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Brahma S, Chatterjee S, Dey A. Role of eicosanoids in insect immunity: new insights and recent advances. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39158024 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, and different metazoan parasites and parasitoids present a constant threat to insects. Insect immunity has two components: humoral and cell mediated. Humoral immunity can be achieved by various antimicrobial proteins, namely, cecropins, sarcotoxin, defensin, attacin, etc. The cell-mediated immunity comprises various cells having immune functions fostering nodulation, phagocytosis, microaggregation, encapsulation etc. Eicosanoids play a crucial role in insect immunity comparable to other animals. The above-mentioned are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and they exert numerous physiological effects, namely, inflammation, immune modulation, and regulation of cellular processes. The review article elucidates various roles of eicosanoids, namely, nodulation reaction, Toll signaling pathway, nitric oxide (NO) generation, Ca2+ mobilization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin polymerization and aquaporin activation. Eicosanoids can function in immune priming in insects drawing hemocytes. An agent named Duox was also identified serving as ROS generator in insect gut. Moreover, role of Repat gene in insect immunity was also studied. However, recently the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) was found to be negative as it inhibits platelet aggregation. In this brief review, we have tried to shed light on the various functions of eicosanoids in immunity of insect those have been discovered recently. This concise study will allow to decipher eicosanoids' function in insect immunity in a nutshell, and it will pave the way for more researches to understand the key players of insect immunity which may eventually help to develop novel vector and pest control strategies in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhranil Brahma
- Department of Zoology, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia, South Tripura, Tripura, India
| | - Somnath Chatterjee
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Bhupendra Nath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Atrayee Dey
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
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2
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Liu XL, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu YP, Ze LJ, Zhang HN, Lu M. Relish involved in immunity and larval survival in the willow leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3808-3814. [PMID: 38507262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects mainly rely on innate immunity against pathogen infection. Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a worldwide leaf-eating forest pest in salicaceous trees. However, the mechanisms behind the immunodeficiency pathway (IMD) remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we obtained a Relish gene from transcriptome analysis. Tissue and instar expression profiles were subsequently obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that Relish has high expression levels in eggs, larvae and adults, and especially in fat bodies. Transcripts of the tested antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), defensin1, defensin2 and attacin2 were downregulated by dsRelish. Knockdown of Relish led to greater mortality in larvae after Staphylococcus aureus infection. In addition, we performed bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA-based high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was significantly altered after dsRelish ingestion. CONCLUSION This study provides a greater understanding of the IMD signaling pathway, facilitating functional studies of Relish in P. versicolora. Moreover, a genetic pest management technique might be developed using Relish as a lethal gene to control the pest P. versicolora. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Ji Ze
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Vatanparast M, Esmaeily M, Stanley D, Kim Y. A PLA2 deletion mutant using CRISPR/Cas9 coupled to RNASeq reveals insect immune genes associated with eicosanoid signaling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304958. [PMID: 39018338 PMCID: PMC11253937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids mediate insect immune responses and synthesized by the catalytic activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). A uniquely encoded secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) is associated with immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Its deletion mutant was generated using a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Both wild and mutant lines were then immune-challenged, and the resulting transcripts were compared with their naïve transcripts by RNASeq using the Illumina-HiSeq platform. In total, 12,878 unigenes were further analyzed by differentially expressed gene tools. Over 69% of the expressed genes in S. exigua larvae are modulated in their expression levels by eicosanoids, recorded from CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis against an eicosanoid-synthetic gene, Se-sPLA2. Further, about 36% of the immune-associated genes are controlled by the eicosanoids in S. exigua. Indeed, the deletion mutant suffered significant immunosuppression in both cellular and humoral responses in response to bacterial challenge as well as severely reduced developmental and reproductive potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Epigenetics and RNAi Lab, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Mojtaba Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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4
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Baek SE, Kwon Y, Yoon JW, Kim HS, Yang JY, Lee DS, Yeom E. The overexpression of DSP1 in neurons induces neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration phenotypes in Drosophila. Mol Brain 2024; 17:43. [PMID: 39003465 PMCID: PMC11245852 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dorsal switch protein 1(DSP1), a mammalian homolog of HMGB1, is firstly identified as a dorsal co-repressor in 1994. DSP1 contains HMG-box domain and functions as a transcriptional regulator in Drosophila melanogaster. It plays a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in dorsal-ventral patterning during early embryogenesis, through the regulation of gene expression. Moreover, DSP1 is implicated in various cellular processes, including cell fate determination and tissue differentiation, which are essential for embryonic development. While the function of DSP1 in embryonic development has been relatively well-studied, its role in the adult Drosophila brain remains less understood. In this study, we investigated the role of DSP1 in the brain by using neuronal-specific DSP1 overexpression flies. We observed that climbing ability and life span are decreased in DSP1-overexpressed flies. Furthermore, these flies demonstrated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defect, reduced eye size and a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, indicating neuronal toxicity induced by DSP1 overexpression. Our data suggest that DSP1 overexpression leads to neuronal dysfunction and toxicity, positioning DSP1 as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Eun Baek
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- KNU-G LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Eunbyul Yeom
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
