1
|
Li X, Yang Y, Xu S, Gui Y, Chen J, Xu J. Screening biomarkers for spinal cord injury using weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2723-2734. [PMID: 38595290 PMCID: PMC11168503 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00028/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Immune changes and inflammatory responses have been identified as central events in the pathological process of spinal cord injury. They can greatly affect nerve regeneration and functional recovery. However, there is still limited understanding of the peripheral immune inflammatory response in spinal cord injury. In this study, we obtained microRNA expression profiles from the peripheral blood of patients with spinal cord injury using high-throughput sequencing. We also obtained the mRNA expression profile of spinal cord injury patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE151371). We identified 54 differentially expressed microRNAs and 1656 differentially expressed genes using bioinformatics approaches. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that various common immune and inflammation-related signaling pathways, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and nuclear factor-κB signal pathway, were abnormally activated or inhibited in spinal cord injury patient samples. We applied an integrated strategy that combines weighted gene co-expression network analysis, LASSO logistic regression, and SVM-RFE algorithm and identified three biomarkers associated with spinal cord injury: ANO10, BST1, and ZFP36L2. We verified the expression levels and diagnostic performance of these three genes in the original training dataset and clinical samples through the receiver operating characteristic curve. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that ANO10 and BST1 mRNA levels were increased and ZFP36L2 mRNA was decreased in the peripheral blood of spinal cord injury patients. We also constructed a small RNA-mRNA interaction network using Cytoscape. Additionally, we evaluated the proportion of 22 types of immune cells in the peripheral blood of spinal cord injury patients using the CIBERSORT tool. The proportions of naïve B cells, plasma cells, monocytes, and neutrophils were increased while the proportions of memory B cells, CD8+ T cells, resting natural killer cells, resting dendritic cells, and eosinophils were markedly decreased in spinal cord injury patients increased compared with healthy subjects, and ANO10, BST1 and ZFP26L2 were closely related to the proportion of certain immune cell types. The findings from this study provide new directions for the development of treatment strategies related to immune inflammation in spinal cord injury and suggest that ANO10, BST1, and ZFP36L2 are potential biomarkers for spinal cord injury. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration No. ChiCTR2200066985, December 12, 2022).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guilin People’s Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Senming Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuchang Gui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng J, Chen R, Hao J, Yang Y, Xu S, Zhang F, Zhang F, Yao Y. Design and preparation of hydrogel microspheres for spinal cord injury repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:2358-2371. [PMID: 39169748 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
A severe disorder known as spinal cord damage causes both motor and sensory impairment in the limbs, significantly reducing the patients' quality of life. After a spinal cord injury, functional recovery and therapy have emerged as critical concerns. Hydrogel microspheres have garnered a lot of interest lately because of their enormous promise in the field of spinal cord injury rehabilitation. The material classification of hydrogel microspheres (natural and synthetic macromolecule polymers) and their synthesis methods are examined in this work. This work also covers the introduction of several kinds of hydrogel microspheres and their use as carriers in the realm of treating spinal cord injuries. Lastly, the study reviews the future prospects for hydrogel microspheres and highlights their limitations and problems. This paper can offer feasible ideas for researchers to advance the application of hydrogel microspheres in the field of spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zheng
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruilin Chen
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaohu Xu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ascona MC, Tieu EK, Gonzalez-Vega E, Liebl DJ, Brambilla R. A deep learning-based approach for unbiased kinematic analysis in CNS injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 381:114944. [PMID: 39242068 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that impacts over 300,000 individuals in the US alone. Depending on the severity of the injury, SCI can lead to varying degrees of sensorimotor deficits and paralysis. Despite advances in our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms of SCI and the identification of promising molecular targets for repair and functional restoration, few therapies have made it into clinical use. To improve the success rate of clinical translation, more robust, sensitive, and reproducible means of functional assessment are required. The gold standards for the evaluation of locomotion in rodents with SCI are the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS). To overcome the shortcomings of current methods, we developed two separate markerless kinematic analysis paradigms in mice, MotorBox and MotoRater, based on deep-learning algorithms generated with the DeepLabCut open-source toolbox. The MotorBox system uses an originally designed, custom-made chamber, and the MotoRater system was implemented on a commercially available MotoRater device. We validated the MotorBox and MotoRater systems by comparing them with the traditional BMS test and extracted metrics of movement and gait that can provide an accurate and sensitive representation of mouse locomotor function post-injury, while eliminating investigator bias and variability. The integration of MotorBox and/or MotoRater assessments with BMS scoring will provide a much wider range of information on specific aspects of locomotion, ensuring the accuracy, rigor, and reproducibility of behavioral outcomes after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Ascona
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ethan Kim Tieu
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Erick Gonzalez-Vega
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; BRIDGE-Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Jiang W, Yin Y, Fang Y, Zhang C, Chen Q, Ning B. Downregulation of Circular RNA Gla Reduced Astrocyte Inflammatory Status by Regulating miR-488/MEKK1 Levels and Promoted Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:7123-7139. [PMID: 39398229 PMCID: PMC11471069 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s467940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Post-spinal cord injury (SCI) inflammation correlates with neurologic recovery. Through sequencing, we explored the roles of a differentially expressed circRNA in mice after SCI, circGla, on inflammation and recovery of SCI. Methods The T8-T10 SCI model was established in C57BL6 mice. HE staining and RT-qPCR verified circGla upregulation results after injury obtained through sequencing. RNase R digestion and primer amplification experiments confirmed the circular properties of circGla. Nucleus and cytoplasm isolation experiments and FISH confirmed circGla expression in the astrocyte cytoplasm. AAV was used to establish a circGla knockdown mouse model. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess the recovery of the neurological function. The key inflammatory molecules after SCI were evaluated through MRI, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. For in vitro experiments, circGla was upregulated or knocked down in mouse astrocytes to detect its effect. The binding between miR-488 and circGla was confirmed through RIP and the dual luciferase experiment. RT-qPCR and ELISA confirmed the content correlation of the two molecules and the in vitro inflammatory function of miR-488. The binding experiment in astrocytes confirmed the binding between miR-488 and MEKK1 mRNA. Western blotting of MAPK pathway-related proteins confirmed that MEKK1 is a downstream effector for circGla and miR-488 in astrocytes. Results Following SCI, the circular RNA circGla levels increased and it existed in the astrocyte cytoplasm. circGla knockdown reduced inflammation and improved neurological recovery in vivo. The correlation between circGla and proinflammatory factors was confirmed in vitro. circGla bound to miR-488, and the high miR-488 level was associated with the low astrocyte inflammatory state. miR-488 bound to MEKK1 mRNA, and upregulation or knockdown of circGla or miR-488 affected MAPK pathway-related protein expression. Conclusion Following SCI, downregulation of circGla expression in astrocytes can reduce inflammatory manifestations and stimulate long-term functional recovery in mice through miR-488 and MEKK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongcheng Yin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuepeng Fang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ning
