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Pons-Tomàs G, Pino R, Soler-García A, Launes C, Martínez-de-Albeniz I, Ríos-Barnés M, Melé-Casas M, Hernández-García M, Monsonís M, Gené A, de-Sevilla MF, García-García JJ, Fortuny C, Fumadó V. Deciphering the Longevity and Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Children: A Year-Long Study Highlighting Clinical Phenotypes and Age-Related Variations. Pathogens 2024; 13:622. [PMID: 39204223 PMCID: PMC11357146 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying potential factors correlated with the sustained presence of antibodies in plasma may facilitate improved retrospective diagnoses and aid in the appraisal of pertinent vaccination strategies for various demographic groups. The main objective was to describe the persistence of anti-spike IgG one year after diagnosis in children and analyse its levels in relation to epidemiological and clinical variables. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal, observational study was conducted in a university reference hospital in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (Spain) (March 2020-May 2021). This study included patients under 18 years of age with SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive PCR or antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2). Clinical and serological follow-up one year after infection was performed. RESULTS We included 102 patients with a median age of 8.8 years. Anti-spike IgG was positive in 98/102 (96%) 12 months after the infection. There were higher anti-spike IgG levels were noted in patients younger than 2 years (p = 0.034) and those with pneumonia (p < 0.001). A positive and significant correlation was observed between C-reactive protein at diagnosis and anti-spike IgG titre one-year after diagnosis (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in almost all paediatric patients one year after infection. We also observed a positive correlation between virus-specific IgG antibody titres with SARS-CoV-2 clinical phenotype (pneumonia) and age (under 2 years old).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Pons-Tomàs
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Rosa Pino
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
| | - Aleix Soler-García
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Cristian Launes
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Ríos-Barnés
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Infectious and Imported Diseases Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Maria Melé-Casas
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - María Hernández-García
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
| | - Manuel Monsonís
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Amadeu Gené
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariona-F. de-Sevilla
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-José García-García
- Paediatric Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.P.-T.); (R.P.); (A.S.-G.); (M.M.-C.); (M.H.-G.); (M.-F.d.-S.); (J.-J.G.-G.)
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Infectious and Imported Diseases Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Victoria Fumadó
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.-B.); (C.F.); (V.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Infectious and Imported Diseases Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
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Barnett CR, Krolikowski K, Postelnicu R, Mukherjee V, Sulaiman I, Chung M, Angel L, Tsay JCJ, Wu BG, Yeung ST, Duerr R, Desvignes L, Khanna K, Li Y, Schluger R, Rafeq S, Collazo D, Kyeremateng Y, Amoroso N, Pradhan D, Das S, Evans L, Uyeki TM, Ghedin E, Silverman GJ, Segal LN, Brosnahan SB. Impaired immune responses in the airways are associated with poor outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00789-2023. [PMID: 38978558 PMCID: PMC11228597 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00789-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mounting evidence indicates that an individual's humoral adaptive immune response plays a critical role in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the efficiency of the response correlates with disease severity. The relationship between the adaptive immune dynamics in the lower airways with those in the systemic circulation, and how these relate to an individual's clinical response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, are less understood and are the focus of this study. Material and methods We investigated the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in paired samples from the lower airways and blood from 27 critically ill patients during the first wave of the pandemic (median time from symptom onset to intubation 11 days). Measurements included clinical outcomes (mortality), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood specimen antibody levels, and BALF viral load. Results While there was heterogeneity in the levels of the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, we unexpectedly found that some BALF specimens displayed higher levels than the paired concurrent plasma samples, despite the known dilutional effects common in BALF samples. We found that survivors had higher levels of anti-spike, anti-spike-N-terminal domain and anti-spike-receptor-binding domain IgG antibodies in their BALF (p<0.05), while there was no such association with antibody levels in the systemic circulation. Discussion Our data highlight the critical role of local adaptive immunity in the airways as a key defence mechanism against primary SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clea R. Barnett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey Krolikowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radu Postelnicu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vikramjit Mukherjee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Imran Sulaiman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Chung
