1
|
Ishihara Y, Naruse H, Fujigaki H, Murakami R, Ando T, Sakurai K, Uehara K, Shimomae K, Sakaguchi E, Hattori H, Sarai M, Ishii J, Fujii R, Ito H, Saito K, Izawa H. Humoral and Cellular Response Induced by Primary Series and Booster Doses of mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:786. [PMID: 39066424 PMCID: PMC11281625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a pivotal risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We investigated the longitudinal (over 1 year and 9 months) humoral and cellular responses to primary series and booster doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with CVD. Twenty-six patients with CVD who received monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood samples were serially drawn nine times from each patient. IgG against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The numbers of interferon-γ-releasing cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides were measured using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The RBD-IgG titers increased 2 weeks after the primary series and booster vaccination and waned 6 months after vaccination. The S1-specific T cell responses in patients aged < 75 years were favorable before and after booster doses; however, the Omicron BA.1-specific T cell responses were poor. These results suggest that regular vaccination is useful to maintain long-term antibody levels and has implications for booster dose strategies in patients with CVD. Additional booster doses, including Omicron variant-adapted mRNA vaccines, may be recommended for patients with CVD, regardless of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ishihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Naruse
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (H.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Reiko Murakami
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Komei Uehara
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University Graduate of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Koki Shimomae
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University Graduate of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (K.U.); (K.S.)
| | - Eirin Sakaguchi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidekazu Hattori
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (E.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Masayoshi Sarai
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
| | - Junnichi Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
| | - Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Hiroyasu Ito
- Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.S.); (H.I.)
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (H.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Hideo Izawa
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.S.); (J.I.); (H.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang T, Quan X, Jia H, Wang H, Liang B, Li S, Wang X, Li H, Feng X, Fan L, Xu L, Wang T, Xiong S, Yang D, Liu J, Zheng X. Omicron breakthrough infections after triple-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination: A comprehensive analysis of antibody and T-cell responses. Immunology 2024; 172:313-327. [PMID: 38462236 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study longitudinally evaluated the immune response in individuals over a year after receiving three doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, focusing on reactions to Omicron breakthrough infections. From 63 blood samples of 37 subjects, results showed that the third booster enhanced the antibody response against Alpha, Beta, and Delta VOCs but was less effective against Omicron. Although antibody titres decreased post-vaccination, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, both CD4+ and CD8+, remained stable. Omicron breakthrough infections significantly improved neutralization against various VOCs, including Omicron. However, the boost in antibodies against WT, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants was more pronounced. Regarding T cells, breakthrough infection predominantly boosted the CD8+ T-cell response, and the intensity of the spike protein-specific T-cell response was roughly comparable between WT and Omicron BA.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiandan Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Quan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyun Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sumeng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huadong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shue Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Joint International Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haber R, Ghezzawi M, Puzantian H, Haber M, Saad S, Ghandour Y, El Bachour J, Yazbeck A, Hassanieh G, Mehdi C, Ismail D, Abi-Kharma E, El-Zein O, Khamis A, Chakhtoura M, Mantzoros C. Mortality risk in patients with obesity and COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2024; 155:155812. [PMID: 38360130 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for severe respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 infection. Meta-analyses on mortality risk were inconsistent. We systematically searched 3 databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL) and assessed the quality of studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool (CRD42020220140). We included 199 studies from US and Europe, with a mean age of participants 41.8-78.2 years, and a variable prevalence of metabolic co-morbidities of 20-80 %. Exceptionally, one third of the studies had a low prevalence of obesity of <20 %. Compared to patients with normal weight, those with obesity had a 34 % relative increase in the odds of mortality (p-value 0.002), with a dose-dependent relationship. Subgroup analyses showed an interaction with the country income. There was a high heterogeneity in the results, explained by clinical and methodologic variability across studies. We identified one trial only comparing mortality rate in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated patients with obesity; there was a trend for a lower mortality in the former group. Mortality risk in COVID-19 infection increases in parallel to an increase in BMI. BMI should be included in the predictive models and stratification scores used when considering mortality as an outcome in patients with COVID-19 infections. Furthermore, patients with obesity might need to be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Haber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malak Ghezzawi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houry Puzantian
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Marc Haber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sacha Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Ghandour
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Anthony Yazbeck
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Celine Mehdi
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dima Ismail
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Abi-Kharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ola El-Zein
- Saab Medical Library, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assem Khamis
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, York, United Kingdom
| | - Marlene Chakhtoura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakayama T, Todaka R, Sawada A, Ito T, Fujino M, Haga K, Katayama K. Different immunological responses following immunization with two mRNA vaccines. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:439-449. [PMID: 38000497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological responses were investigated following immunization with two mRNA vaccines: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. METHODS Neutralizing antibody (NAb) was assayed before, 2-4 weeks after, and 3 and 6 months after the primary immunization, and the same time-points after booster dose with 6- or 8-months interval. Whole-blood culture was stimulated with spike antigen, and cytokine production was assayed. RESULTS NAb was detected after primary immunization, NAb titers began to decrease three months after primary immunization with BNT162b2, lower than those after mRNA-1273, and elevated after booster immunization. The NAb level was 1/2 lower against δ variant, and 1/16 lower against omicron variant in comparison with that against α variant. Cytokine production following immunization with mRNA-1273 was maintained within three months at higher levels of Th1 (TNF-α), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17) than that following immunization with BNT162b2, reflecting prominent levels of NAb following immunization with mRNA-1273. Cytokine production decreased six months after primary immunization in both vaccine recipients and was enhanced following booster doses. During the omicron outbreak, medical staff members in the outpatient office experienced asymptomatic infection, with a greater than 4-fold increase in NAb titers against omicron variant even after booster immunization. Asymptomatic infection enhanced the production of Th2 and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION mRNA-1273 induced stronger NAb responses with wide-range cross-reactive antibodies against δ and omicron variants. mRNA-1273 induced higher levels of Th1, Th2, and inflammatory cytokines than BNT162b2 did, reflecting higher levels of NAb against variant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Reiko Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0329, Japan.
