7%, n = 342) consulted the doctor about COVID-19 vaccines, and most were recommended to receive COVID-19 vaccines by the doctors (80.7%, n = 280). Women were significantly more likely to be vaccinated if they had employment (odds ratio [OR] 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.31-8.64) compared with their counterparts who were homemakers, consulted their doctors (OR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04-0.35), and if they did not have pregnancy-related issues (OR 6.02, 95% CI: 2.36-15.33). In this study, vaccine hesitancy was prevalent, and vaccine uptake was low among pregnant women. Education and employment did impact COVID vaccination uptake, emphasising the need for more targeted efforts to enhance the trust in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Mustafa
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy Services, District Headquarters (DHQ) Hospital, Pakpattan 57400, Pakistan
| | - Shazma Bashir
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, London W1S 3PR, UK
| | - Arfah Shahid
- Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Raees
- Department of Medicine, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hamid A. Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Mamoon A. Aldeyab
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Chia Siang Kow
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.S.K.); (S.S.H.)
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
- Correspondence: (C.S.K.); (S.S.H.)
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15
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Guerra ENS, de Castro VT, Amorim dos Santos J, Acevedo AC, Chardin H. Saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection after vaccination: A rapid systematic review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006040. [PMID: 36203571 PMCID: PMC9530471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of efficient vaccines anti-SARS-CoV-2, antibody quantification becomes increasingly useful for immunological monitoring and COVID-19 control. In several situations, saliva samples may be an alternative to the serological test. Thus, this rapid systematic review aimed to evaluate if saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 detection after vaccination. For this purpose, search strategies were applied at EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies were selected by two reviewers in a two-phase process. After selection, 15 studies were eligible and included in data synthesis. In total, salivary samples of approximately 1,080 vaccinated and/or convalescent individuals were analyzed. The applied vaccines were mostly mRNA-based (BioNTech 162b2 mRNA/Pfizer and Spikevax mRNA-1273/Moderna), but recombinant viral-vectored vaccines (Ad26. COV2. S Janssen - Johnson & Johnson and Vaxzevria/Oxford AstraZeneca) were also included. Different techniques were applied for saliva evaluation, such as ELISA assay, Multiplex immunoassay, flow cytometry, neutralizing and electrochemical assays. Although antibody titers are lower in saliva than in serum, the results showed that saliva is suitable for antibody detection. The mean of reported correlations for titers in saliva and serum/plasma were moderate for IgG (0.55, 95% CI 0.38-9.73), and weak for IgA (0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.44). Additionally, six out of nine studies reported numerical titers for immunoglobulins detection, from which the level in saliva reached their reference value in four (66%). IgG but not IgA are frequently presented in saliva from vaccinated anti-COVID-19. Four studies reported lower IgA salivary titers in vaccinated compared to previously infected individuals, otherwise, two reported higher titers of IgA in vaccinated. Concerning IgG, two studies reported high antibody titers in the saliva of vaccinated individuals compared to those previously infected and one presented similar results for vaccinated and infected. The detection of antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva is available, which suggests this type of sample is a suitable alternative for monitoring the population. Thus, the results also pointed out the possible lack of mucosal immunity induction after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. It highlights the importance of new vaccination strategies also focused on mucosal alternatives directly on primary routes of SARS-CoV-2 entrance. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022336968, identifier CRD42022336968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Vitória Tavares de Castro
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Amorim dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Hélène Chardin
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne 12 Rue de l’École de Médecine, Paris, France
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16
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Olivera-Ugarte SM, Bolduc M, Laliberté-Gagné MÈ, Blanchette LJ, Garneau C, Fillion M, Savard P, Dubuc I, Flamand L, Farnòs O, Xu X, Kamen A, Gilbert M, Rabezanahary H, Scarrone M, Couture C, Baz M, Leclerc D. A nanoparticle-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate elicits broad neutralizing antibodies and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection. NANOMEDICINE: NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 44:102584. [PMID: 35850421 PMCID: PMC9287509 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine candidate to SARS-CoV-2 was constructed by coupling the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) to the surface of the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) nanoparticle (nano) to generate the RBD-PapMV vaccine. Immunization of mice with the coupled RBD-PapMV vaccine enhanced the antibody titers and the T-cell mediated immune response directed to the RBD antigen as compared to immunization with the non-coupled vaccine formulation (RBD + PapMV nano). Anti-RBD antibodies, generated in vaccinated animals, neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro against the ancestral, Delta and the Omicron variants. At last, immunization of mice susceptible to the infection by SARS-CoV-2 (K18-hACE2 transgenic mice) with the RBD-PapMV vaccine induced protection to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infectious challenge. The induction of the broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by the RBD-PapMV vaccine demonstrate the potential of the PapMV vaccine platform in the development of efficient vaccines against viral respiratory infections.
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17
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Podlipnik Č, Alexandrova R, Pleško S, Bren U, Jukič M. Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of coronaviruses, which are characterized by spikes that sit densely on the surface of the virus. The spike protein (Spro) is responsible for the attachment of the virus to the host cell via the ACE2 receptor on the surface of the host cell. The strength of the interaction between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the highly glycosylated spike protein of the virus and the host cell ACE2 receptor represents the key determinant of the infectivity of the virus. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has mutated since the beginning of the outbreak, and the vast majority of mutations has been detected in the spike protein or its RBD. Since specific mutations significantly affect the ability of the virus to transmit and to evade immune response, studies of these mutations are critical. We investigate GISAID data to show how viral spike protein mutations evolved during the pandemic. We further present the interactions of the viral Spro RBD with the host ACE2 receptor. We have performed a large-scale mutagenesis study of the Spro RBD-ACE2 interface by performing point mutations in silico and identifying the ambiguous interface stabilization by the most common point mutations in the viral variants of interest (beta, gamma, delta, omicron).