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis Angel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Chieh J. Tsay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Vaccine Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamal Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghua Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Schluger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samaan Rafeq
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Destiny Collazo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaa Kyeremateng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Amoroso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanchita Das
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Evans
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregg J. Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leopoldo N. Segal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shari B. Brosnahan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Li L, Wang F, He X, Pei T, Lu J, Zhang Z, Zhao P, Xue J, Zhu L, Chen X, Yan Z, Lu Y, Zhuang J. Longitudinal Dynamics of Immune Response in Occupational Populations Post COVID-19 Infection in the Changning District of Shanghai, China. Viruses 2024; 16:672. [PMID: 38793554 PMCID: PMC11125686 DOI: 10.3390/v16050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the long-term changes in antibody and cellular immunity following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is crucial for understanding immune mechanisms that prevent reinfection. In March 2023, we recruited 167 participants from the Changning District, Shanghai, China. A subset of 66 participants that were infected between November 2022 and January 2023 was selected for longitudinal follow-up. The study aimed to investigate the dynamics of the immune response, including neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), anti-spike (S)-immunoglobulin G (IgG), anti-S-IgM, and lymphocyte profiles, by analyzing peripheral blood samples collected three to seven months post infection. A gradual decrease in NAbs and IgG levels were observed from three to seven months post infection. No significant differences in NAbs and IgG titers were found across various demographics, including age, sex, occupation, and symptomatic presentation, across five follow-up assessments. Additionally, a strong correlation between NAbs and IgG levels was identified. Lymphocyte profiles showed a slight change at five months but had returned to baseline levels by seven months post infection. Notably, healthcare workers exhibited lower B-cell levels compared to police officers. Our study demonstrated that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection persisted for at least seven months. Similar patterns in the dynamics of antibody responses and cellular immunity were observed throughout this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Fengge Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoding He
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Tingting Pei
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jiani Lu
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jiayu Xue
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zijie Yan
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yihan Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianlin Zhuang
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 39 Yunwushan Road, Shanghai 200051, China; (L.L.); (X.H.); (T.P.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.X.); (L.Z.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.)
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Schröder D, Müller F, Heesen G, Hummers E, Dopfer-Jablonka A, Vahldiek K, Klawonn F, Steffens S, Mikuteit M, Niewolik J, Heinemann S. Feasibility of self-organized blood sample collection in adults for study purposes in a primary care setting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286014. [PMID: 37228048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic situation poses new challenges for research. Ethical issues might arise if especially vulnerable individuals for severe COVID-19 course expose themselves because of participation in studies to a higher risk of infection for study purposes. How is the feasibility and acceptance of self-organized blood sample collections to measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies in persons with a high risk for a severe COVID-19 disease progression? METHODS Persons with a high risk for a severe COVID-19 disease progression (immunocompromised, oncology patients or over 80 years old) were recruited between January and September 2021 to send in blood samples (at least 500 μl) 1 month and 6 months after second COVID-19 vaccination. Participants were given the choice of drawing capillary or venous blood themselves or having blood drawn by health professionals belonging to either the study's own research team or the personnel found in local practices or clinics. Participants were surveyed via a telephone interview in December 2021 and January 2022 about their choice of blood sampling methods and influence of blood collection choice upon study participation. RESULTS Data from 360 participants was collected via telephone follow-up. First blood samples were collected by the participants themselves (35.8%), local practices or clinics (31.9%) and the research team (22.5%). Second blood samples were mostly collected in local practices or clinics (35.6%) followed by participants themselves (25.9%) and the research team (11.5%). Blood samples were not collected in 2.5% and 19.1% of persons during first and second blood draw, respectively. Only 2% of blood samples did not reach the laboratory or were not analyzable. About one-fourth (26%) of participants stated that they would not have participated in the study if it would have been required to travel to the university hospital to give their blood sample. CONCLUSIONS Participants were able to self-organize blood collection, making use of several different blood sample methods. Nearly all blood samples were analyzable when self-collected and sent in by post. One-fourth of the participants would not have participated in the study if required to give their blood sample in the study location. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trial Registry, DRKS00021152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schröder
