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Carvajal JJ, García-Castillo V, Cuellar SV, Campillay-Véliz CP, Salazar-Ardiles C, Avellaneda AM, Muñoz CA, Retamal-Díaz A, Bueno SM, González PA, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363572. [PMID: 38911850 PMCID: PMC11190347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the respiratory distress condition known as COVID-19. This disease broadly affects several physiological systems, including the gastrointestinal, renal, and central nervous (CNS) systems, significantly influencing the patient's overall quality of life. Additionally, numerous risk factors have been suggested, including gender, body weight, age, metabolic status, renal health, preexisting cardiomyopathies, and inflammatory conditions. Despite advances in understanding the genome and pathophysiological ramifications of COVID-19, its precise origins remain elusive. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with a receptor-binding domain within angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This receptor is expressed in various organs of different species, including humans, with different abundance. Although COVID-19 has multiorgan manifestations, the main pathologies occur in the lung, including pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, and secondary bacterial pneumonia. In the post-COVID-19 period, different sequelae may occur, which may have various causes, including the direct action of the virus, alteration of the immune response, and metabolic alterations during infection, among others. Recognizing the serious adverse health effects associated with COVID-19, it becomes imperative to comprehensively elucidate and discuss the existing evidence surrounding this viral infection, including those related to the pathophysiological effects of the disease and the subsequent consequences. This review aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19 and its long-term effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Valeria García-Castillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Shelsy V. Cuellar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Center for Research in Physiology and Altitude Medicine (FIMEDALT), Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Santo Tomás, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Christian A. Muñoz
- Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta (CIIBBA), University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta (CIIBBA), University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta (CIIBBA), University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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2
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Song Q, Fan Y, Zhang H, Wang N. Z-DNA binding protein 1 orchestrates innate immunity and inflammatory cell death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:15-29. [PMID: 38548490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is not only the first line of host defense against microbial infections but is also crucial for the host responses against a variety of noxious stimuli. Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that can induce inflammatory cell death in both immune and nonimmune cells upon sensing of incursive virus-derived Z-form nucleic acids and self-nucleic acids via its Zα domain. Mechanistically, aberrantly expressed or activated ZBP1 induced by pathogens or noxious stimuli enables recruitment of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 to drive type I interferon (IFN-I) responses and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Meanwhile, ZBP1 promotes the assembly of ZBP1- and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-PANoptosome, which ultimately triggers PANoptosis through caspase 3-mediated apoptosis, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis, and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis. In response to damaged mitochondrial DNA, ZBP1 can interact with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase to augment IFN-I responses but inhibits toll like receptor 9-mediated inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the structure and expression pattern of ZBP1, discusses its roles in human diseases through immune-dependent (e.g., the production of IFN-I and pro-inflammatory cytokines) and -independent (e.g., the activation of cell death) functions, and highlights the attractive prospect of manipulating ZBP1 as a promising therapeutic target in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuhang Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410083, China.
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3
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Wagner C, Kistler KE, Perchetti GA, Baker N, Frisbie LA, Torres LM, Aragona F, Yun C, Figgins M, Greninger AL, Cox A, Oltean HN, Roychoudhury P, Bedford T. Positive selection underlies repeated knockout of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3207. [PMID: 38615031 PMCID: PMC11016114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the ORF8 protein has repeatedly spread through the global viral population during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Here we use both regional and global pathogen sequencing to explore the selection pressures underlying its loss. In Washington State, we identified transmission clusters with ORF8 knockout throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolution, not just on novel, high fitness viral backbones. Indeed, ORF8 is truncated more frequently and knockouts circulate for longer than for any other gene. Using a global phylogeny, we find evidence of positive selection to explain this phenomenon: nonsense mutations resulting in shortened protein products occur more frequently and are associated with faster clade growth rates than synonymous mutations in ORF8. Loss of ORF8 is also associated with reduced clinical severity, highlighting the diverse clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Wagner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Kistler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Baker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Aragona
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Cory Yun
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Cox
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Hanna N Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Móvio MI, de Almeida GWC, Martines IDGL, Barros de Lima G, Sasaki SD, Kihara AH, Poole E, Nevels M, Carlan da Silva MC. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 as a Modulator of Cytokine Induction: Evidence and Search for Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses 2024; 16:161. [PMID: 38275971 PMCID: PMC10819295 DOI: 10.3390/v16010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterized by an immune response that leads to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in lung damage, cardiovascular symptoms, hematologic symptoms, acute kidney injury and multiple organ failure that can lead to death. This remarkable increase in cytokines and other inflammatory molecules is primarily caused by viral proteins, and particular interest has been given to ORF8, a unique accessory protein specific to SARS-CoV-2. Despite plenty of research, the precise mechanisms by which ORF8 induces proinflammatory cytokines are not clear. Our investigations demonstrated that ORF8 augments production of IL-6 induced by Poly(I:C) in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mono-DCs). We discuss our findings and the multifaceted roles of ORF8 as a modulator of cytokine response, focusing on type I interferon and IL-6, a key component of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we explore the hypothesis that ORF8 may act through pattern recognition receptors of dsRNA such as TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Inês Móvio
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (M.I.M.)
| | - Giovana Waner Carneiro de Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do UFABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (G.W.C.d.A.); (G.B.d.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Isabella das Graças Lopes Martines
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do UFABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (G.W.C.d.A.); (G.B.d.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Gilmara Barros de Lima
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do UFABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (G.W.C.d.A.); (G.B.d.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sergio Daishi Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do UFABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (G.W.C.d.A.); (G.B.d.L.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (M.I.M.)
| | - Emma Poole
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Level 5, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael Nevels
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK;
| | - Maria Cristina Carlan da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do UFABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo 09606-070, Brazil; (G.W.C.d.A.); (G.B.d.L.); (S.D.S.)
