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Carpenter AM, van Hoek ML. Development of a defibrinated human blood hemolysis assay for rapid testing of hemolytic activity compared to computational prediction. J Immunol Methods 2024; 529:113670. [PMID: 38604530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity studies determining hemolytic properties of antimicrobial peptides or other drugs are an important step in the development of novel therapeutics for clinical use. Hemolysis is an affordable, accessible, and rapid method for initial assessment of cellular toxicity for all drugs under development. However, variability in species of red blood cells and protocols used may result in significant differences in results. AMPs generally possess higher selectivity for bacterial cells but can have toxicity against host cells at high concentrations. Knowing the hemolytic activity of the peptides we are developing contributes to our understanding of their potential toxicity. Computational approaches for predicting hemolytic activity of AMPs exist and were tested head-to-head with our experimental results. RESULTS Starting with an observation of high hemolytic activity of LL-37 peptide against human red blood cells that were collected in EDTA, we explored alternative approaches to develop a more robust, accurate and simple hemolysis assay using defibrinated human blood. We found significant differences between the sensitivity of defibrinated red blood cells and EDTA treated red blood cells. SIGNIFICANCE Accurately determining the hemolytic activity using human red blood cells will allow for a more robust calculation of the therapeutic index of our potential antimicrobial compounds, a critical measure in their pre-clinical development. CONCLUSION We introduce a standardized, more accurate protocol for assessing hemolytic activity using defibrinated human red blood cells. This approach, facilitated by the increased commercial availability of de-identified human blood and defibrination methods, offers a robust tool for evaluating toxicity of emerging drug compounds, especially AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Carpenter
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, United States of America
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, United States of America; Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, United States of America.
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Lim BY, Azmi F, Ng SF. LL37 Microspheres Loaded on Activated Carbon-chitosan Hydrogel: Anti-bacterial and Anti-toxin Wound Dressing for Chronic Wound Infections. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:110. [PMID: 38740721 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a promising antibacterial candidate due to its potent antimicrobial activity with no known bacterial resistance. However, intrinsically LL37 is susceptible to degradation in wound fluids limits its effectiveness. Bacterial toxins which are released after cell lysis are found to hinder wound healing. To address these challenges, encapsulating LL37 in microspheres (MS) and loading the MS onto activated carbon (AC)-chitosan (CS) hydrogel. This advanced wound dressing not only protects LL37 from degradation but also targets bacterial toxins, aiding in the healing of chronic wound infections. First, LL37 MS and LL37-AC-CS hydrogel were prepared and characterised in terms of physicochemical properties, drug release, and peptide-polymer compatibility. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, bacterial toxin elimination, cell migration, and cell cytotoxicity activities were investigated. LL37-AC-CS hydrogel was effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. LL37-AC-CS hydrogel bound more endotoxin than AC with CS hydrogel alone. The hydrogel also induced cell migration after 72 h and showed no cytotoxicity towards NHDF after 72 h of treatment. In conclusion, the LL37-AC-CS hydrogel was shown to be a stable, non-toxic advanced wound dressing method with enhanced antimicrobial and antitoxin activity, and it can potentially be applied to chronic wound infections to accelerate wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee-Yee Lim
- National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, 36, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, PJS 13, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 46200, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Fazren Azmi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Shiow-Fern Ng
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia.
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van Hoek ML, Alsaab FM, Carpenter AM. GATR-3, a Peptide That Eradicates Preformed Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:39. [PMID: 38247598 PMCID: PMC10812447 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium that causes hospital-acquired and opportunistic infections, resulting in pneumonia, sepsis, and severe wound infections that can be difficult to treat due to antimicrobial resistance and the formation of biofilms. There is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobials to tackle the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an additional class of potential agents with direct antimicrobial and/or host-defense activating activities. In this study, we present GATR-3, a synthetic, designed AMP that was modified from a cryptic peptide discovered in American alligator, as our lead peptide to target multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antibiofilm assays were performed to assess GATR-3 against a panel of 8 MDR A. baumannii strains, including AB5075 and some clinical strains. The GATR-3 mechanism of action was determined to be via loss of membrane integrity as measured by DiSC3(5) and ethidium bromide assays. GATR-3 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all tested multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains with rapid killing. Biofilms are difficult to treat and eradicate. Excitingly, GATR-3 inhibited biofilm formation and, more importantly, eradicated preformed biofilms of MDR A. baumannii AB5075, as evidenced by MBEC assays and scanning electron micrographs. GATR3 did not induce resistance in MDR A. baumannii, unlike colistin. Additionally, the toxicity of GATR-3 was evaluated using human red blood cells, HepG2 cells, and waxworms using hemolysis and MTT assays. GATR-3 demonstrated little to no cytotoxicity against HepG2 and red blood cells, even at 100 μg/mL. GATR-3 injection showed little toxicity in the waxworm model, resulting in a 90% survival rate. The therapeutic index of GATR-3 was estimated (based on the HC50/MIC against human RBCs) to be 1250. Overall, GATR-3 is a promising candidate to advance to preclinical testing to potentially treat MDR A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique L. van Hoek
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Fahad M. Alsaab
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashley M. Carpenter
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Subaer S, Hartati H, Ramadhan I, Ismayanti H, Setiawan A. A Simple Synthesis and Microstructure Analysis of Human Peptide LL-37@Gold Nanoparticles (Known as LL-37@AuNPs) Conjugates as Antimicrobials and Substances for Wound Healing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7675. [PMID: 38138816 PMCID: PMC10744923 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The basis of the present study is a straightforward method involving fewer chemical species for conjugating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 designated as LL-37@AuNPs. Investigating the microstructure characteristics of the resulting materials and their potential as antibacterial and wound-healing substances are the main objectives of this study. Zeta (ζ) potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field effect scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were used to analyze the physico-chemical properties of LL-37@AuNPs. The magnitude of LL-37's zeta potential and the LL-37@AuNPs show that the specimens are electrically stable and resistant to flocculation and coagulation. The surface plasmon resonance (RPS) of AuNPs, which is positioned at a wavelength of about 531 nm, was found to be unaffected by the presence of the LL-37 antimicrobial peptide. The FTIR data show the functional group characteristics of the LL-37@AuNPs vibration bands, and the XRD diffractogram confirms the formation of the LL-37@AuNPs conjugate nanocomposite. Based on FE-SEM and TEM data, the bulk of AuNPs were found to have a circular shape, with an average size of about 22.88 ± 8.21 nm. It was discovered that the LL-37@AuNPs had a good ability to inhibit S. aureus from growing. The wound-healing percentage reached 85% on day 12 of the trial, significantly greater than the results of the negative controls. LL-37@AuNPs(4) is the sample that had the highest percentage of wound healing between days 3 and 12. Moreover, sample LL-37@AuNPs(4) contains 0.45 µL of LL-37, whereas sample LL-37@AuNPs(2) contains 0.22 µL of LL-37. The faster wound-healing rate in LL-37@AuNPs(4) was believed to be due to a higher concentration of LL-37, which was able to stop S. aureus from developing while suppressing the inflammation surrounding the wound. The study's findings reveal that LL-37@AuNPs might be made using a straightforward process, making them a powerful antibacterial and therapeutic substance. However, before this discovery is applied in the field of medicine, a more thorough investigation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subaer Subaer
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia; (I.R.); (H.I.)