| | - Motoko Fujino
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Central Hospital Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Damour A, Delalande P, Cordelières F, Lafon ME, Faure M, Segovia-Kueny S, Stalens C, Mathis S, Spinazzi M, Violleau MH, Wodrich H, Solé G. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination efficacy in patients with severe neuromuscular diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:983-992. [PMID: 37633734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with severe neuromuscular disease (sNMD) are considered at high risk of severe COVID-19. Muscle tissue is often replaced by fibroadipose tissue in these diseases whereas the new mRNA-based vaccines are injected intramuscularly. We aimed at evaluating the efficacy of two injections associated with a booster injection of mRNA vaccine in these patients. METHODS We performed an observational, prospective, single-centre study to investigate the level of anti-S antibodies (Abs) and their neutralization activity at weeks 6 (W6) and 24 (W24) after two injections of mRNA-1273 vaccine and at weeks 12 (BW12) and 29 (BW29) after a booster injection of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with sNMD. RESULTS Thirty-three patients with sNMD were included. At W6, 30 patients (90.1%) showed a protective serum level of specific anti-S Abs with a strong neutralization capacity. We observed a decline over time: only 12 patients (36.3%) retained anti-S Abs levels considered as protective at W24. The neutralization activity remained above the cut off in 23 (69.7%). The booster vaccination restored robust neutralization activity for all analysed 22 patients (100%) at BW12, which was maintained without any significant drop at BW29 (16). No severe adverse event was reported in this cohort and none of the 33 patients developed symptomatic COVID-19 over one year. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that most sNMD patients receiving two injections of COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines develop a strong humoral response after vaccination. A decline over time was observed but a single booster injection restores a long-term immunity. Moreover, no safety issues were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Damour
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Delalande
- MAS Yolaine-de-Kepper, Saint-Georges-sur-Loire, France
| | - F Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, University Bordeaux, CNRS, Inserm, Bordeaux, France
| | - M E Lafon
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Virology Laboratory, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Faure
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - S Mathis
- Neuromuscular Reference Center AOC, Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Department, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Spinazzi
- Neuromuscular Reference Center AOC, Neurology Department, Angers University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | - M H Violleau
- Neuromuscular Reference Center AOC, Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Department, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France
| | - H Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - G Solé
- Neuromuscular Reference Center AOC, Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases Department, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospitals, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arientová S, Matúšková K, Bartoš O, Holub M, Beran O. Specific immune responses after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271353. [PMID: 37920457 PMCID: PMC10619853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines against COVID-19 are effective tools in preventing severe disease, recent studies have shown enhanced protection after vaccine boosters. The aim of our study was to examine the dynamics and duration of both humoral and cellular immune responses following a three-dose regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. In a longitudinal prospective study we enrolled 86 adults who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, 35 unvaccinated individuals with a history of mild COVID-19 and a control group of 30 healthy SARS-CoV-2 seronegative persons. We assessed the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and IgG production up to 12 months post the third BNT162b2 dose in 24 subjects. The vaccinated group had significantly higher IgG antibody levels after two doses compared to the convalescent group (p<0.001). After the third dose, IgG levels surged beyond those detected after the second dose (p<0.001). Notably, these elevated IgG levels were maintained 12 months post the third dose. After two doses, specific T cell responses were detected in 87.5% of the vaccinated group. Additionally, there was a significant decrease before the third dose. However, post the third dose, specific T cell responses surged and remained stable up to the 12-month period. Our findings indicate that the BNT162b2 vaccine induces potent and enduring humoral and cellular responses, which are notably enhanced by the third dose and remain persistant without a significant decline a year after the booster. Further research is essential to understand the potential need for subsequent boosters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Arientová
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Matúšková
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldřich Bartoš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Holub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Beran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Pace V, Bruzzone B, Ricucci V, Calcavecchia N, Guarona G, Giberti I, Costa E, Ogliastro M, Galano B, Nigro N, Murgia D, Nanni L, Orsi A. Long follow-up of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers (2020-2022): A retrospective longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 serological surveillance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2258632. [PMID: 37724517 PMCID: PMC10512804 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2258632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG production and protection from severe respiratory illness should be explored in greater depth after COVID-19 booster vaccination. This longitudinal observational retrospective study investigated the anti-spike IgG response elicited by the first, second and booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers (HCW) at San Martino IRCCS Policlinico Hospital (Genoa) up to the 12th month. Sequential blood sampling was performed at T0 (prior to vaccination), T1 (21 days after the 1st dose of vaccine), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 (7 days and 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after the 2nd dose, respectively), T7 and T8 (1 and 3 months after a booster dose). A SARS-CoV-2 IgG panel (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) was used to determine levels of receptor-binding domain (RBD), spike-1 (S1), spike-2 and nucleocapsid structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. In the 51 HCWs evaluated, seroprevalence was 96% (49/51) at T1 and 100% (51/51) from T2 to T5 for RBD and S1. At T6, only one HCW was negative. T2 [RBD = 2945 (IQR:1693-5364); S1 = 1574 (IQR:833-3256) U/mL], and T7 [RBD = 8204 (IQR:4129-11,912); S1 = 4124 (IQR:2124-6326) U/mL] were characterized by the highest antibody values. Significant humoral increases in RBD and S1 were documented at T7 and T8 compared to T2 and T4, respectively (p-value < .001). Following vaccination with BNT162b2 and a booster dose in the 9th month, naïve and healthy subjects show high antibody titers up to 12 months and a protective humoral response against COVID-19 disease lasting up to 20 months after the last booster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa De Pace