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5
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Nishide G, Lim K, Tamura M, Kobayashi A, Zhao Q, Hazawa M, Ando T, Nishida N, Wong RW. Nanoscopic Elucidation of Spontaneous Self-Assembly of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Open Reading Frame 6 (ORF6) Protein. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8385-8396. [PMID: 37707320 PMCID: PMC10544025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Open reading frame 6 (ORF6), the accessory protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that suppresses host type-I interferon signaling, possesses amyloidogenic sequences. ORF6 amyloidogenic peptides self-assemble to produce cytotoxic amyloid fibrils. Currently, the molecular properties of the ORF6 remain elusive. Here, we investigate the structural dynamics of the full-length ORF6 protein in a near-physiological environment using high-speed atomic force microscopy. ORF6 oligomers were ellipsoidal and readily assembled into ORF6 protofilaments in either a circular or a linear pattern. The formation of ORF6 protofilaments was enhanced at higher temperatures or on a lipid substrate. ORF6 filaments were sensitive to aliphatic alcohols, urea, and SDS, indicating that the filaments were predominantly maintained by hydrophobic interactions. In summary, ORF6 self-assembly could be necessary to sequester host factors and causes collateral damage to cells via amyloid aggregates. Nanoscopic imaging unveiled the innate molecular behavior of ORF6 and provides insight into drug repurposing to treat amyloid-related coronavirus disease 2019 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Nishide
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative,
WISE Program for Nano-Precision Medicine, Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Maiki Tamura
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba
University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qingci Zhao
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba
University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noritaka Nishida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba
University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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6
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Wells EW, Parker MT. Regulating Select Agent Chimeras: Defining the Problem(s) Through the Lens of SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 Chimeric Viruses. Health Secur 2023; 21:392-406. [PMID: 37703547 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) posted an interim final rule (86 FR 64075) to the federal register regulating the possession, use, and transfer of SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses. In doing so, the CDC provided the reasoning that viral chimeras combining the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 with the pathogenicity and lethality of SARS-CoV-1 pose a significant risk to public health and should thus be placed on the select agents and toxins list. However, 86 FR 64075 lacked clarity in its definitions and scope, some of which the CDC addressed in response to public comments in the final rule, 88 FR 13322, in early 2023. To evaluate these regulatory actions, we reviewed the existing select agent regulations to understand the landscape of chimeric virus regulation. Based on our findings, we first present clear definitions for the terms "chimeric virus," "viral chimera," and "virulence factor" and provide a list of SARS-CoV-1 virulence factors in an effort to aid researchers and federal rulemaking for these agents moving forward. We then provide suggestions for a combination of similarity and functional characteristic cutoffs that the government could use to enable researchers to distinguish between regulated and nonregulated chimeras. Finally, we discuss current select agent regulations and their overlaps with 86 FR 64075 and 88 FR 13322 and make suggestions for how to address chimera concerns within and/or without these regulations. Collectively, we believe that our findings fill important gaps in current federal regulations and provide forward-looking philosophical and practical analysis that can guide future decisionmaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Wells
- Elizabeth W. Wells is a Student, Department of Biology, Georgetown College of Arts & Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael T Parker
- Michael T. Parker, PhD, is Assistant Dean, Georgetown College of Arts & Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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7
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Moriyama M, Lucas C, Monteiro V, Iwasaki A. Enhanced inhibition of MHC-I expression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221652120. [PMID: 37036977 PMCID: PMC10120007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221652120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 but not influenza virus infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC-I, the Omicron subvariants exhibited a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expression. We identified a common mutation in the E protein of Omicron that further suppressed MHC-I expression. Collectively, our data suggest that in addition to escaping from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
| | | | | | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New HavenCT06520
- HHMI, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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8
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Arduini A, Laprise F, Liang C. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8: A Rapidly Evolving Immune and Viral Modulator in COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:871. [PMID: 37112851 PMCID: PMC10141009 DOI: 10.3390/v15040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in upwards of 6.8 million deaths over the past three years, and the frequent emergence of variants continues to strain global health. Although vaccines have greatly helped mitigate disease severity, SARS-CoV-2 is likely to remain endemic, making it critical to understand its viral mechanisms contributing to pathogenesis and discover new antiviral therapeutics. To efficiently infect, this virus uses a diverse set of strategies to evade host immunity, accounting for its high pathogenicity and rapid spread throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Behind some of these critical host evasion strategies is the accessory protein Open Reading Frame 8 (ORF8), which has gained recognition in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis due to its hypervariability, secretory property, and unique structure. This review discusses the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 and proposes actualized functional models describing its pivotal roles in both viral replication and immune evasion. A better understanding of ORF8's interactions with host and viral factors is expected to reveal essential pathogenic strategies utilized by SARS-CoV-2 and inspire the development of novel therapeutics to improve COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Arduini
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.A.); (F.L.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Frederique Laprise
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.A.); (F.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; (A.A.); (F.L.)
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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9
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Amyloidogenic proteins in the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 proteomes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:945. [PMID: 36806058 PMCID: PMC9940680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of protein aggregation is associated with a wide range of human diseases. Our knowledge of the aggregation behaviour of viral proteins, however, is still rather limited. Here, we investigated this behaviour in the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 proteomes. An initial analysis using a panel of sequence-based predictors suggested the presence of multiple aggregation-prone regions (APRs) in these proteomes and revealed a strong aggregation propensity in some SARS-CoV-2 proteins. We then studied the in vitro aggregation of predicted aggregation-prone SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 proteins and protein regions, including the signal sequence peptide and fusion peptides 1 and 2 of the spike protein, a peptide from the NSP6 protein, and the ORF10 and NSP11 proteins. Our results show that these peptides and proteins can form amyloid aggregates. We used circular dichroism spectroscopy to reveal the presence of β-sheet rich cores in aggregates and X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to confirm the formation of amyloid structures. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 NSP11 aggregates are toxic to mammalian cell cultures. These results motivate further studies about the possible role of aggregation of SARS proteins in protein misfolding diseases and other human conditions.