- Green of Excellence of Green Materials & Technology (CeoGM-Tech) FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia;
| | - Hartati Hartati
- Green of Excellence of Green Materials & Technology (CeoGM-Tech) FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia;
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia
| | - Imam Ramadhan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia; (I.R.); (H.I.)
| | - Harlyenda Ismayanti
- Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar 90222, Indonesia; (I.R.); (H.I.)
| | - Agung Setiawan
- Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 820, KST B.J. Habibie, Banten 15314, Indonesia;
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Andalibi A, Veneziano R, Paige M, Buschmann M, Haymond A, Espina V, Luchini A, Liotta L, Bishop B, Van Hoek M. Drug discovery efforts at George Mason University. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:270-274. [PMID: 36921802 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
With over 39,000 students, and research expenditures in excess of $200 million, George Mason University (GMU) is the largest R1 (Carnegie Classification of very high research activity) university in Virginia. Mason scientists have been involved in the discovery and development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics in areas as diverse as infectious diseases and cancer. Below are highlights of the efforts being led by Mason researchers in the drug discovery arena. To enable targeted cellular delivery, and non-biomedical applications, Veneziano and colleagues have developed a synthesis strategy that enables the design of self-assembling DNA nanoparticles (DNA origami) with prescribed shape and size in the 10 to 100 nm range. The nanoparticles can be loaded with molecules of interest such as drugs, proteins and peptides, and are a promising new addition to the drug delivery platforms currently in use. The investigators also recently used the DNA origami nanoparticles to fine tune the spatial presentation of immunogens to study the impact on B cell activation. These studies are an important step towards the rational design of vaccines for a variety of infectious agents. To elucidate the parameters for optimizing the delivery efficiency of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), Buschmann, Paige and colleagues have devised methods for predicting and experimentally validating the pKa of LNPs based on the structure of the ionizable lipids used to formulate the LNPs. These studies may pave the way for the development of new LNP delivery vehicles that have reduced systemic distribution and improved endosomal release of their cargo post administration. To better understand protein-protein interactions and identify potential drug targets that disrupt such interactions, Luchini and colleagues have developed a methodology that identifies contact points between proteins using small molecule dyes. The dye molecules noncovalently bind to the accessible surfaces of a protein complex with very high affinity, but are excluded from contact regions. When the complex is denatured and digested with trypsin, the exposed regions covered by the dye do not get cleaved by the enzyme, whereas the contact points are digested. The resulting fragments can then be identified using mass spectrometry. The data generated can serve as the basis for designing small molecules and peptides that can disrupt the formation of protein complexes involved in disease processes. For example, using peptides based on the interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP), Luchini, Liotta, Paige and colleagues disrupted the formation of IL-1/IL-R/IL-1RAcP complex and demonstrated that the inhibition of complex formation reduced the inflammatory response to IL-1B. Working on the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents, Bishop, van Hoek and colleagues have discovered a number of antimicrobial peptides from reptiles and other species. DRGN-1, is a synthetic peptide based on a histone H1-derived peptide that they had identified from Komodo Dragon plasma. DRGN-1 was shown to disrupt bacterial biofilms and promote wound healing in an animal model. The peptide, along with others, is being developed and tested in preclinical studies. Other research by van Hoek and colleagues focuses on in silico antimicrobial peptide discovery, screening of small molecules for antibacterial properties, as well as assessment of diffusible signal factors (DFS) as future therapeutics. The above examples provide insight into the cutting-edge studies undertaken by GMU scientists to develop novel methodologies and platform technologies important to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Andalibi
- School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Remi Veneziano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Michael Buschmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA; School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA; School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Barney Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Monique Van Hoek
- School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Alsaab FM, Dean SN, Bobde S, Ascoli GG, van Hoek ML. Computationally Designed AMPs with Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1396. [PMID: 37760693 PMCID: PMC10525135 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new antimicrobials is necessary to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially those that infect wounds and form prodigious biofilms, such as Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of new therapeutics against drug-resistant bacteria, including gram-negatives. Here, we utilized a computational AMP design strategy combining database filtering technology plus positional analysis to design a series of novel peptides, named HRZN, designed to be active against A. baumannii. All of the HRZN peptides we synthesized exhibited antimicrobial activity against three MDR A. baumannii strains with HRZN-15 being the most active (MIC 4 µg/mL). This peptide also inhibited and eradicated biofilm of A. baumannii strain AB5075 at 8 and 16 µg/mL, which is highly effective. HRZN-15 permeabilized and depolarized the membrane of AB5075 rapidly, as demonstrated by the killing kinetics. HRZN 13 and 14 peptides had little to no hemolysis activity against human red blood cells, whereas HRZN-15, -16, and -17 peptides demonstrated more significant hemolytic activity. HRZN-15 also demonstrated toxicity to waxworms. Further modification of HRZN-15 could result in a new peptide with an improved toxicity profile. Overall, we successfully designed a set of new AMPs that demonstrated activity against MDR A. baumannii using a computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M. Alsaab
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA (S.B.)
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa 36428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scott N. Dean
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Shravani Bobde
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA (S.B.)
| | - Gabriel G. Ascoli
- Aspiring Scientist Summer Internship Program, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Monique L. van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA (S.B.)
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Serrano I, Verdial C, Tavares L, Oliveira M. The Virtuous Galleria mellonella Model for Scientific Experimentation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030505. [PMID: 36978373 PMCID: PMC10044286 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first research on the insect Galleria mellonella was published 85 years ago, and the larva is now widely used as a model to study infections caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens, for screening new antimicrobials, to study the adjacent immune response in co-infections or in host-pathogen interaction, as well as in a toxicity model. The immune system of the G. mellonella model shows remarkable similarities with mammals. Furthermore, results from G. mellonella correlate positively with mammalian models and with other invertebrate models. Unlike other invertebrate models, G. mellonella can withstand temperatures of 37 °C, and its handling and experimental procedures are simpler. Despite having some disadvantages, G. mellonella is a virtuous in vivo model to be used in preclinical studies, as an intermediate model between in vitro and mammalian in vivo studies, and is a great example on how to apply the bioethics principle of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation. This review aims to discuss the progress of the G. mellonella model, highlighting the key aspects of its use, including experimental design considerations and the necessity to standardize them. A different score in the “cocoon” category included in the G. mellonella Health Index Scoring System is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Cláudia Verdial
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Memariani H, Memariani M. Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:99. [PMID: 36781570 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding ceaseless endeavors toward developing effective antibiofilm chemotherapeutics, biofilm-associated infections continue to be one of the most perplexing challenges confronting medicine today. Endogenous host defense peptides, such as the human cathelicidin LL-37, are being propounded as promising options for treating such infectious diseases. Over the past decennium, LL-37 has duly received tremendous research attention by virtue of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory properties. No attempt has hitherto been made, as far as we are aware, to comprehensively review the antibiofilm effects of LL-37. Accordingly, the intent in this paper is to provide a fairly all-embracing review of the literature available on the subject. Accumulating evidence suggests that LL-37 is able to prevent biofilm establishment by different bacterial pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides fragilis, Burkholderia thailandensis, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion, downregulation of biofilm-associated genes, suppression of quorum-sensing pathways, degradation of biofilm matrix, and eradication of biofilm-residing cells are the major mechanisms responsible for antibiofilm properties of LL-37. In terms of its efficacy and safety in vivo, there are still many questions to be answered. Undoubtedly, LL-37 can open up new windows of opportunity to prevent and treat obstinate biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Antibacterial Properties and Potential Mechanism of Serum from Chinese Alligator. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112210. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is an ancient reptile with strong immunity that lives in wetland environments. This study tested the antibacterial ability of Chinese alligator serum (CAS) against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and analyzed the potential underlying mechanisms. Results showed that the CAS had a marked antibacterial effect on K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, while S. aureus was only mildly affected. However, these effects disappeared when Protease K was added to the serum. The serum proteome analysis revealed that the antibacterial ability of CAS was produced by interactions among various proteins and that the complement proteins played a major antibacterial role. Therefore, we made relevant predictions about the structure and function of complement component 3. In addition, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of complement component 3d (C3d) in four mammalian species and two alligator species showed that the amino acids that make up the acid pocket on the concave surface of alligator C3d are not identical to those in mammals. This study provided evidence that CAS elicits significant antibacterial effects against some pathogens and provides the basis for further development of novel antibacterial drugs.