- KNU-G LAMP Project Group, KNU Institute of Basic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Han Y, Pu Q, Fan T, Wei T, Xu Y, Zhao L, Liu S. Long non-coding RNAs as promising targets for controlling disease vector mosquitoes. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38783627 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hematophagous female mosquitoes are important vectors of numerous devastating human diseases, posing a major public health threat. Effective prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases rely considerably on progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of various life activities, and accordingly, the molecules that regulate the various life activities of mosquitoes are potential targets for implementing future vector control strategies. Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in mosquitoes and significant progress has been made in determining their functions. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the research advances on mosquito lncRNAs, including their molecular identification, function, and interaction with other non-coding RNAs, as well as their synergistic regulatory roles in mosquito life activities. We also highlight the potential roles of competitive endogenous RNAs in mosquito growth and development, as well as in insecticide resistance and virus-host interactions. Insights into the biological functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in mosquito life activities, viral replication, pathogenesis, and transmission will contribute to the development of novel drugs and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tianqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yankun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Ke Z, Xu L, Yang Y, Chang L, Zhang J. A faster killing effect of plastid-mediated RNA interference on a leaf beetle through induced dysbiosis of the gut bacteria. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100974. [PMID: 38751119 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The expression of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) from the plastid genome has been proven to be an effective method for controlling herbivorous pests by targeting essential insect genes. However, there are limitations to the efficiency of plastid-mediated RNA interference (PM-RNAi) due to the initial damage caused by the insects and their slow response to RNA interference. In this study, we developed transplastomic poplar plants that express dsRNAs targeting the β-Actin (dsACT) and Srp54k (dsSRP54K) genes of Plagiodera versicolora. Feeding experiments showed that transplastomic poplar plants can cause significantly higher mortality in P. versicolora larvae compared with nuclear transgenic or wild-type poplar plants. The efficient killing effect of PM-RNAi on P. versicolora larvae was found to be dependent on the presence of gut bacteria. Importantly, foliar application of a gut bacterial strain, Pseudomonas putida, will induce dysbiosis in the gut bacteria of P. versicolora larvae, leading to a significant acceleration in the speed of killing by PM-RNAi. Overall, our findings suggest that interfering with gut bacteria could be a promising strategy to enhance the effectiveness of PM-RNAi for insect pest control, offering a novel and effective approach for crop protection based on RNAi technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zebin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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7
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Zimmermann C, Dähn S, Wagner AE. Effect of allyl-isothiocyanate on survival and antimicrobial peptide expression following oral bacterial infections in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404086. [PMID: 38803500 PMCID: PMC11128604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause increasing problems worldwide, the identification of alternative therapies is of great importance. Plant-derived bioactives, including allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), have received attention for their antimicrobial properties. The present study therefore investigates the impact of AITC on survival and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) levels in Drosophila melanogaster challenged with the fly pathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. AITC, a sulfur-containing compound derived from glucosinolates, exhibits antimicrobial properties and has been suggested to modulate AMP expression. By using D. melanogaster, we demonstrate that AITC treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease of survival rates among female flies, particularly in the presence of the Gram-negative bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, whereas AITC did not affect survival in male flies. Despite the ability of isothiocyanates to induce AMP expression in cell culture, we did not detect significant changes in AMP mRNA levels in infected flies exposed to AITC. Our findings suggest sex-specific differences in response to AITC treatment and bacterial infections, underlining the complexity of host-pathogen interactions and potential limitations of AITC as a preventive or therapeutic compound at least in D. melanogaster models of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Dähn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Hardiyanti W, Djabir YY, Fatiah D, Pratama MR, Putri TZA, Chaeratunnisa R, Latada NP, Mudjahid M, Asri RM, Nainu F. Evaluating the Impact of Vitamin D 3 on NF-κB and JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20135-20141. [PMID: 38737056 PMCID: PMC11079875 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study delved into the consequences of prolonged administration of vitamin D3 on innate immune systems, particularly NF-κB and JAK/STAT, in Drosophila melanogaster. The outcomes indicated that vitamin D3 treatment exhibited a notable capacity to improve the survival of adult flies with compromised immune functions, a condition induced by the loss of PGRP-LB, particularly when the flies were exposed to heat-killed Escherichia coli. The PGRP-LBΔ mutant line that was treated with heat-killed E. coli experienced reduced survival. Treatment of heat-killed E. coli-treated PGRP-LBΔ with vitamin D3 resulted in improved survival, and this phenotypic feature might be due to the downregulation of gene expression in the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways. However, a higher concentration of vitamin D3 was associated with decreased survival, potentially linked to intricate immunological responses. The research also underscored the influence of vitamin D3 on the expression of antioxidant genes, sod1 and sod2, indicating an augmented resistance to oxidative stress. Further, this study revealed the effect of vitamin D3 on the reproductive status of the autoinflammatory model, showing an increase in pupae and adult flies with a treatment of 10 mM vitamin D3, suggesting the potential benefits of vitamin D3 on the reproductive profile. Overall, this study provides preliminary insights into the complex interactions between vitamin D3, immune pathways, oxidative responses in the cell, and reproduction in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widya Hardiyanti
- Postgraduate
Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Yusrini Djabir
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin
University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Dewita Fatiah
- Postgraduate
Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rasul Pratama
- Postgraduate
Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Tenri Zulfa Ayu
Dwi Putri
- Postgraduate
Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rizkya Chaeratunnisa
- Undergraduate
Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nadila Pratiwi Latada
- Unhas
Fly Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Mukarram Mudjahid
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin
University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rangga Meidianto Asri
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin
University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Unhas