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10
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Li F, Deng J, He Q, Zhong Y. ZBP1 and heatstroke. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091766. [PMID: 36845119 PMCID: PMC9950778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heatstroke, which is associated with circulatory failure and multiple organ dysfunction, is a heat stress-induced life-threatening condition characterized by a raised core body temperature and central nervous system dysfunction. As global warming continues to worsen, heatstroke is expected to become the leading cause of death globally. Despite the severity of this condition, the detailed mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of heatstroke still remain largely unknown. Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), also referred to as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, was initially identified as a tumor-associated and interferon (IFN)-inducible protein, but has recently been reported to be a Z-nucleic acid sensor that regulates cell death and inflammation; however, its biological function is not yet fully understood. In the present study, a brief review of the main regulators is presented, in which the Z-nucleic acid sensor ZBP1 was identified to be a significant factor in regulating the pathological characteristics of heatstroke through ZBP1-dependent signaling. Thus, the lethal mechanism of heatstroke is revealed, in addition to a second function of ZBP1 other than as a nucleic acid sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Li
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Critical Care Medicine and Hematology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuli He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,*Correspondence: Qiuli He, ; Yanjun Zhong,
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Qiuli He, ; Yanjun Zhong,
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11
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Leibel SL, McVicar RN, Murad R, Kwong EM, Clark AE, Alvarado A, Grimmig BA, Nuryyev R, Young RE, Lee JC, Peng W, Zhu YP, Griffis E, Nowell CJ, Liu K, James B, Alarcon S, Malhotra A, Gearing LJ, Hertzog PJ, Galapate CM, Galenkamp KM, Commisso C, Smith DM, Sun X, Carlin AF, Croker BA, Snyder EY. The lung employs an intrinsic surfactant-mediated inflammatory response for viral defense. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525578. [PMID: 36747824 PMCID: PMC9900938 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that resembles surfactant deficient RDS. Using a novel multi-cell type, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived lung organoid (LO) system, validated against primary lung cells, we found that inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and interferon (IFN) responses are dynamically regulated autonomously within the lung following SARS-CoV-2 infection, an intrinsic defense mechanism mediated by surfactant proteins (SP). Single cell RNA sequencing revealed broad infectability of most lung cell types through canonical (ACE2) and non-canonical (endocytotic) viral entry routes. SARS-CoV-2 triggers rapid apoptosis, impairing viral dissemination. In the absence of surfactant protein B (SP-B), resistance to infection was impaired and cytokine/chemokine production and IFN responses were modulated. Exogenous surfactant, recombinant SP-B, or genomic correction of the SP-B deletion restored resistance to SARS-CoV-2 and improved viability.
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12
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Hurtado-Tamayo J, Requena-Platek R, Enjuanes L, Bello-Perez M, Sola I. Contribution to pathogenesis of accessory proteins of deadly human coronaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1166839. [PMID: 37197199 PMCID: PMC10183600 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1166839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and positive-stranded RNA viruses with a large genome (∼ 30kb). CoVs include essential genes, such as the replicase and four genes coding for structural proteins (S, M, N and E), and genes encoding accessory proteins, which are variable in number, sequence and function among different CoVs. Accessory proteins are non-essential for virus replication, but are frequently involved in virus-host interactions associated with virulence. The scientific literature on CoV accessory proteins includes information analyzing the effect of deleting or mutating accessory genes in the context of viral infection, which requires the engineering of CoV genomes using reverse genetics systems. However, a considerable number of publications analyze gene function by overexpressing the protein in the absence of other viral proteins. This ectopic expression provides relevant information, although does not acknowledge the complex interplay of proteins during virus infection. A critical review of the literature may be helpful to interpret apparent discrepancies in the conclusions obtained by different experimental approaches. This review summarizes the current knowledge on human CoV accessory proteins, with an emphasis on their contribution to virus-host interactions and pathogenesis. This knowledge may help the search for antiviral drugs and vaccine development, still needed for some highly pathogenic human CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Sola
- *Correspondence: Melissa Bello-Perez, ; Isabel Sola,
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13
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Defective ORF8 dimerization in SARS-CoV-2 delta variant leads to a better adaptive immune response due to abrogation of ORF8-MHC1 interaction. Mol Divers 2023; 27:45-57. [PMID: 35243596 PMCID: PMC8893242 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In India, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the breakthrough infections were mainly caused by the SARS-COV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2). It was reported that, among majority of the infections due to the delta variant, only 9.8% percent cases required hospitalization, whereas only 0.4% fatality was observed. Sudden dropdown in COVID-19 infections cases were observed within a short timeframe, suggesting better host adaptation with evolved delta variant. Downregulation of host immune response against SARS-CoV-2 by ORF8 induced MHC-I degradation has been reported earlier. The Delta variant carried mutations (deletion) at Asp119 and Phe120 amino acids which are critical for ORF8 dimerization. The deletions of amino acids Asp119 and Phe120 in ORF8 of delta variant resulted in structural instability of ORF8 dimer caused by disruption of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges as revealed by structural analysis and MD simulation studies. Further, flexible docking of wild type and mutant ORF8 dimer revealed reduced interaction of mutant ORF8 dimer with MHC-I as compared to wild-type ORF8 dimer with MHC-1, thus implicating its possible role in MHC-I expression and host immune response against SARS-CoV-2. We thus propose that mutant ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant may not be hindering the MHC-I expression thereby resulting in a better immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant, which partly explains the possible reason for sudden drop of SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 predominated by delta variant in India.