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Fusco A, Savio V, Perfetto B, Mattina R, Donnarumma G. Antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 improves in vitro cellular viability and reduces pro-inflammatory effects induced by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in Caco-2 cells by inhibiting invasion and virulence factors’ expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1009415. [PMID: 36310877 PMCID: PMC9606569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the commensal species most represented in the intestinal microbiota. However, there are some strains that can acquire new virulence factors that enable them to adapt to new intestinal niches. These include enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) that is responsible for the bacillary dysentery that causes severe diarrheal symptoms in both children and adults. Due to the increasing onset of antibiotic resistance phenomena, scientific research is focused on the study of other therapeutic approaches for the treatment of bacterial infections. A promising alternative could be represented by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that have received widespread attention due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum and low incidence of bacterial resistance. AMPs modulate the immune defenses of the host and regulate the composition of microbiota and the renewal of the intestinal epithelium. With the aim to investigate an alternative therapeutic approach, especially in the case of antibiotic resistance, in this work we created a line of intestinal epithelial cells able to express high concentrations of AMP human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) in order to test its ability to interfere with the pathogenicity mechanisms of EIEC. The results showed that HBD-2 is able to significantly reduce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells, the invasiveness ability of EIEC and the expression of invasion-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanna Donnarumma,
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Hale SJM, Wagner Mackenzie B, Lux CA, Biswas K, Kim R, Douglas RG. Topical Antibiofilm Agents With Potential Utility in the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Narrative Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:840323. [PMID: 35770097 PMCID: PMC9234399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.840323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of bacterial biofilms in chronic and recalcitrant diseases is widely appreciated, and the treatment of biofilm infection is an increasingly important area of research. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex disease associated with sinonasal dysbiosis and the presence of bacterial biofilms. While most biofilm-related diseases are associated with highly persistent but relatively less severe inflammation, the presence of biofilms in CRS is associated with greater severity of inflammation and recalcitrance despite appropriate treatment. Oral antibiotics are commonly used to treat CRS but they are often ineffective, due to poor penetration of the sinonasal mucosa and the inherently antibiotic resistant nature of bacteria in biofilms. Topical non-antibiotic antibiofilm agents may prove more effective, but few such agents are available for sinonasal application. We review compounds with antibiofilm activity that may be useful for treating biofilm-associated CRS, including halogen-based compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds and derivatives, biguanides, antimicrobial peptides, chelating agents and natural products. These include preparations that are currently available and those still in development. For each compound, antibiofilm efficacy, mechanism of action, and toxicity as it relates to sinonasal application are summarised. We highlight the antibiofilm agents that we believe hold the greatest promise for the treatment of biofilm-associated CRS in order to inform future research on the management of this difficult condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J M Hale
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brett Wagner Mackenzie
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christian A Lux
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristi Biswas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raymond Kim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Multi-Component Lipid Systems: A Closer Approximation to Biological Membrane Fluidity. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050534. [PMID: 35629860 PMCID: PMC9147058 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are essential to cellular organisms, and play several roles in cellular protection as well as in the control and transport of nutrients. One of the most critical membrane properties is fluidity, which has been extensively studied, using mainly single component systems. In this study, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the thermal behavior of multi-component supported lipid bilayers that mimic the membrane composition of tumoral and non-tumoral cell membranes, as well as microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that, for tumoral and non-tumoral membrane models, the presence of cholesterol induced a loss of cooperativity of the transition. However, in the absence of cholesterol, the transitions of the multi-component lipid systems had sigmoidal curves where the gel and fluid phases are evident and where main transition temperatures were possible to determine. Additionally, the possibility of designing multi-component lipid systems showed the potential to obtain several microorganism models, including changes in the cardiolipin content associated with the resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the potential use of multi-component lipid systems in the determination of the conformational change of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was studied. The results showed that LL-37 underwent a conformational change when interacting with Staphylococcus aureus models, instead of with the erythrocyte membrane model. The results showed the versatile applications of multi-component lipid systems studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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13
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Small molecules as next generation biofilm inhibitors and anti-infective agents. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biofilms are consortia of microbes attached to surfaces that could be biotic or abiotic in nature. The bacterial cells are enclosed within a microbial synthesized extrapolymeric substances (EPS). The presence of a thick EPS matrix around the cells, protects it from antimicrobials. As the biofilms are difficult to be eradicated in the tissues and implants, the infections due to biofilms are chronic, persistent as well as recurrent in nature. Biofilm formation in multidrug resistant pathogens is a major public health concern. In this review, we have discussed traditional drug discovery approaches and high throughput screening assays involved in the discovery of small molecules for their application as biofilm inhibitory agents. The small molecules target different phases of biofilm growth in pathogenic bacteria. Here, we have focused on three specific application of small molecules, as anti-adhesion agents that prevent adherence and attachment of cells to surfaces; signal inhibitors that disrupt communication between cells resulting in hampered biofilm growth and development; and finally as agents that induce release of cells from mature biofilms. Some of the biofilm inhibitors have also potentiated the antibiotic efficacy leading to complete eradication of biofilms. It is highly pertinent now to focus on developing these as therapeutics and anti-biofilm agents for coating medical implants and devices in clinical settings.
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14
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Li X, Zuo S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Clinical Application Prospects of Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:2675. [PMID: 35566025 PMCID: PMC9104849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a type of small-molecule peptide that widely exist in nature and are components of the innate immunity of almost all living things. They play an important role in resisting foreign invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides have a wide range of antibacterial activities against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms. They are active against traditional antibiotic-resistant strains and do not easily induce the development of drug resistance. Therefore, they have become a hot spot of medical research and are expected to become a new substitute for fighting microbial infection and represent a new method for treating drug-resistant bacteria. This review briefly introduces the source and structural characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and describes those that have been used against common clinical microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and especially coronaviruses), focusing on their antimicrobial mechanism of action and clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siyao Zuo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
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15
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Biofilm Formation by Pathogenic Bacteria: Applying a Staphylococcus aureus Model to Appraise Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040388. [PMID: 35456063 PMCID: PMC9027693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carried in the nasal passages by up to 30% of humans, Staphylococcus aureus is recognized to be a successful opportunistic pathogen. It is a frequent cause of infections of the upper respiratory tract, including sinusitis, and of the skin, typically abscesses, as well as of food poisoning and medical device contamination. The antimicrobial resistance of such, often chronic, health conditions is underpinned by the unique structure of bacterial biofilm, which is the focus of increasing research to try to overcome this serious public health challenge. Due to the protective barrier of an exopolysaccharide matrix, bacteria that are embedded within biofilm are highly resistant both to an infected individual’s immune response and to any treating antibiotics. An in-depth appraisal of the stepwise progression of biofilm formation by S. aureus, used as a model infection for all cases of bacterial antibiotic resistance, has enhanced understanding of this complicated microscopic structure and served to highlight possible intervention targets for both patient cure and community infection control. While antibiotic therapy offers a practical means of treatment and prevention, the most favorable results are achieved in combination with other methods. This review provides an overview of S. aureus biofilm development, outlines the current range of anti-biofilm agents that are used against each stage and summarizes their relative merits.
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16
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Escobar‐Salom M, Torrens G, Jordana‐Lluch E, Oliver A, Juan C. Mammals' humoral immune proteins and peptides targeting the bacterial envelope: from natural protection to therapeutic applications against multidrug‐resistant
Gram
‐negatives. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1005-1037. [PMID: 35043558 PMCID: PMC9304279 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immunity employs several humoral ‘weapons’ that target the bacterial envelope. The threats posed by the multidrug‐resistant ‘ESKAPE’ Gram‐negative pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) are forcing researchers to explore new therapeutic options, including the use of these immune elements. Here we review bacterial envelope‐targeting (peptidoglycan and/or membrane‐targeting) proteins/peptides of the mammalian immune system that are most likely to have therapeutic applications. Firstly we discuss their general features and protective activity against ESKAPE Gram‐negatives in the host. We then gather, integrate, and discuss recent research on experimental therapeutics harnessing their bactericidal power, based on their exogenous administration and also on the discovery of bacterial and/or host targets that improve the performance of this endogenous immunity, as a novel therapeutic concept. We identify weak points and knowledge gaps in current research in this field and suggest areas for future work to obtain successful envelope‐targeting therapeutic options to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Escobar‐Salom
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Elena Jordana‐Lluch
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
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17
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance constitutes a global threat and could lead to a future pandemic. One strategy is to develop a new generation of antimicrobials. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are recognized templates and some are already in clinical use. To accelerate the discovery of new antibiotics, it is useful to predict novel AMPs from the sequenced genomes of various organisms. The antimicrobial peptide database (APD) provided the first empirical peptide prediction program. It also facilitated the testing of the first machine-learning algorithms. This chapter provides an overview of machine-learning predictions of AMPs. Most of the predictors, such as AntiBP, CAMP, and iAMPpred, involve a single-label prediction of antimicrobial activity. This type of prediction has been expanded to antifungal, antiviral, antibiofilm, anti-TB, hemolytic, and anti-inflammatory peptides. The multiple functional roles of AMPs annotated in the APD also enabled multi-label predictions (iAMP-2L, MLAMP, and AMAP), which include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibiofilm, anticancer, anti-HIV, antimalarial, insecticidal, antioxidant, chemotactic, spermicidal activities, and protease inhibiting activities. Also considered in predictions are peptide posttranslational modification, 3D structure, and microbial species-specific information. We compare important amino acids of AMPs implied from machine learning with the frequently occurring residues of the major classes of natural peptides. Finally, we discuss advances, limitations, and future directions of machine-learning predictions of antimicrobial peptides. Ultimately, we may assemble a pipeline of such predictions beyond antimicrobial activity to accelerate the discovery of novel AMP-based antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA;,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
| | - Iosif I. Vaisman
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
| | - Monique L. van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10920 George Mason Circle, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.,Corresponding to: Dr. Monique van Hoek: ; Dr. Iosif Vaisman: ; Dr. Guangshun Wang:
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18
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Bin Hafeez A, Jiang X, Bergen PJ, Zhu Y. Antimicrobial Peptides: An Update on Classifications and Databases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11691. [PMID: 34769122 PMCID: PMC8583803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are distributed across all kingdoms of life and are an indispensable component of host defenses. They consist of predominantly short cationic peptides with a wide variety of structures and targets. Given the ever-emerging resistance of various pathogens to existing antimicrobial therapies, AMPs have recently attracted extensive interest as potential therapeutic agents. As the discovery of new AMPs has increased, many databases specializing in AMPs have been developed to collect both fundamental and pharmacological information. In this review, we summarize the sources, structures, modes of action, and classifications of AMPs. Additionally, we examine current AMP databases, compare valuable computational tools used to predict antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of action, and highlight new machine learning approaches that can be employed to improve AMP activity to combat global antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Xukai Jiang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Phillip J. Bergen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Yan Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (X.J.); (P.J.B.)
