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Sargsian S, Mondragón-Palomino O, Lejeune A, Ercelen D, Jin WB, Varghese A, Lim YAL, Guo CJ, Loke P, Cadwell K. Functional characterization of helminth-associated Clostridiales reveals covariates of Treg differentiation. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 38730492 PMCID: PMC11084060 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic helminths influence the composition of the gut microbiome. However, the microbiomes of individuals living in helminth-endemic regions are understudied. The Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with high burdens of the helminth Trichuris trichiura, display microbiotas enriched in Clostridiales, an order of spore-forming obligate anaerobes with immunogenic properties. We previously isolated novel Clostridiales that were enriched in these individuals and found that a subset promoted the Trichuris life cycle. In this study, we aimed to further characterize the functional properties of these bacteria. RESULTS Clostridiales isolates were profiled for their ability to perform 57 enzymatic reactions and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and hydrogen sulfide, revealing that these bacteria were capable of a range of activities associated with metabolism and host response. Consistent with this finding, monocolonization of mice with individual isolates identified bacteria that were potent inducers of regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation in the colon. Comparisons between variables revealed by these studies identified enzymatic properties correlated with Treg induction and Trichuris egg hatching. CONCLUSION We identified Clostridiales species that are sufficient to induce high levels of Tregs. We also identified a set of metabolic activities linked with Treg differentiation and Trichuris egg hatching mediated by these newly isolated bacteria. Altogether, this study provides functional insights into the microbiotas of individuals residing in a helminth-endemic region. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Octavio Mondragón-Palomino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alannah Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wen-Bing Jin
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Alan Varghese
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Moulazade A, Soudi S, Bakhshi B. Secretome of adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells reduces the Vibrio cholerae attachment to Caco-2 cells and subsequent inflammatory responses. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 16:79-89. [PMID: 38682070 PMCID: PMC11055443 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v16i1.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) can repair gastrointestinal tract damage. The Secretome of MSCs has a high capacity to inhibit bacterial colonization and the subsequent inflammatory responses of Vibrio cholerae. Materials and Methods The Caco-2 cells were treated with adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) secretome and then infected with V. cholerae. Subsequently, the bacterial attachment and invasion, cholera toxin gene expression, PGE2 and IL-6 secretion, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 expression, and apoptosis of Caco-2 cells were evaluated. Results The secretome of AD-MSCs significantly reduced the V. cholerae attachment and internalization on Caco-2 epithelial cells (P<0.0001). The cholera toxin (Ctx-B) gene expression (FR=4.56 ± 0.66) and PGE2 production (P=0.0007) were also significantly reduced. The production of NO and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in exposure to the secretome of AD-MSCs. Secretome also improved a significant 81.33% increase in IL-6 production (128.1 ± 37.6 pg/mL) and showed a 12.36% significant decrease in epithelial cell apoptosis (P< 0.0001) after exposure to V. cholerae. Conclusion The secretome of AD-MSCs can play a critical role in inhibiting bacterial colonization, and subsequent inflammatory responses, and maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier. The secretome may be effective in the prevention of hypovolemic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moulazade
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Potok P, Kola A, Valensin D, Capdevila M, Potocki S. Copper Forms a PPII Helix-Like Structure with the Catalytic Domains of Bacterial Zinc Metalloproteases. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18425-18439. [PMID: 37909295 PMCID: PMC10647932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continuously raises concerns about the future ineffectiveness of current antimicrobial treatments against infectious diseases. To address this problem, new therapeutic strategies and antimicrobial drugs with unique modes of action are urgently needed. Inhibition of metalloproteases, bacterial virulence factors, is a promising target for the development of antibacterial treatments. In this study, the interaction among Zn(II), Cu(II), and the metal-binding domains of two metalloproteases, AprA (Pseudomonas aureginosa) and CpaA (Acinetobacter baumanii), was investigated. The objective was to determine the coordination sphere of Zn(II) with a peptide model of two zinc-dependent metalloproteases. Additionally, the study explored the formation of Cu(II) complexes with the domains, as Cu(II) has been shown to inhibit metalloproteases. The third aim was to understand the role of nonbinding amino acids in stabilizing the metal complexes formed by these proteases. This work identified specific coordination patterns (HExxHxxxxxH) for both Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes, with AprA and CpaA exhibiting a higher affinity for Cu(II) compared to Zn(II). The study also found that the CpaA domain has greater stability for both Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes compared to AprA. The nonbinding amino acids of CpaA surrounding the metal ion contribute to the increased thermodynamic stability of the metal-peptide complex through various intramolecular interactions. These interactions can also influence the secondary structures of the peptides. The presence of certain amino acids, such as tyrosine, arginine, and glutamic acid, and their interactions contribute to the stability and, only in the case of Cu(II) complexes, the formation of a rare protein structure called a left-handed polyproline II helix (PPII), which is known to play a role in the stability and function of various proteins. These findings provide valuable insights into the coordination chemistry of bacterial metalloproteases and expand our understanding of potential mechanisms for inhibiting these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Potok
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arian Kola
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Valensin
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Merce Capdevila
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sławomir Potocki