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18
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Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vaghasiya DD. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2986-3005. [PMID: 35277864 PMCID: PMC9088647 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have evolved. Viral variants may evolve with harmful susceptibility to the immunity established with the existing COVID-19 vaccination. These variants are more transmissible, induce relatively extreme illness, have evasive immunological features, decrease neutralization using antibodies from vaccinated persons, and are more susceptible to re-infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has categorized SARS-CoV-2 mutations as variants of interest (VOI), variants of concern (VOC), and variants of high consequence (VOHC). At the moment, four VOC and many variants of interest have been defined and require constant observation. This review article summarizes various variants of SARS-CoV-2 surfaced with special emphasis on VOCs that are spreading across the world, as well as several viral mutational impacts and how these modifications alter the properties of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL.M. College of PharmacyAhmedabadGujaratIndia
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19
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Das S, Kar SS, Samanta S, Banerjee J, Giri B, Dash SK. Immunogenic and reactogenic efficacy of Covaxin and Covishield: a comparative review. Immunol Res 2022; 70:289-315. [PMID: 35192185 PMCID: PMC8861611 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that was identified for the first time in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) labeled the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020, due to its widespread infectivity pattern. Because of the catastrophic COVID-19 outbreak, the development of safe and efficient vaccinations has become a key priority in every health sector throughout the globe. On the 13th of January 2021, the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 was launched in India and started the administration of two types of vaccines known as Covaxin and Covishield. Covishield is an adenovirus vector-based vaccine, and Covaxin was developed by a traditional method of vaccine formulation, which is composed of adjuvanted inactivated viral particles. Each vaccine's utility or efficiency is determined by its formulation, adjuvants, and mode of action. The efficacy of the vaccination depends on numeral properties like generation antibodies, memory cells, and cell-mediated immunity. According to the third-phase experiment, Covishield showed effectiveness of nearly 90%, whereas Covaxin has an effectiveness of about 80%. Both vaccination formulations in India have so far demonstrated satisfactory efficacy against numerous mutant variants of SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of Covishield may be diminished if the structure of spike (S) protein changes dramatically in the future. In this situation, Covaxin might be still effective for such variants owing to its ability to produce multiple antibodies against various epitopes. This study reviews the comparative immunogenic and therapeutic efficacy of Covaxin and Covishield and also discussed the probable vaccination challenges in upcoming days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvrendu Sankar Kar
- Department of Medicine, R.G.Kar Medical College, Kolkata, 700004, West Bengal, India
| | - Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India.
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20
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Wang X, Rcheulishvili N, Cai J, Liu C, Xie F, Hu X, Yang N, Hou M, Papukashvili D, He Y, Wang PG. Development of DNA Vaccine Candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051049. [PMID: 35632789 PMCID: PMC9144758 DOI: 10.3390/v14051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of various types of vaccines and the involvement of the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains the most challenging health threat in this century. Along with the increased transmissibility, new strains continue to emerge leading to the need for more vaccines that would elicit protectiveness and safety against the new strains of the virus. Nucleic acid vaccines seem to be the most effective approach in case of a sudden outbreak of infection or the emergence of a new strain as it requires less time than any conventional vaccine development. Hence, in the current study, a DNA vaccine encoding the trimeric prefusion-stabilized ectodomain (S1+S2) of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein was designed by introducing six additional prolines mutation, termed HexaPro. The three-dose regimen of designed DNA vaccine immunization in mice demonstrated the generation of protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (P.G.W.); Tel.: +86-10-135-3765-7996 (Y.H.); +86-0755-8801-5584 (P.G.W.)
| | - Peng George Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (P.G.W.); Tel.: +86-10-135-3765-7996 (Y.H.); +86-0755-8801-5584 (P.G.W.)
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed three leading strategies of vaccine development against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19): mRNA vaccines, adenoviral vector vaccines and recombinant nanoparticles. We also considered the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and their impact on the effectiveness of the most widely implemented vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS General properties, efficacy, safety and global uptake of Pfizer/BioNTech's Comirnaty (BNT162b2), Moderna's Spikevax (mRNA-1273), Oxford/AstraZeneca's ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, J&J/Janssen's Ad26.COV2.S and Novavax's NVX-CoV2373 vaccines at the end of the year 2021 were presented. We summarized the information on the effectiveness against COVID-19 infection, severe disease and death. We then focused on important missense mutations in the five variants of concern (VoC): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. We explored the evidence for the effectiveness of the vaccines against those five VoC. SUMMARY It is difficult to predict the further development of the COVID-19 pandemic. The development of vaccines of an increasingly broad spectrum against coronaviruses, more easily deliverable and conferring more durable immune protection is likely. However, the very large number of infections may lead to new mutations with unpredictable impacts. Interventions that would control COVID-19 more effectively and enable a safer coexistence with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its emerging variants are still needed in early 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Martínez L, Malaina I, Salcines-Cuevas D, Terán-Navarro H, Zeoli A, Alonso S, M De la Fuente I, Gonzalez-Lopez E, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Gozalo-Margüello M, Calvo-Montes J, Alvarez-Dominguez C. First computational design using lambda-superstrings and in vivo validation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6410. [PMID: 35440789 PMCID: PMC9016385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the greatest threat to global health at the present time, and considerable public and private effort is being devoted to fighting this recently emerged disease. Despite the undoubted advances in the development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, uncertainty remains about their future efficacy and the duration of the immunity induced. It is therefore prudent to continue designing and testing vaccines against this pathogen. In this article we computationally designed two candidate vaccines, one monopeptide and one multipeptide, using a technique involving optimizing lambda-superstrings, which was introduced and developed by our research group. We tested the monopeptide vaccine, thus establishing a proof of concept for the validity of the technique. We synthesized a peptide of 22 amino acids in length, corresponding to one of the candidate vaccines, and prepared a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine vector loaded with the 22 amino acids SARS-CoV-2 peptide (positions 50-71) contained in the NTD domain (DC-CoVPSA) of the Spike protein. Next, we tested the immunogenicity, the type of immune response elicited, and the cytokine profile induced by the vaccine, using a non-related bacterial peptide as negative control. Our results indicated that the CoVPSA peptide of the Spike protein elicits noticeable immunogenicity in vivo using a DC vaccine vector and remarkable cellular and humoral immune responses. This DC vaccine vector loaded with the NTD peptide of the Spike protein elicited a predominant Th1-Th17 cytokine profile, indicative of an effective anti-viral response. Finally, we performed a proof of concept experiment in humans that included the following groups: asymptomatic non-active COVID-19 patients, vaccinated volunteers, and control donors that tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. The positive control was the current receptor binding domain epitope of COVID-19 RNA-vaccines. We successfully developed a vaccine candidate technique involving optimizing lambda-superstrings and provided proof of concept in human subjects. We conclude that it is a valid method to decipher the best epitopes of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to prepare peptide-based vaccines for different vector platforms, including DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martínez
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain. .,BCAM, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Iker Malaina
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, 48903, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Terán-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Andrea Zeoli
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,María Goyri Building. Animal Biotechnology Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ildefonso M De la Fuente
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Lopez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - J Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica Gozalo-Margüello
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Calvo-Montes
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain. .,Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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23