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14
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Barh D, Tiwari S, Rodrigues Gomes LG, Ramalho Pinto CH, Andrade BS, Ahmad S, Aljabali AAA, Alzahrani KJ, Banjer HJ, Hassan SS, Redwan EM, Raza K, Góes-Neto A, Sabino-Silva R, Lundstrom K, Uversky VN, Azevedo V, Tambuwala MM. SARS-CoV-2 Variants Show a Gradual Declining Pathogenicity and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Stimulation, an Increasing Antigenic and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction, and Rising Structural Protein Instability: A Minimal Number Genome-Based Approach. Inflammation 2023; 46:297-312. [PMID: 36215001 PMCID: PMC9549046 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyper-transmissibility with decreased disease severity is a typical characteristic of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. To understand this phenomenon, we used various bioinformatics approaches to analyze randomly selected genome sequences (one each) of the Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants submitted to NCBI from December 15 to 31, 2021. We report that the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants decreases in the order of Wuhan > Gamma > Delta > Omicron; however, the antigenic property follows the order of Omicron > Gamma > Wuhan > Delta. The Omicron spike RBD shows lower pathogenicity but higher antigenicity than other variants. The reported decreased disease severity by the Omicron variant may be due to its decreased pro-inflammatory and IL-6 stimulation and increased IFN-γ and IL-4 induction efficacy. The mutations in the N protein are probably associated with this decreased IL-6 induction and human DDX21-mediated increased IL-4 production for Omicron. Due to the mutations, the stability of S, M, N, and E proteins decreases in the order of Omicron > Gamma > Delta > Wuhan. Although a stronger spike RBD-hACE2 binding of Omicron increases its transmissibility, the lowest stability of its spike protein makes spike RBD-hACE2 interaction weak for systemic infection and for causing severe disease. Finally, the highest instability of the Omicron E protein may also be associated with decreased viral maturation and low viral load, leading to less severe disease and faster recovery. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the management of emerging variants. This minimal genome-based method may be used for other similar viruses avoiding robust analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, West Bengal, 721172, Purba Medinipur, India. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM) and PG Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM) and PG Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM) and PG Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Cecília Horta Ramalho Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jequié, 45206-190 Brazil
| | - Shaban Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P O BOX 566, Irbid, 21163 Jordan
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamsa Jameel Banjer
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, 721140 India
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulazizi University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Raza
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM) and PG Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Uberlandia, CEP 38400-902 Brazil
| | | | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM) and PG Program in Bioinformatics, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS UK
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15
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Moriyama M, Lucas C, Monteiro VS, Iwasaki A. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants evolved to promote further escape from MHC-I recognition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.04.490614. [PMID: 35547852 PMCID: PMC9094094 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.04.490614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs possess the ability to suppress MHC I expression. We identified several viral genes that contribute to the suppression of MHC I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. While earlier VOCs possess similar capacity as the ancestral strain to suppress MHC I, Omicron subvariants exhibit a greater ability to suppress surface MHC-I expressions. Collectively, our data suggest that, in addition to escape from neutralizing antibodies, the success of Omicron subvariants to cause breakthrough infection and reinfection may in part be due to its optimized evasion from T cell recognition.
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16
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Sheikh A, Huang H, Parvin S, Badruzzaman M, Ahamed T, Hossain E, Baran IS, Saud ZA. A multi-population-based genomic analysis uncovers unique haplotype variants and crucial mutant genes in SARS-CoV-2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:149. [PMID: 36318347 PMCID: PMC9626712 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rigorous detection and treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2 have become very challenging due to continuous evolutions to the viral genome. Therefore, careful genomic analysis is sorely needed to understand transmission, the cellular mechanism of pathogenicity, and the development of vaccines or drugs. Objective In this study, we intended to identify SARS-CoV-2 genome variants that may help understand the cellular and molecular foundation of coronavirus infections required to develop effective intervention strategies. Methods SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were downloaded from an open-source public database, processed, and analyzed for variants in target detection sites and genes. Results We have identified six unique variants, G---AAC, T---AAC---T, AAC---T, AAC--------T, C----------T, and C--------C, at the nucleocapsid region and eleven major hotspot mutant genes: nsp3, surface glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, ORF8, nsp6, nsp2, nsp4, helicase, membrane glycoprotein, 3′-5′ exonuclease, and 2′-O-ribose methyltransferases. In addition, we have identified eleven major mutant genes that may have a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Conclusion Studying haplotype variants and 11 major mutant genes to understand the mechanism of action of fatal pathogenicity and inter-individual variations in immune responses is inevitable for managing target patient groups with identified variants and developing effective anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Sheikh
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - He Huang
- Research and Development Department, Bioengineering Lab. Co., Ltd, 657 Nagatake Midori-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken 252-0154 Japan
| | - Sultana Parvin
- grid.263023.60000 0001 0703 3735Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Tofayel Ahamed
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Ekhtear Hossain
- grid.263880.70000 0004 0386 0655Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, 244 William James Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Iri Sato Baran
- Genesis Institute of Genetic Research, Genesis Healthcare Corporation, Yebisu Garden Place Tower 15F/26F 4-20-3 Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zahangir Alam Saud
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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17