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bianca Bruzzone
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Ricucci
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Guarona
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Giberti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Galano
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Nigro
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Murgia
- Medicine Laboratory, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Nanni
- Medicine Laboratory, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ishii T, Hamada K, Jubishi D, Hashimoto H, Okamoto K, Hisasue N, Sunohara M, Saito M, Shinohara T, Yamashita M, Wakimoto Y, Otani A, Ikeda M, Harada S, Okugawa S, Moriya K, Yanagimoto S. Waning cellular immune responses and predictive factors in maintaining cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 six months after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9607. [PMID: 37311763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials have shown that the humoral response produced by anti-spike antibodies elicited by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines gradually declines. The kinetics, durability and influence of epidemiological and clinical factors on cellular immunity have not been fully elucidated. We analyzed cellular immune responses elicited by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines in 321 health care workers using whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays. IFN-γ, induced by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells stimulated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike epitopes (Ag2), levels were highest at 3 weeks after the second vaccination (6 W) and decreased by 37.4% at 3 months (4 M) and 60.0% at 6 months (7 M), the decline of which seemed slower than that of anti-spike antibody levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the levels of IFN-γ induced by Ag2 at 7 M were significantly correlated with age, dyslipidemia, focal adverse reactions to full vaccination, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in whole blood, Ag2 levels before the second vaccination, and Ag2 levels at 6 W. We clarified the dynamics and predictive factors for the long-lasting effects of cellular immune responses. The results emphasize the need for a booster vaccine from the perspective of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited cellular immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishii
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Hamada
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jubishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hisasue
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Minako Saito
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shinohara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Yamashita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Wakimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amato Otani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Harada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Okugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yanagimoto
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo, TokyoTokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taus E, Shino MY, Ibarrondo FJ, Hausner MA, Hofmann C, Yang OO. Predominantly defective CD8 + T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in lung transplant recipients. J Transl Med 2023; 21:374. [PMID: 37291575 PMCID: PMC10248978 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mRNA vaccines have overall efficacy preventing morbidity/mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunocompromised persons remain at risk. Antibodies mostly prevent early symptomatic infection, but cellular immunity, particularly the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, is protective against disease. Defects in T cell responses to vaccination have not been well characterized in immunocompromised hosts; persons with lung transplantation are particularly vulnerable to vaccine failure with severe illness. METHODS Comparison groups included persons with lung transplantation and no history of COVID-19 (21 and 19 persons after initial mRNA vaccination and a third booster vaccination respectively), 8 lung transplantation participants recovered from COVID-19, and 22 non-immunocompromised healthy control individuals after initial mRNA vaccination (without history of COVID-19). Anti-spike T cell responses were assayed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with pooled small overlapping peptides spanning the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, followed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and flow cytometry for release of cytokines in response to stimulation, including negative controls (no peptide stimulation) and positive controls (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] and ionomycin stimulation). To evaluate for low frequency memory responses, PBMCs were cultured in the presence of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for 14 days before this evaluation. RESULTS Ionophore stimulation of PBMCs revealed a less inflammatory milieu in terms of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10 profiling in lung transplantation individuals, reflecting the effect of immunosuppressive treatments. Similar to what we previously reported in healthy vaccinees, spike-specific responses in lung transplantation recipients were undetectable (< 0.01%) when tested 2 weeks after vaccination or later, but were detectable after in vitro culture of PBMCs with mRNA-1273 vaccine to enrich memory T cell responses. This was also seen in COVID-19-recovered lung transplantation recipients. Comparison of their enriched memory responses to controls revealed relatively similar CD4+ T cell memory, but markedly reduced CD8+ T cell memory both after primary vaccination or a booster dose. These responses were not correlated to age or time after transplantation. The vaccine-induced CD4+ and CD8+ responses correlated well in the healthy control group, but poorly in the transplantation groups. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a specific defect in CD8+ T cells, which have key roles both in transplanted organ rejection but also antiviral effector responses. Overcoming this defect will require strategies to enhance vaccine immunogenicity in immunocompromised persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Y Shino
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rabdano SO, Ruzanova EA, Pletyukhina IV, Saveliev NS, Kryshen KL, Katelnikova AE, Beltyukov PP, Fakhretdinova LN, Safi AS, Rudakov GO, Arakelov SA, Andreev IV, Kofiadi IA, Khaitov MR, Valenta R, Kryuchko DS, Berzin IA, Belozerova NS, Evtushenko AE, Truhin VP, Skvortsova VI. Immunogenicity and In Vivo Protective Effects of Recombinant Nucleocapsid-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Convacell ®. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040874. [PMID: 37112786 PMCID: PMC10141225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which are licensed or under development focus on the spike (S) protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD). However, the S protein shows considerable sequence variations among variants of concern. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting the highly conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein. Recombinant N protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity by chromatography and characterized by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The vaccine, formulated as a squalane-based emulsion, was used to immunize Balb/c mice and NOD SCID gamma (NSG) mice engrafted with human PBMCs, rabbits and marmoset monkeys. Safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine was assessed via ELISA, cytokine titer assays and CFSE dilution assays. The protective effect of the vaccine was studied in SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian hamsters. Immunization induced sustainable N-specific IgG responses and an N-specific mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response. In marmoset monkeys, an N-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cell response was observed. Vaccinated Syrian hamsters showed reduced lung histopathology, lower virus proliferation, lower lung weight relative to the body, and faster body weight recovery. Convacell® thus is shown to be effective and may augment the existing armamentarium of vaccines against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevastyan O Rabdano