Fly Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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McMullen E, Strych L, Chodakova L, Krebs A, Dolezal T. JAK/STAT mediated insulin resistance in muscles is essential for effective immune response. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:203. [PMID: 38566182 PMCID: PMC10986132 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolically demanding nature of immune response requires nutrients to be preferentially directed towards the immune system at the expense of peripheral tissues. We study the mechanisms by which this metabolic reprograming occurs using the parasitoid infection of Drosophila larvae. To overcome such an immune challenge hemocytes differentiate into lamellocytes, which encapsulate and melanize the parasitoid egg. Hemocytes acquire the energy for this process by expressing JAK/STAT ligands upd2 and upd3, which activates JAK/STAT signaling in muscles and redirects carbohydrates away from muscles in favor of immune cells. METHODS Immune response of Drosophila larvae was induced by parasitoid wasp infestation. Carbohydrate levels, larval locomotion and gene expression of key proteins were compared between control and infected animals. Efficacy of lamellocyte production and resistance to wasp infection was observed for RNAi and mutant animals. RESULTS Absence of upd/JAK/STAT signaling leads to an impaired immune response and increased mortality. We demonstrate how JAK/STAT signaling in muscles leads to suppression of insulin signaling through activation of ImpL2, the inhibitor of Drosophila insulin like peptides. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal cross-talk between immune cells and muscles mediates a metabolic shift, redirecting carbohydrates towards immune cells. We emphasize the crucial function of muscles during immune response and show the benefits of insulin resistance as an adaptive mechanism that is necessary for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen McMullen
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia.
| | - Lukas Strych
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Chodakova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Amber Krebs
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tomas Dolezal
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia.
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Zhou L, Meng G, Zhu L, Ma L, Chen K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3835. [PMID: 38612644 PMCID: PMC11011964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030810, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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11
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Mpamhanga CD, Kounatidis I. The utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a fungal infection model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349027. [PMID: 38550600 PMCID: PMC10973011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases have profound effects upon human health and are on increase globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 published the fungal priority list calling for improved public health interventions and advance research. Drosophila melanogaster presents an excellent model system to dissect host-pathogen interactions and has been proved valuable to study immunopathogenesis of fungal diseases. In this review we highlight the recent advances in fungal-Drosophila interplay with an emphasis on the recently published WHO's fungal priority list and we focus on available tools and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai D Mpamhanga
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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12
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Vesala L, Basikhina Y, Tuomela T, Nurminen A, Siukola E, Vale PF, Salminen TS. Mitochondrial perturbation in immune cells enhances cell-mediated innate immunity in Drosophila. BMC Biol 2024; 22:60. [PMID: 38475850 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria participate in various cellular processes including energy metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, production of reactive oxygen species, stress responses, inflammation and immunity. However, the role of mitochondrial metabolism in immune cells and tissues shaping the innate immune responses are not yet fully understood. We investigated the effects of tissue-specific mitochondrial perturbation on the immune responses at the organismal level. Genes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes cI-cV were knocked down in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, targeting the two main immune tissues, the fat body and the immune cells (hemocytes). RESULTS While OXPHOS perturbation in the fat body was detrimental, hemocyte-specific perturbation led to an enhanced immunocompetence. This was accompanied by the formation of melanized hemocyte aggregates (melanotic nodules), a sign of activation of cell-mediated innate immunity. Furthermore, the hemocyte-specific OXPHOS perturbation induced immune activation of hemocytes, resulting in an infection-like hemocyte profile and an enhanced immune response against parasitoid wasp infection. In addition, OXPHOS perturbation in hemocytes resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and upregulation of genes associated with the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we show that while the effects of mitochondrial perturbation on immune responses are highly tissue-specific, mild mitochondrial dysfunction can be beneficial in immune-challenged individuals and contributes to variation in infection outcomes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vesala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yuliya Basikhina
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tea Tuomela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Nurminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emilia Siukola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tiina S Salminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Abdisa E, Park H, Kwon J, Jin G, Esmaeily M, Kim Y. Enhancement of an entomopathogenic fungal virulence against the seedcorn maggot, Delia platura, by suppressing immune responses with a bacterial culture broth of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22103. [PMID: 38517449 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In Korea, there are two maggot species in the Delia genus that commonly infest the roots and stems of the Welsh onion, thus causing serious economic damage on the crop at the seedling stage. In this study, the seedcorn maggot (Delia platura) was detected in onion fields in two different localities in Korea. After overwintering, maggot infestations occurred throughout the entire growing seasons from transplantation to harvest, but their specific patterns of occurrence varied in the two localities examined. Entomopathogenic fungi induced significant virulence against the maggot larvae, in which a strain of Beauveria bassiana was effective, though it exhibited limited mortality in its insecticidal activity. To enhance this insecticidal activity, a culture broth from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata (Ptt), was added to B. bassiana treatment. The addition of Ptt broth significantly increased the insecticidal activity of B. bassiana in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate this enhancement in insecticidal activity, the immunosuppressive activity of Ptt broth was assessed by identifying the immune responses of the seedcorn maggots. The seedcorn maggots possessed at least three different hemocytes with plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. These hemocytes exhibited nodule formation in response to the fungal infection. In addition to the cellular immunity, the maggots exhibited inducible expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as cecropin and defensin. The addition of Ptt broth suppressed the nodule formation and the AMP expressions in response to the fungal infection. Altogether, this study demonstrated the innate immune responses in a non-model insect, D. platura, along with the application of immunosuppression to develop a highly efficient biological control by enhancing the virulence of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eticha Abdisa