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Vinjamuri S, Li L, Bouvier M. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8: One protein, seemingly one structure, and many functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035559. [PMID: 36353628 PMCID: PMC9637571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes nine accessory proteins that are involved in host-pathogen interaction. ORF8 is unique among these accessory proteins. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 shares a surprisingly low amino acid sequence similarity with SARS-COV ORF8 (30%), and it is presumed to have originated from bat. Studies have shown that ORF8 exerts multiple different functions that interfere with host immune responses, including the downregulation of MHC class I molecules. These functions may represent strategies of host immune evasion. The x-ray crystal structure of ORF8 revealed an immunoglobulin-like domain with several distinguishing features. To date, there are numerous unanswered questions about SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein and its structure-function relationship that we discuss in this mini-review. A better understanding of how ORF8 interacts with components of the immune system is needed for elucidating COVID-19 pathogenesis and to develop new avenues for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlene Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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18
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Bekker S, Potgieter CA, van Staden V, Theron J. Investigating the Role of African Horse Sickness Virus VP7 Protein Crystalline Particles on Virus Replication and Release. Viruses 2022; 14:2193. [PMID: 36298748 PMCID: PMC9608501 DOI: 10.3390/v14102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness is a deadly and highly infectious disease of equids, caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV). AHSV is one of the most economically important members of the Orbivirus genus. AHSV is transmitted by the biting midge, Culicoides, and therefore replicates in both insect and mammalian cell types. Structural protein VP7 is a highly conserved major core protein of orbiviruses. Unlike any other orbivirus VP7, AHSV VP7 is highly insoluble and forms flat hexagonal crystalline particles of unknown function in AHSV-infected cells and when expressed in mammalian or insect cells. To examine the role of AHSV VP7 in virus replication, a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to generate a recombinant AHSV that does not form crystalline particles. We characterised the role of VP7 crystalline particle formation in AHSV replication in vitro and found that soluble VP7 interacted with viral proteins VP2 and NS2 similarly to wild-type VP7 during infection. Interestingly, soluble VP7 was found to form uncharacteristic tubule-like structures in infected cells which were confirmed to be as a result of unique VP7-NS1 colocalisation. Furthermore, it was found that VP7 crystalline particles play a role in AHSV release and yield. This work provides insight into the role of VP7 aggregation in AHSV cellular pathogenesis and contributes toward the understanding of the possible effects of viral protein aggregation in other human virus-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Bekker
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
| | - Christiaan A. Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd., 3 Bauhinia Street, Unit 34 Oxford Office Park, Highveld Techno Park, Centurion 0169, South Africa
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa
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19
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Kee J, Thudium S, Renner DM, Glastad K, Palozola K, Zhang Z, Li Y, Lan Y, Cesare J, Poleshko A, Kiseleva AA, Truitt R, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Zhang X, Xie X, Kotton DN, Alysandratos KD, Epstein JA, Shi PY, Yang W, Morrisey E, Garcia BA, Berger SL, Weiss SR, Korb E. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host epigenetic regulation via histone mimicry. Nature 2022; 610:381-388. [PMID: 36198800 PMCID: PMC9533993 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019 and caused the devastating global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in part because of its ability to effectively suppress host cell responses1-3. In rare cases, viral proteins dampen antiviral responses by mimicking critical regions of human histone proteins4-8, particularly those containing post-translational modifications required for transcriptional regulation9-11. Recent work has demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 markedly disrupts host cell epigenetic regulation12-14. However, how SARS-CoV-2 controls the host cell epigenome and whether it uses histone mimicry to do so remain unclear. Here we show that the SARS-CoV-2 protein encoded by ORF8 (ORF8) functions as a histone mimic of the ARKS motifs in histone H3 to disrupt host cell epigenetic regulation. ORF8 is associated with chromatin, disrupts regulation of critical histone post-translational modifications and promotes chromatin compaction. Deletion of either the ORF8 gene or the histone mimic site attenuates the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to disrupt host cell chromatin, affects the transcriptional response to infection and attenuates viral genome copy number. These findings demonstrate a new function of ORF8 and a mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 disrupts host cell epigenetic regulation. Further, this work provides a molecular basis for the finding that SARS-CoV-2 lacking ORF8 is associated with decreased severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kee
- Department of Genetics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Thudium
- Department of Genetics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Renner
- Department of Microbiology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karl Glastad
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Palozola
- Department of Genetics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Cesare
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrey Poleshko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Truitt
- Department of Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabian L Cardenas-Diaz
- Department of Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantinos D Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Morrisey
- Department of Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica Korb
- Department of Genetics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Epigenetics Institute at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Hao Y, Yang B, Yang J, Shi X, Yang X, Zhang D, Zhao D, Yan W, Chen L, Zheng H, Zhang K, Liu X. ZBP1: A Powerful Innate Immune Sensor and Double-Edged Sword in Host Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810224. [PMID: 36142136 PMCID: PMC9499459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Z-conformation nucleic acid binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a powerful innate immune sensor, has been identified as the important signaling initiation factor in innate immune response and the multiple inflammatory cell death known as PANoptosis. The initiation of ZBP1 signaling requires recognition of left-handed double-helix Z-nucleic acid (includes Z-DNA and Z-RNA) and subsequent signaling transduction depends on the interaction between ZBP1 and its adapter proteins, such as TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), and RIPK3. ZBP1 activated innate immunity, including type-I interferon (IFN-I) response and NF-κB signaling, constitutes an important line of defense against pathogenic infection. In addition, ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis is a double-edged sword in anti-infection, auto-inflammatory diseases, and tumor immunity. ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis is beneficial for eliminating infected cells and tumor cells, but abnormal or excessive PANoptosis can lead to a strong inflammatory response that is harmful to the host. Thus, pathogens and host have each developed multiplex tactics targeting ZBP1 signaling to maintain strong virulence or immune homeostasis. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms of ZBP1 signaling, the effects of ZBP1 signaling on host immunity and pathogen infection, and various antagonistic strategies of host and pathogen against ZBP1. We also discuss existent gaps regarding ZBP1 signaling and forecast potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haixue Zheng