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Ellina A Ruzanova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Iuliia V Pletyukhina
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Nikita S Saveliev
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | | | | | - Petr P Beltyukov
- Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SRIHOPHE), Kuzmolovsky 188663, Russia
| | - Liliya N Fakhretdinova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Ariana S Safi
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - German O Rudakov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Sergei A Arakelov
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Igor V Andreev
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Ilya A Kofiadi
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Immunology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Immunology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology (NRCII), Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115522, Russia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Daria S Kryuchko
- Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 125310, Russia
| | - Igor A Berzin
- Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 125310, Russia
| | - Natalia S Belozerova
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Anatoly E Evtushenko
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | - Viktor P Truhin
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia (SPbSRIVS), St. Petersburg 198320, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evaluation of T cell responses with the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay in individuals with 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 infection, or hybrid immunity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115948. [PMID: 37094435 PMCID: PMC10060202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization may be important for long-lasting protection against severe COVID-19 disease. We investigated cellular immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination with an interferon-γ release assay (QuantiFERON, QFN), in parallel, with humoral immunity assessment. We recruited 41 participants: unvaccinated convalescent children and adults and vaccinated uninfected or vaccinated convalescent adults. All vaccinated adults had received three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine at 6.2-10.9 months prior to their inclusion to the study. All the unvaccinated participants were tested negative with QFN. Regarding the vaccinated population, 50%(8/16) of the vaccinated uninfected adults and 57.1%(8/14) of the vaccinated convalescent adults were tested positive. QFN did not detect T cellular responses in unvaccinated individuals and in a significant number of vaccinated individuals. Further comparative studies with different immunoassays are required to elucidate whether this is the result of waning immunity or low sensitivity of the assay.
Collapse
|
12
|
Spacova I, Patusco R, Lebeer S, Jensen MG. Influence of biotic interventions on the immune response to vaccines in young and older adults. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:216-226. [PMID: 36657219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective way to confer potent and long-term protection from infectious diseases. However, poorer responses to immunization are common in young adults with sub-optimal immune health and the elderly because of immunosenescence and increased comorbidities. Recent mechanistic studies have highlighted that the microbiota and its compounds modulate many molecular pathways that can influence the host immune system. Consequently, altering the microbiota composition or activity with immunonutrition, specifically with biotic interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, or postbiotics), may enhance the immune response and vaccine efficacy. This review aims to examine the available data for these biotic strategies to provide clinicians, researchers, and vaccine developers with a mechanistically driven synthesis of how biotic interventions could modulate the immune responses to vaccination. The article describes some postulated mechanistic pathways involved in immunological responses to vaccines and immunomodulation with biotic interventions. Randomized clinical trials were also reviewed to evaluate the impact of specific biotic interventions on vaccination outcomes in different age groups. Few strains and formulations significantly increased antigen-specific antibody titers in individual of all ages. However, studies have also pointed to a substantial heterogeneity that can be attributed to the difference in biotic intervention, strain, dose, viability, type of vaccine antigen, study location, as well as duration, and timing of administration. Future investigations should focus on establishing optimal strains, doses, and timing of administration with respect to vaccination, especially in the elderly and children, where vaccine effectiveness and duration of immunization matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Spacova
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rachael Patusco
- Haleon (formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare Pvt Ltd), United States
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sh Y, Dong J, Chen Z, Yuan M, Lyu L, Zhang X. Active regression model for clinical grading of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141996. [PMID: 37026015 PMCID: PMC10071017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the therapeutic process of COVID-19, the majority of indicators that physicians have for assisting treatment have come from clinical tests represented by proteins, metabolites, and immune levels in patients' blood. Therefore, this study constructs an individualized treatment model based on deep learning methods, aiming to realize timely intervention based on clinical test indicator data of COVID-19 patients and provide an important theoretical basis for optimizing medical resource allocation. Methods This study collected clinical data from a total of 1,799 individuals, including 560 controls for non-respiratory infectious diseases (Negative), 681 controls for other respiratory virus infections (Other), and 558 coronavirus infections (Positive) for COVID-19. We first used the Student T-test to screen for statistically significant differences (Pvalue<0.05); we then used the Adaptive-Lasso method stepwise regression to screen the characteristic variables and filter the features with low importance; we then used analysis of covariance to calculate the correlation between variables and filter the highly correlated features; and finally, we analyzed the feature contribution