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gloria Heesen
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Hummers
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Vahldiek
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuettel, Germany
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Steffens
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Mikuteit
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Niewolik
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinemann
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Djaïleb A, Lavallée É, Parker MF, Cayer MP, Desautels F, de Grandmont MJ, Stuible M, Gervais C, Durocher Y, Trottier S, Boudreau D, Masson JF, Brouard D, Pelletier JN. Assessment of the longitudinal humoral response in non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals at decentralized sites: Outcomes and concordance. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1052424. [PMID: 36741379 PMCID: PMC9895839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, reagent availability was not uniform, and infrastructure had to be urgently adapted to undertake COVID-19 surveillance. Methods Before the validation of centralized testing, two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were established independently at two decentralized sites using different reagents and instrumentation. We compared the results of these assays to assess the longitudinal humoral response of SARS-CoV-2-positive (i.e., PCR-confirmed), non-hospitalized individuals with mild to moderate symptoms, who had contracted SARSCoV-2 prior to the appearance of variants of concern in Québec, Canada. Results The two assays exhibited a high degree of concordance to identify seropositive individuals, thus validating the robustness of the methods. The results also confirmed that serum immunoglobulins persist ≥ 6 months post-infection among non-hospitalized adults and that the antibodies elicited by infection cross-reacted with the antigens from P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants of concern. Discussion Together, these results demonstrate that immune surveillance assays can be rapidly and reliably established when centralized testing is not available or not yet validated, allowing for robust immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhadi Djaïleb
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PROTEO, Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre en Chimie Verte et Catalyse, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Lavallée
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PROTEO, Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre en Chimie Verte et Catalyse, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Megan-Faye Parker
- PROTEO, Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre en Chimie Verte et Catalyse, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Départment de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Stuible
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Gervais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- PROTEO, Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Boudreau
- Départment de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l’Apprentissage, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Danny Brouard
- Héma‐Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- PROTEO, Regroupement Québécois de Recherche sur la Fonction, l’Ingénierie et les Applications des Protéines, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre en Chimie Verte et Catalyse, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Départment de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Jin J, Wang X, Carapito R, Moog C, Su B. Advances in Research on COVID-19 Vaccination for People Living with HIV. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & IMMUNITY 2022; 2:213-218. [PMID: 37520898 PMCID: PMC9612416 DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Raphael Carapito
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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7
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Navaratnam AMD, Shrotri M, Nguyen V, Braithwaite I, Beale S, Byrne TE, Fong WLE, Fragaszy E, Geismar C, Hoskins S, Kovar J, Patel P, Yavlinsky A, Aryee A, Rodger A, Hayward AC, Aldridge RW. Nucleocapsid and spike antibody responses following virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: an observational analysis in the Virus Watch community cohort. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:104-111. [PMID: 35987470 PMCID: PMC9385348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Seroprevalence studies can provide a measure of SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, but a better understanding of spike and nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibody dynamics following infection is needed to assess the longevity of detectability. METHODS Adults aged ≥18 years, from households enrolled in the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study in England and Wales, provided monthly capillary blood samples, which were tested for spike antibody and anti-N. Participants self-reported vaccination dates and past medical history. Previous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swabs were obtained through Second Generation Surveillance System linkage data. The primary outcome variables were seropositivity and total anti-N and spike antibody levels after PCR-confirmed infection. RESULTS A total of 13,802 eligible individuals provided 58,770 capillary blood samples. A total of 537 of these had a previous positive PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 0-269 days of antibody sample date, among them 432 (80.45%) having a positive anti-N result. Median anti-N levels peaked between days 90 and 119 after PCR results and then began to decline. There is evidence of anti-N waning from 120 days onwards, with earlier waning for females and younger age categories. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that anti-N has around 80% sensitivity for identifying previous COVID-19 infection, and the duration of detectability is affected by sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Braithwaite