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19
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Silveira RF, Roque-Borda CA, Vicente EF. Antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive alternative to animal production, food safety and public health implications: An overview. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:896-904. [PMID: 34632120 PMCID: PMC8484980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, feed additives have been used in animal nutrition to improve nutrient utilization, health parameters and animal performance. However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has allowed the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which can bring as a consequence, an increase in the morbidity and mortality of diseases that were previously treatable with antibiotics. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have appeared as a promising strategy because they have multiple biological activities and represent a powerful strategy to prevent the development of resistant microorganisms. Despite the small number of studies applied in vivo, AMP appear as a potent alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, due to an increase in feed efficiency and the prevention/treatment of some animal diseases. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance and the use of AMP as a strong candidate to replace conventional antibiotics, mainly in the animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza F Silveira
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar A Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Vicente
- São Paulo State University, School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Gil J, Pastar I, Houghten RA, Padhee S, Higa A, Solis M, Valdez J, Head CR, Michaels H, Lenhart B, Simms C, Williams B, Cudic P, Davis SC. Novel Cyclic Lipopeptides Fusaricidin Analogs for Treating Wound Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:708904. [PMID: 34367114 PMCID: PMC8343139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic cutaneous wounds are often difficult to treat due to the high-risk for bacterial contamination. Once hospitalized, open wounds are at a high-risk for developing hospital-associated infections caused by multi drug-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treating these infections is challenging, not only because of antibiotic resistance, but also due to the production of biofilms. New treatment strategies are needed that will help in both stimulating the wound healing process, as well as preventing and eliminating bacterial wound infections. Fusaricidins are naturally occurring cyclic lipopeptides with antimicrobial properties that have shown to be effective against a variety of fungi and Gram-positive bacteria, with low toxicity. Continuing with our efforts toward the identification of novel cyclic lipopeptides Fusaricidin analogs, herein we report the synthesis and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity for two novel cyclic lipopeptides (CLP), CLP 2605-4 and CLP 2612-8.1 against methicillin resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively, in in vivo porcine full thickness wound model. Both CLPs were able to reduce bacterial counts by approximately 3 log CFU/g by the last assessment day. Peptide 2612-8.1 slightly enhanced the wound healing, however, wounds treated with peptide 2605-4, have shown higher levels of inflammation and impaired wound healing process. This study highlights the importance of identifying new antimicrobials that can combat bacterial infection while not impeding tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gil
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Irena Pastar
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shruti Padhee
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Higa
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Michael Solis
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Jose Valdez
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Cheyanne R Head
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Heather Michaels
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brian Lenhart
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Colin Simms
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Brandon Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Stephen C Davis
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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21
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Ridyard KE, Overhage J. The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060650. [PMID: 34072318 PMCID: PMC8227053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistant bacteria threatens the current methods utilized to treat bacterial infections. The development of novel therapeutic agents is crucial in avoiding a post-antibiotic era and the associated deaths from antibiotic resistant pathogens. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 has been considered as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics as it displays broad spectrum antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities as well as immunomodulatory functions. While LL-37 has shown promising results, it has yet to receive regulatory approval as a peptide antibiotic. Despite the strong antimicrobial properties, LL-37 has several limitations including high cost, lower activity in physiological environments, susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, and high toxicity to human cells. This review will discuss the challenges associated with making LL-37 into a viable antibiotic treatment option, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance and cross-resistance as well as adaptive responses to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the peptide. The possible methods to overcome these challenges, including immobilization techniques, LL-37 delivery systems, the development of LL-37 derivatives, and synergistic combinations will also be considered. Herein, we describe how combination therapy and structural modifications to the sequence, helicity, hydrophobicity, charge, and configuration of LL-37 could optimize the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of LL-37 for future clinical use.
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22
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Host defense peptides identified in human apolipoprotein B as novel food biopreservatives and active coating components. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103804. [PMID: 34119097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of three novel "host defence peptides" identified in human Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents to be employed in food industry is reported. ApoB-derived peptides have been found to exert significant antimicrobial effects towards Salmonella typhimurium ATCC® 14028 and Salmonella enteritidis 706 RIVM strains. Furthermore, they have been found to retain antimicrobial activity under experimental conditions selected to simulate those occurring during food storage, transportation and heat treatment, and have been found to be endowed with antibiofilm properties. Based on these findings, to evaluate the applicability of ApoB-derived peptides as food biopreservatives, coating solutions composed by chitosan (CH) and an ApoB-derived peptide have been prepared and found to be able to prevent Salmonella cells attachment to different kinds of surfaces employed in food industry. Finally, obtained coating solution has been demonstrated to hinder microbial proliferation in chicken meat samples. Altogether, obtained findings indicate that ApoB-derived peptides are promising candidates as novel biopreservatives for food packaging.
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23
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Abstract
Biofilms are aggregates formed as a protective survival state by microorganisms to adapt to the environment and can be resistant to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses due to chemical or physical diffusion barriers, modified nutrient environments, suppression of the growth rate within biofilms, and the genetic adaptation of cells within biofilms. With the widespread use of medical devices, medical device-associated biofilms continue to pose a serious threat to human health, and these biofilms have become the most important source of nosocomial infections. However, traditional antimicrobial agents cannot completely eliminate medical device-associated biofilms. New strategies for the treatment of these biofilms and targeting biofilm infections are urgently required. Several novel approaches have been developed and identified as effective and promising treatments. In this review, we briefly summarize the challenges associated with the treatment of medical device-associated biofilm infections and highlight the latest promising approaches aimed at preventing or eradicating these biofilms.