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang G, Li Q, Liu S, Li M, Liu B, Zhao T, Liu B, Chen Z. An injectable decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel with cortical neuron-derived exosomes enhances tissue repair following traumatic spinal cord injury. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101250. [PMID: 39318371 PMCID: PMC11421349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), known for its limited intrinsic regeneration capacity, often results in considerable neurological impairment. Studies suggest that therapeutic techniques utilizing exosomes (Exo) to promote tissue regeneration and modulate immune responses are promising for SCI treatment. However, combining exosome therapy with biomaterials for SCI treatment is not very effective. This study developed an adhesive hydrogel using exosomes secreted by cortical neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) to enhance motor function recovery post-SCI. In vitro assessments demonstrated the excellent cytocompatibility of the dECM hydrogel. Additionally, the Exo-dECM hydrogel facilitated the polarization of early M2 macrophages, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and established a pro-regenerative microenvironment in a rodent SCI model. Subsequent analyses revealed significant activation of endogenous neural stem cells and promotion of axon regeneration and remyelination at eight weeks post-surgery. The Exo-dECM hydrogel also promoted the functional recovery and preservation of urinary tissue in SCI-afflicted rats. These findings highlighted that the Exo-dECM hydrogel is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mo Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Baoguo Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianyao Zhao
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bochao Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Liang Z, Li K, Ma Y, Zhou J, Wu T, Wang Z, Hu X. Astrocyte-derived lipocalin 2 promotes inflammation and scarring after spinal cord injury by activating SMAD in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114915. [PMID: 39122167 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory response and scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI) limit nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Our research group has previously shown that the expression of astrocyte-derived lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is upregulated after SCI, which correlates with neuronal apoptosis and functional recovery. Therefore, we speculate that astrocyte-specific knockdown of Lcn2 after SCI may lead to a better prognosis. METHODS Tissue RNA sequencing, Western blotting, PCR, and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to assess the expression of Lcn2 following SCI in mice. Adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) transfection was employed to specifically reduce the expression of Lcn2 in astrocytes, and subsequent evaluations of scarring and inflammation were conducted. In vitro experiments involved treating primary astrocytes with TGF-β or an A1-induced mixture (C1q, TNF-α and IL-1α) following Lcn2 knockdown. Finally, the intrathecal injection of recombinant Lcn2 (ReLcn2) protein was conducted post-injury to further confirm the role of Lcn2 and its underlying mechanism in SCI. RESULTS Lcn2 expression was elevated in astrocytes after SCI at 7 dpi (days post injury). Lcn2 knockdown in astrocytes is beneficial for neuronal survival and functional recovery after SCI, and is accompanied by a reduced inflammatory response and inhibited scar formation. The inhibition of SMAD-associated signaling activation was identified as a possible mechanism, and in vitro experiments further confirmed this finding. ReLcn2 further activated SMAD-associated signaling and aggravated motor function after SCI. CONCLUSION The upregulation of Lcn2 expression in astrocytes is involved in neuroinflammation and scar formation after SCI, and the activation of SMAD-associated signaling is one of the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuankang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Surgery, Rocket Force 96110 Military Hospital of PLA, Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Orthopedics, Eastern Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yangguang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chi G, Lu J, He T, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Qiu L. High mobility group box-1 protein promotes astrocytic CCL5 production through the MAPK/NF-κB pathway following spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22344. [PMID: 39333662 PMCID: PMC11437233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes act as immune cells that can produce a series of chemokines to attract large numbers of leucocytes to the lesion site, where they contribute to excessive inflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the relevant regulatory mechanism involved in chemokine production by astrocytes has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the correlation between C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in a T8-T10 spinal cord contusion model. Our results revealed that SCI-induced CCL5 protein levels increased synchronously with the increase in HMGB1. Administration of an HMGB1-neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the protein expression of CCL5 in the context of SCI. An in vitro study revealed that HMGB1 binding with TLR2/4 receptors potently facilitates the production of CCL5 by astrocytes by activating the intracellular ERK/JNK-mediated NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the HMGB1-induced release of CCL5 from astrocytes is involved in promoting microglia/macrophage accumulation and M1 polarization. The inhibition of HMGB1 activity reduces microglia/macrophage infiltration by decreasing the expression of CCL5 and improves motor functional recovery following SCI. Our results provide insights into the new functions of HMGB1-mediated astrocytic CCL5 production, which elicits inflammatory cell recruitment to the site of injury; this recruitment is associated with excessive inflammation activation. These data may provide a new therapeutic strategy for central nervous system (CNS) inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Chi
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China
| | - Junqin Lu
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tao He
- College of Health Management, Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fengcheng Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Longshun Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Migliorini F, Cocconi F, Schäfer L, Simeone F, Jeyaraman M, Maffulli N. Pharmacological management of secondary chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Br Med Bull 2024; 151:49-68. [PMID: 39222962 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) may bring lifelong consequences for affected patients and a high financial burden to the health care system. SOURCE OF DATA Published peer-reviewed scientific articles identified from EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Surgery and blood pressure management are the main targets in acute SCI to avoid secondary damage. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The management of secondary chronic SCI is challenging, with unpredictable outcomes. GROWING POINTS Given the lack of consensus on pharmacological therapy for acute and secondary chronic SCI, the present study analyses the currently available drugs and treatment options to manage secondary chronic SCI. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Different approaches exist for the pharmacological management of secondary chronic SCI. One of the most investigated drugs, 4-aminopyridine, improves central motor conduction and shows improvement in neurological signs. Positive results in different areas have been observed in patients receiving the anti-spastic drugs tizanidine and baclofen or Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Growth hormone showed only minimal or no significant effects, and the therapy of secondary chronic SCI with riluzole has been poorly researched to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Federico Cocconi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luise Schäfer
- Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Simeone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Academic Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA), via Lorenz Boelher 7, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Poonamallee High Rd, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University Faculty of Medicine, Hornbeam Building, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, E1 4DG London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu X, Zhang S, Ma W. Prussian blue nanotechnology in the treatment of spinal cord injury: application and challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1474711. [PMID: 39323764 PMCID: PMC11422158 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1474711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological condition that currently lacks effective treatments, placing a heavy burden on both patients and society. Prussian blue nanoparticles exhibit great potential for treating spinal cord injuries due to their excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. These nanoparticles have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, effectively scavenge free radicals, and reduce oxidative stress damage to cells. Prussian blue nanotechnology shows broad application potential in drug delivery, bioimaging, cancer therapy, anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress treatment, and biosensors. This article reviewed the potential applications of Prussian blue nanotechnology in treating spinal cord injuries, explored the challenges and solutions associated with its application, and discussed the future prospects of this technology in SCI treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoPeng Gu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, NingBo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Guhechuan Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- Zhoushan Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - SongOu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - WeiHu Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, NingBo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan R, Sui C, Diao Y, Shi G, Hu X, Hao Z, Li C, Hao M, Xie M, Zhu T. Activation of the sigma-1 receptor ameliorates neuronal ferroptosis via IRE1α after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2024; 1838:149011. [PMID: 38763502 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease associated with a significant economic burden owing to its high level of disability; however, current treatment options have only limited efficacy. Past research has shown that iron-dependent programmed cell death, also known as ferroptosis, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SCI. The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is widely distributed in the central nervous system, and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Several in vivo and ex vivo studies have shown that Sig-1R activation exerts unique neuroprotective effects. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To date, no study has yet demonstrated the association between Sig-1R activation and ferroptosis in patients with SCI. However, the present study found that Sig-1R activation effectively promoted the recovery of motor function in mice after spinal cord injury, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iron accumulation, and inhibited ferroptosis in spinal cord tissues following SCI in mice. Ferroptosis and IRE1α were significantly upregulated after spinal cord injury, while sigma-1 receptor agonists were able to facilitate this result through the elimination of inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α)-mediated neuronal ferroptosis. Therefore, sigma-1 receptor activation could attenuate ferroptosis after SCI by reducing IRE1α and improving functional recovery after SCI, potentially representing a new therapeutic strategy for treating SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Sui
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Yuhang Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Guihong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Mingyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Minghao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ji R, Hao Z, Wang H, Su Y, Yang W, Li X, Duan L, Guan F, Ma S. Fisetin Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglia/Macrophage M1 Polarization and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17964-17976. [PMID: 39096281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious health problems, with no effective therapy. Recent studies indicate that Fisetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, exhibits multiple functions, such as life-prolonging, antioxidant, antitumor, and neuroprotection. However, the restorative effects of Fisetin on SCI and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, we found that Fisetin reduced LPS-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in PC12 cells and reversed LPS-induced M1 polarization in BV2 cells. Additionally, Fisetin safely and effectively promoted the motor function recovery of SCI mice by attenuating neurological damage and promoting neurogenesis at the lesion. Moreover, Fisetin administration inhibited glial scar formation, modulated microglia/macrophage polarization, and reduced neuroinflammation. Network pharmacology, RNA-seq, and molecular biology revealed that Fisetin inhibited the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Notably, Colivelin TFA, an activator of JAK2/STAT3 signaling, attenuated Fis-mediated neuroinflammation inhibition and therapeutic effects on SCI mice. Collectively, Fisetin promotes functional recovery after SCI by inhibiting microglia/macrophage M1 polarization and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, Fisetin may be a promising therapeutic drug for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhizhong Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yujing Su
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xingfan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Linyan Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu S, Ma H, Hou M, Li H, Ning G. Schwann Cell-Derived Exosomes Induced Axon Growth after Spinal Cord Injury by Decreasing PTP-σ Activation on CSPGs via the Rho/ROCK Pathway. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2120-2130. [PMID: 38819695 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological condition that involves a lengthy pathological process. This process leads to the upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by reactive glia, which impedes repair and regeneration in the spinal cord. The role of the CSPG-specific receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-sigma (PTP-σ) in post-SCI remains largely unexplored. Exosomes have great potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI due to their ability to easily cross the blood‒brain barrier. Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) promote functional recovery in mice post-SCI by decreasing CSPG deposition. However, the mechanism by which SCDEs decrease CSPGs after SCI remains unknown. Herein, we observed elevated levels of PTP-σ and increased CSPG deposition during glial scar formation after SCI in vivo. After SCDEs were injected into SCI mice, CSPG deposition decreased in scar tissue at the injury site, the expression of PTP-σ increased during axonal growth around the injury site, and motor function subsequently recovered. Additionally, we demonstrated that the use of both Rho/ROCK inhibitors and SCDEs inhibited the reparative effects of SCDEs on scar tissue after SCI. In conclusion, our study revealed that treatment with SCDEs targeting the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway reduced PTP-σ activation in the CSPG post-SCI, which inhibited scar tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongpeng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengfan Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu X, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang C, Guo C, Zhu J, Dong J, Ouyang L, Momeni MR. Spinal Cord Injury: From MicroRNAs to Exosomal MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5974-5991. [PMID: 38261255 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an unfortunate experience that may generate extensive sensory and motor disabilities due to the destruction and passing of nerve cells. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but instead serve to regulate protein synthesis by targeting messenger RNA's expression. After SCI, secondary damage like apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy occurs, and differentially expressed microRNAs show a function in these procedures. Almost all animal and plant cells release exosomes, which are sophisticated formations of lipid membranes. These exosomes have the capacity to deliver significant materials, such as proteins, RNAs and lipids, to cells in need, regulating their functions and serving as a way of communication. This new method offers a fresh approach to treating spinal cord injury. Obviously, the exosome has the benefit of conveying the transported material across performing regulatory activities and the blood-brain barrier. Among the exosome cargoes, microRNAs, which modulate their mRNA targets, show considerable promise in the pathogenic diagnosis, process, and therapy of SCI. Herein, we describe the roles of microRNAs in SCI. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of exosomal microRNAs in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Chuanghao Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiong Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiaan Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Liyun Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11700, Malaysia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li K, Chen Z, Chang X, Xue R, Wang H, Guo W. Wnt signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: from mechanisms to potential applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1427054. [PMID: 39114641 PMCID: PMC11303303 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1427054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) denotes damage to both the structure and function of the spinal cord, primarily manifesting as sensory and motor deficits caused by disruptions in neural transmission pathways, potentially culminating in irreversible paralysis. Its pathophysiological processes are complex, with numerous molecules and signaling pathways intricately involved. Notably, the pronounced upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway post-SCI holds promise for neural regeneration and repair. Activation of the Wnt pathway plays a crucial role in neuronal differentiation, axonal regeneration, local neuroinflammatory responses, and cell apoptosis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for treating SCI. However, excessive activation of the Wnt pathway can also lead to negative effects, highlighting the need for further investigation into its applicability and significance in SCI. This paper provides an overview of the latest research advancements in the Wnt signaling pathway in SCI, summarizing the recent progress in treatment strategies associated with the Wnt pathway and analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we offer insights into the clinical application of the Wnt signaling pathway in SCI, along with prospective avenues