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Beale
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Byrne
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ellen Fragaszy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Geismar
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Hoskins
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kovar
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Parth Patel
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei Yavlinsky
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Aryee
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Rodger
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Duan B, Zhang G, Wang W, Yin J, Liu M, Zhang J, Chen D, Ouyang Y, Li G. Immunogenicity profiling and distinct immune response in liver transplant recipients vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954177. [PMID: 36189318 PMCID: PMC9517166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been recommended for liver transplant (LT) recipients. However, our understanding of inactivated vaccine stimulation of the immune system in regulating humoral and cellular immunity among LT recipients is inadequate. Forty-six LT recipients who received two-dose inactivated vaccines according to the national vaccination schedule were enrolled. The clinical characteristics, antibody responses, single-cell peripheral immune profiling, and plasma cytokine/chemokine/growth factor levels were recorded. Sixteen (34.78%) LT recipients with positive neutralizing antibody (nAb) were present in the Type 1 group. Fourteen and 16 LT recipients with undetected nAb were present in the Type 2 and Type 3 groups, respectively. Time from transplant and lymphocyte count were different among the three groups. The levels of anti-RBD and anti-S1S2 decreased with decreasing neutralizing inhibition rates. Compared to the Type 2 and Type 3 groups, the Type 1 group had an enhanced innate immune response. The proportions of B, DNT, and CD3+CD19+ cells were increased in the Type 1 group, whereas monocytes and CD4+ T cells were decreased. High CD19, high CD8+CD45RA+ cells, and low effector memory CD4+/naïve CD4+ cells of the T-cell populations were present in the Type 1 group. The Type 1 group had higher concentrations of plasma CXCL10, MIP-1 beta, and TNF-alpha. No severe adverse events were reported in all LT recipients. We identified the immune responses induced by inactivated vaccines among LT recipients and provided insights into the identification of immunotypes associated with the responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binwei Duan
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gongming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Yin
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Mengcheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Yabo Ouyang
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangming Li, ; Yabo Ouyang,
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Liver Cancer, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangming Li, ; Yabo Ouyang,
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9
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Aijaz J, Hussain S, Naseer F, Kanani F, Anis S, Sarfaraz S, Saeed S, Farooq H, Jamal S. Neutralizing Antibody Response to BBIBP-CorV in Comparison with COVID-19 Recovered, Unvaccinated Individuals in a Sample of the Pakistani Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050692. [PMID: 35632448 PMCID: PMC9171576 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty five percent of the Pakistani population is still unvaccinated with the two-dose protocol of COVID-19 vaccines. This study was undertaken to determine the seroconversion rate and antibody titers following the two-dose BBIBP-CorV protocol, and to compare these variables in unvaccinated, COVID-19 recovered individuals (total n = 180) at Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi. Pseudotyped lentivirus antibody neutralization assays and SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quant II (Abbott) immunoassays were performed 4-8 weeks following the second dose of the BBIBP-CorV or PCR positivity/onset of symptoms of COVID-19. Seroconversion rate, using neutralization assays, in vaccinated individuals was lower (78%) than that in unvaccinated, COVID-19-recovered individuals with moderate to severe infection (97%). Prior PCR positivity increased serocoversion rate to 98% in vaccinated individuals. Immunoassays did not, however, reveal significant inter-group differences in seroconversion rates (≥95% in all groups). Log10 mean antibody neutralizing titers following the two-dose BBIBP-CorV protocol (IC50 = 2.21) were found to be significantly less than those succeeding moderate to severe COVID-19 (IC50 = 2.94). Prior SARS-CoV-2 positivity significantly increased post-vaccination antibody titers (IC50 = 2.82). Similar inter-group titer differences were obtained using the immunoassay. BBIBP-CorV post-vaccination titers may, thus, be lower than those following natural, moderate to severe infection, while prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure increases these titers to more closely approximate the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeria Aijaz
- Molecular Biology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan; (S.H.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-21-35112709 (ext. 2788)
| | - Shakir Hussain
- Molecular Biology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan; (S.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Fouzia Naseer
- Molecular Biology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan; (S.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Fatima Kanani
- Chemical Pathology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan; (F.K.); (H.F.)
| | - Sabiha Anis
- Immunology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan;
| | - Samreen Sarfaraz
- Infectious Diseases Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Saeed
- Pulmonology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan;
| | - Hina Farooq
- Chemical Pathology Section, Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan; (F.K.); (H.F.)