and screened the best combination of features. Results Feature engineering reduced the feature set to 13 feature combinations. The correlation coefficient between the projected results of the artificial intelligence-based individualized diagnostic model and the fitted curve of the actual values in the test group was 0.9449 which could be applied to the clinical prognosis of COVID-19. In addition, the depletion of platelets in patients with COVID-19 is an important factor affecting their severe deterioration. With the progression of COVID-19, there is a slight decrease in the total number of platelets in the patient's body, particularly as the volume of larger platelets sharply decreases. The importance of plateletCV (count*mean platelet volume) in evaluating the severity of COVID-19 patients is higher than the count of platelets and mean platelet volume. Conclusion In general, we found that for patients with COVID-19, the increase in mean platelet volume was a predictor for SARS-Cov-2. The rapid decrease of platelet volume and the decrease of total platelet volume are dangerous signals for the aggravation of SARS-Cov-2 infection. The analysis and modeling results of this study provide a new perspective for individualized accurate diagnosis and treatment of clinical COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sh
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jierong Dong
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqing Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meiqing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuli Zhang, ; Lingna Lyu, ; Meiqing Yuan,
| | - Lingna Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuli Zhang, ; Lingna Lyu, ; Meiqing Yuan,
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiuli Zhang, ; Lingna Lyu, ; Meiqing Yuan,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mihaylova A, Lesichkova S, Baleva M, Nikolova‐Vlahova M, Kundurzhiev T, Kolevski A, Naumova E. Durability of humoral and cell-mediated immune response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine administration. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28360. [PMID: 36448089 PMCID: PMC9878094 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against the SARS-Cov-2 virus is an effective way to protect against the disease and the severe course of COVID-19. Forty-nine fully vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve volunteers aged 33-89 were enrolled in the study. Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immune response was performed within 1 to 3 months (T1) and 6-9 months (T2) after the second injection, and within 2-3 months (T3) after a booster dose. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the specific immune status was made between two age groups-below 60 (n = 22) and over 60 (n = 27) years. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response was evaluated by IFN-γ-producing spot forming cells (SFCs) using a standardized ELISPOT assay. Virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) against SARS-CoV-2 were measured by a blocking ELISA test and spike protein specific IgG (S-IgG) and IgA (S-IgA) antibodies-by semiquantitative ELISA. IFN-γ-producing SFCs, S-IgG, S-IgA and VNA significantly decreased 6-9 months after the second dose. After the third injection S-IgG and S-IgA markedly increased compared to T2 and reached the levels at T1. Of note, the highest values of VNA were observed at T3. No differences in the tested immune parameters were found between the two age groups. Data obtained showed that for a long period-6-9 months after a full course of immunization with mRNA vaccine, immune reactivity is present, but both cellular and humoral immune responses gradually decrease. The administration of a third dose mainly restores the specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Mihaylova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Spaska Lesichkova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria,Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | | | - Milena Nikolova‐Vlahova
- Clinic of NephrologyUniversity Hospital St.Ivan RilskiSofiaBulgaria,Department of Internal MedicineMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | - Todor Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| | - Alexander Kolevski
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria
| | - Elissaveta Naumova
- Clinic of Clinical Immunology and Stem Cell BankUniversity Hospital AlexandrovskaSofiaBulgaria,Department of Clinical ImmunologyMedical UniversitySofiaBulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Gong LS, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Kitchen SG, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Persistent memory despite rapid contraction of circulating T Cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100594. [PMID: 36860850 PMCID: PMC9968837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While antibodies raised by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have had compromised efficacy to prevent breakthrough infections due to both limited durability and spike sequence variation, the vaccines have remained highly protective against severe illness. This protection is mediated through cellular immunity, particularly CD8+ T cells, and lasts at least a few months. Although several studies have documented rapidly waning levels of vaccine-elicited antibodies, the kinetics of T cell responses have not been well defined. Methods Interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) were utilized to assess cellular immune responses (in isolated CD8+ T cells or whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) to pooled peptides spanning spike. ELISA was performed to quantitate serum antibodies against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD). Results In two persons receiving primary vaccination, tightly serially evaluated frequencies of anti-spike CD8+ T cells using ELISpot assays revealed strikingly short-lived responses, peaking after about 10 days and becoming undetectable by about 20 days after each dose. This pattern was also observed in cross-sectional analyses of persons after the first and second doses during primary vaccination with mRNA vaccines. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19-recovered persons using the same assay showed persisting responses in most persons through 45 days after symptom onset. Cross-sectional analysis using IFN-γ ICS of PBMCs from persons 13 to 235 days after mRNA vaccination also demonstrated undetectable CD8+ T cells against spike soon after vaccination, and extended the observation to include CD4+ T cells. However, ICS analyses of the same PBMCs after culturing with the mRNA-1273 vaccine in vitro showed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were readily detectable in most persons out to 235 days after vaccination. Discussion Overall, we find that detection of spike-targeted responses from mRNA vaccines using typical IFN-γ assays is remarkably transient, which may be a function of the mRNA vaccine platform and an intrinsic property of the spike protein as an immune target. However, robust memory, as demonstrated by capacity for rapid expansion of T cells responding to spike, is maintained at least several months after vaccination. This is consistent with the clinical observation of vaccine protection from severe illness lasting months. The level of such memory responsiveness required for clinical protection remains to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura S Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral Immune Responses after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Hospital Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122038. [PMID: 36560450 PMCID: PMC9782529 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has led to a loss of human life in millions and devastating socio-economic consequences worldwide. So far, vaccination is the most effective long-term strategy to control and prevent severe COVID-19 disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the humoral immune responses raised against the BNT162b2 vaccine in hospital healthcare workers. METHODS Total number of 173 healthcare workers enrolled in the study. Their blood samples were collected in three different time intervals after the second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and evaluated by the ELISA method to detect anti-spike protein IgM and IgG antibodies. The baseline characteristics of all participants were collected using questionnaires and were evaluated for finding any significant data. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the levels of antibodies were higher in the young group (21-30 years old) and also among male participants. Moreover, the highest levels of antibodies were detected from the group that received the third shot vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that age, gender and third-dose vaccination can affect the levels of humoral immune responses against the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthcare workers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Watanabe M, Yakushijin K, Funakoshi Y, Ohji G, Ichikawa H, Sakai H, Hojo W, Saeki M, Hirakawa Y, Matsumoto S, Sakai R, Nagao S, Kitao A, Miyata Y, Koyama T, Saito Y, Kawamoto S, Yamamoto K, Ito M, Murayama T, Matsuoka H, Minami H. A Third Dose COVID-19 Vaccination in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1830. [PMID: 36366338 PMCID: PMC9695068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a second dose of BNT162b2 was safe and effective for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. Here, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic HSCT patients. Antibody titers against the S1 spike protein were measured using the QuaResearch COVID-19 Human IgM IgG ELISA kit. The previous study included 25 allogeneic HSCT patients who received two doses of BNT162b2. Following the exclusion of three patients because of the development of COVID-19 (n = 2) and loss to follow-up (n = 1), the study evaluated 22 allogeneic HSCT patients who received a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 [n = 15] and mRNA-1273 [n = 7]). Median age at the time of the first vaccination was 56 (range, 23-71) years. Five patients were receiving immunosuppressants at the third vaccination, namely calcineurin inhibitors (CI) alone (n = 1), steroids alone (n = 2), or CI combined with steroids (n = 2). Twenty-one patients (95%) seroconverted after the third dose. None of our patients had serious adverse events, new-onset graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), or GVHD exacerbation after vaccination. A third dose of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines was safe and effective for allogeneic HSCT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Watanabe
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yohei Funakoshi
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Goh Ohji
- Division of Infectious Disease Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ichikawa
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Hojo
- R&D, Cellspect Co., Ltd., Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Miki Saeki
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirakawa
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sakuya Matsumoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Rina Sakai
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nagao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Miyata
- BioResource Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Taiji Koyama
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kawamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ito
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Laboratory of Hematology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tohru Murayama
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi 673-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- BioResource Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Hospital Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Cancer Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mancuso R, Agostini S, Citterio LA, Chiarini D, Santangelo MA, Clerici M. Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Induced by Three Doses of the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101649. [PMID: 36298514 PMCID: PMC9610882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer) was the first SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine approved by the European Medicines Agency. We monitored the long-term humoral responses of healthcare workers (HCWs) who received three vaccine doses. A total of 59 healthcare workers were studied: 47 were never SARS-CoV-2-infected (naïve-HCWs), and 12 (infected-HCWs) recovered from COVID-19 before the first vaccine. Serum and saliva were collected at baseline (before the first dose), just before the second dose, 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after the second dose, and 10 days after the third vaccine. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA were evaluated in serum and saliva, respectively, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) was analyzed in serum. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG peaked one month after the second vaccine in naïve-HCWs but right before this timepoint in infected-HCWs. IgG titers significantly decreased during follow-up and at month 9 were still detectable in 50% of naïve-HCWs and 90% of infected-HCWs. NAb were significantly decreased 6 months after the second vaccine in naïve-HCWs and 9 months after this dose in infected-HCWs. Salivary SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA titers were significantly higher in infected-HCWs and were undetectable 9 months after the second vaccine in 43% of the naïve-HCWs alone. The third vaccine greatly increased humoral IgG and mucosal IgA in both groups. Two BNT162b2 doses induced strong systemic and humoral immune responses; to note, these responses weakened over time, although they are more prolonged in individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. The third vaccine dose quickly boosts systemic and mucosal humoral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0240308375
| | | | - Debora Chiarini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010876. [PMID: 36178969 PMCID: PMC9555632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant of Concern is highly transmissible and contains mutations that confer partial immune escape. The emergence of Delta in North America caused the first surge in COVID-19 cases after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines became widely available. To determine whether individuals infected despite vaccination might be capable of transmitting SARS-CoV-2, we compared RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) data from 20,431 test-positive anterior nasal swab specimens from fully vaccinated (n = 9,347) or unvaccinated (n = 11,084) individuals tested at a single commercial laboratory during the interval 28 June– 1 December 2021 when Delta variants were predominant. We observed no significant effect of vaccine status alone on Ct value, nor when controlling for vaccine product or sex. Testing a subset of low-Ct (<25) samples, we detected infectious virus at similar rates, and at similar titers, in specimens from vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. These data indicate that vaccinated individuals infected