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Dos Anjos LRB, da Costa AC, Cardoso ADRO, Guimarães RA, Rodrigues RL, Ribeiro KM, Borges KCM, Carvalho ACDO, Dias CIS, Rezende ADO, Souza CDC, Ferreira RRM, Saraiva G, Barbosa LCDS, Vieira TDS, Conte MB, Rabahi MF, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Efficacy and Safety of BCG Revaccination With M. bovis BCG Moscow to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Health Care Workers: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841868. [PMID: 35392074 PMCID: PMC8981724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is widely used to protect children against tuberculosis, can also improve immune response against viral infections. This unicentric, randomized-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of revaccination with BCG Moscow in reducing the positivity and symptoms of COVID-19 in health care workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. HCWs who had negative COVID-19 IgM and IgG and who dedicated at least eight hours per week in facilities that attended to individuals suspected of having COVID-19 were included in the study and were followed for 7, 15, 30, 60, and 180 days by telemedicine. The HCWs were randomly allocated to a revaccinated with BCG group, which received the BCG vaccine, or an unvaccinated group. Revaccination with BCG Moscow was found to be safe, and its efficacy ranged from 30.0% (95.0%CI -78.0 to 72.0%) to 31.0% (95.0%CI -74.0 to 74.0%). Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moscow did not induce NK cell activation at 15–20 days post-revaccination. As hypothesized, revaccination with BCG Moscow was associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 positivity, though the results did not reach statistical significance. Further studies should be carried out to assess whether revaccination with BCG is able to protect HCWs against COVID-19. The protocol of this clinical trial was registered on August 5th, 2020, at REBEC (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, RBR-4kjqtg - ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4kjqtg/1) and the WHO (# U1111-1256-3892). The clinical trial protocol was approved by the Comissão Nacional de ética de pesquisa- CONEP (CAAE 31783720.0.0000.5078).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Raniere Borges Dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Kaio Mota Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Departamento de Áreas Acadêmicas, Instituto Federal de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carine de Castro Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Guylherme Saraiva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lilia Cristina de Souza Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Barreto Conte
- Departamento de Pesquisa Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | - André Kipnis
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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24
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Mostafa I, Mohamed NH, Mohamed B, Almeer R, Abulmeaty MMA, Bungau SG, El-Shazly AM, Yahya G. In-silico screening of naturally derived phytochemicals against SARS-CoV Main protease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26775-26791. [PMID: 34855180 PMCID: PMC8638226 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly growing pandemic that requires urgent therapeutic intervention. Finding potential anti COVID-19 drugs aside from approved vaccines is progressively going on. The chemically diverse natural products represent valuable sources for drug leads. In this study, we aimed to find out safe and effective COVID-19 protease inhibitors from a library of natural products which share the main nucleus/skeleton of FDA-approved drugs that were employed in COVID-19 treatment guidelines or repurposed by previous studies. Our library was subjected to virtual screening against SARS-CoV Main protease (Mpro) using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Twenty-two out of those natural candidates showed higher binding scores compared to their analogues. We repurpose these natural products including alkaloids, glucosinolates, and phenolics as potential platforms for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. This study paves the way towards discovering a lead used in the treatment of COVID-19 from natural sources and introduces phytomedicines with dual therapeutic effects against COVID-19 besides their original pharmacological effects. We recommend further in vitro evaluation of their anti-COVID-19 activity and future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | | | - Basant Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11362 Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona G. Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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25
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Andrade SA, Andrade PADC, Andrade DV, Santos RCD, Varotti FDP, Lwaleed BA. COVID-19 Vaccines: Bioethical Consideration. PERSONA Y BIOÉTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2021.25.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic produced immeasurable impacts on the economy, education, and socialization, besides the loss of millions of lives. Thus, there has been an accelerated development of an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates to control the pandemic. The World Health Organization’s emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines still in clinical trial allowed immunizing the population. This paper presents a perspective of the bioethical precepts of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of surveillance at all stages of vaccine development to detect adverse effects and ensure compliance with bioethical precepts.
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26
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Papanikolaou V, Chrysovergis A, Ragos V, Tsiambas E, Katsinis S, Manoli A, Papouliakos S, Roukas D, Mastronikolis S, Peschos D, Batistatou A, Kyrodimos E, Mastronikolis N. From delta to Omicron: S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion equilibrium in SARS-CoV-2 defined variants. Gene 2022; 814:146134. [PMID: 34990799 PMCID: PMC8725615 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012/2013, and especially the current 2019/2021 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected negatively the national health systems’ endurance worldwide. SARS-Cov-2 virus belongs to lineage b of beta-CoVs demonstrating a strong phylogenetic similarity with BatCoVRaTG13 type. Spike (S) glycoprotein projections -consisting of two subunits S1/S2- provide a unique crown-like formation (corona) on virion’s surface. Concerning their functional role, S1 represents the main receptor-binding domain (RBD), whereas S2 is involved in the virus-cell membrane fusion mechanism. On Nov 26th 2021, WHO designated the new SARS-CoV-2 strain – named Omicron, from letter ‘’όμικρον’’ in the Greek alphabet - as a variant of concern (B.1.1529 variant). Potentially this new variant is associated with high transmissibility leading to elevated infectivity and probably increased re-infection rates. Its impact on morbidity/mortality remains under investigation. In the current paper, analyzing and comparing the alterations of SARS-CoV-2 S RNA sequences in the defined variants (Alpha to Omicron), we observed some interesting findings regarding the S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion equilibrium that maybe affect and modify its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aris Chrysovergis
- 1ST ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Ragos
- Dept of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Tsiambas
- Dept of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece; Department of Cytology, Molecular Unit, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece.
| | - Spyros Katsinis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | - Arezina Manoli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Roukas
- Department of Psychiatry, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- ENT Department, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Efthimios Kyrodimos
- 1ST ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Abusalah MAH, Khalifa M, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Jarrar M, Mohamud R, Chan YY. Nucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms: Strategies to Quell the Storm. J Pers Med 2022; 12:386. [PMID: 35330388 PMCID: PMC8948998 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shaken the world and triggered drastic changes in our lifestyle to control it. Despite the non-typical efforts, COVID-19 still thrives and plagues humanity worldwide. The unparalleled degree of infection has been met with an exceptional degree of research to counteract it. Many drugs and therapeutic technologies have been repurposed and discovered, but no groundbreaking antiviral agent has been introduced yet to eradicate COVID-19 and restore normalcy. As lethality is directly correlated with the severity of disease, hospitalized severe cases are of the greatest importance to reduce, especially the cytokine storm phenomenon. This severe inflammatory phenomenon characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators can be targeted to relieve symptoms and save the infected patients. One of the promising therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19 is nucleic acid-based therapeutic approaches, including microRNAs (miRNAs). This work is an up-to-date review aimed to comprehensively discuss the current nucleic acid-based therapeutics against COVID-19 and their mechanisms of action, taking into consideration the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, as well as providing potential future directions. miRNAs can be used to run interference with the expression of viral proteins, while endogenous miRNAs can be targeted as well, offering a versatile platform to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. By targeting these miRNAs, the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm can be suppressed. Therefore, nucleic acid-based therapeutics (miRNAs included) have a latent ability to break the COVID-19 infection in general and quell the cytokine storm in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Moad Khalifa
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
| | - Mu’taman Jarrar
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
- Medical Education Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar 34445, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (M.A.I.A.-H.); (R.M.)