| | - Saba Jamal
- Pathology Department, Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan;
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10
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Park U, Cho NH. Protective and pathogenic role of humoral responses in COVID-19. J Microbiol 2022; 60:268-275. [PMID: 35235178 PMCID: PMC8890013 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of SARS-CoV-2 in Dec. 2019, the global endeavor to identify the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 has been ongoing. Although humoral immunity including neutralizing activity play an important role in protection from the viral pathogen, dysregulated antibody responses may be associated with the pathogenic progression of COVID-19, especially in high-risk individuals. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies acquired by prior infection or vaccination act as immune pressure, driving continuous population turnover by selecting for antibody-escaping mutations. Here, we review accumulating knowledge on the potential role of humoral immune responses in COVID-19, primarily focusing on their beneficial and pathogenic properties. Understanding the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of humoral responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection can help us to develop more effective therapeutics, as well as protective measures against the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, 25159, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kochneva ОL, Kislova M, Zhelnova EI, Petrenko AA, Baryakh EA, Yatskov KV, Dmitrieva EA, Misurina EN, Nikitin KE, Vasilieva EJ, Samsonova IV, Ptushkin VV, Baranova A, Nikitin EA. COVID-19 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a Moscow observational study. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1607-1616. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrei A. Petrenko
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
- Department of Radio Engineering and Cybernetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Baryakh
- City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena A. Dmitrieva
- Botkin Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | | | - Konstantin E. Nikitin
- Department of Radio Engineering and Cybernetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Vadim V. Ptushkin
- Botkin Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene A. Nikitin
- Botkin Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
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12
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User experience of home-based AbC-19 SARS-CoV-2 antibody rapid lateral flow immunoassay test. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1173. [PMID: 35064150 PMCID: PMC8782985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent need to scale up testing capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the rapid development of point-of-care diagnostic tools such as lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) for large-scale community-based rapid testing. However, studies of how the general public perform when using LFIA tests in different environmental settings are scarce. This user experience (UX) study of 264 participants in Northern Ireland aimed to gather a better understanding of how self-administered LFIA tests were performed by the general public at home. The UX performance was assessed via analysis of a post-test questionnaire including 30 polar questions and 11 7-point Likert scale questions, which covers the multidimensional aspects of UX in terms of ease of use, effectiveness, efficiency, accuracy and satisfaction. Results show that 96.6% of participants completed the test with an overall average UX score of 95.27% [95% confidence interval (CI) 92.71–97.83%], which suggests a good degree of user experience and effectiveness. Efficiency was assessed based on the use of physical resources and human support received, together with the mental effort of self-administering the test measured via NASA Task Load Index (TLX). The results for six TLX subscales show that the participants scored the test highest for mental demand and lowest for physical demand, but the average TLX score suggests that the general public have a relatively low level of mental workload when using LFIA self-testing at home. Five printed LFIA testing results (i.e. the ‘simulated’ results) were used as the ground truth to assess the participant’s performance in interpreting the test results. The overall agreement (accuracy) was 80.63% [95% CI 75.21–86.05%] with a Kappa score 0.67 [95% CI 0.58–0.75] indicating substantial agreement. The users scored lower in confidence when interpreting test results that were weak positive cases (due to the relatively low signal intensity in the test-line) compared to strong positive cases. The end-users also found that the kit was easier to use than they expected (p < 0.001) and 231 of 264 (87.5%) reported that the test kit would meet their requirements if they needed an antibody testing kit. The overall findings provide an insight into the opportunities for improving the design of self-administered SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing kits for the general public and to inform protocols for future UX studies of LFIA rapid test kits.