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Hyunje Park
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kwon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Mojtaba Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
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14
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Sun LN, Meng JY, Wang Z, Lin SY, Shen J, Yan S. Research progress of aphid immunity system: Potential effective target for green pest management. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38415382 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to the absence of acquired immunity, insects primarily rely on their innate immune system to resist pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids in natural habitats. This innate immune system can be classified into cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity is mediated by hemocytes, which perform phagocytosis, aggregation, and encapsulation to fight against invaders, whereas the humoral immunity primarily activates the immune signaling pathways and induces the generation of immune effectors. Existing studies have revealed that the hemipteran aphids lack some crucial immune genes compared to other insect species, indicating the different immune mechanisms in aphids. The current review summarizes the adverse impacts of pathogenic microorganisms and parasitoids on aphids, introduces the cellular and humoral immune systems in insects, and analyzes the differences between aphids and other insect species. Furthermore, our review also discussed the existing prospects and challenges in aphid immunity research, and proposed the potential application of immune genes in green pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Sun
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yu Meng
- Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute, Guiyang, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Lin
- Pu'er Agricultural Science Research Institute, Pu'er, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Zhou SO, Arunkumar R, Irfan A, Ding SD, Leitão AB, Jiggins FM. The evolution of constitutively active humoral immune defenses in Drosophila populations under high parasite pressure. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011729. [PMID: 38206983 PMCID: PMC10807768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Both constitutive and inducible immune mechanisms are employed by hosts for defense against infection. Constitutive immunity allows for a faster response, but it comes with an associated cost that is always present. This trade-off between speed and fitness costs leads to the theoretical prediction that constitutive immunity will be favored where parasite exposure is frequent. We selected populations of Drosophila melanogaster under high parasite pressure from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. With RNA sequencing, we found the evolution of resistance in these populations was associated with them developing constitutively active humoral immunity, mediated by the larval fat body. Furthermore, these evolved populations were also able to induce gene expression in response to infection to a greater level, which indicates an overall more activated humoral immune response to parasitization. The anti-parasitoid immune response also relies on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway being activated in muscles following infection, and this induced response was only seen in populations that had evolved under high parasite pressure. We found that the cytokine Upd3, which induces this JAK/STAT response, is being expressed by immature lamellocytes. Furthermore, these immune cells became constitutively present when populations evolved resistance, potentially explaining why they gained the ability to activate JAK/STAT signaling. Thus, under intense parasitism, populations evolved resistance by increasing both constitutive and induced immune defenses, and there is likely an interplay between these two forms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Olivia Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Arunkumar
- Section of population genetics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Amina Irfan
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandre B. Leitão
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre of the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Qie X, Yan X, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hao C, Lu Z, Ma L. Serpin-4 Negatively Regulates Prophenoloxidase Activation and Antimicrobial Peptide Synthesis in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:313. [PMID: 38203484 PMCID: PMC10778760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and Toll antimicrobial peptide synthesis pathways are two critical immune responses in the insect immune system. The activation of these pathways is mediated by the cascade of serine proteases, which is negatively regulated by serpins. In this study, we identified a typical serpin, BmSerpin-4, in silkworms, whose expression was dramatically up-regulated in the fat body and hemocytes after bacterial infections. The pre-injection of recombinant BmSerpin-4 remarkably decreased the antibacterial activity of the hemolymph and the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) gloverin-3, cecropin-D, cecropin-E, and moricin in the fat body under Micrococcus luteus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O: 3 (YP III) infection. Meanwhile, the inhibition of systemic melanization, PO activity, and PPO activation by BmSerpin-4 was also observed. Hemolymph proteinase 1 (HP1), serine protease 2 (SP2), HP6, and SP21 were predicted as the candidate target serine proteases for BmSerpin-4 through the analysis of residues adjacent to the scissile bond and comparisons of orthologous genes in Manduca sexta. This suggests that HP1, SP2, HP6, and SP21 might be essential in the activation of the serine protease cascade in both the Toll and PPO pathways in silkworms. Our study provided a comprehensive characterization of BmSerpin-4 and clues for the further dissection of silkworm PPO and Toll activation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Qie
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Xizhong Yan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Yaya Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Chi Hao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
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17
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Vincow ES, Thomas RE, Milstein G, Pareek G, Bammler T, MacDonald J, Pallanck L. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to neuropathology via cellular immune activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.13.571406. [PMID: 38168223 PMCID: PMC10760128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA (glucosylceramidase beta), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the strongest genetic risk factor for the neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia. Recent work has suggested that neuroinflammation may be an important factor in the risk conferred by GBA mutations. We therefore systematically tested the contributions of immune-related genes to neuropathology in a Drosophila model of GCase deficiency. We identified target immune factors via RNA-Seq and proteomics on heads from GCase-deficient flies, which revealed both increased abundance of humoral factors and increased macrophage activation. We then manipulated the identified immune factors and measured their effect on head protein aggregates, a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. Genetic ablation of humoral (secreted) immune factors did not suppress the development of protein aggregation. By contrast, re-expressing Gba1b in activated macrophages suppressed head protein aggregation in Gba1b mutants and rescued their lifespan and behavioral deficits. Moreover, reducing the GCase substrate glucosylceramide in activated macrophages also ameliorated Gba1b mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our findings show that glucosylceramide accumulation due to GCase deficiency leads to macrophage activation, which in turn promotes the development of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn S. Vincow