| | - Yean Yean Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
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28
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Bortolini MJS, Petriz B, Mineo JR, Resende RDO. Why Physical Activity Should Be Considered in Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Focus on Risk Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1853. [PMID: 35162875 PMCID: PMC8834774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization declared the global COVID-19 state of emergency in early 2020, several vaccine candidates have emerged to control SARS-CoV-2, and some of them have been approved and implemented in vaccination campaigns worldwide. Although clinical trials for these vaccines have been carried out using highly controlled methods with accurate immunological tests, clinical questionnaires did not include questions concerning the physical activity profile among volunteers. It has been well established that physical activity plays a pivotal role in the immune response after vaccination, led by the activation of cytokines, antibodies, and cells. This concept should have been considered when evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine candidates, particularly in elderly and obese people. Here, we discuss data from the literature providing strong evidence regarding the importance of analyzing physical activity parameters to improve the accuracy of clinical trials on assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Junior Sordi Bortolini
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Health and Sports Sciences Center, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center UDF, Brasília 70390-045, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo", Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Resende
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-317, Brazil
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29
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Parra-Lucares A, Segura P, Rojas V, Pumarino C, Saint-Pierre G, Toro L. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the World: How Could This Happen? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:194. [PMID: 35207482 PMCID: PMC8879166 DOI: 10.3390/life12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant global impact, with more than 280,000,000 people infected and 5,400,000 deaths. The use of personal protective equipment and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns have reduced infection and death rates worldwide. However, a recent increase in infection rates has been observed associated with the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the more recently described lineage B.1.617.2 (Delta variant) and lineage B.1.1.529/BA.1 (Omicron variant). These new variants put the effectiveness of international vaccination at risk, with the appearance of new outbreaks of COVID-19 throughout the world. This emergence of new variants has been due to multiple predisposing factors, including molecular characteristics of the virus, geographic and environmental conditions, and the impact of social determinants of health that favor the genetic diversification of SARS-CoV-2. We present a literature review on the most recent information available on the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the world. We analyzed the biological, geographical, and sociocultural factors that favor the development of these variants. Finally, we evaluate the surveillance strategies for the early detection of new variants and prevent their distribution outside these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Parra-Lucares
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile; (A.P.-L.); (V.R.)
| | - Paula Segura
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile; (A.P.-L.); (V.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pumarino
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Gustavo Saint-Pierre
- Microbiology Unit, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Luis Toro
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, 8380456 Santiago, Chile
- Critical Care Unit, Clínica Las Condes, 7591047 Santiago, Chile
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30
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Mao B, Le-Trilling VTK, Wang K, Mennerich D, Hu J, Zhao Z, Zheng J, Deng Y, Katschinski B, Xu S, Zhang G, Cai X, Hu Y, Wang J, Lu M, Huang A, Tang N, Trilling M, Lin Y. Obatoclax inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry by altered endosomal acidification and impaired cathepsin and furin activity in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:483-497. [PMID: 34989664 PMCID: PMC8843317 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2026739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has set off a global pandemic. There is an urgent unmet need for safe, affordable, and effective therapeutics against COVID-19. In this regard, drug repurposing is considered as a promising approach. We assessed the compounds that affect the endosomal acidic environment by applying human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)- expressing cells infected with a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-pseudotyped HIV reporter virus and identified that obatoclax resulted in the strongest inhibition of S protein-mediated virus entry. The potent antiviral activity of obatoclax at nanomolar concentrations was confirmed in different human lung and intestinal cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype system as well as clinical virus isolates. Furthermore, we uncovered that obatoclax executes a double-strike against SARS-CoV-2. It prevented SARS-CoV-2 entry by blocking endocytosis of virions through diminished endosomal acidification and the corresponding inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the endosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L. Additionally, obatoclax impaired the SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated membrane fusion by targeting the MCL-1 protein and reducing furin protease activity. In accordance with these overarching mechanisms, obatoclax blocked the virus entry mediated by different S proteins derived from several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern such as, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2). Taken together, our results identified obatoclax as a novel effective antiviral compound that keeps SARS-CoV-2 at bay by blocking both endocytosis and membrane fusion. Our data suggested that obatoclax should be further explored as a clinical drug for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binli Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Denise Mennerich
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Benjamin Katschinski
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shilei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Guiji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuefei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases (Chinese Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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31
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Inaku K, Ene A, Kasimu S, Bolarin D. Development of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-COV-2) Vaccines. NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/njm.njm_172_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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32
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Sojobi AO, Zayed T. Impact of sewer overflow on public health: A comprehensive scientometric analysis and systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111609. [PMID: 34216613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sewer overflow (SO), which has attracted global attention, poses serious threat to public health and ecosystem. SO impacts public health via consumption of contaminated drinking water, aerosolization of pathogens, food-chain transmission, and direct contact with fecally-polluted rivers and beach sediments during recreation. However, no study has attempted to map the linkage between SO and public health including Covid-19 using scientometric analysis and systematic review of literature. Results showed that only few countries were actively involved in SO research in relation to public health. Furthermore, there are renewed calls to scale up environmental surveillance to safeguard public health. To safeguard public health, it is important for public health authorities to optimize water and wastewater treatment plants and improve building ventilation and plumbing systems to minimize pathogen transmission within buildings and transportation systems. In addition, health authorities should formulate appropriate policies that can enhance environmental surveillance and facilitate real-time monitoring of sewer overflow. Increased public awareness on strict personal hygiene and point-of-use-water-treatment such as boiling drinking water will go a long way to safeguard public health. Ecotoxicological studies and health risk assessment of exposure to pathogens via different transmission routes is also required to appropriately inform the use of lockdowns, minimize their socio-economic impact and guide evidence-based welfare/social policy interventions. Soft infrastructures, optimized sewer maintenance and prescreening of sewer overflow are recommended to reduce stormwater burden on wastewater treatment plant, curtail pathogen transmission and marine plastic pollution. Comprehensive, integrated surveillance and global collaborative efforts are important to curtail on-going Covid-19 pandemic and improve resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Zayed
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Hashemi B, Akram FA, Amirazad H, Dadashpour M, Sheervalilou M, Nasrabadi D, Ahmadi M, Sheervalilou R, Ameri Shah Reza M, Ghazi F, Roshangar L. Emerging importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to control the COVID-19 pandemic; focus on nanomedicine iterance in diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 67:102967. [PMID: 34777586 PMCID: PMC8576597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019, which has tremendously concerned global health safety, is the result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 with high morbidity and mortality. Because of the coronavirus has no specific treatment, so it is necessary to early detection and produce antiviral agents and efficacious vaccines in order to prevent the contagion of coronavirus. Due to the unique properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology appears to be a highly relevant discipline in this global emergency, providing expansive chemical functionalization to develop advanced biomedical tools. Fascinatingly, nanomedicine as a hopeful approach for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, could efficiently help success the fight among coronavirus and host cells. In this review, we will critically discuss how nanomedicine can play an indispensable role in creating useful treatments and diagnostics for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hashemi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Firouzi-Amandi Akram