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13
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Chansaenroj J, Yorsaeng R, Posuwan N, Puenpa J, Wanlapakorn N, Sudhinaraset N, Sripramote M, Chalongviriyalert P, Jirajariyavej S, Kiatpanabhikul P, Saiyarin J, Soudon C, Thienfaidee O, Palakawong Na Ayuthaya T, Brukesawan C, Chirathaworn C, Intharasongkroh D, Chaiwanichsiri D, Issarasongkhram M, Kitphati R, Mungaomklang A, Nagavajara P, Poovorawan Y. Long-term specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in recovered COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23216. [PMID: 34853374 PMCID: PMC8636620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study monitored the long-term immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) titer in serum samples collected at a single (N = 302) or multiple time points (N = 229) 3–12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset or SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens was measured by semiquantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The 531 patients (966 specimens) were classified according to the presence or absence of pneumonia symptoms. Anti N IgG was detected in 87.5% of patients (328/375) at 3 months, 38.6% (93/241) at 6 months, 23.7% (49/207) at 9 months, and 26.6% (38/143) at 12 months. The anti-N IgG seropositivity rate was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 months than at 3 months (P < 0.01) and was higher in the pneumonia group than in the non-pneumonia/asymptomatic group at 6 months (P < 0.01), 9 months (P = 0.04), and 12 months (P = 0.04). The rate started to decline 6–12 months after symptom onset. Anti-N IgG sample/cutoff index was positively correlated with age (r = 0.192, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with interval between symptom onset and blood sampling (r = − 0.567, P < 0.01). These findings can guide vaccine strategies in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manit Sripramote
- Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supunee Jirajariyavej
- Taksin Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phatharaporn Kiatpanabhikul
- Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Saiyarin
- Klang General Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulikorn Soudon
- Sirindhorn Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orawan Thienfaidee
- Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Medical Service Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chantapat Brukesawan
- Public Health Center 26, Health Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Mila Issarasongkhram
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueng Kitphati
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anek Mungaomklang
- Institute for Urban Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pijaya Nagavajara
- Office of the Permanent Secretary for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Rouka E, Kotsiou OS, Perlepe G, Pagonis A, Pantazopoulos I, Gourgoulianis KI. Temporal Associations of the SARS-CoV-2 NP Antigen and Anti-Spike Total Ig Levels with Laboratory Parameters in a Greek Cohort of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Can Respir J 2021; 2021:6590528. [PMID: 34621457 PMCID: PMC8490794 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6590528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the lungs results in increased hospitalization rates of patients with pneumonia. Severe COVID-19 patients often develop ARDS which is associated with poor prognosis. Assessing risk factors for COVID-19 severity is indispensable for implementing and evaluating therapeutic interventions. We investigated the temporal associations between the SARS-CoV-2 antigen (Ag), total Immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, and several laboratory parameters in hospitalized patients with varying degrees of COVID-19 severity. Methods The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) and total Ig Spike (S) protein-specific antibodies were determined for each patient with lateral flow assays through repeated sampling every two days. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated at the same time points. Results 40 Greek COVID-19 patients (31 males, 9 females) with a median age of 59.50 ± 16.21 years were enrolled in the study. The median time from symptom onset to hospitalization was 8.0 ± 4.19 days. A significant negative correlation was observed between the SARS-CoV-2 Ag and total Ig levels. The temporal correlation patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 NP Ag and anti-S total Ig levels with laboratory markers varied among patients with differing degrees of COVID-19 severity. Severe-critical cases had lower SARS-CoV-2 Ag and increased total Ig levels as compared to mild-moderate cases. Conclusions Distinct temporal profiles of the SARS-CoV-2 NP Ag and anti-S total Ig levels may distinguish different groups of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ourania S Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
- Nursing Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, GAIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Perlepe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athanasios Pagonis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pantazopoulos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS,41110, Larissa, Greece
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15
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now caused over 2 million deaths worldwide and continues to expand. Currently, much is unknown about functionally neutralizing human antibody responses and durability to SARS-CoV-2 months after infection or the reason for the discrepancy in COVID-19 disease and sex. Using convalescent-phase sera collected from 101 COVID-19-recovered individuals 21 to 212 days after symptom onset with 48 additional longitudinal samples, we measured functionality and durability of serum antibodies. We also evaluated associations of individual demographic and clinical parameters with functional neutralizing antibody responses to COVID-19. We found robust antibody durability out to 6 months, as well as significant positive associations with the magnitude of the neutralizing antibody response and male sex and in individuals with cardiometabolic comorbidities. IMPORTANCE In this study, we found that neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19-convalescent individuals vary in magnitude but are durable and correlate well with receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig binding antibody levels compared to other SARS-CoV-2 antigen responses. In our cohort, higher neutralizing antibody titers are independently and significantly associated with male sex compared to female sex. We also show for the first time that higher convalescent antibody titers in male donors are associated with increased age and symptom grade. Furthermore, cardiometabolic comorbidities are associated with higher antibody titers independently of sex. Here, we present an in-depth evaluation of serologic, demographic, and clinical correlates of functional antibody responses and durability to SARS-CoV-2 which supports the growing literature on sex discrepancies regarding COVID-19 disease morbidity and mortality, as well as functional neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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16