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (K.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
| | - Keshan Zhang
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (K.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
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21
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Tang X, Yu W, Shen L, Qi J, Hu T. Conjugation with 8-arm PEG and CRM197 enhances the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108922. [PMID: 35687905 PMCID: PMC9168007 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the SARS-CoV-2 variants raise concerns about the effectiveness of vaccines. As a SARS-CoV-2 antigen target, ORF8 strongly inhibits the IFN-β and NF-κB-responsive promoter, and can be potentially used for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, it is necessary to improve the immunogenicity of ORF8 by adjuvants or delivery systems. CRM197 was a carrier protein with the ability to activate T helper cells for antigens. Eight-arm PEG could conjugate multiple antigen molecules in one entity with inherent adjuvant effect. In the present study, ORF8 was conjugated with CRM197 and 8-arm PEG, respectively. The cellular and humoral immune responses to the conjugates (ORF8-CRM and ORF8-PEG) were evaluated in the BALB/c mice. As compared with ORF8-CRM and ORF8 administrated with aluminum adjuvant (ORF8/AL), ORF8-PEG induced a higher ORF8-specific IgG titer (2.6 × 104), higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IL-5), stronger splenocyte proliferation. Thus, conjugation with 8-arm PEG was an effective method to improve the immune response to ORF8. Moreover, ORF8-PEG did not lead to apparent toxicity to the cardiac, liver and renal functions. ORF8-PEG was expected to act as an effective vaccine to provide the immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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22
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Chen M, Ma Y, Chang W. SARS-CoV-2 and the Nucleus. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4731-4743. [PMID: 35874947 PMCID: PMC9305274 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by an RNA virus, SARS-CoV-2. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 lacks a nuclear phase in its life cycle and is replicated in the cytoplasm. However, interfering with nuclear trafficking using pharmacological inhibitors greatly reduces virus infection and virus replication of other coronaviruses is blocked in enucleated cells, suggesting a critical role of the nucleus in virus infection. Here, we summarize the alternations of nuclear pathways caused by SARS-CoV-2, including nuclear translocation pathways, innate immune responses, mRNA metabolism, epigenetic mechanisms, DNA damage response, cytoskeleton regulation, and nuclear rupture. We consider how these alternations contribute to virus replication and discuss therapeutic treatments that target these pathways, focusing on small molecule drugs that are being used in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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23
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Bekker S, Huismans H, van Staden V. Generation of a Soluble African Horse Sickness Virus VP7 Protein Capable of Forming Core-like Particles. Viruses 2022; 14:1624. [PMID: 35893692 PMCID: PMC9331310 DOI: 10.3390/v14081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique characteristic of the African horse sickness virus (AHSV) major core protein VP7 is that it is highly insoluble, and spontaneously forms crystalline particles in AHSV-infected cells and when expressed in vitro. The aggregation of AHSV VP7 into these crystals presents many problems in AHSV vaccine development, and it is unclear whether VP7 aggregation affects AHSV assembly or contributes to AHSV pathogenesis. Here, we set out to abolish VP7 self-assembly by targeting candidate amino acid regions on the surface of the VP7 trimer via site-directed mutagenesis. It was found that the substitution of seven amino acids resulted in the complete disruption of AHSV VP7 self-assembly, which abolished the formation of VP7 crystalline particles and converted VP7 to a fully soluble protein still capable of interacting with VP3 to form core-like particles. This work provides further insight into the formation of AHSV VP7 crystalline particles and the successful development of AHSV vaccines. It also paves the way for future research by drawing comparisons with similar viral phenomena observed in human virology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vida van Staden
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0083, South Africa; (S.B.); (H.H.)
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24
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Declercq J, De Leeuw E, Lambrecht BN. Inflammasomes and IL-1 family cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection: From prognostic marker to therapeutic agent. Cytokine 2022; 157:155934. [PMID: 35709568 PMCID: PMC9170572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Chou JM, Tsai JL, Hung JN, Chen IH, Chen ST, Tsai MH. The ORF8 Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Modulates the Spike Protein and Its Implications in Viral Transmission. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883597. [PMID: 35663899 PMCID: PMC9161165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is currently global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Accompanying the rapid spread of the error-prone RNA-based genome, several dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants have been genetically identified. The mutations in the spike protein, which are essential for receptor binding and fusion, have been intensively investigated for their contributions to viral transmission. Nevertheless, the importance of other viral proteins and their mutations in SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle and transmission remains fairly understood. Here, we report the strong potency of an accessory protein ORF8 in modulating the level and processing of the spike protein. The expression of ORF8 protein does not affect propagation but expression of spike protein, which may lead to pseudovirions with less spike protein on the surface, therefore less infection potential. At the protein level, ORF8 expression led to downregulation and insufficient S1/S2 cleavage of the spike protein in a dose-dependent manner. ORF8 exhibits a strong interaction with the spike protein mainly at S1 domains and mediates its degradation through multiple pathways. The dominant clinical isolated ORF8 variants with the reduced protein stability exhibited the increased capacity of viral transmission without compromising their inhibitory effects on HLA-A2. Although the increase in spike protein level and Spike pseudovirus production observed by using highly transmissible clinical spike variants, there was no significant compromise in ORF8-mediated downregulation. Because ORF8 is important for immune surveillance and might be required for viral fitness in vivo, the alteration of the spike protein might be an optional strategy used by SARS-CoV-2 to promote viral transmission by escaping the inhibitory effects of ORF8. Therefore, our report emphasized the importance of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein production, maturation, and possible evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Mei Chou
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ling Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ning Hung