with Delta variants are capable of shedding infectious SARS-CoV-2 and could play a role in spreading COVID-19. A pivotal moment in the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. occurred during the summer of 2021—after the majority of people were vaccinated against the virus that causes COVID. The paradigm at the time was that infection and transmission after vaccination were rare. After contact tracers noticed an increase in infections after vaccination, we rapidly assembled a team of virologists, epidemiologists, and public health officials to investigate. Our study was conducted in Wisconsin at a time when the Delta variant accounted for almost all new infections. While data related to individual outbreaks and large gatherings were emerging, we examined data from community test sites spread over a wide geographic area in Wisconsin. We found that a large proportion of people with infection despite full vaccination had high levels of virus in their bodies, regardless of sex or the type of vaccine they received. Our study was one of the first to demonstrate the possibility that vaccinated people could play a role in spreading COVID, and helped inform public health policies (such as mask mandates) to cope with new surges in COVID-19 cases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Arankalle V, Kulkarni-Munje A, Kulkarni R, Palkar S, Patil R, Oswal J, Lalwani S, Mishra AC. Immunogenicity of two COVID-19 vaccines used in India: An observational cohort study in health care workers from a tertiary care hospital. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928501. [PMID: 36211366 PMCID: PMC9540493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic witnessed rapid development and use of several vaccines. In India, a country-wide immunization was initiated in January 2021. COVISHIELD, the chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine with full-length SARS-COV-2 spike insert and COVAXIN, the whole virus-inactivated vaccines were used. To assess and compare immune response of health-care-workers to COVISHIELD (n=187) and COVAXIN (n=21), blood samples were collected pre-vaccination, 1month post-1/post-2 doses and 6months post-dose-2 and tested for IgG-anti-SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA) and neutralizing (Nab,PRNT50) antibodies. Spike-protein-specific T cells were quantitated by IFN-γ-ELISPOT. In pre-vaccination-antibody-negative COVISHIELD recipients (pre-negatives, n=120), %Nab seroconversion (median, IQR Nab titers) increased from 55.1% (16, 2.5-36.3) post-dose-1 to 95.6% (64.5, 4.5-154.2, p<0.001) post-dose-2 that were independent of age/gender/BMI. Nab response was higher among pre-positives with hybrid immunity at all-time points (p<0.01-0.0001) and independent of age/gender/BMI/Comorbidities. Post-dose-2-seroconversion (50%, p<0.001) and Nab titers (6.75, 2.5-24.8, p<0.001) in COVAXIN-recipients were lower than COVISHIELD. COVAXIN elicited a superior IFN-γ-T cell response as measured by ELISPOT (100%; 1226, 811-1532 spot forming units, SFU/million PBMCs v/s 57.8%; 21.7,1.6-169.2; p<0.001). At 6months, 28.3% (15/53) COVISHIELD and 3/3COVAXIN recipients were Nab-negative. T cell response remained unchanged. During immunization, COVID-19 cases were detected among COVISHIELD (n=4) and COVAXIN (n=2) recipients. At 6months, 9cases were recorded in COVISHIELD-recipients. This first-time, systematic, real-world assessment and long-term follow up revealed generation of higher neutralizing antibody titers by COVISHIELD and stronger T-cell response by COVAXIN. Diminished Nab titers at 6months emphasize early booster. Immunogenicity/efficacy of vaccines will change with the progression of the pandemic needing careful evaluations in the field-settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Arankalle
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Vidya Arankalle, ;
| | - Archana Kulkarni-Munje
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruta Kulkarni
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonali Palkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Patil
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jitendra Oswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akhilesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lapointe HR, Mwimanzi F, Cheung PK, Sang Y, Yaseen F, Kalikawe R, Datwani S, Waterworth R, Umviligihozo G, Ennis S, Young L, Dong W, Kirkby D, Burns L, Leung V, Holmes DT, DeMarco ML, Simons J, Matic N, Montaner JS, Brumme CJ, Prystajecky N, Niikura M, Lowe CF, Romney MG, Brockman MA, Brumme ZL. Serial infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 following three-dose COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947021. [PMID: 36148225 PMCID: PMC9485663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infections are common among individuals who are vaccinated or have recovered from prior variant infection, but few reports have immunologically assessed serial Omicron infections. We characterized SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses in an individual who acquired laboratory-confirmed Omicron BA.1.15 ten weeks after a third dose of BNT162b2, and BA.2 thirteen weeks later. Responses were compared to 124 COVID-19-naive vaccinees. One month post-second and -third vaccine doses, the participant's wild-type and BA.1-specific IgG, ACE2-displacement and virus neutralization activities were average for a COVID-19-naive triple-vaccinated individual. BA.1 infection boosted the participant's responses to the cohort ≥95th percentile, but even this strong "hybrid" immunity failed to protect against BA.2. Reinfection increased BA.1 and BA.2-specific responses only modestly. Though vaccines clearly protect against severe disease, results highlight the continued importance of maintaining additional protective measures to counteract the immune-evasive Omicron variant, particularly as vaccine-induced immune responses naturally decline over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hope R. Lapointe
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francis Mwimanzi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Peter K. Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Yurou Sang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Fatima Yaseen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Kalikawe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sneha Datwani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel Waterworth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Siobhan Ennis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Landon Young
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Winnie Dong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don Kirkby
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Burns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Leung
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel T. Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mari L. DeMarco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janet Simons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nancy Matic
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julio S.G. Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chanson J. Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masahiro Niikura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher F. Lowe
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc G. Romney
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Virology, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark A. Brockman