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Amirazad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Milad Sheervalilou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Nasrabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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34
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Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with hematological malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv 2021; 6:2014-2034. [PMID: 34852173 PMCID: PMC8639290 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies of immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination stratified by underlying malignancy and published from January 1, 2021, to August 31, 2021, was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Primary outcome was the rate of seropositivity after 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine with rates of seropositivity after 1 dose, rates of positive neutralizing antibodies, cellular responses, and adverse events as secondary outcomes. Rates were pooled from single-arm studies while rates of seropositivity were compared against the rate in healthy controls for comparator studies using a random effects model and expressed as a pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Forty-four studies (16 mixed group, 28 disease specific) with 7064 patients were included in the analysis (2331 after first dose, 4733 after second dose). Overall seropositivity rates were 62% to 66% after 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine and 37% to 51% after 1 dose. The lowest seropositivity rate was 51% in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and was highest in patients with acute leukemia (93%). After 2 doses, neutralizing antibody response rates were 57% to 60%, and cellular response rates were 40% to 75%. Active treatment, ongoing or recent treatment with targeted and CD-20 monoclonal antibody therapies within 12 months were associated with poor immune responses to COVID-19 vaccine. New approaches to prevention are urgently required to reduce COVID-19 infection morbidity and mortality in high-risk patient groups that respond poorly to COVID-19 vaccination.
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35
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Effect of BCG Revaccination on Occupationally Exposed Medical Personnel Vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113179. [PMID: 34831403 PMCID: PMC8617982 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of specific neutralizing antibodies by individuals is thought to be the best option for reducing the number of patients with severe COVID-19, which is the reason why multiple vaccines are currently being administered worldwide. We aimed to explore the effect of revaccination with BCG, on the response to a subsequent anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in persons occupationally exposed to COVID-19 patients. Two groups of 30 randomized participants were selected: one group received a BCG revaccination, and the other group received a placebo. Subsequently, both groups were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. After each round of vaccination, the serum concentration of Th1/Th2 cytokines was determined. At the end of the protocol, neutralizing antibodies were determined and the HLA-DRB loci were genotyped. The participants from the BCG group and anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine group had increased serum cytokine concentrations (i.e., IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-18, GM-CSF, INF-γ, and TNF-α) and higher neutralizing antibody titers, compared to the group with Placebo–anti-SARS-CoV-2. Twelve HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified in the Placebo–anti-SARS-CoV-2 group, and only nine in the group revaccinated with BCG. The DRB1*04 allele exhibited increased frequency in the Placebo–anti-SARS-CoV-2 group; however, no confounding effects were found with this allele. We conclude that revaccination with BCG synergizes with subsequent vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in occupationally exposed personnel.
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36
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Ripabelli G, Tamburro M, Buccieri N, Adesso C, Caggiano V, Cannizzaro F, Di Palma MA, Mantuano G, Montemitro VG, Natale A, Rodio L, Sammarco ML. Active Surveillance of Adverse Events in Healthcare Workers Recipients After Vaccination with COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty): A Cross-Sectional Study. J Community Health 2021; 47:211-225. [PMID: 34628568 PMCID: PMC8501918 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-01039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, adverse events after the first and second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty) vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 were investigated among employees of clinics in central Italy. A 42-items questionnaire was administrated to vaccine recipients. Adverse events were classified based on severity and occurrence as reported in the literature. A descriptive/univariate analysis using Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests was performed. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess risk factors. 340 individuals (61.5% females; median age 49 years) participated. Adverse events were reported by 279 (82%) and 281 (82.6%) individuals as induced by the first and second dose, respectively. Mild reactions were mainly reported (80.9% and 80.3%), followed by moderate (11.8% and 37.1%) and severe (3.8% and 4.7%). Adverse events were identical to those already described as very common (81.8% and 80.6%), although vaccine-coincidental events not cited in the literature were reported by 6% and 15.6% following each dose. Age ≤ 55 years was a risk factor for any adverse event after each injection (ORs: 2.942 and 2.818), as well as female sex for those mild (ORs: 1.856 and 2.818) and common (ORs: 3.452 and 2.145). Findings were consistent with national reports as most of the adverse events were mild and associated with female sex and young age, while investigations are needed for reactions not described elsewhere. Data are useful to support the vaccine safety profile, also because largely targeted healthcare personnel more skilled than general population in self-diagnosis of health-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ripabelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy. .,School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Manuela Tamburro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Adesso
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Valeria Caggiano
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fabio Cannizzaro
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Anna Di Palma
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gloria Mantuano
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Anna Natale
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rodio
- School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Lucia Sammarco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
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Flanagan KL, MacIntyre CR, McIntyre PB, Nelson MR. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Where Are We Now? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3535-3543. [PMID: 34400116 PMCID: PMC8363243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The best and safest way to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is by using vaccination to generate widespread immunity. The urgent need to develop safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines was met with unprecedented speed and action from the global community. There are now 289 vaccines in the development pipeline. More remarkably, there are 20 publicly available vaccines, and more than 3.3 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered across 180 countries. This is just the beginning of our fight against the pandemic. Even at the current vaccination rate, it could take years to vaccinate the world's population; many high-income countries are focusing on their needs, whereas the poorer nations are waiting for vaccines. There is still much that we do not understand about immunity to this new disease, and we will have to contend with the emerging variants. In this commentary, we describe the current status of COVID-19 vaccine development and provide insights into how the development and approvals happened so quickly. We discuss the clinical trial data that led to rapid emergency use authorization and the many challenges of global rollout. We also comment on some of the key unanswered questions and future directions for COVID-19 vaccine development and deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tas, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Research Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Nelson
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
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38
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Das TK, Sreedhara A, Colandene JD, Chou DK, Filipe V, Grapentin C, Searles J, Christian TR, Narhi LO, Jiskoot W. Stress Factors in Protein Drug Product Manufacturing and Their Impact on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:868-886. [PMID: 34563537 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Injectable protein-based medicinal products (drug products, or DPs) must be produced by using sterile manufacturing processes to ensure product safety. In DP manufacturing the protein drug substance, in a suitable final formulation, is combined with the desired primary packaging (e.g., syringe, cartridge, or vial) that guarantees product integrity and enables transportation, storage, handling and clinical administration. The protein DP is exposed to several stress conditions during each of the unit operations in DP manufacturing, some of which can be detrimental to product quality. For example, particles, aggregates and chemically-modified proteins can form during manufacturing, and excessive amounts of these undesired variants might cause an impact on potency or immunogenicity. Therefore, DP manufacturing process development should include identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) and comprehensive risk assessment of potential protein modifications in process steps, and the relevant steps must be characterized and controlled. In this commentary article we focus on the major unit operations in protein DP manufacturing, and critically evaluate each process step for stress factors involved and their potential effects on DP CQAs. Moreover, we discuss the current industry trends for risk mitigation, process control including analytical monitoring, and recommendations for formulation and process development studies, including scaled-down runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Das