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Research Center for Epidemic Prevention, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Epidemic Prevention, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ming-Han Tsai,
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26
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Yu T, Ling Q, Xu M, Wang N, Wang L, Lin H, Cao M, Ma Y, Wang Y, Li K, Liubing D, Jin Y, Li Y, Guo D, Peng X, Chen Y, Zhao B, Pan J. ORF8 protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 reduces male fertility in mice. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4193-4205. [PMID: 35570330 PMCID: PMC9348351 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most rapidly evolving proteins of the genus Betacoronavirus, open reading frames (ORF8's) function and potential pathological consequence in vivo are still obscure. In this study, we show that the secretion of ORF8 is dependent on its N‐terminal signal peptide sequence and can be inhibited by reactive oxygen species scavenger and endoplasmic reticulum‐Golgi transportation inhibitor in cultured cells. To trace the effect of its possible in vivo secretion, we examined the plasma samples of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) convalescent patients and found that the patients aged from 40 to 60 had higher antibody titers than those under 40. To explore ORF8's in vivo function, we administered the mice with ORF8 via tail‐vein injection to simulate the circulating ORF8 in the patient. Although no apparent difference in body weight, food intake, and vitality was detected between vehicle‐ and ORF8‐treated mice, the latter displayed morphological abnormalities of testes and epididymides, as indicated by the loss of the central ductal lumen accompanied by a decreased fertility in 5‐week‐old male mice. Furthermore, the analysis of gene expression in the testes between vehicle‐ and ORF8‐treated mice identified a decreased expression of Col1a1, the loss of which is known to be associated with mice's infertility. Although whether our observation in mice could be translated to humans remains unclear, our study provides a potential mouse model that can be used to investigate the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection on the human reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Qiao Ling
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityNo. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Niu Wang
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Lixia Wang
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Hanwen Lin
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Manqi Cao
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityNo. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityNo. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Kuibiao Li
- Guangzhou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, GuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Du Liubing
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Yunyun Jin
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Ying Li
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Deyin Guo
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Xiaoxue Peng
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Yao‐qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityNo. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat‐sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Zhao
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
| | - Ji‐An Pan
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Study and Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, ShenzhenGuangdong518107China
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27
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Zhang S, Wang L, Cheng G. The battle between host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate immunity and viral evasion strategies. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1869-1884. [PMID: 35176485 PMCID: PMC8842579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, the pathogen causing COVID-19, has caused more than 200 million confirmed cases, resulting in more than 4.5 million deaths worldwide by the end of August, 2021. Upon detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), multiple signaling cascades are activated, which ultimately leads to innate immune response such as induction of type I and III interferons, as well as other antiviral genes that together restrict viral spread by suppressing different steps of the viral life cycle. Our understanding of the contribution of the innate immune system in recognizing and subsequently initiating a host response to an invasion of SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly expanding from 2020. Simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved multiple immune evasion strategies to escape from host immune surveillance for successful replication. In this review, we will address the current knowledge of innate immunity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades a host's innate defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lulan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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28
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Repurposing Multiple-Molecule Drugs for COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Non-Viral Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via a Systems Biology Approach and a DNN-DTI Model Based on Five Drug Design Specifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073649. [PMID: 35409008 PMCID: PMC8998971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is currently raging around the world at a rapid speed. Among COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main contribution to the high ratio of morbidity and mortality. However, clinical manifestations between SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS and non-SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS are quite common, and their therapeutic treatments are limited because the intricated pathophysiology having been not fully understood. In this study, to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS and non-SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS, first, we constructed a candidate host-pathogen interspecies genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (HPI-GWGEN) via database mining. With the help of host-pathogen RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data, real HPI-GWGEN of COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS were obtained by system modeling, system identification, and Akaike information criterion (AIC) model order selection method to delete the false positives in candidate HPI-GWGEN. For the convenience of mitigation, the principal network projection (PNP) approach is utilized to extract core HPI-GWGEN, and then the corresponding core signaling pathways of COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS are annotated via their core HPI-GWGEN by KEGG pathways. In order to design multiple-molecule drugs of COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS, we identified essential biomarkers as drug targets of pathogenesis by comparing the core signal pathways between COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS. The deep neural network of the drug–target interaction (DNN-DTI) model could be trained by drug–target interaction databases in advance to predict candidate drugs for the identified biomarkers. We further narrowed down these predicted drug candidates to repurpose potential multiple-molecule drugs by the filters of drug design specifications, including regulation ability, sensitivity, excretion, toxicity, and drug-likeness. Taken together, we not only enlighten the etiologic mechanisms under COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS but also provide novel therapeutic options for COVID-19-associated ARDS and non-viral ARDS.