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gautam Pareek
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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18
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Burghardt E, Rakijas J, Tyagi A, Majumder P, Olson BJSC, McDonald JA. Transcriptome analysis reveals temporally regulated genetic networks during Drosophila border cell collective migration. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:728. [PMID: 38041052 PMCID: PMC10693066 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collective cell migration underlies many essential processes, including sculpting organs during embryogenesis, wound healing in the adult, and metastasis of cancer cells. At mid-oogenesis, Drosophila border cells undergo collective migration. Border cells round up into a small group at the pre-migration stage, detach from the epithelium and undergo a dynamic and highly regulated migration at the mid-migration stage, and stop at the oocyte, their final destination, at the post-migration stage. While specific genes that promote cell signaling, polarization of the cluster, formation of protrusions, and cell-cell adhesion are known to regulate border cell migration, there may be additional genes that promote these distinct active phases of border cell migration. Therefore, we sought to identify genes whose expression patterns changed during border cell migration. RESULTS We performed RNA-sequencing on border cells isolated at pre-, mid-, and post-migration stages. We report that 1,729 transcripts, in nine co-expression gene clusters, are temporally and differentially expressed across the three migration stages. Gene ontology analyses and constructed protein-protein interaction networks identified genes expected to function in collective migration, such as regulators of the cytoskeleton, adhesion, and tissue morphogenesis, but also uncovered a notable enrichment of genes involved in immune signaling, ribosome biogenesis, and stress responses. Finally, we validated the in vivo expression and function of a subset of identified genes in border cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results identified differentially and temporally expressed genetic networks that may facilitate the efficient development and migration of border cells. The genes identified here represent a wealth of new candidates to investigate the molecular nature of dynamic collective cell migrations in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Burghardt
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jessica Rakijas
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Antariksh Tyagi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Pralay Majumder
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Bradley J S C Olson
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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19
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Elguero JE, Liu G, Tiemeyer K, Bandyadka S, Gandevia H, Duro L, Yan Z, McCall K. Defective phagocytosis leads to neurodegeneration through systemic increased innate immune signaling. iScience 2023; 26:108052. [PMID: 37854687 PMCID: PMC10579427 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In nervous system development, disease, and injury, neurons undergo programmed cell death, leaving behind cell corpses that are removed by phagocytic glia. Altered glial phagocytosis has been implicated in several neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease. To untangle the links between glial phagocytosis and neurodegeneration, we investigated Drosophila mutants lacking the phagocytic receptor Draper. Loss of Draper leads to persistent neuronal cell corpses and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Here we investigate whether the phagocytic defects observed in draper mutants lead to chronic increased immune activation that promotes neurodegeneration. We found that the antimicrobial peptide Attacin-A is highly upregulated in the fat body of aged draper mutants and that the inhibition of the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway in the glia and fat body of draper mutants led to reduced neurodegeneration. Taken together, these findings indicate that phagocytic defects lead to neurodegeneration via increased immune signaling, both systemically and locally in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny E. Elguero
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guangmei Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine Tiemeyer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shruthi Bandyadka
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heena Gandevia
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren Duro
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenhao Yan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Darby AM, Lazzaro BP. Interactions between innate immunity and insulin signaling affect resistance to infection in insects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276357. [PMID: 37915572 PMCID: PMC10616485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An active immune response is energetically demanding and requires reallocation of nutrients to support resistance to and tolerance of infection. Insulin signaling is a critical global regulator of metabolism and whole-body homeostasis in response to nutrient availability and energetic needs, including those required for mobilization of energy in support of the immune system. In this review, we share findings that demonstrate interactions between innate immune activity and insulin signaling primarily in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster as well as other insects like Bombyx mori and Anopheles mosquitos. These studies indicate that insulin signaling and innate immune activation have reciprocal effects on each other, but that those effects vary depending on the type of pathogen, route of infection, and nutritional status of the host. Future research will be required to further understand the detailed mechanisms by which innate immunity and insulin signaling activity impact each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Darby
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Brian P. Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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21
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Jones K, Eleftherianos I. A Simple Protocol for Isolating Hemolymph from Single Drosophila melanogaster Adult Flies. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:100. [PMID: 37888032 PMCID: PMC10609455 DOI: 10.3390/mps6050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model for dissecting innate immune signaling and functions. Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the fly take place in the hemolymph, where host defense components are secreted and act in response to microbial invaders. Studying hemolymph factors is critical for understanding the regulation of the host's antimicrobial immune system. Therefore, methods for extracting the fly hemolymph efficiently and in sufficient quantities are essential for isolating and characterizing immune proteins and peptides. Here, we describe a novel and simple hemolymph isolation protocol for single D. melanogaster male and female adults. This procedure substantially improves the already used technique and allows fly immunologists to explore innate immune hemolymph activity in D. melanogaster individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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22