for future research direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huaibo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Milicevic S, Sekulic A, Nikolic D, Tomasevic-Todorovic S, Lazarevic K, Pelemis S, Petrovic M, Mitrovic SZ. Urinary Tract Infections in Relation to Bladder Emptying in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3898. [PMID: 38999463 PMCID: PMC11242679 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Spinal cord injuries are debilitating conditions with significant impacts on physical function and patient quality of life. The high incidence of urinary tract infections in these patients can be attributed to neurogenic bladder-a major complication of spinal cord injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries and their relation to the method of bladder emptying. Methods: A retrospective analysis on 560 patients admitted for rehabilitation at the Clinic for Rehabilitation "Dr Miroslav Zotovic" from December 2009 to January 2023 was conducted. Patients over 18 years old who were inpatients for longer than 30 days without any symptoms of urinary tract infection on admission were included. Patient demographics, injury details, and bladder emptying methods were recorded. Results: In our study, 402 (71.8%) participants developed a urinary tract infection during their rehabilitation. Urinary tract infections were significantly more common in patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries, lower ASIA scores, and thoracic-level injuries. The highest incidence of urinary tract infections was observed in intermittent self-catheterization patients (62.7%), with Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis being the most frequently isolated pathogens. Conclusions: The method of bladder emptying significantly impacted the incidence of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. Despite guidelines favoring intermittent catheterization, this study found it to be associated with the highest infection rates. These findings suggest a need for personalized bladder management strategies to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections and improve outcomes for spinal cord injury patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Milicevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | | | - Dejan Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Children’s Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Tomasevic-Todorovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Clinic for Medical Rehabilitation, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Konstansa Lazarevic
- Department for Biomedical Science, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Svetislav Pelemis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Masa Petrovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Dedinje”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sindi Z. Mitrovic
- Clinic for Rehabilitation “Dr Miroslav Zotovic”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu FS, Huang HL, Deng LX, Zhang QS, Wang XB, Li J, Liu FB. Identification and bioinformatics analysis of genes associated with pyroptosis in spinal cord injury of rat and mouse. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14023. [PMID: 38890348 PMCID: PMC11189416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of spinal cord injury (SCI) is highly complex, and an increasing number of studies have indicated the involvement of pyroptosis in the physiological and pathological processes of secondary SCI. However, there is limited bioinformatics research on pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) in SCI. This study aims to identify and validate differentially expressed PRGs in the GEO database, perform bioinformatics analysis, and construct regulatory networks to explore potential regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets for SCI. We obtained high-throughput sequencing datasets of SCI in rats and mice from the GEO database. Differential analysis was conducted using the "limma" package in R to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These genes were then intersected with previously reported PRGs, resulting in a set of PRGs in SCI. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, as well as correlation analysis, were performed on the PRGs in both rat and mouse models of SCI. Additionally, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING website to examine the relationships between proteins. Hub genes were identified using Cytoscape software, and the intersection of the top 5 hub genes in rats and mice were selected for subsequent experimentally validated. Furthermore, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed to explore potential regulatory mechanisms. The gene expression profiles of GSE93249, GSE133093, GSE138637, GSE174549, GSE45376, GSE171441_3d and GSE171441_35d were selected in this study. We identified 10 and 12 PRGs in rats and mice datasets respectively. Six common DEGs were identified in the intersection of rats and mice PRGs. Enrichment analysis of these DEGs indicated that GO analysis was mainly focused on inflammation-related factors, while KEGG analysis showed that the most genes were enriched on the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. We constructed a ceRNA regulatory network that consisted of five important PRGs, as well as 24 miRNAs and 34 lncRNAs. This network revealed potential regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, the three hub genes obtained from the intersection were validated in the rat model, showing high expression of PRGs in SCI. Pyroptosis is involved in secondary SCI and may play a significant role in its pathogenesis. The regulatory mechanisms associated with pyroptosis deserve further in-depth research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Long Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lin-Xia Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Qian-Shi Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fu-Bing Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lou Y, Li Z, Zheng H, Yuan Z, Li W, Zhang J, Shen W, Gao Y, Ran N, Kong X, Feng S. New strategy to treat spinal cord injury: Nafamostat mesilate suppressed NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis during acute phase. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112190. [PMID: 38703569 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition for which effective clinical treatment is currently lacking. During the acute phase of SCI, myriad pathological changes give rise to subsequent secondary injury. The results of our previous studies indicated that treating rats post-SCI with nafamostat mesilate (NM) protected the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and exerted an antiapoptotic effect. However, the optimal dosage for mice with SCI and the underlying mechanisms potentially contributing to recovery, especially during the acute phase of SCI, have not been determined. In this study, we first determined the optimal dosage of NM for mice post-SCI (5 mg/kg/day). Subsequently, our RNA-seq findings revealed that NM has the potential to inhibit pyroptosis after SCI. These findings were further substantiated by subsequent Western blot (WB) and Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses in vivo. These results indicate that NM can alleviate NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3)-mediated pyroptosis by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the protein expression levels of NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7) and cathepsin B (CTSB). In vitro experimental results supported our in vivo findings, revealing the effectiveness of NM in suppressing pyroptosis induced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV2 cells. These results underscore the potential of NM to regulate NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis following SCI. Notably, compared with other synthetic compounds, NM exhibits greater versatility, suggesting that it is a promising clinical treatment option for SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zonghao Li
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongze Yuan
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Wenyuan Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Ran
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li R, Feng J, Li L, Luo G, Shi Y, Shen S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yan B, Yang L. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 ameliorates axonal regeneration and functional recovery in acute spinal cord injury through altering microglia/macrophage phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112188. [PMID: 38728880 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the extensive secondary injury processes that aggravate metabolic and cellular dysfunction and tissue loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Thus, an anti-inflammatory strategy is crucial for modulating structural and functional restoration during the stage of acute and chronic SCI. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 (rFGF4) has eliminated its mitogenic activity and demonstrated a metabolic regulator for alleviating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and liver injury in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, it remains to be explored whether or not rFGF4 has a neuroprotective effect for restoring neurological disorders, such as SCI. Here, we identified that rFGF4 could polarize microglia/macrophages into the restorative M2 subtype, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect to promote neurological functional recovery and nerve fiber regeneration after SCI. Importantly, these effects by rFGF4 were related to triggering PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and attenuating TLR4/NF-κB signaling axes. Conversely, gene silencing of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling or pharmacological reactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB axis aggravated inflammatory reaction. Thus, our findings highlight rFGF4 as a potentially therapeutic regulator for repairing SCI, and its outstanding effect is associated with regulating macrophage/microglial polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juerong Feng