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Biologics Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
| | | | - James D Colandene
- GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19425, USA
| | - Danny K Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, CA 90717, USA
| | | | - Christoph Grapentin
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jim Searles
- Pfizer Inc., Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, 875 Chesterfield Pkwy W, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | | | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Leiden University, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Coriolis Pharma, Martinsried, Germany
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39
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Gonçalves LF, Stolz JV, Haas P. Vaccines Developed against COVID-19: a narrative review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2021; 67:625-631. [PMID: 34495072 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Haas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
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40
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Deshpande MS, Banerjee T. A decoy strategy to activate the immune system. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1205-1209. [PMID: 34455696 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An approach comprising a novel fusion protein and inactivated virus, as a more efficacious vaccine against invading viruses is presented, using SARS-CoV-2 as a most prominent example. The fusion protein consists of the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) conjugated to the N-terminal helix (NTH) of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. For vaccination, this fusion protein is to be administered together with the whole killed virus. The NTH would bind to the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike protein of the killed virus. Due to HBsAg acting as a decoy, immune responses would be mounted. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) pre-existing in people already vaccinated with the recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, fresh production of NAbs, and NAbs produced by memory B cells would bind to the HBsAg. This would lead to "presentation" of the killed virus to elements of the immune system at close range. Also, there would be enhanced opsonization and effective antigen presentation. This two-component vaccine could be a platform strategy, wherein HBsAg could be linked to the part of the cellular receptor that any new intractable virus binds to, and is administered together with whole inactivated virus. Now, the same fusion protein, administered by itself to persons with infection, would have therapeutic action, yet by harnessing elements of the immune system. NAbs would bind to the fusion protein as above, the NTH of which would bind to the RBDs of the infecting virus, which, in effect would be neutralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha S Deshpande
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Molecular Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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González-Candelas F, Shaw MA, Phan T, Kulkarni-Kale U, Paraskevis D, Luciani F, Kimura H, Sironi M. One year into the pandemic: Short-term evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and emergence of new lineages. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 92:104869. [PMID: 33915216 PMCID: PMC8074502 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared on March 11th, 2020. Since the very beginning, the spread of the virus has been tracked nearly in real-time by worldwide genome sequencing efforts. As of March 2021, more than 830,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been uploaded in GISAID and this wealth of data allowed researchers to study the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during this first pandemic year. In parallel, nomenclatures systems, often with poor consistency among each other, have been developed to designate emerging viral lineages. Despite general fears that the virus might mutate to become more virulent or transmissible, SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity has remained relatively low during the first ~ 8 months of sustained human-to-human transmission. At the end of 2020/beginning of 2021, though, some alarming events started to raise concerns of possible changes in the evolutionary trajectory of the virus. Specifically, three new viral variants associated with extensive transmission have been described as variants of concern (VOC). These variants were first reported in the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351) and Brazil (P.1). Their designation as VOCs was determined by an increase of local cases and by the high number of amino acid substitutions harboured by these lineages. This latter feature is reminiscent of viral sequences isolated from immunocompromised patients with long-term infection, suggesting a possible causal link. Here we review the events that led to the identification of these lineages, as well as emerging data concerning their possible implications for viral phenotypes, reinfection risk, vaccine efficiency and epidemic potential. Most of the available evidence is, to date, provisional, but still represents a starting point to uncover the potential threat posed by the VOCs. We also stress that genomic surveillance must be strengthened, especially in the wake of the vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González-Candelas
- Joint Research Unit Infection and Public Health FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio) and CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marie-Anne Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tung Phan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Fabio Luciani
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz University Graduate School, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006, Japan
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Wołącewicz M, Majchrzak A, Parczewski M. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells 2021; 10:1817. [PMID: 34359987 PMCID: PMC8304299 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question-is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Mikołaj Wołącewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Majchrzak
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Independent Public Regional Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
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Samkaria A, Punjabi K, Sharma S, Joon S, Sandal K, Dasgupta T, Sharma P, Mandal PK. Brain Stress Mapping in COVID-19 Survivors Using MR Spectroscopy: New Avenue of Mental Health Status Monitoring$. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:523-530. [PMID: 34250939 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) has emerged as a human catastrophe worldwide, and it has impacted human life more detrimentally than the combined effect of World Wars I and II. Various research studies reported that the disease is not confined to the respiratory system but also leads to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders suggesting that the virus is potent to affect the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, the damage to CNS may continue to rise even after the COVID-19 infection subsides which may further induce a long-term impact on the brain, resulting in cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging techniques is the ideal platform to detect and quantify pathological manifestations in the brain of COVID-19 survivors. In this context, a scheme based on structural, spectroscopic, and behavioral studies could be executed to monitor the gradual changes in the brain non-invasively due to COVID-19 which may further help in quantifying the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of the survivors. Extensive research is required in this direction for identifying the mechanism and implications of COVID-19 in the brain. Cohort studies are urgently required for monitoring the effects of this pandemic on individuals of various subtypes longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Khushboo Punjabi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shallu Sharma
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Shallu Joon
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Kanika Sandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Pooja Sharma
- Medanta Institute of Education and Research, Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, Australia
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44
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Public Views on Priority Groups for COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey from Iran. SHIRAZ E-MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/semj.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: In the initial coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination program, prioritizing population groups is inevitable due to limited supply. Currently, most of the allocation strategies are focused on individuals’ characteristics. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the opinions of Iranian population in specifying high-priority individuals and groups for COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: An online survey was conducted using some popular social media in Iran. The data was collected from Iranian population (878 individuals) aged 18 years and older during the COVID-19 pandemic (2 - 20 May 2020) to investigate their opinions towards vaccine allocation strategies at the family and society levels. In vaccine prioritizing within family three option and in vaccine prioritizing within society, seven population groups were introduced by the respondents in a random order, respectively. To analyze the data, mean rank and univariate analysis was used. Results: Healthcare workers, high-risk patients, and the elderly were the first priority groups for a vaccination with a mean rank of 2.8, 2.8, and 3.8, respectively. The least priority group was policymakers and executive managers (mean rank = 5.75). At the family level, 64% of the respondents introduced one of the family members as the first priority for vaccination, followed by their children (29%) and themselves (7%). No significant relationship was observed between respondents’ characteristics and their prioritization in vaccine prioritizing within society. Conclusions: Although involving public preference in decision-making is a key factor for the success of policies, careful design and implementation of vaccination programs through considering risk-benefit assessment is strongly recommended.