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. Drosophila TNF/TNFRs: At the crossroad between metabolism, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2416-2432. [PMID: 37567762 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a highly conserved proinflammatory cytokine with important functions in immunity, tissue repair, and cellular homeostasis. Due to the simplicity of the Drosophila TNF-TNF receptor (TNFR) system and a broad genetic toolbox, the fly has played a pivotal role in deciphering the mechanisms underlying TNF-mediated physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of how local and systemic sources of Egr/TNF contribute to its antitumor and tumor-promoting properties, and its emerging functions in adaptive growth responses, sleep regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent annotation of TNF as an adipokine and its indisputable contribution to obesity- and cancer-associated metabolic diseases have provoked a new area of research focusing on its dual function in regulating immunity and energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR signaling in coupling immune and metabolic processes and how this might be relevant in the adaption of host to environmental stresses, or, in the case of obesity, promote metabolic derangements and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte S Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Huynh T, O'Halloran D, Hawdon J, Eleftherianos I. The nematode parasite Steinernema hermaphroditum is pathogenic to Drosophila melanogaster larvae without activating their immune response. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000944. [PMID: 37822685 PMCID: PMC10562934 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are commonly used to control insect pest populations in the field. They also contribute substantially to understanding the molecular basis of nematode pathogenicity and insect anti-nematode immunity. Here, we tested the effect of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum on the survival and immune signaling regulation of Drosophila melanogaster wild type larvae. Our results indicate that S. hermaphroditum infective juveniles are pathogenic toward D. melanogaster larvae, but they fail to activate certain immune pathway readout genes. These findings imply that S. hermaphroditum employs mechanisms that allow these parasitic nematodes to interfere with the D. melanogaster immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Damien O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Yan L, Zhou J, Yuan L, Ye J, Zhao X, Ren G, Chen H. Silibinin alleviates intestinal inflammation via inhibiting JNK signaling in Drosophila. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1246960. [PMID: 37781701 PMCID: PMC10539474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1246960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation that causes digestive system dysfunction. For years, researchers have been working to find more effective and safer therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases. Silibinin (SIL), a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of milk thistle plants, possesses multiple biological activities and is traditionally applied to treat liver diseases. SIL is also widely used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases attributed to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the efficacy of SIL against IBDs and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, we found that SIL can effectively relieve intestinal inflammation caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Our results suggested that SIL supplementation can inhibit the overproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by DSS, protect intestinal barrier function, acid-base balance, and intestinal excretion function, reduce intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory stress, and extend the lifespan of Drosophila. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that SIL ameliorates intestinal inflammation via modulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in Drosophila. Our research aims to provide new insight into the treatment of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juanyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinbao Ye
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ren
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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25
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Raval D, Daley L, Eleftherianos I. Drosophila melanogaster larvae are tolerant to oral infection with the bacterial pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000938. [PMID: 37711508 PMCID: PMC10498274 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model for dissecting the molecular and functional bases of bacterial pathogenicity and host antibacterial immune response. The Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens is an insect-specific pathogen that forms a mutualistic relationship with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora . Here we find that oral infection of D. melanogaster larvae with P. luminescens moderately reduces their survival ability while the bacteria replicate efficiently in the infected insects. This information will contribute towards understanding host gut immunity against potent bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaivat Raval
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillia Daley
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Qin B, Yu S, Chen Q, Jin LH. Atg2 Regulates Cellular and Humoral Immunity in Drosophila. INSECTS 2023; 14:706. [PMID: 37623416 PMCID: PMC10455222 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that promotes the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and is highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. Autophagy maintains homeostasis in organisms and regulates multiple developmental processes, and autophagy disruption is related to human diseases. However, the functional roles of autophagy in mediating innate immune responses are largely unknown. In this study, we sought to understand how Atg2, an autophagy-related gene, functions in the innate immunity of Drosophila melanogaster. The results showed that a large number of melanotic nodules were produced upon inhibition of Atg2. In addition, inhibiting Atg2 suppressed the phagocytosis of latex beads, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; the proportion of Nimrod C1 (one of the phagocytosis receptors)-positive hemocytes also decreased. Moreover, inhibiting Atg2 altered actin cytoskeleton patterns, showing longer filopodia but with decreased numbers of filopodia. The expression of AMP-encoding genes was altered by inhibiting Atg2. Drosomycin was upregulated, and the transcript levels of Attacin-A, Diptericin and Metchnikowin were decreased. Finally, the above alterations caused by the inhibition of Atg2 prevented flies from resisting invading pathogens, showing that flies with low expression of Atg2 were highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus and Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15 infections. In conclusion, Atg2 regulated both cellular and humoral innate immunity in Drosophila. We have identified Atg2 as a crucial regulator in mediating the homeostasis of immunity, which further established the interactions between autophagy and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Hua Jin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.Q.); (S.Y.); (Q.C.)