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24
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Dijksteel GS, Ulrich MMW, Middelkoop E, Boekema BKHL. Review: Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials Using Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616979. [PMID: 33692766 PMCID: PMC7937881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or host defense peptides protect the host against various pathogens such as yeast, fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs also display immunomodulatory properties ranging from the modulation of inflammatory responses to the promotion of wound healing. More interestingly, AMPs cause cell disruption through non-specific interactions with the membrane surface of pathogens. This is most likely responsible for the low or limited emergence of bacterial resistance against many AMPs. Despite the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the potency of novel AMPs to combat such pathogens, only a few AMPs are in clinical use. Therefore, the current review describes (i) the potential of AMPs as alternatives to antibiotics, (ii) the challenges toward clinical implementation of AMPs and (iii) strategies to improve the success rate of AMPs in clinical trials, emphasizing the lessons we could learn from these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S Dijksteel
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Magda M W Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, Netherlands.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Perea L, Cantó E, Suarez-Cuartin G, Aliberti S, Chalmers JD, Sibila O, Vidal S. A Cluster Analysis of Bronchiectasis Patients Based on the Airway Immune Profile. Chest 2020; 159:1758-1767. [PMID: 33217421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical heterogeneity in bronchiectasis remains a challenge for improving the appropriate targeting of therapies and patient management. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been linked to disease severity and phenotype. RESEARCH QUESTION Can we identify clusters of patients based on the levels of AMPs, airway inflammation, tissue remodeling, and tissue damage to establish their relationship with disease severity and clinical outcomes? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective cohort of 128 stable patients with bronchiectasis were recruited across three centers in three different countries (Spain, Scotland, and Italy). A two-step cluster strategy was used to stratify patients according to levels of lactoferrin, lysozyme, LL-37, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in sputum. Measurements of inflammation (IL-8, tumor growth factor β, and IL-6), tissue remodeling and damage (glycosaminoglycan, matrix metallopeptidase 9, neutrophil elastase, and total and bacterial DNA), and neutrophil chemotaxis were assessed. RESULTS Three clusters of patients were defined according to distinct airway profiles of AMPs. They represented groups of patients with gradually distinct airway infection and disease severity. Each cluster was associated with an airway profile of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and tissue damage. The relationships between soluble mediators also were distinct between clusters. This analysis allowed the identification of the cluster with the most deregulated local innate immune response. During follow-up, each cluster showed different risk of three or more exacerbations occurring (P = .03) and different times to first exacerbations (P = .03). INTERPRETATION Bronchiectasis patients can be stratified in different clusters according to profiles of airway AMPs, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and tissue damage. The combination of these immunologic variables shows a relationship with disease severity and future risk of exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Perea
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Suarez-Cuartin
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - James D Chalmers
- Tayside Respiratory Research Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Antibiofilm Properties of Temporin-L on Pseudomonas fluorescens in Static and In-Flow Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228526. [PMID: 33198325 PMCID: PMC7696879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms consist of a complex microbial community adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces and enclosed within a protein/polysaccharide self-produced matrix. The formation of this structure represents the most important adaptive mechanism that leads to antibacterial resistance, and therefore, closely connected to pathogenicity. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could represent attractive candidates for the design of new antibiotics because of their specific characteristics. AMPs show a broad activity spectrum, a relative selectivity towards their targets (microbial membranes), the ability to act on both proliferative and quiescent cells, a rapid mechanism of action, and above all, a low propensity for developing resistance. This article investigates the effect at subMIC concentrations of Temporin-L (TL) on biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) both in static and dynamic conditions, showing that TL displays antibiofilm properties. Biofilm formation in static conditions was analyzed by the Crystal Violet assay. Investigation of biofilms in dynamic conditions was performed in a commercial microfluidic device consisting of a microflow chamber to simulate real flow conditions in the human body. Biofilm morphology was examined using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and quantified via image analysis. The investigation of TL effects on P. fluorescens showed that when subMIC concentrations of this peptide were added during bacterial growth, TL exerted antibiofilm activity, impairing biofilm formation both in static and dynamic conditions. Moreover, TL also affects mature biofilm as confocal microscopy analyses showed that a large portion of preformed biofilm architecture was clearly perturbed by the peptide addition with a significative decrease of all the biofilm surface properties and the overall biomass. Finally, in these conditions, TL did not affect bacterial cells as the live/dead cell ratio remained unchanged without any increase in damaged cells, confirming an actual antibiofilm activity of the peptide.
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Hitt SJ, Bishop BM, van Hoek ML. Komodo-dragon cathelicidin-inspired peptides are antibacterial against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1262-1272. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.The rise of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a growing crisis that requires development of novel therapeutics.Hypothesis.To this end, cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) represent a possible source of new potential therapeutics to treat difficult pathogens such as carbapenem-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP), which has gained resistance to many if not all currently approved antibiotics, making treatment difficult.Aim.To examine the anti-CRKP antimicrobial activity of the predicted cathelicidins derived fromVaranus komodoensis(Komodo dragon) as well as synthetic antimicrobial peptides that we created.Methodology.We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the peptides against CRKP. We also characterized the abilities of these peptides to disrupt the hyperpolarization of the bacterial membrane as well as their ability to form pores in the membrane.Results.We did not observe significant anti-CRKP activity for the predicted native Komodo cathelicidin peptides. We found that the novel peptides DRGN-6,-7 and -8 displayed significant antimicrobial activity against CRKP with MICs of 4–8 µg ml−1. DRGN-6 peptide was the most effective peptide against CRKP. Unfortunately, these peptides showed higher than desired levels of hemolysis, althoughin vivotesting in the waxwormGalleria mellonellashowed no mortality associated with treatment by the peptide; however, CRKP-infected waxworms treated with peptide did not show an improvement in survival.Conclusion.Given the challenges of treating CRKP, identification of peptides with activity against it represents a promising avenue for further research. Given DRGN-6′s similar level of activity to colistin, DRGN-6 is a promising template for the development of novel antimicrobial peptide-based therapeutics.
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28
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Browne K, Chakraborty S, Chen R, Willcox MDP, Black DS, Walsh WR, Kumar N. A New Era of Antibiotics: The Clinical Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197047. [PMID: 32987946 PMCID: PMC7582481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted crisis, imposing a serious threat to global health. The traditional antibiotic pipeline has been exhausted, prompting research into alternate antimicrobial strategies. Inspired by nature, antimicrobial peptides are rapidly gaining attention for their clinical potential as they present distinct advantages over traditional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides are found in all forms of life and demonstrate a pivotal role in the innate immune system. Many antimicrobial peptides are evolutionarily conserved, with limited propensity for resistance. Additionally, chemical modifications to the peptide backbone can be used to improve biological activity and stability and reduce toxicity. This review details the therapeutic potential of peptide-based antimicrobials, as well as the challenges needed to overcome in order for clinical translation. We explore the proposed mechanisms of activity, design of synthetic biomimics, and how this novel class of antimicrobial compound may address the need for effective antibiotics. Finally, we discuss commercially available peptide-based antimicrobials and antimicrobial peptides in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Browne
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Renxun Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Mark DP Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - David StClair Black
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.B.); (N.K.); Tel.: +612-9385-4657 (D.S.B.); +612-9385-4698 (N.K.)
| | - William R Walsh
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick 2031, Australia;
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.B.); (N.K.); Tel.: +612-9385-4657 (D.S.B.); +612-9385-4698 (N.K.)
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29
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Yang L, Liu Y, Wang N, Wang H, Wang K, Luo XL, Dai RX, Tao RJ, Wang HJ, Yang JW, Tao GQ, Qu JM, Ge BX, Li YY, Xu JF. Albumin-Based LL37 Peptide Nanoparticles as a Sustained Release System against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:1817-1826. [PMID: 33966375 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) has emerged as a pressing challenge to pulmonary infection and lung damage. The LL37 peptide is an efficient antimicrobial agent against PA strains, but its application is limited because of fast clearance in vivo, biosafety concerns, and low bioavailability. Thus, an albumin-based nanodrug delivery system with reduction sensitivity was developed by forming intermolecular disulfide bonds to increase in vivo LL37 performance against PA. Cationic LL37 can be efficiently encapsulated via electrostatic interactions to exert improved antimicrobial effects. The LL37 peptide exhibits greater than 48 h of sustained released from LL37 peptide nanoparticles (LL37 PNP), and prolonged antimicrobial effects were noted as the incubation time increased. Levels of inflammatory cytokines secreted by peritoneal macrophages, including TNF-α and IL-6, were reduced significantly after LL37 PNP treatment following PA stimulation, indicating that LL37 PNP inhibits PA growth and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In a murine model of acute PA lung infection, LL37 PNP significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β expression and alleviated lung damage. The accelerated clearance of PA indicates that LL37 PNP could improve PA lung infection and the subsequent inflammation response more efficiently compared with free LL37 peptide. In conclusion, this excellent biocompatible LL37 delivery strategy may serve as an alternative approach for the application of new types of clinical treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, PR China.,Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ru-Jia Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huai-Ji Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, PR China.,Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guo-Qing Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Ruijin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bao-Xue Ge