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29
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Matsuoka K, Imahashi N, Ohno M, Ode H, Nakata Y, Kubota M, Sugimoto A, Imahashi M, Yokomaku Y, Iwatani Y. SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF8 is secreted extracellularly as a glycoprotein homodimer. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101724. [PMID: 35157849 PMCID: PMC8832879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ORF8 is an accessory protein encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Consensus regarding the biological functions of ORF8 is lacking, largely because the fundamental characteristics of this protein in cells have not been determined. To clarify these features, we herein established an ORF8 expression system in 293T cells. Using this system, approximately 41% of the ORF8 expressed in 293T cells were secreted extracellularly as a glycoprotein homodimer with inter/intramolecular disulfide bonds. Intracellular ORF8 was sensitive to the glycosidase Endo H, whereas the secreted portion was Endo-H-resistant, suggesting that secretion occurs via a conventional pathway. Additionally, immunoblotting analysis showed that the total amounts of the major histocompatibility complex class Ι (MHC-I), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and SARS-CoV-2 spike (CoV-2 S) proteins coexpressed in cells were not changed by the increased ORF8 expression, although FACS analysis revealed that the expression of the cell surface MHC-I protein, but not that of ACE2 and CoV-2 S proteins, was reduced by ORF8 expression. Finally, we demonstrate by RNA-seq analysis that ORF8 had no significant stimulatory effects in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Taken together, our results provide fundamental evidence that the ORF8 glycoprotein acts as a secreted homodimer, and its functions are likely associated with the intracellular transport and/or extracellular signaling in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Matsuoka
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Imahashi
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miki Ohno
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ode
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of AIDS Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mai Kubota
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sugimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Imahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yokomaku
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of AIDS Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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30
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Kazmer ST, Hartel G, Robinson H, Richards RS, Yan K, van Hal SJ, Chan R, Hind A, Bradley D, Zieschang F, Rawle DJ, Le TT, Reid DW, Suhrbier A, Hill MM. Pathophysiological Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Detected by Infrared Spectroscopy Enables Rapid and Robust Saliva Screening for COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020351. [PMID: 35203562 PMCID: PMC8962262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides a (bio)chemical snapshot of the sample, and was recently used in proof-of-concept cohort studies for COVID-19 saliva screening. However, the biological basis of the proposed technology has not been established. To investigate underlying pathophysiology, we conducted controlled infection experiments on Vero E6 cells in vitro and K18-hACE2 mice in vivo. Potentially infectious culture supernatant or mouse oral lavage samples were treated with ethanol or 75% (v/v) Trizol for attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy and proteomics, or RT-PCR, respectively. Controlled infection with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 elicited strong biochemical changes in culture supernatant/oral lavage despite a lack of viral replication, determined by RT-PCR or a cell culture infectious dose 50% assay. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced additional FTIR signals over UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 infection in both cell and mouse models, which correspond to aggregated proteins and RNA. Proteomics of mouse oral lavage revealed increased secretion of kallikreins and immune modulatory proteins. Next, we collected saliva from a cohort of human participants (n = 104) and developed a predictive model for COVID-19 using partial least squares discriminant analysis. While high sensitivity of 93.48% was achieved through leave-one-out cross-validation, COVID-19 patients testing negative on follow-up on the day of saliva sampling using RT-PCR was poorly predicted in this model. Importantly, COVID-19 vaccination did not lead to the misclassification of COVID-19 negatives. Finally, meta-analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 induced increases in the amide II band in all arms of this study and in recently published cohort studies, indicative of altered β-sheet structures in secreted proteins. In conclusion, this study reveals a consistent secretory pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as a simple, robust method for COVID-19 saliva screening using ATR-FTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T. Kazmer
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Gunter Hartel
- Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Harley Robinson
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Renee S. Richards
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Sebastiaan J. van Hal
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.J.v.H.); (R.C.)
| | - Raymond Chan
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.J.v.H.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrew Hind
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fabian Zieschang
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - David W. Reid
- Lung Inflammation & Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Pizzato M, Baraldi C, Boscato Sopetto G, Finozzi D, Gentile C, Gentile MD, Marconi R, Paladino D, Raoss A, Riedmiller I, Ur Rehman H, Santini A, Succetti V, Volpini L. SARS-CoV-2 and the Host Cell: A Tale of Interactions. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.815388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a virus to spread between individuals, its replication capacity and the clinical course of the infection are macroscopic consequences of a multifaceted molecular interaction of viral components with the host cell. The heavy impact of COVID-19 on the world population, economics and sanitary systems calls for therapeutic and prophylactic solutions that require a deep characterization of the interactions occurring between virus and host cells. Unveiling how SARS-CoV-2 engages with host factors throughout its life cycle is therefore fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the viral infection and to design antiviral therapies and prophylactic strategies. Two years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this review provides an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, with focus on the machinery and compartments pivotal for virus replication and the antiviral cellular response. Starting with the interaction with the cell surface, following the virus replicative cycle through the characterization of the entry pathways, the survival and replication in the cytoplasm, to the mechanisms of egress from the infected cell, this review unravels the complex network of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, highlighting the knowledge that has the potential to set the basis for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
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Rahnavard A, Dawson T, Clement R, Stearrett N, Pérez-Losada M, Crandall KA. Epidemiological associations with genomic variation in SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23023. [PMID: 34837008 PMCID: PMC8626494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (CoV) is the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic and evolves to evade both host immune systems and intervention strategies. We divided the CoV genome into 29 constituent regions and applied novel analytical approaches to identify associations between CoV genomic features and epidemiological metadata. Our results show that nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) and Spike protein (S) have the highest variation and greatest correlation with the viral whole-genome variation. S protein variation is correlated with nsp3, nsp6, and 3'-to-5' exonuclease variation. Country of origin and time since the start of the pandemic were the most influential metadata associated with genomic variation, while host sex and age were the least influential. We define a novel statistic-coherence-and show its utility in identifying geographic regions (populations) with unusually high (many new variants) or low (isolated) viral phylogenetic diversity. Interestingly, at both global and regional scales, we identify geographic locations with high coherence neighboring regions of low coherence; this emphasizes the utility of this metric to inform public health measures for disease spread. Our results provide a direction to prioritize genes associated with outcome predictors (e.g., health, therapeutic, and vaccine outcomes) and to improve DNA tests for predicting disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahnavard
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Tyson Dawson
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca Clement
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nathaniel Stearrett
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Zandi M, Karami H. Role of ORF8a as accessory protein in apoptosis induction in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2312. [PMID: 34716633 PMCID: PMC8646506 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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34
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Zandi M. ORF8a as a viroporin in SARS-CoV-2 infection? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 61:1. [PMID: 34362671 PMCID: PMC8327632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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