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27
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Kinoshita Y, Shiratsuchi N, Araki M, Inoue YH. Anti-Tumor Effect of Turandot Proteins Induced via the JAK/STAT Pathway in the mxc Hematopoietic Tumor Mutant in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2047. [PMID: 37626857 PMCID: PMC10453024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several antimicrobial peptides suppress the growth of lymph gland (LG) tumors in Drosophila multi sex comb (mxc) mutant larvae. The activity of another family of polypeptides, called Turandots, is also induced via the JAK/STAT pathway after bacterial infection; however, their influence on Drosophila tumors remains unclear. The JAK/STAT pathway was activated in LG tumors, fat body, and circulating hemocytes of mutant larvae. The mRNA levels of Turandot (Tot) genes increased markedly in the mutant fat body and declined upon silencing Stat92E in the fat body, indicating the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway. Furthermore, significantly enhanced tumor growth upon a fat-body-specific silencing of the mRNAs demonstrated the antitumor effects of these proteins. The proteins were found to be incorporated into small vesicles in mutant circulating hemocytes (as previously reported for several antimicrobial peptides) but not normal cells. In addition, more hemocytes containing these proteins were found to be associated with tumors. The mutant LGs contained activated effector caspases, and a fat-body-specific silencing of Tots inhibited apoptosis and increased the number of mitotic cells in the LG, thereby suggesting that the proteins inhibited tumor cell proliferation. Thus, Tot proteins possibly exhibit antitumor effects via the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Mastugasaki, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan; (Y.K.); (N.S.); (M.A.)
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28
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Piou V, Vilarem C, Blanchard S, Strub JM, Bertile F, Bocquet M, Arafah K, Bulet P, Vétillard A. Honey Bee Larval Hemolymph as a Source of Key Nutrients and Proteins Offers a Promising Medium for Varroa destructor Artificial Rearing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12443. [PMID: 37569818 PMCID: PMC10419257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor, a major ectoparasite of the Western honey bee Apis mellifera, is a widespread pest that damages colonies in the Northern Hemisphere. Throughout their lifecycle, V. destructor females feed on almost every developmental stage of their host, from the last larval instar to the adult. The parasite is thought to feed on hemolymph and fat body, although its exact diet and nutritional requirements are poorly known. Using artificial Parafilm™ dummies, we explored the nutrition of V. destructor females and assessed their survival when fed on hemolymph from bee larvae, pupae, or adults. We compared the results with mites fed on synthetic solutions or filtered larval hemolymph. The results showed that the parasites could survive for several days or weeks on different diets. Bee larval hemolymph yielded the highest survival rates, and filtered larval plasma was sufficient to maintain the mites for 14 days or more. This cell-free solution therefore theoretically contains all the necessary nutrients for mite survival. Because some bee proteins are known to be hijacked without being digested by the parasite, we decided to run a proteomic analysis of larval honey bee plasma to highlight the most common proteins in our samples. A list of 54 proteins was compiled, including several energy metabolism proteins such as Vitellogenin, Hexamerin, or Transferrins. These molecules represent key nutrient candidates that could be crucial for V. destructor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Piou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Caroline Vilarem
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
- M2i Biocontrol–Entreprise SAS, 46140 Parnac, France
| | - Solène Blanchard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 (CNRS-UdS), 67037 Strasbourg, France (F.B.)