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong-Yong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, PR China.,Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Dean S, Walper SA. Variational Autoencoder for Generation of Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20746-20754. [PMID: 32875208 PMCID: PMC7450509 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over millennia, natural evolution has allowed for the emergence of countless biomolecules with highly specific roles within natural systems. As seen with peptides and proteins, often evolution produces molecules with a similar function but with variable amino acid composition and structure but diverging from a common ancestor, which can limit sequence diversity. Using antimicrobial peptides as a model biomolecule, we train a generative deep learning algorithm on a database of known antimicrobial peptides to generate novel peptide sequences with antimicrobial activity. Using a variational autoencoder, we are able to generate a latent space plot that can be surveyed for peptides with known properties and interpolated across a predictive vector between two defined points to identify novel peptides that show dose-responsive antimicrobial activity. These proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the potential for artificial intelligence-directed methods to generate new antimicrobial peptides and motivate their potential application toward peptide and protein design without the need for exhaustive screening of sequence libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
N. Dean
- National
Research Council Associate, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center
for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering (Code 6900), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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31
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Zhang K, Li X, Yu C, Wang Y. Promising Therapeutic Strategies Against Microbial Biofilm Challenges. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 32850471 PMCID: PMC7399198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that are attached to a biological or abiotic surface and are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Cells within a biofilm have intrinsic characteristics that are different from those of planktonic cells. Biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents has drawn increasing attention. It is well-known that medical device- and tissue-associated biofilms may be the leading cause for the failure of antibiotic treatments and can cause many chronic infections. The eradication of biofilms is very challenging. Many researchers are working to address biofilm-related infections, and some novel strategies have been developed and identified as being effective and promising. Nevertheless, more preclinical studies and well-designed multicenter clinical trials are critically needed to evaluate the prospects of these strategies. Here, we review information about the mechanisms underlying the drug resistance of biofilms and discuss recent progress in alternative therapies and promising strategies against microbial biofilms. We also summarize the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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32
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Kang MJ, Jang AR, Park JY, Ahn JH, Lee TS, Kim DY, Jung DH, Song EJ, Hong JJ, Park JH. Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide Contributes to Host Immune Responses Against Pulmonary Infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e25. [PMID: 32655973 PMCID: PMC7327154 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is known for its multidrug antibiotic resistance. New approaches to treating drug-resistant bacterial infections are urgently required. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is a murine antimicrobial peptide that exerts diverse immune functions, including both direct bacterial cell killing and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we sought to identify the role of CRAMP in the host immune response to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Wild-type (WT) and CRAMP knockout mice were infected intranasally with the bacteria. CRAMP−/− mice exhibited increased bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after A. baumannii infection compared to WT mice. The loss of CRAMP expression resulted in a significant decrease in the recruitment of immune cells, primarily neutrophils. The levels of IL-6 and CXCL1 were lower, whereas the levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in the BAL fluid of CRAMP−/− mice compared to WT mice 1 day after infection. In an in vitro assay using thioglycollate-induced peritoneal neutrophils, the ability of bacterial phagocytosis and killing was impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils compared to the WT cells. CRAMP was also essential for the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to A. baumannii in neutrophils. In addition, the A. baumannii-induced inhibitor of κB-α degradation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils, whereas ERK and JNK phosphorylation was upregulated. Our results indicate that CRAMP plays an important role in the host defense against pulmonary infection with A. baumannii by promoting the antibacterial activity of neutrophils and regulating the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Jang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Ahn
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Jung
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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33
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Hitchhiking with Nature: Snake Venom Peptides to Fight Cancer and Superbugs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040255. [PMID: 32326531 PMCID: PMC7232197 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract For decades, natural products in general and snake venoms (SV) in particular have been a rich source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery, and they remain a promising substrate for therapeutic development. Currently, a handful of SV-based drugs for diagnosis and treatment of various cardiovascular disorders and blood abnormalities are on the market. Likewise, far more SV compounds and their mimetics are under investigation today for diverse therapeutic applications, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria and cancer. In this review, we analyze the state of the art regarding SV-derived compounds with therapeutic potential, focusing on the development of antimicrobial and anticancer drugs. Specifically, information about SV peptides experimentally validated or predicted to act as antimicrobial and anticancer peptides (AMPs and ACPs, respectively) has been collected and analyzed. Their principal activities both in vitro and in vivo, structures, mechanisms of action, and attempts at sequence optimization are discussed in order to highlight their potential as drug leads. Key Contribution This review describes the state of the art in snake venom-derived peptides and their therapeutic applications. This work reinforces the potential of snake venom components as therapeutic agents, particularly in the quest for new antimicrobial and anticancer drugs.
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Dean SN, Milton ME, Cavanagh J, van Hoek ML. Francisella novicida Two-Component System Response Regulator BfpR Modulates iglC Gene Expression, Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance, and Biofilm Production. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:82. [PMID: 32232010 PMCID: PMC7082314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Response regulators are a critical part of the two-component system of gene expression regulation in bacteria, transferring a signal from a sensor kinase into DNA binding activity resulting in alteration of gene expression. In this study, we investigated a previously uncharacterized response regulator in Francisella novicida, FTN_1452 that we have named BfpR (Biofilm-regulating Francisella protein Regulator, FTN_1452). In contrast to another Francisella response regulator, QseB/PmrA, BfpR appears to be a negative regulator of biofilm production, and also a positive regulator of antimicrobial peptide resistance in this bacterium. The protein was crystallized and X-ray crystallography studies produced a 1.8 Å structure of the BfpR N-terminal receiver domain revealing interesting insight into its potential interaction with the sensor kinase. Structural analysis of BfpR places it in the OmpR/PhoP family of bacterial response regulators along with WalR and ResD. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses suggest that BfpR overexpression affects expression of the critical Francisella virulence factor iglC, as well as other proteins in the bacterium. We demonstrate that mutation of bfpR is associated with an antimicrobial peptide resistance phenotype, a phenotype also associated with other response regulators, for the human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 and a sheep antimicrobial peptide SMAP-29. F. novicida with mutated bfpR replicated better than WT in intracellular infection assays in human-derived macrophages suggesting that the down-regulation of iglC expression in bfpR mutant may enable this intracellular replication to occur. Response regulators have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of bacterial biofilm production. We demonstrate that F. novicida biofilm formation was highly increased in the bfpR mutant, corresponding to altered glycogen synthesis. Waxworm infection experiments suggest a role of BfpR as a negative modulator of iglC expression with de-repression by Mg2+. In this study, we find that the response regulator BfpR may be a negative regulator of biofilm formation, and a positive regulator of antimicrobial peptide resistance in F. novicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Dean
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Morgan E Milton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - John Cavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
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35
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Transcriptomic Analysis, Motility and Biofilm Formation Characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium Exposed to Benzyl Isothiocyanate Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031025. [PMID: 32033098 PMCID: PMC7037498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a common foodborne pathogen that not only causes diseases and contaminates food, but also causes considerable economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective and feasible methods to control S. typhimurium. In this study, changes in S. typhimurium after treatment with benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) were detected by transcriptomics to explore the antibacterial effect of BITC at subinhibitory concentration. The results showed that, in contrast to the control group (SC), the BITC-treated group (SQ_BITC) had 197 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 115 were downregulated and 82 were upregulated. We screened out eight significantly downregulated virulence-related genes and verified gene expression by quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). We also selected motility and biofilm formation to observe the effects of BITC on the other virulence related factors of S. typhimurium. The results showed that both swimming and swarming were significantly inhibited. BITC also had a significant inhibitory effect on biofilm formation, and showed an effect on bacterial morphology. These results will be helpful for understanding the mechanism of the antibacterial action of BITC against S. typhimurium and other foodborne pathogens.