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Talukdar D, Stojkovski K, Suarez DB, Gupta MM. Role of Information Technology in COVID-19 Vaccination Drive: An Analysis of the COVID-19 Global Beliefs, Behaviors, and Norms Survey. Cureus 2021; 13:e15922. [PMID: 34336426 PMCID: PMC8310678 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, information technology has played a critical role in healthcare. A broad spectrum of information technology tools and applications played an essential role to create awareness of the COVID-19 vaccination drive and its health benefits. Research conducted by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in collaboration with information technology platforms like Facebook with inputs from World Health Organization (WHO), John Hopkins University (JHU), and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) shows that 65.06% of people all over the globe are willing to get vaccinated. Vaccine acceptance depends upon social norms and human behavior. These organizations conducted the global survey in over 60 countries with a sample size of 437,236 responses. The international survey was organized using a pre-registered randomized experiment demonstrating the role of technology in reaching out to people based in diverse communities and evaluating their beliefs, behavior, and social norms. The study shows that vaccine acceptance can vary due to descriptive norms. All the respondents in the study were adults with access to the internet. Moreover, a large proportion of the population thinks that the COVID-19 pandemic is a viable threat to the community and preventive measures need to be taken including vaccination drives to eradicate the menace. The survey consisted of five blocks involving questions related to healthcare, demographics, vaccines, knowledge, and information exposure. Sampling and weighting were done using a pool of 3,000 respondents over two weeks, and weights were provided per respondent to represent the target population as a whole. It reduces the representation error and minimizes non-response biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Talukdar
- College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, IND
| | - Kire Stojkovski
- Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Goce Delčev University of Štip, Shtip, MKD
| | - Daniel B Suarez
- Integrative Medicine, Urbanización Trigal Centro, Valencia, VEN
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, St. Augustine, TTO
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Plante KS, Dwivedi V, Plante JA, Fernandez D, Mirchandani D, Bopp N, Aguilar PV, Park JG, Tamayo PP, Delgado J, Shivanna V, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L, Matos R, Weaver SC, Sastry KJ, Newman RA. Antiviral activity of oleandrin and a defined extract of Nerium oleander against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111457. [PMID: 33721754 PMCID: PMC7927596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With continued expansion of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both antiviral drugs as well as effective vaccines are desperately needed to treat patients at high risk of life-threatening disease. Here, we present in vitro evidence for significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by oleandrin and a defined extract of N. oleander (designated as PBI-06150). Using Vero cells, we found that prophylactic (pre-infection) oleandrin (as either the pure compound or as the active principal ingredient in PBI-06150) administration at concentrations as low as 0.05 µg/ml exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, with an 800-fold reduction in virus production, and a 0.1 µg/ml concentration resulted in a greater than 3000-fold reduction in infectious virus production. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were 11.98 ng/ml when virus output was measured at 24 h post-infection, and 7.07 ng/ml measured at 48 h post-infection. Therapeutic (post-infection) treatment up to 24 h after SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero cells also reduced viral titers, with 0.1 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml concentrations causing greater than 100-fold reduction as measured at 48 h, and the 0.05 µg/ml concentration resulting in a 78-fold reduction. Concentrations of oleandrin up to 10 µg/ml were well tolerated in Vero cells. We also present in vivo evidence of the safety and efficacy of defined N. oleander extract (PBI-06150), which was administered to golden Syrian hamsters in a preparation containing as high as 130 µg/ml of oleandrin. In comparison to administration of control vehicle, PBI-06150 provided a statistically significant reduction of the viral titer in the nasal turbinates (nasal conchae). The potent prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral activities demonstrated here, together with initial evidence of its safety and efficacy in a relevant hamster model of COVID-19, support the further development of oleandrin and/or defined extracts containing this molecule for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and associated COVID-19 disease and potentially also for reduction of virus spread by persons diagnosed early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Diana Fernandez
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Divya Mirchandani
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nathen Bopp
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Paula Pino Tamayo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Rick Matos
- Innovar, LLC, Plano, TX 75025, USA; Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a matter of great concern worldwide. After the first wave, several countries, notably in the European Union, are suffering a very rapid increase in the number of cases in the pandemic second wave. Health systems are under stress; hospital beds and ICU beds are increasingly occupied by COVID-19 patients, and hospitals are struggling to keep their normal operations. We review some basic epidemiological data of this new disease, regarding its appearance, reproductive rate, ways of transmission, number of cases, death rate, usefulness of diagnostic tests, basic treatment options, and prevention and control strategies, including vaccines. Recent Findings The basic control strategy falls into two well established categories: active attack (control) or organized defense (mitigation). The control strategy relies on classic testing, tracing, and tracking possible cases of COVID-19. Those actions draw from classical epidemiology: to actively find and detect cases, isolate if positive for 10 days and treat when needed. At the same time, the search for close contacts, test them when needed and quarantine and monitor for 10 to 14 days in order to break chains of transmission. The mitigation strategy include basic measures to protect people at increased risk of severe illness, like social distancing, wearing a mask when social distancing is not possible, avoiding crowds, avoiding indoor crowded spaces, increase ventilation indoors and washing or sanitizing hands often. They include also targeted restrictions in people’s mobility, and lock-downs, widely used during the first wave in order to spare the health system, become overwhelmed and increasingly used in Europe once more in the current strong second wave. Summary Waiting for effective and safe vaccines and treatments, stopping the ongoing COVID-19 transmission is our only defense wall. We do not know yet which strategy or strategies worked best. We all must work as a team to give an adequate response to this pandemic. We have just one world and one health. Nobody will be safe until everybody is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilella
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Trilla
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona-ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