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 (CNRS-UdS), 67037 Strasbourg, France (F.B.)
| | | | - Karim Arafah
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
| | - Philippe Bulet
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
- Institute pour l’Avancée des Biosciences, CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Angélique Vétillard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Unité Métabiot, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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29
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Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. The ins and outs of innate and adaptive type 2 immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:704-722. [PMID: 37044061 PMCID: PMC10120575 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is orchestrated by a canonical group of cytokines primarily produced by innate lymphoid cells, group 2, and their adaptive counterparts, CD4+ helper type 2 cells, and elaborated by myeloid cells and antibodies that accumulate in response. Here, we review the cytokine and cellular circuits that mediate type 2 immunity. Building from insights in cytokine evolution, we propose that innate type 2 immunity evolved to monitor the status of microbe-rich epithelial barriers (outside) and sterile parenchymal borders (inside) to meet the functional demands of local tissue, and, when necessary, to relay information to the adaptive immune system to reinforce demarcating borders to sustain these efforts. Allergic pathology likely results from deviations in local sustaining units caused by alterations imposed by environmental effects during postnatal developmental windows and exacerbated by mutations that increase vulnerabilities. This framework positions T2 immunity as central to sustaining tissue repair and regeneration and provides a context toward understanding allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0451, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
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30
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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31
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Ferguson LV, Adamo SA. From perplexing to predictive: are we ready to forecast insect disease susceptibility in a warming world? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:288412. [PMID: 36825944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways, including changes to their immune systems and the ability to fight infection. Whether predicted changes in temperature will contribute to insect mortality or success, and the role of disease in their future survival, remains unclear. Although heat can enhance immunity by activating the integrated defense system (e.g. via the production of protective molecules such as heat-shock proteins) and accelerating enzyme activity, heat can also compromise the immune system through energetic-resource trade-offs and damage. The responses to heat are highly variable among species. The reasons for this variability are poorly known, and we are lagging in our understanding of how and why the immune system responds to changes in temperature. In this Commentary, we highlight the variation in insect immune responses to heat and the likely underlying mechanisms. We suggest that we are currently limited in our ability to predict the effects of rising temperatures on insect immunity and disease susceptibility, largely owing to incomplete information, coupled with a lack of tools for data integration. Moreover, existing data are concentrated on a relatively small number of insect Orders. We provide suggestions for a path towards making more accurate predictions, which will require studies with realistic temperature exposures and housing design, and a greater understanding of both the thermal biology of the immune system and connections between immunity and the physiological responses to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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32
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Elguero JE, Liu G, Tiemeyer K, Gandevia H, Duro L, McCall K. Defective phagocytosis leads to neurodegeneration through systemic increased innate immune signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523170. [PMID: 36711924 PMCID: PMC9881959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In nervous system development, disease and injury, neurons undergo programmed cell death, leaving behind cell corpses that are removed by phagocytic glia. Altered glial phagocytosis has been implicated in several neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. To untangle the links between glial phagocytosis and neurodegeneration, we investigated Drosophila mutants lacking the phagocytic receptor Draper. Loss of Draper leads to persistent neuronal cell corpses and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Here we investigate whether the phagocytic defects observed in draper mutants lead to chronic increased immune activation that promotes neurodegeneration. A major immune response in Drosophila is the activation of two NFκB signaling pathways that produce antimicrobial peptides, primarily in the fat body. We found that the antimicrobial peptide Attacin-A is highly upregulated in the fat body of aged draper mutants and that inhibition of the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway in the glia and fat body of draper mutants led to reduced neurodegeneration, indicating that immune activation promotes neurodegeneration in draper mutants. Taken together, these findings indicate that phagocytic defects lead to neurodegeneration via increased immune signaling, both systemically and locally in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangmei Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Heena Gandevia
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lauren Duro
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
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33
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Yan S, Li N, Guo Y, Chen Y, Ji C, Yin M, Shen J, Zhang J. Chronic exposure to the star polycation (SPc) nanocarrier in the larval stage adversely impairs life history traits in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:515. [PMID: 36482441 PMCID: PMC9730587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanomaterials are widely used as pesticide adjuvants to increase pesticide efficiency and minimize environmental pollution. But it is increasingly recognized that nanocarrier is a double-edged sword, as nanoparticles are emerging as new environmental pollutants. This study aimed to determine the biotoxicity of a widely applied star polycation (SPc) nanocarrier using Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as an in vivo model. RESULTS The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of SPc was identified as 2.14 g/L toward third-instar larvae and 26.33 g/L for adults. Chronic exposure to a sub lethal concentration of SPc (1 g/L) in the larval stage showed long-lasting adverse effects on key life history traits. Exposure to SPc at larval stage adversely impacted the lifespan, fertility, climbing ability as well as stresses resistance of emerged adults. RNA-sequencing analysis found that SPc resulted in aberrant expression of genes involved in metabolism, innate immunity, stress response and hormone production in the larvae. Orally administrated SPc nanoparticles were mainly accumulated in intestine cells, while systemic responses were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SPc nanoparticles are hazardous to fruit flies at multiple levels, which could help us to develop guidelines for further large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Na Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuankang Guo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yao Chen
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chendong Ji
- grid.48166.3d0000 0000 9931 8406State Key Lab of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- grid.48166.3d0000 0000 9931 8406State Key Lab of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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34
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Zeng T, Jaffar S, Xu Y, Qi Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315132. [PMID: 36499457 PMCID: PMC9740067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms.
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