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liuxun Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guotian Luo
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichao Shen
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinrong Yuan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang Y, Hu R, Wu L, He K, Ma R. Immunoregulation of Glia after spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402349. [PMID: 38938572 PMCID: PMC11208308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Immunoregulation is a complex and critical process in the pathological process of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is regulated by various factors and plays an important role in the functional repair of SCI. This study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends of glial cell immunoregulation after SCI from a bibliometric perspective. Methods Data on publications related to glial cell immunoregulation after SCI, published from 2004 to 2023, were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords in the topic were quantitatively analyzed using the R package "bibliometrix", VOSviewer, Citespace, and the Bibliometrics Online Analysis Platform. Results A total of 613 papers were included, with an average annual growth rate of 9.39%. The papers came from 36 countries, with the United States having the highest output, initiating collaborations with 27 countries. Nantong University was the most influential institution. We identified 3,177 authors, of whom Schwartz, m, of the Weizmann Institute of Science, was ranked first regarding both field-specific H-index (18) and average number of citations per document (151.44). Glia ranked first among journals with 2,574 total citations. The keywords "microglia," "activation," "macrophages," "astrocytes," and "neuroinflammation" represented recent hot topics and are expected to remain a focus of future research. Conclusion These findings strongly suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of microglia, astrocytes, and glial cell interactions may be critical in promoting nerve regeneration and repair after SCI. Research on the immunoregulation of glial cells after SCI is emerging, and there should be greater cooperation and communication between countries and institutions to promote the development of this field and benefit more SCI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelin He
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Acupuncture, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun Y, Wu J, Zhou L, Wang W, Wang H, Sun S, Xu Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Zhu G, Xi K, Gu Y, Chen L. Genetically engineered electrospinning contributes to spinal cord injury repair by regulating the immune microenvironment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1415527. [PMID: 38933542 PMCID: PMC11199540 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1415527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with microenvironment imbalance, thereby resulting in poor regeneration and recovery of the spinal cord. Gene therapy can be used to balance the inflammatory response, however target genes cannot exist in localized injured areas. Methods: A genetically engineered electrospun scaffold (GEES) to achieve long-term immunoregulation and nerve repair was constructed. By combining the microfluidic and electrospinning techniques, interleukin-10 plasmid (pIL10) was loaded into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) (pIL10-LNP), which was encapsulated to the nerve growth factor (NGF). Immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and other tests were employed to comprehensively assess the role of GEES in modulating macrophage polarization and facilitating neural repair. Results: The results showed that the scaffold released >70% of the pIL10-LNP within 10 d and continued slow release within 30 d. In vitro cell experiments have demonstrated that GEES effectively stimulates macrophages to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and facilitates the differentiation of neural stem cells into neuronal cells. In rat T9 SCI model, the GEES significantly inhibited the inflammatory response in the acute and chronic phases of SCI by transfecting local tissues with slow-release pIL10-LNP to promote the release of the anti-inflammatory factor IL10, thereby creating a favorable microenvironment. With the addition of NGF, the repair and regeneration of nerve tissues was effectively promoted, and the post-SCI motor function of rats improved. Discussion: GEES can regulate post-SCI immune responses through continuous and effective gene delivery, providing a new strategy for the construction of electrospun scaffolds for nerve repair in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaosong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinzhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute Orthopedic, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schreiner TG, Schreiner OD, Ciobanu RC. Spinal Cord Injury Management Based on Microglia-Targeting Therapies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2773. [PMID: 38792314 PMCID: PMC11122315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a complicated medical condition both from the clinician's point of view in terms of management and from the patient's perspective in terms of unsatisfactory recovery. Depending on the severity, this disorder can be devastating despite the rapid and appropriate use of modern imaging techniques and convenient surgical spinal cord decompression and stabilization. In this context, there is a mandatory need for novel adjunctive therapeutic approaches to classical treatments to improve rehabilitation chances and clinical outcomes. This review offers a new and original perspective on therapies targeting the microglia, one of the most relevant immune cells implicated in spinal cord disorders. The first part of the manuscript reviews the anatomical and pathophysiological importance of the blood-spinal cord barrier components, including the role of microglia in post-acute neuroinflammation. Subsequently, the authors present the emerging therapies based on microglia modulation, such as cytokines modulators, stem cell, microRNA, and nanoparticle-based treatments that could positively impact spinal cord injury management. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are also highlighted based on the ongoing clinical trials related to medications targeting microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- First Neurology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo Cristian Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu Q, Kong F, Zhao G, Jin J, Feng S, Li M. SP1 transcriptionally activates HTR2B to aggravate traumatic spinal cord injury by shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:230. [PMID: 38589918 PMCID: PMC11000286 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in structural and functional damage to the spinal cord, which may lead to loss of limb movement and sensation, loss of bowel and bladder control, and other complications. Previous studies have revealed the critical influence of trans-acting transcription factor 1 (SP1) in neurological pathologies, however, its role and mechanism in SCI have not been fully studied. METHODS The study was performed using mouse microglia BV2 stimulated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and male adult mice subjected to spinal hitting. Western blotting was performed to detect protein expression of SP1, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B (HTR2B), BCL2-associated x protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), clusters of differentiation 86 (CD86), Arginase 1 (Arg-1) and clusters of differentiation 206 (CD206). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by MTT assay and TUNEL assay. mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The association of SP1 and HTR2B was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay. HE staining assay was performed to analyze the pathological conditions of spinal cord tissues. RESULTS LPS treatment induced cell apoptosis and inhibited microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype, accompanied by an increase of Bax protein expression and a decrease of Bcl-2 protein expression, however, these effects were relieved after SP1 silencing. Mechanism assays revealed that SP1 transcriptionally activated HTR2B in BV2 cells, and HTR2B knockdown rescued LPS-induced effects on BV2 cell apoptosis and microglial M1/M2 polarization. Moreover, SP1 absence inhibited BV2 cell apoptosis and promoted microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype by decreasing HTR2B expression. SCI mouse model assay further showed that SP1 downregulation could attenuate spinal hitting-induced promoting effects on cell apoptosis of spinal cord tissues and microglial M1 polarization. CONCLUSION SP1 transcriptionally activated HTR2B to aggravate traumatic SCI by shifting microglial M1/M2 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Fanguo Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, No. 100, Yongping Road, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450045, China.