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Zhou H, Wang X, Li G, Wang S, Wang X, Wang Y, Lin C, Tian J, Pan J, Xu R, Xiao N. An Imported Confirmed Case of COVID-19 Vaccinated in Brazil - Shanghai Municipality, China, March 17, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:650-652. [PMID: 34594960 PMCID: PMC8393173 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongrang Zhou
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasitic and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China; The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifu Li
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Changpo Lin
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Pan
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruifang Xu
- Qingpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasitic and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of China; The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Huangpu, Shanghai, China
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17
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Achiron A, Gurevich M, Falb R, Dreyer-Alster S, Sonis P, Mandel M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and B-cell memory response over time in COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1349.e1-1349.e6. [PMID: 33975009 PMCID: PMC8106530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The worldwide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the need for assessment of long-term humoral immunity in convalescent subjects. Our objectives were to evaluate long-term IgG antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and B-cell memory response in COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Methods Blood samples were collected from a cohort of subjects recovering from COVID-19 and from healthy subjects who donated blood. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were quantitatively detected by ELISA using anti-S1 spike IgG. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG memory B cells were evaluated by reversed B-cell FluroSpot based on human IgG SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain in a randomly selected group of subjects recovering from COVID-19. Statistical analysis was performed with clinical variables and time post COVID-19 infection. Results Antibody response was not detected in 26 of 392 COVID-19 convalescent subjects (6.6%). Over a period of 9 months, the level of antibodies decreased by 50% but stabilized at 6 months, and a protective level prevailed for up to 9 months. No differences were found regarding IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels for age, gender, and major blood types over time. Over time, asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects did not differ in antibody level from subjects with mild to severe disease. Repeated paired IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody level analyses disclosed that, over 6 and 9 months, 15.3% (nine of 59) and 15.8% (three of 19) of subjects became SARS-CoV-2 IgG-seronegative, respectively, all with a low antibody level at 3 months. Rate of antibody decline was not affected by age, gender, or clinical symptomatology. In a subgroup of recovering subjects, memory B-cell response up to 9 months post-COVID-19 infection was undetectable in 31.8% of subjects (14/44), and there was no correlation with age, SARS-CoV-2 antibody level, or time post infection. Conclusions The majority of convalescent COVID-19 subjects develop an IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and a protective level prevails over a period of up to 9 months, regardless of age, gender, major blood types or clinical symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Achiron
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel.
| | - Michael Gurevich
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Rina Falb
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Sapir Dreyer-Alster
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Polina Sonis
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
| | - Mathilda Mandel
- Laura Schwarz-Kipp Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Neuroimmunology Laboratory at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Blood Bank, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat-Gann, Israel
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18
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Wan XF, Tang CY, Ritter D, Wang Y, Li T, Segovia K, Kosikova M, Johnson M, Kwon HJ, Xie H, Hammer RD, McElroy JA, Hamid A, Collins ND, Hang J, Camp S. SARS-CoV-2 show no infectivity at later stages in a prolonged COVID-19 patient despite positivity in RNA testing. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4570-4575. [PMID: 33830520 PMCID: PMC8250787 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases present enormous costs to patients and health systems in the United States. Many hospitalized patients may continue testing COVID-19 positive even after the resolution of symptoms. Thus, a pressing concern for clinicians is the safety of discharging these asymptomatic patients if they have any remaining infectivity. This case report explores the viral viability in a patient with persistent COVID-19 over the course of a 2-month hospitalization. Positive nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and isolated in the laboratory and analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR), and serology was tested for neutralizing antibodies throughout the hospitalization period. The patient experienced waning symptoms by hospital day 40 and had no viable virus growth by hospital day 41, suggesting no risk of infectivity, despite positive RT-PCR results which prolonged his hospital stay. Notably, this case showed infectivity for at least 24 days after disease onset, which is longer than the discontinuation of transmission-based precautions recommended by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Thus, our findings suggest that the timeline for discontinuing transmission-based precautions may need to be extended for patients with severe and prolonged COVID-19 disease. Additional large-scale studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions on the appropriate clinical management for these patients. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Detlef Ritter
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Segovia
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Martina Kosikova
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hyung J Kwon
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard D Hammer
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jane A McElroy
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Aws Hamid
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Natalie D Collins
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Simone Camp
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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