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36
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Zhou Y, Shi Y, Yang L, Sun Y, Han Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ma Y, Zhang T, Ren T, Dale TP, Forsyth NR, Jin F, Qu J, Zuo W, Xu J. Genetically engineered distal airway stem cell transplantation protects mice from pulmonary infection. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10233. [PMID: 31782624 PMCID: PMC6949487 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary infection is a major threat to human health accompanied by substantial medical costs, prolonged inpatient requirements, and high mortality rates. New antimicrobial therapeutic strategies are urgently required to address the emergence of antibiotic resistance and persistent bacterial infections. In this study, we show that the constitutive expression of a native antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in transgenic mice aids in clearing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), a major pathogen of clinical pulmonary infection. Orthotopic transplantation of adult mouse distal airway stem cells (DASCs), genetically engineered to express LL-37, into injured mouse lung foci enabled large-scale incorporation of cells and long-term release of the host defense peptide, protecting the mice from bacterial pneumonia and hypoxemia. Further, correlates of DASCs in adult humans were isolated, expanded, and genetically engineered to demonstrate successful construction of an anti-infective artificial lung. Together, our stem cell-based gene delivery therapeutic platform proposes a new strategy for addressing recurrent pulmonary infections with future translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yun Shi
- Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTangdu HospitalFourth Military Medical University of PLAXi'anChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐fen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐fei Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zi‐xian Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu‐jia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Ma
- Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Regend Therapeutics Co. LtdZhejiangChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Regend Therapeutics Co. LtdZhejiangChina
| | - Tao Ren
- Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tina P Dale
- Guy Hilton Research CenterSchool of Pharmacy and BioengineeringKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research CenterSchool of Pharmacy and BioengineeringKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
| | - Fa‐guang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTangdu HospitalFourth Military Medical University of PLAXi'anChina
| | - Jie‐ming Qu
- Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Institute of Respiratory DiseasesShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Regend Therapeutics Co. LtdZhejiangChina
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Jin‐fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineClinical Translation Research CenterShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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37
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Cao Y, Naseri M, He Y, Xu C, Walsh LJ, Ziora ZM. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents to combat biofilm-forming bacteria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 21:445-451. [PMID: 31830536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms can be produced by multiple species or by a single strain of bacteria. The biofilm state enhances the resistance of the resident microorganisms to antimicrobial agents by producing extracellular polymeric substances. Typically, antibiotics are used to stop the growth of bacteria, but emerging resistance has limited their effectiveness. Bacteria in biofilms are less susceptible to antibiotics compared with their free-floating state, as biofilms impair antibiotic penetration. To obviate this challenge, non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents are needed. This review describes two classes of these agents, namely antimicrobial nanoparticles and antimicrobial peptides. Applications of these antimicrobials in the food industry and medical applications are discussed, and the directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Cao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mahdi Naseri
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yan He
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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38
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Olszak T, Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Arabski M, Gula G, Maciejewska B, Wasik S, Lood C, Higgins G, Harvey BJ, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA5oct Jumbo Phage Impacts Planktonic and Biofilm Population and Reduces Its Host Virulence. Viruses 2019; 11:E1089. [PMID: 31771160 PMCID: PMC6950013 DOI: 10.3390/v11121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of phage-resistant mutants is a key aspect of lytic phages-bacteria interaction and the main driver for the co-evolution between both organisms. Here, we analyze the impact of PA5oct jumbo phage treatment on planktonic/cell line associated and sessile P. aeruginosa population. Besides its broad-spectrum activity and efficient bacteria reduction in both airway surface liquid (ASL) model, and biofilm matrix degradation, PA5oct appears to persist in most of phage-resistant clones. Indeed, a high percentage of resistance (20/30 clones) to PA5oct is accompanied by the presence of phage DNA within bacterial culture. Moreover, the maintenance of this phage in the bacterial population correlates with reduced P. aeruginosa virulence, coupled with a sensitization to innate immune mechanisms, and a significantly reduced growth rate. We observed rather unusual consequences of PA5oct infection causing an increased inflammatory response of monocytes to P. aeruginosa. This phenomenon, combined with the loss or modification of the phage receptor, makes most of the phage-resistant clones significantly less pathogenic in in vivo model. These findings provide new insights into the general knowledge of giant phages biology and the impact of their application in phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Michal Arabski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Gula
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Slawomir Wasik
- Department of Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerard Higgins
- National Children Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, 12 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
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39
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Haney EF, Barbosa SC, Baquir B, Hancock REW. Influence of Non-natural Cationic Amino Acids on the Biological Activity Profile of Innate Defense Regulator Peptides. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10294-10304. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan F. Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simone C. Barbosa
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Beverlie Baquir
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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40
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van Hoek ML, Prickett MD, Settlage RE, Kang L, Michalak P, Vliet KA, Bishop BM. The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) genome and identification of innate immunity genes and clusters. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:684. [PMID: 31470795 PMCID: PMC6716921 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the sequencing, assembly and analysis of the genome of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), the largest extant lizard, with a focus on antimicrobial host-defense peptides. The Komodo dragon diet includes carrion, and a complex milieu of bacteria, including potentially pathogenic strains, has been detected in the saliva of wild dragons. They appear to be unaffected, suggesting that dragons have robust defenses against infection. While little information is available regarding the molecular biology of reptile immunity, it is believed that innate immunity, which employs antimicrobial host-defense peptides including defensins and cathelicidins, plays a more prominent role in reptile immunity than it does in mammals. . Results High molecular weight genomic DNA was extracted from Komodo dragon blood cells. Subsequent sequencing and assembly of the genome from the collected DNA yielded a genome size of 1.6 Gb with 45x coverage, and the identification of 17,213 predicted genes. Through further analyses of the genome, we identified genes and gene-clusters corresponding to antimicrobial host-defense peptide genes. Multiple β-defensin-related gene clusters were identified, as well as a cluster of potential Komodo dragon ovodefensin genes located in close proximity to a cluster of Komodo dragon β-defensin genes. In addition to these defensins, multiple cathelicidin-like genes were also identified in the genome. Overall, 66 β-defensin genes, six ovodefensin genes and three cathelicidin genes were identified in the Komodo dragon genome. Conclusions Genes with important roles in host-defense and innate immunity were identified in this newly sequenced Komodo dragon genome, suggesting that these organisms have a robust innate immune system. Specifically, multiple Komodo antimicrobial peptide genes were identified. Importantly, many of the antimicrobial peptide genes were found in gene clusters. We found that these innate immunity genes are conserved among reptiles, and the organization is similar to that seen in other avian and reptilian species. Having the genome of this important squamate will allow researchers to learn more about reptilian gene families and will be a valuable resource for researchers studying the evolution and biology of the endangered Komodo dragon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6029-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique L van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - M Dennis Prickett
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita-Edif. C11, Università di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert E Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.,Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.,Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kent A Vliet
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Barney M Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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41
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Jaśkiewicz M, Neubauer D, Kazor K, Bartoszewska S, Kamysz W. Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Antimicrobial Peptides Against Planktonic Culture and Biofilm of Acinetobacter baumannii. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11:317-324. [PMID: 30043322 PMCID: PMC6449538 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most challenging pathogens, on account of its predisposition to develop resistance leading to severe, difficult-to-treat infections. As these bacteria are more usually isolated from nosocomial infections, the new therapeutic options are demanded. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are compounds likely to find application in the treatment of A. baumannii. These compounds exhibit a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and were found to be effective against biofilm. In this study, eight AMPs, namely aurein 1.2, CAMEL, citropin 1.1., LL-37, omiganan, r-omiganan, pexiganan, and temporin A, were tested for their antimicrobial activity. A reference strain of A. baumannii ATCC 19606 was used. Antimicrobial assays included determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration. Considering the fact that the majority of A. baumannii infections are associated with mechanical ventilation and the use of indwelling devices, the activity against biofilm was assessed on both a polystyrene surface and tracheal tube fragments. In addition, cytotoxicity (HaCaT) was determined and in vitro selectivity index was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Kazor
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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42
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Casciaro B, Lin Q, Afonin S, Loffredo MR, de Turris V, Middel V, Ulrich AS, Di YP, Mangoni ML. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and expression of virulence genes by selective epimerization in the peptide Esculentin-1a(1-21)NH 2. FEBS J 2019; 286:3874-3891. [PMID: 31144441 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium known to cause serious human infections, especially in immune-compromised patients. This is due to its unique ability to transform from a drug-tolerant planktonic to a more dangerous and treatment-resistant sessile life form, called biofilm. Recently, two derivatives of the frog skin antimicrobial peptide esculentin-1a, i.e. Esc(1-21) and its D-amino acids containing diastereomer Esc(1-21)-1c, were characterized for their powerful anti-Pseudomonal activity against both forms. Prevention of biofilm formation already in its early stages could be even more advantageous for counteracting infections induced by this bacterium. In this work, we studied how the diastereomer Esc(1-21)-1c can inhibit Pseudomonas biofilm formation in comparison to the parent peptide and two clinically-used conventional antibiotics, i.e. colistin and aztreonam, when applied at dosages below the minimal growth inhibitory concentration. Biofilm prevention was correlated to the peptides' ability to inhibit Pseudomonas motility and to reduce the production of virulent metabolites, for example, pyoverdine and rhamnolipids. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying these activities was evaluated by studying the peptides' effect on the expression of key genes involved in the virulence and motility of bacteria, as well as by monitoring the peptides' binding to the bacterial signaling nucleotide ppGpp. Our results demonstrate that the presence of only two D-amino acids in Esc(1-21)-1c is sufficient to downregulate ppGpp-mediated expression of biofilm-associated genes, presumably as a result of higher peptide stability and therefore prolonged interaction with the nucleotide. Overall, these studies should assist efficient design and optimization of new anti-infective agents with multiple pharmacologically beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casciaro