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Junwei Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Shengkai Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xia Y, Ding L, Zhang C, Xu Q, Shi M, Gao T, Zhou FQ, Deng DYB. Inflammatory Factor IL1α Induces Aberrant Astrocyte Proliferation in Spinal Cord Injury Through the Grin2c/Ca 2+/CaMK2b Pathway. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:421-438. [PMID: 37864744 PMCID: PMC11003951 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating traumas, and the aberrant proliferation of astrocytes usually causes neurological deficits. However, the mechanism underlying astrocyte over-proliferation after SCI is unclear. Grin2c (glutamate ionotropic receptor type 2c) plays an essential role in cell proliferation. Our bioinformatic analysis indicated that Grin2c and Ca2+ transport functions were inhibited in astrocytes after SCI. Suppression of Grin2c stimulated astrocyte proliferation by inhibiting the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2b (CaMK2b) pathway in vitro. By screening different inflammatory factors, interleukin 1α (IL1α) was further found to inhibit Grin2c/Ca2+/CaMK2b and enhance astrocyte proliferation in an oxidative damage model. Blockade of IL1α using neutralizing antibody resulted in increased Grin2c expression and the inhibition of astrocyte proliferation post-SCI. Overall, this study suggests that IL1α promotes astrocyte proliferation by suppressing the Grin2c/Ca2+/CaMK2b pathway after SCI, revealing a novel pathological mechanism of astrocyte proliferation, and may provide potential targets for SCI repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Tianshun Gao
- Big Data Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - David Y B Deng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Orthopaedic and Neurological Repair Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shang WY, Ren YF, Li B, Huang XM, Zhang ZL, Huang J. Efficacy of growth factor gene-modified stem cells for motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:87. [PMID: 38369598 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of growth factor gene-modified stem cells in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of growth factor gene-modified stem cells in restoring motor function after SCI. Two reviewers searched four databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, to identify relevant records. Studies on rodents assessing the efficacy of transplanting growth factor gene-modified stem cells in restoring motor function after SCI were included. The results were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Analyses showed that growth factor gene-modified stem cell transplantation improved motor function recovery in rodents with SCI compared to the untreated (SMD = 3.98, 95% CI 3.26-4.70, I2 = 86.8%, P < 0.0001) and stem cell (SMD = 2.53, 95% CI 1.93-3.13, I2 = 86.9%, P < 0.0001) groups. Using growth factor gene-modified neural stem/histone cells enhanced treatment efficacy. In addition, the effectiveness increased when viral vectors were employed for gene modification and high transplantation doses were administered during the subacute phase. Stem cells derived from the human umbilical cord exhibited an advantage in motor function recovery. However, the transplantation of growth factor gene-modified stem cells did not significantly improve motor function in male rodents (P = 0.136). Transplantation of growth factor gene-modified stem cells improved motor function in rodents after SCI, but claims of enhanced efficacy should be approached with caution. The safety of gene modification remains a significant concern, requiring additional efforts to enhance its clinical translatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ya Shang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Feng Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Bing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of CM, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Zhi-Lan Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Jiang M, Zhang Y, Ren W, Song Y, Li L, Lei Z, Wu Y, Zhu L, Li J, Li D, Li G, Luo C, Tao L. Emerging functions and therapeutic targets of IL-38 in central nervous system diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14550. [PMID: 38334236 PMCID: PMC10853902 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-38 is a newly discovered cytokine of the IL-1 family, which binds various receptors (i.e., IL-36R, IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1, and IL-1R1) in the central nervous system (CNS). The hallmark physiological function of IL-38 is competitive binding to IL-36R, as does the IL-36R antagonist. Emerging research has shown that IL-38 is abnormally expressed in the serum and brain tissue of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suggesting that IL-38 may play an important role in neurological diseases. Important advances include that IL-38 alleviates neuromyelitis optica disorder (NMOD) by inhibiting Th17 expression, improves IS by protecting against atherosclerosis via regulating immune cells and inflammation, and reduces IL-1β and CXCL8 release through inhibiting human microglial activity post-ASD. In contrast, IL-38 mRNA is markedly increased and is mainly expressed in phagocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI). IL-38 ablation attenuated SCI by reducing immune cell infiltration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of IL-38 in CNS diseases remain inadequately characterized. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics, pathophysiological role, and potential mechanisms of IL-38 in CNS diseases (e.g., NMOD, Alzheimer's disease, ASD, IS, TBI, and SCI), aiming to explore the therapeutic potential of IL-38 in the prevention and treatment of CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwei Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yulu Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wenjing Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yirui Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent HealthcareChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ziguang Lei
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Youzhuang Wu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Luwen Zhu
- Department of Forensic ScienceWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Dongya Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouChina
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryPennsylvania State University College of MedicineState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Bai F, Jing Y, Ke H, Zhang S, Yan Y, Yu Y. Nicotinamide Riboside Regulates Chemotaxis to Decrease Inflammation and Ameliorate Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1291-1307. [PMID: 38392200 PMCID: PMC10887503 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been observed in various disease states. A decrease in NAD+ levels has been noted following spinal cord injury (SCI). Nicotinamide riboside (NR) serves as the precursor of NAD+. Previous research has demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-reducing effects of NR supplements. However, it remains unclear whether NR exerts a similar role in mice after SCI. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of NR on these changes in a mouse model of SCI. Four groups were considered: (1) non-SCI without NR (Sham), (2) non-SCI with NR (Sham +NR), (3) SCI without NR (SCI), and (4) SCI with NR (SCI + NR). Female C57BL/6J mice aged 6-8 weeks were intraperitoneally administered with 500 mg/kg/day NR for a duration of one week. The supplementation of NR resulted in a significant elevation of NAD+ levels in the spinal cord tissue of mice after SCI. In comparison to the SCI group, NR supplementation exhibited regulatory effects on the chemotaxis/recruitment of leukocytes, leading to reduced levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-22 in the injured area. Moreover, NR supplementation notably enhanced the survival of neurons and synapses within the injured area, ultimately resulting in improved motor functions after SCI. Therefore, our research findings demonstrated that NR supplementation had inhibitory effects on leukocyte chemotaxis, anti-inflammatory effects, and could significantly improve the immune micro-environment after SCI, thereby promoting neuronal survival and ultimately enhancing the recovery of motor functions after SCI. NR supplementation showed promise as a potential clinical treatment strategy for SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Chunjia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yingli Jing
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yitong Yan
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100068, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100068, China