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Almendro-Vázquez P, Chivite-Lacaba M, Utrero-Rico A, González-Cuadrado C, Laguna-Goya R, Moreno-Batanero M, Sánchez-Paz L, Luczkowiak J, Labiod N, Folgueira MD, Delgado R, Paz-Artal E. Cellular and humoral immune responses and breakthrough infections after three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine doses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981350. [PMID: 36059485 PMCID: PMC9428395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has proven the most effective measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Booster doses are being administered with limited knowledge on their need and effect on immunity. Objective To determine the duration of specific T cells, antibodies and neutralization after 2-dose vaccination, to assess the effect of a third dose on adaptive immunity and to explore correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. Methods 12-month longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, IgG and neutralizing antibodies triggered by 2 BNT162b2 doses followed by a third mRNA-1273 dose in a cohort of 77 healthcare workers: 17 with SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination (recovered) and 60 naïve. Results Peak levels of cellular and humoral response were achieved 2 weeks after the second dose. Antibodies declined thereafter while T cells reached a plateau 3 months after vaccination. The decline in neutralization was specially marked in naïve individuals and it was this group who benefited most from the third dose, which resulted in a 20.9-fold increase in neutralization. Overall, recovered individuals maintained higher levels of T cells, antibodies and neutralization 1 to 6 months post-vaccination than naïve. Seventeen asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections were reported during follow-up, only in naïve individuals. This viral exposure boosted adaptive immunity. High peak levels of T cells and neutralizing antibodies 15 days post-vaccination associated with protection from breakthrough infections. Conclusion Booster vaccination in naïve individuals and the inclusion of viral antigens other than spike in future vaccine formulations could be useful strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Patricia Almendro-Vázquez,
| | - Marta Chivite-Lacaba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Utrero-Rico
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocio Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Sánchez-Paz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Luczkowiak
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Labiod
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC – Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Medical School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Lippi G. Variation of Total Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies After Primary BNT162b2 Vaccination and Homologous Booster. EJIFCC 2022; 33:166-174. [PMID: 36313914 PMCID: PMC9562482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this serosurveillance study, we investigated the variation of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antibodies in healthcare workers receiving primary BNT162b2 vaccination and homologous booster. METHODS A total number of 524 subjects (median age, 46 years; 65.3% females), were studied. All received primary BNT162b2 vaccination (two doses) and homologous booster (one dose) >8 months after completing the primary cycle. Blood samples were collected before the first and second vaccine doses, at 1, 3 and 6 months after the second dose, as well as before and 1 month after booster. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were assayed with Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS Overall, 65.1% subjects were baseline (i.e., pre-vaccination) SARS-CoV-2 seronegative and always tested SARS-CoV-2 negative ("N/N"), 16.2% were baseline SARS-CoV-2 seronegative but tested SARS-CoV-2 positive after receiving the vaccine booster dose ("N/P"), whilst 18.7% were baseline SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and always tested SARS-CoV-2 negative afterwards ("P/N"). All groups displayed a similar trend of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies throughout the study period, though the P/N cohort exhibited higher values compared to the other two groups until receiving the booster, after which the levels become similar in all cohorts. Significant differences in total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies values were not found between N/N and N/P groups, neither 1 month after booster. The rate of subjects with protective antibodies values become 100% in all groups after booster. CONCLUSIONS Although baseline seropositivity is associated with more pronounced humoral immune response following primary vaccination compared to never infected subjects, SARS-CoV-2 infection after booster does not significantly foster antibody titers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M. Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy,Corresponding authors: Prof. Giuseppe Lippi Section of Clinical Biochemistry University Hospital of Verona Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10 37134 Verona Italy Phone: 0039-045-8122970 Fax: 0039-045-8124308 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zavaglio F, Cassaniti I, Sammartino JC, Tonello S, Sainaghi PP, Novelli V, Meloni F, Lilleri D, Baldanti F. mRNA BNT162b Vaccine Elicited Higher Antibody and CD4 + T-Cell Responses than Patients with Mild COVID-19. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061250. [PMID: 35744768 PMCID: PMC9228401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the development and persistence of antibody and T-cell responses elicited by the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analysed 37 post-COVID-19 patients (15 with pneumonia and 22 with mild symptoms) and 20 vaccinated subjects. Anti-Spike IgG and neutralising antibodies were higher in vaccinated subjects and in patients with pneumonia than in patients with mild COVID-19, and persisted at higher levels in patients with pneumonia while declining in vaccinated subjects. However, the booster dose restored the initial antibody levels. The proliferative CD4+ T-cell response was similar in vaccinated subjects and patients with pneumonia, but was lower in mild COVID-19 patients and persisted in both vaccinated subjects and post-COVID patients. Instead, the proliferative CD8+ T-cell response was lower in vaccinated subjects than in patients with pneumonia, decreased six months after vaccination, and was not restored after the booster dose. The cytokine profile was mainly TH1 in both vaccinated subjects and post-COVID-19 patients. The mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine elicited higher levels of antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses than those observed in mild COVID-19 patients. While the antibody response declined after six months and required a booster dose to be restored at the initial levels, the proliferative CD4+ T-cell response persisted over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zavaglio
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Stelvio Tonello
- Immunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.T.); (P.P.S.)
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Immunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.T.); (P.P.S.)
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Immunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Univerisity Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Viola Novelli
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Federica Meloni
- Research Laboratory of Lung Diseases, Section of Cell Biology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-501501
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.Z.); (I.C.); (J.C.S.); (F.B.)
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|