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Turris
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Volker Middel
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - YuanPu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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43
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Ruffin M, Brochiero E. Repair Process Impairment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Epithelial Tissues: Major Features and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:182. [PMID: 31214514 PMCID: PMC6554286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues protecting organs from the environment are the first-line of defense against pathogens. Therefore, efficient repair mechanisms after injury are crucial to maintain epithelial integrity. However, these healing processes can be insufficient to restore epithelial integrity, notably in infectious conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cutaneous, corneal, and respiratory tract epithelia are of particular concern because they are the leading causes of hospitalizations, disabilities, and deaths worldwide. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been shown to alter repair processes, leading to chronic wounds and infections. Because of the current increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa, complementary approaches to decrease the negative impact of these bacteria on epithelia are urgently needed. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of the impact of P. aeruginosa infections on the integrity and repair mechanisms of alveolar, airway, cutaneous and corneal epithelia. Potential therapeutic avenues aimed at counteracting this deleterious impact of infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Ruffin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Brochiero
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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44
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Wongkaewkhiaw S, Taweechaisupapong S, Anutrakunchai C, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Wongratanacheewin S, Kanthawong S. D-LL-31 in combination with ceftazidime synergistically enhances bactericidal activity and biofilm destruction in Burkholderia pseudomallei. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:573-584. [PMID: 31282211 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1632835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The biofilm of B. pseudomallei acquires resistance to several antibiotics and may be related to relapse in melioidosis patients. Here, the killing activity of antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, LL-31) and the D-enantiomers (D-LL-37, D-LL-31) in combination with ceftazidime (CAZ) against B. pseudomallei 1026b, H777 and a biofilm mutant M10, derived from H777 grown under biofilm-stimulating conditions was observed. Using static conditions, D-LL-31 exhibited the strongest killing activity against the three isolates in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 values for D-LL-31 ranged from 1 to 6 µM, for isolates M10, H777, and 1026b, respectively. Moreover, D-LL-31 combined with CAZ synergistically decreased the IC50 values of the peptide and antibiotic and caused also disruption of biofilms of B. pseudomallei 1026b under flow conditions. Thus a combination of D-LL-31 and CAZ may enhance the efficacy of the currently used antibiotic treatments against B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharut Wongkaewkhiaw
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Suwimol Taweechaisupapong
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
- Biofilm Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | | | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
| | - Sakawrat Kanthawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
- Melioidosis Research Center, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
- Biofilm Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen , Thailand
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45
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Kumar P, Pletzer D, Haney EF, Rahanjam N, Cheng JTJ, Yue M, Aljehani W, Hancock REW, Kizhakkedathu JN, Straus SK. Aurein-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides Formulated with Pegylated Phospholipid Micelles to Target Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:443-453. [PMID: 30565465 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been the focus of considerable research; however, issues associated with toxicity and aggregation have the potential to limit clinical applications. Here, a derivative of a truncated version of aurein 2.2 (aurein 2.2Δ3), namely peptide 73, was investigated, along with its d-amino acid counterpart (D-73) and a retro-inverso version (RI-73). A version that incorporated a cysteine residue to the C-terminus (73c) was also generated, as this form is required to covalently attach antimicrobial peptides to polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG)). The antimicrobial activity of the 73-derived peptides was enhanced 2- to 8-fold, and all the derivatives eradicated preformed Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Formulation of the peptides with compatible polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified phospholipid micelles alleviated toxicity toward human cells and reduced aggregation. When evaluated in vivo, the unformulated d-enantiomers aggregated when injected under the skin of mice, but micelle encapsulated peptides were well absorbed. Pegylated micelle formulated peptides were investigated for their potential as therapeutic agents for treating high-density infections in a murine cutaneous abscess model. Formulated peptide 73 reduced abscess size by 36% and bacterial loads by 2.2-fold compared to the parent peptide aurein 2.2Δ3. Micelle encapsulated peptides 73c and D-73 exhibited superior activity, further reducing abscess sizes by 85% and 63% and lowering bacterial loads by 510- and 9-fold compared to peptide 73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Evan F. Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Negin Rahanjam
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - John T. J. Cheng
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Marty Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Waleed Aljehani
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Suzana K. Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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46
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Jia F, Zhang Y, Wang J, Peng J, Zhao P, Zhang L, Yao H, Ni J, Wang K. The effect of halogenation on the antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm activity, cytotoxicity and proteolytic stability of the antimicrobial peptide Jelleine-I. Peptides 2019; 112:56-66. [PMID: 30500360 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are believed to be a promising class of antimicrobial agents against bacteria and fungi. To promote the clinical use of AMPs, their antimicrobial activity and susceptibility to protease degradation should be further improved. The antimicrobial peptide Jelleine-I was originally isolated from the royal jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera) with a short sequence of PFKLSLHL-NH2 (953.24 Da). Here, a series of halogenated derivatives of the antimicrobial peptide Jelleine-I were designed and synthesized. The results showed that the in vitro antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm activity and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy were enhanced 1-8-fold after halogenation. Additionally, the proteolytic stability of Jelleine-I was improved 10-100-fold by halogenation. Meanwhile, the halogenated derivatives retained negligible hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity. Among these derivatives, the antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm activity of chlorine-Jelleine-I (Cl-J-I), bromine-Jelleine-I (Br-J-I), and iodine-Jelleine-I (I-J-I) were better than those of fluorine-Jelleine-I (F-J-I). The stabilities of Br-J-I and I-J-I against the degradation of enzymes and the serum were better than those of F-J-I and Cl-J-I. In conclusion, this study may offer a useful strategy to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and proteolytic stability by halogenation. The halogenated derivatives Cl-J-I, Br-J-I and I-J-I may be considered as potential antimicrobial agents against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jinxiu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jingman Ni
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Kim SK, Park SJ, Li XH, Choi YS, Im DS, Lee JH. Bacterial ornithine lipid, a surrogate membrane lipid under phosphate-limiting conditions, plays important roles in bacterial persistence and interaction with host. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3992-4008. [PMID: 30252196 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine lipids (OLs) are bacteria-specific lipids that are found in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria and increase as surrogates of phospholipids under phosphate-limited environmental conditions. We investigated the effects of OL increase in bacterial membranes on pathogen virulence and the host immune response. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we increased OL levels in membranes by overexpressing the OL-synthesizing operon (olsBA). These increases changed the bacterial surface charge and hydrophobicity, which reduced bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interfered with the binding of macrophages to bacterial cells and enhanced bacterial biofilm formation. When grown under low phosphate conditions, P. aeruginosa became more persistent in the treatment of antibiotics and AMPs in an olsBA-dependent manner. While OLs increased persistence, they attenuated P. aeruginosa virulence; in host cells, they reduced the production of inflammatory factors (iNOS, COX-2, PGE2 and nitric oxide) and increased intracellular Ca2+ release. Exogenously added OL had similar effects on P. aeruginosa and host cells. Our results suggest that bacterial OL plays important roles in bacteria-host interaction in a way that enhances bacterial persistence and develops chronic adaptation to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Xi-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Yu-Sang Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
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Yu L, Shang F, Chen X, Ni J, Yu L, Zhang M, Sun D, Xue T. The anti-biofilm effect of silver-nanoparticle-decorated quercetin nanoparticles on a multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli strain isolated from a dairy cow with mastitis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5711. [PMID: 30356998 PMCID: PMC6195112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is an important opportunistic pathogen that could cause inflammation of the udder in dairy cows resulting in reduced milk production and changes in milk composition and quality, and even death of dairy cows. Therefore, mastitis is the main health issue which leads to major economic losses on dairy farms. Antibiotics are routinely used for the treatment of bovine mastitis. The ability to form biofilm increases the antibiotic resistance of E. coli. Nanoparticles (NPs), a nanosized, safe, and highly cost-effective antibacterial agent, are potential biomedical tools. Given their antibacterial activities, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have a broad range of applications. Methods In this study, we performed antibacterial activity assays, biofilm formation assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, and real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) experiments to investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effect of quercetin, Ag NPs, and Silver-nanoparticle-decorated quercetin nanoparticles (QA NPs) in E. coli strain ECDCM1. Results In this study, QA NPs, a composite material combining Ag NPs and the plant-derived drug component quercetin, exhibited stronger antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties in a multi-drug resistant E. coli strain isolated from a dairy cow with mastitis, compared to Ag NPs and Qe. Discussion This study provides evidence that QA NPs possess high antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. They proved to be more effective than Ag NPs and Qe against the biofilm formation of a multi-drug resistant E. coli isolated from cows with mastitis. This suggests that QA NPs might be used as a potential antimicrobial agent in the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingtian Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Herman A, Herman AP. Antimicrobial peptides activity in the skin. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:111-117. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health SciencesWarsaw College of Health and Engineering Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej P. Herman
- Department of Genetic EngineeringThe Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences Jabłonna, Warsaw Poland
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Standardization of G. mellonella Larvae to Provide Reliable and Reproducible Results in the Study of Fungal Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030108. [PMID: 30200639 PMCID: PMC6162639 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, Galleria mellonella (wax moth) larvae have become widely used as a non-mammalian infection model. However, the full potential of this infection model has yet to be realised, limited by the variable quality of larvae used and the lack of standardised procedures. Here, we review larvae suitable for research, protocols for dosing larvae, and methods for scoring illness in larvae infected with fungal pathogens. The development of standardised protocols for carrying out our experimental work will allow high throughput screens to be developed, changing the way in which we evaluate panels of mutants and strains. It will also enable the in vivo screening of potential antimicrobials at an earlier stage in the research and development cycle.
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