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Tsiambas E, Chrysovergis A, Papanikolaou V, Mastronikolis N, Ragos V, Batistatou A, Peschos D, Kavantzas N, Lazaris AC, Kyrodimos E. Impact of Ribosome Activity on SARS-CoV-2 LNP - Based mRNA Vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:654866. [PMID: 33959636 PMCID: PMC8093617 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.654866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus-related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially was detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Since early 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic due to rapidly transformed to a globally massive catastrophic viral infection. In order to confront this emergency situation, many pharmaceutical companies focused on the design and development of efficient vaccines that are considered necessary for providing a level of normalization in totally affected human social-economical activity worldwide. A variety of vaccine types are under development, validation or even some of them have already completed these stages, initially approved as conditional marketing authorisation by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other national health authorities for commercial purposes (in vivo use in general population), accelerating their production and distribution process. Innovative nucleoside-modified viral messenger RNA (v-mRNA)-based vaccines encapsulated within nanoparticles-specifically lipid ones (LNPs)-are now well recognized. Although this is a promising genetic engineering topic in the field of nanopharmacogenomics or targeted nucleic vaccines, there are limited but continuously enriched in vivo data in depth of time regarding their safety, efficacy, and immune response. In the current paper we expand the limited published data in the field of ribosome machinery and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA fragment vaccines interaction by describing their functional specialization and modifications. Additionally, alterations in post-transcriptional/translational molecules and mechanisms that could potentially affect the interaction between target cells and vaccines are also presented. Understanding these mechanisms is a crucial step for the next generation v-mRNA vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Tsiambas
- Department of Cytology, Molecular Unit, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), Athens, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Chrysovergis
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papanikolaou
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasileios Ragos
- Department of Maxillofacial, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Peschos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kavantzas
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C. Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimios Kyrodimos
- 1st ENT Department, Hippocration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
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Teran-Navarro H, Salcines-Cuevas D, Calderon-Gonzalez R, Tobes R, Calvo-Montes J, Pérez-Del Molino Bernal IC, Yañez-Diaz S, Fresno M, Alvarez-Dominguez C. A Comparison Between Recombinant Listeria GAPDH Proteins and GAPDH Encoding mRNA Conjugated to Lipids as Cross-Reactive Vaccines for Listeria, Mycobacterium, and Streptococcus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632304. [PMID: 33953709 PMCID: PMC8092121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive vaccines recognize common molecular patterns in pathogens and are able to confer broad spectrum protection against different infections. Antigens common to pathogenic bacteria that induce broad immune responses, such as the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of the genera Listeria, Mycobacterium, or Streptococcus, whose sequences present more than 95% homology at the N-terminal GAPDH1-22 peptide, are putative candidates for universal vaccines. Here, we explore vaccine formulations based on dendritic cells (DC) loaded with two molecular forms of Listeria monocytogenes GAPDH (LM-GAPDH), such as mRNA carriers or recombinant proteins, and compare them with the same molecular forms of three other antigens used in experimental vaccines, listeriolysin O of Listeria monocytogeness, Ag85A of Mycobacterium marinum, and pneumolysin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. DC loaded with LM-GAPDH recombinant proteins proved to be the safest and most immunogenic vaccine vectors, followed by mRNA encoding LM-GAPDH conjugated to lipid carriers. In addition, macrophages lacked sufficient safety as vaccines for all LM-GAPDH molecular forms. The ability of DC loaded with LM-GAPDH recombinant proteins to induce non-specific DC activation explains their adjuvant potency and their capacity to trigger strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses explains their high immunogenicity. Moreover, their capacity to confer protection in vaccinated mice against challenges with L. monocytogenes, M. marinum, or S. pneumoniae validated their efficiency as cross-reactive vaccines. Cross-protection appears to involve the induction of high percentages of GAPDH1-22 specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells stained for intracellular IFN-γ, and significant levels of peptide-specific antibodies in vaccinated mice. We concluded that DC vaccines loaded with L. monocytogenes GAPDH recombinant proteins are cross-reactive vaccines that seem to be valuable tools in adult vaccination against Listeria, Mycobacterium, and Streptococcus taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Grupo de Oncología y Nanovacunas, Santander, Spain
| | - Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Grupo de Oncología y Nanovacunas, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Calvo-Montes
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Sonsoles Yañez-Diaz
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- DIOMUNE S.L., Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Facultad de Educación y Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Zhan Y, Ta W, Tang W, Hua R, Wang J, Wang C, Lu W. Potential antiviral activity of isorhamnetin against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus in vitro. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:1124-1130. [PMID: 33847382 PMCID: PMC8251057 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths are still rising worldwide, there is currently no effective treatment for severe inflammation and acute lung injury caused by new coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) infection. Therapies to prevent or treat COVID-19, including antiviral drug and several vaccines, are still being development. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), expressing in lung, has been confirmed to be a receptor for SARS-COV-2 infection, interventions for attachment of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 may be a potential approach to prevent viral infections and it is considered as a potential target for drug development. In this study, we observed that seabuckthorn and its flavonoid compounds quercetin and isorhamnetin were shown strong retention to ACE2 overexpression HEK293 (ACE2h ) cells by CMC analysis. Based on drug receptor interaction analysis and viral entry studies in vitro, we evaluated the interaction of two flavonoid compounds and ACE2 as well as the inhibitory effect of the two compounds on viral entry. Surface plasmon resonance assay proved the effect that isorhamnetin bound to the ACE2, and its affinity (KD value) was at the micromolar level, that was, 2.51 ± 0.68 μM. Viral entry studies in vitro indicated that isorhamnetin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus entering ACE2h cells. Based on promising in vitro results, we proposed isorhamnetin to be a potential therapeutic candidate compound against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Ta
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruochen Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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