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang C, Li Y, Yu Y, Li Z, Xu X, Talifu Z, Liu W, Yang D, Gao F, Wei S, Zhang L, Gong H, Peng R, Du L, Li J. Impact of inflammation and Treg cell regulation on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334828. [PMID: 38348031 PMCID: PMC10859493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a severe neurological trauma that can frequently lead to neuropathic pain. During the initial stages following spinal cord injury, inflammation plays a critical role; however, excessive inflammation can exacerbate pain. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have a crucial function in regulating inflammation and alleviating neuropathic pain. Treg cells release suppressor cytokines and modulate the function of other immune cells to suppress the inflammatory response. Simultaneously, inflammation impedes Treg cell activity, further intensifying neuropathic pain. Therefore, suppressing the inflammatory response while enhancing Treg cell regulatory function may provide novel therapeutic avenues for treating neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury. This review comprehensively describes the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response and Treg cell regulation subsequent to spinal cord injury, with a specific focus on exploring the potential mechanisms through which Treg cells regulate neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. The insights gained from this review aim to provide new concepts and a rationale for the therapeutic prospects and direction of cell therapy in spinal cord injury-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wubo Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wei
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Run Peng
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qin C, Qi Z, Pan S, Xia P, Kong W, Sun B, Du H, Zhang R, Zhu L, Zhou D, Yang X. Advances in Conductive Hydrogel for Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7305-7333. [PMID: 38084124 PMCID: PMC10710813 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s436111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment represents a major challenge in clinical practice. In recent years, the rapid development of neural tissue engineering technology has provided a new therapeutic approach for spinal cord injury repair. Implanting functionalized electroconductive hydrogels (ECH) in the injury area has been shown to promote axonal regeneration and facilitate the generation of neuronal circuits by reshaping the microenvironment of SCI. ECH not only facilitate intercellular electrical signaling but, when combined with electrical stimulation, enable the transmission of electrical signals to electroactive tissue and activate bioelectric signaling pathways, thereby promoting neural tissue repair. Therefore, the implantation of ECH into damaged tissues can effectively restore physiological functions related to electrical conduction. This article focuses on the dynamic pathophysiological changes in the SCI microenvironment and discusses the mechanisms of electrical stimulation/signal in the process of SCI repair. By examining electrical activity during nerve repair, we provide insights into the mechanisms behind electrical stimulation and signaling during SCI repair. We classify conductive biomaterials, and offer an overview of the current applications and research progress of conductive hydrogels in spinal cord repair and regeneration, aiming to provide a reference for future explorations and developments in spinal cord regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijian Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haorui Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longchuan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dinghai Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ji R, Hao Z, Wang H, Li X, Duan L, Guan F, Ma S. Application of Injectable Hydrogels as Delivery Systems in Spinal Cord Injury. Gels 2023; 9:907. [PMID: 37998998 PMCID: PMC10670785 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient's life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. In this article, we summarized the types of injectable hydrogels, analyzed their application as delivery systems in SCI, and further discussed the mechanisms of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and pro-neurogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the potential benefits of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI in combination with therapies, including the recent advances and achievements of these promising tools. Our review may offer new strategies for the development of SCI treatments based on injectable hydrogels as delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.J.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.J.); (Z.H.); (H.W.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen SY, Yang RL, Wu XC, Zhao DZ, Fu SP, Lin FQ, Li LY, Yu LM, Zhang Q, Zhang T. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: Neuroprotection and Nerve Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4763-4776. [PMID: 37881652 PMCID: PMC10595983 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s428425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), with its morbidity characteristics of high disability rate and high mortality rate, is a disease that is highly destructive to both the physiology and psychology of the patient, and for which there is still a lack of effective treatment. Following spinal cord injury, a cascade of secondary injury reactions known as ischemia, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress, etc. create a microenvironment that is unfavorable to neural recovery and ultimately results in apoptosis and necrosis of neurons and glial cells. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has emerged as a more promising therapeutic options in recent years. MSC can promote spinal cord injury repair through a variety of mechanisms, including immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and nerve regeneration, giving patients with spinal cord injury hope. In this paper, it is discussed the neuroprotection and nerve regeneration components of MSCs' therapeutic method for treating spinal cord injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Chong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Zhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hey G, Willman M, Patel A, Goutnik M, Willman J, Lucke-Wold B. Stem Cell Scaffolds for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury-A Review. BIOMECHANICS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:322-342. [PMID: 37664542 PMCID: PMC10469078 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a profoundly debilitating yet common central nervous system condition resulting in significant morbidity and mortality rates. Major causes of SCI encompass traumatic incidences such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Present treatment strategies for SCI aim to improve and enhance neurologic functionality. The ability for neural stem cells (NSCs) to differentiate into diverse neural and glial cell precursors has stimulated the investigation of stem cell scaffolds as potential therapeutics for SCI. Various scaffolding modalities including composite materials, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and hydrogels have been explored. However, most trials remain largely in the preclinical stage, emphasizing the need to further develop and refine these treatment strategies before clinical implementation. In this review, we delve into the physiological processes that underpin NSC differentiation, including substrates and signaling pathways required for axonal regrowth post-injury, and provide an overview of current and emerging stem cell scaffolding platforms for SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hey
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Aashay Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Goutnik
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kozak M, Hallan DR, Rizk E. Epidural Steroid Injection Prior to Spinal Surgery: A Step-Wise and Wise Approach. Cureus 2023; 15:e45125. [PMID: 37842405 PMCID: PMC10569744 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is used to treat a number of morbid central nervous system pathologies and is considered a reasonably safe procedure. This study aimed to determine the relative infection risk after spinal surgery by comparing outcomes in spinal surgery patients who received an ESI shortly prior to the surgery against those who did not receive an ESI shortly prior to the surgery. METHODS The present study is a retrospective cohort study using a multi-institutional healthcare database, TriNetX, to collect data on patients who received spinal surgery with and without having had ESIs six months before surgery. Two cohorts were generated: Cohort 1 included patients who had received an ESI in the six months prior to spinal surgery, and cohort 2 included patients who did not have an ESI in the six months prior to spinal surgery. The patients in cohort 2 had propensity scores matched 1:1 to those in cohort 1 using common baseline demographics, comorbidities and spinal procedure indications. The spinal procedures and surgeries considered for the analysis included open procedures for any purpose, including exploration, decompression, resection, revision or biopsy. Multiple outcomes were compared across these two cohorts in the three months following the spinal procedure/surgery, including the occurrence of death, surgical site infection, epidural and/or spinal abscess, and dural tear. RESULTS An ESI in the six months prior to spinal surgery was associated with a significant decrease in the likelihood epidural/spinal abscess in the three months after surgery. There was no change in mortality, wound infection or identification of dural tear in the three months after spinal surgery for those who received an ESI six months before spinal surgery. CONCLUSION This data suggests that epidural steroid injections' anti-inflammatory effects provide benefits before surgery beyond symptomatic relief. Given that the degeneration of spinal pathologies is typically advanced rather than corrected by the body's inflammatory response, it is likely that preventing hyperactivation of the body's immune system in the months preceding surgical intervention, a traumatic insult, is protective compared to no intervention and, importantly, without major adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kozak
- Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - David R Hallan
- Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Elias Rizk
- Neurological Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quan X, Ma T, Guo K, Wang H, Yu CY, Qi CC, Song BQ. Hydralazine Promotes Central Nervous System Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through Macrophage Regulation. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:749-758. [PMID: 37558864 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of hydralazine on inflammation induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) in the central nervous system (CNS) and its mechanism in promoting the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS. METHODS A compressive SCI mouse model was utilized for this investigation. Immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were employed to examine the levels of acrolein, acrolein-induced inflammation-related factors, and macrophages at the injury site and within the CNS. Western blotting was used to evaluate the activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway to study macrophage regulation. The neuropathic pain and motor function recovery were evaluated by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67), vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), paw withdrawal response, and Basso Mouse Scale score. Nissl staining and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining were performed to investigate the structural recovery of the injured CNS. RESULTS Hydralazine downregulated the levels of acrolein, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord. The downregulation of acrolein induced by hydralazine promoted the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, leading to M2 macrophage polarization, which protected neurons against SCI-induced inflammation. Additionally, hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured spinal cord area. Mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress by hydralazine in the animal model alleviated neuropathic pain and altered neurotransmitter expression. Furthermore, hydralazine facilitated motor function recovery following SCI. Nissl staining and LFB staining indicated that hydralazine promoted the structural recovery of the injured CNS. CONCLUSION Hydralazine, an acrolein scavenger, significantly mitigated SCI-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo, modulated macrophage activation, and consequently promoted the structural and functional recovery of the injured CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Quan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Cai-Yong Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chu-Chu Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bao-Qiang Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu JL, Wang S, Chen ZH, Wu RJ, Yu HY, Yang SB, Xu J, Guo YN, Ding Y, Li G, Zeng X, Ma YH, Gong YL, Wu CR, Zhang LX, Zeng YS, Lai BQ. The therapeutic mechanism of transcranial iTBS on nerve regeneration and functional recovery in rats with complete spinal cord transection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153516. [PMID: 37388732 PMCID: PMC10306419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After spinal cord transection injury, the inflammatory microenvironment formed at the injury site, and the cascade of effects generated by secondary injury, results in limited regeneration of injured axons and the apoptosis of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex (SMC). It is crucial to reverse these adverse processes for the recovery of voluntary movement. The mechanism of transcranial intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) as a new non-invasive neural regulation paradigm in promoting axonal regeneration and motor function repair was explored by means of a severe spinal cord transection. Methods Rats underwent spinal cord transection and 2 mm resection of spinal cord at T10 level. Four groups were studied: Normal (no lesion), Control (lesion with no treatment), sham iTBS (lesion and no functional treatment) and experimental, exposed to transcranial iTBS, 72 h after spinal lesion. Each rat received treatment once a day for 5 days a week; behavioral tests were administered one a week. Inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, neuroprotective effects, regeneration and synaptic plasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI) were determined by immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and mRNA sequencing. For each rat, anterograde tracings were acquired from the SMC or the long descending propriospinal neurons and tested for cortical motor evoked potentials (CMEPs). Regeneration of the corticospinal tract (CST) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve fibers were analyzed 10 weeks after SCI. Results When compared to the Control group, the iTBS group showed a reduced inflammatory response and reduced levels of neuronal apoptosis in the SMC when tested 2 weeks after treatment. Four weeks after SCI, the neuroimmune microenvironment at the injury site had improved in the iTBS group, and neuroprotective effects were evident, including the promotion of axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity. After 8 weeks of iTBS treatment, there was a significant increase in CST regeneration in the region rostral to the site of injury. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the number of 5-HT nerve fibers at the center of the injury site and the long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) fibers in the region caudal to the site of injury. Moreover, CMEPs and hindlimb motor function were significantly improved. Conclusion Neuronal activation and neural tracing further verified that iTBS had the potential to provide neuroprotective effects during the early stages of SCI and induce regeneration effects related to the descending motor pathways (CST, 5-HT and LDPT). Furthermore, our results revealed key relationships between neural pathway activation, neuroimmune regulation, neuroprotection and axonal regeneration, as well as the interaction network of key genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Rehabilitation Center, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Chen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Nan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Lai Gong
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuang-Ran Wu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xin Zhang
- Rehabilitation Center, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Araneda OF, Rosales-Antequera C, Contreras-Briceño F, Tuesta M, Rossi-Serrano R, Magalhães J, Viscor G. Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation/Oxidative Damage: Implications of General and Respiratory Muscle Training in Chronic Spinal-Cord-Injured Patients. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:828. [PMID: 37372113 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury affects several respiratory-function-related parameters, such as a decrease in respiratory volumes associated with weakness and a tendency to fibrosis of the perithoracic muscles, a predominance of vagal over sympathetic action inducing airway obstructions, and a difficulty in mobilizing secretions. Altogether, these changes result in both restrictive and obstructive patterns. Moreover, low pulmonary ventilation and reduced cardiovascular system functionality (low venous return and right stroke volume) will hinder adequate alveolar recruitment and low O2 diffusion, leading to a drop in peak physical performance. In addition to the functional effects described above, systemic and localized effects on this organ chronically increase oxidative damage and tissue inflammation. This narrative review describes both the deleterious effects of chronic spinal cord injury on the functional effects of the respiratory system as well as the role of oxidative damage/inflammation in this clinical context. In addition, the evidence for the effect of general and respiratory muscular training on the skeletal muscle as a possible preventive and treatment strategy for both functional effects and underlying tissue mechanisms is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort (LIBFE), Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo, Las Condes, Santiago 12455, Chile
| | - Cristián Rosales-Antequera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Marcelo Tuesta
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rafael Rossi-Serrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|