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Cutugno L, O'Byrne C, Pané‐Farré J, Boyd A. Rifampicin-resistant RpoB S522L Vibrio vulnificus exhibits disturbed stress response and hypervirulence traits. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1379. [PMID: 37877661 PMCID: PMC10493491 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin resistance, which is genetically linked to mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB, has a global impact on bacterial transcription and cell physiology. Previously, we identified a substitution of serine 522 in RpoB (i.e., RpoBS522L ) conferring rifampicin resistance to Vibrio vulnificus, a human food-borne and wound-infecting pathogen associated with a high mortality rate. Transcriptional and physiological analysis of V. vulnificus expressing RpoBS522L showed increased basal transcription of stress-related genes and global virulence regulators. Phenotypically these transcriptional changes manifest as disturbed osmo-stress responses and toxin-associated hypervirulence as shown by reduced hypoosmotic-stress resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity of the RpoBS522L strain. These results suggest that RpoB-linked rifampicin resistance has a significant impact on V. vulnificus survival in the environment and during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutugno
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Conor O'Byrne
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Jan Pané‐Farré
- Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Department of ChemistryPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Aoife Boyd
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
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Zermeño-Cervantes LA, Martínez-Díaz SF, Venancio-Landeros AA, Cardona-Félix CS. Evaluating the efficacy of endolysins and membrane permeabilizers against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine conditions. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104104. [PMID: 37422006 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Endolysins have garnered significant attention as a potential alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture, mainly for combating Vibrio spp., Gram-negative pathogens responsible for infectious outbreaks. However, endolysin effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria is limited due to the outer membrane's poor permeability. The combat against marine pathogens poses an additional challenge of finding endolysins that retain their activity in high ionic strength conditions. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate that certain endolysins retain muralytic activity in seawater and also evaluated outer membrane permeabilizers as endolysin adjuvants. The effectiveness of KZ144 and LysPA26 endolysins, along with EDTA and oregano essential oil, was evaluated against Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC-17802 in natural seawater. Results revealed the muralytic activity of both endolysins in seawater. However, the endolysins appeared to counteract the permeabilizers' effect during the initial bactericidal assays. Further investigations revealed that the observed effect was not antagonistic. After the permeabilizer action, V. parahaemolyticus likely used endolysins as a growth substrate. Endolysins may not play an indifferent role if they fail to exert a bactericidal effect. Instead, they can serve as a substrate for fast-growing bacteria, such as V. parahaemolyticus, increasing bacterial density. It should be considered a potential drawback of endolysins' proteinaceous nature as bactericidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Angélica Zermeño-Cervantes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CICIMAR, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B. C. S., CP. 23096, México.
| | - Sergio Francisco Martínez-Díaz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CICIMAR, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B. C. S., CP. 23096, México.
| | - Alberto Antony Venancio-Landeros
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CICIMAR, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B. C. S., CP. 23096, México.
| | - César Salvador Cardona-Félix
- CONACyT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CICIMAR, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B. C. S., CP. 23096, México.
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Sargsian S, Lejeune A, Ercelen D, Jin WB, Varghese A, Loke P, Lim YAL, Guo CJ, Cadwell K. Functional characterization of helminth-associated Clostridiales reveals covariates of Treg differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543751. [PMID: 37333296 PMCID: PMC10274677 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths influence the composition of the gut microbiome. However, the microbiomes of individuals living in helminth-endemic regions are understudied. The Orang Asli, an indigenous population in Malaysia with high burdens of the helminth Trichuris trichiura, displayed microbiotas enriched in Clostridiales, an order of spore-forming obligate anaerobes previously shown to have immunogenic properties. We previously isolated novel Clostridiales that were enriched in these individuals and found that a subset promoted the Trichuris life cycle. Here, we further characterized the functional properties of these bacteria. Enzymatic and metabolomic profiling revealed a range of activities associated with metabolism and host response. Consistent with this finding, monocolonization of mice with individual isolates identified bacteria that were potent inducers of regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in the colon. Comparisons between variables revealed by these studies identified enzymatic properties correlated with Treg induction and Trichuris egg hatching. These results provide functional insights into the microbiotas of an understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Sargsian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alannah Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wen-Bing Jin
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alan Varghese
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Lead Contact
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Kumarage PM, Majeed S, De Silva LADS, Heo GJ. Detection of virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and heavy metal resistance properties in Vibrio anguillarum isolated from mullet (Mugil cephalus) cultured in Korea. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:415-425. [PMID: 36735199 PMCID: PMC9944176 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified and characterized 22 strains of V. anguillarum from 145 samples of mullets (Mugill cephallus) cultured in several fish farms in South Korea. They were subjected to pathogenicity tests, antimicrobial susceptibility test, and broth dilution test to detect virulence markers, antimicrobial resistance, and heavy metal resistance properties. All the isolates showed amylase and caseinase activity, followed by gelatinase (90.9%), DNase (45.5%), and hemolysis activities (α = 81.1% and β = 18.2%). The PCR assay revealed that isolates were positive for VAC, ctxAB, AtoxR, tdh, tlh, trh, Vfh, hupO, VPI, and FtoxR virulence genes at different percentages. All the isolates showed multi-drug resistance properties (MAR index ≥ 0.2), while 100% of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin, ticarcillin, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes, qnrS (95.5%), qnrB (86.4%), and StrAB (27.3%), were reported. In addition, 40.9% of the isolates were cadmium-tolerant, with the presence of CzcA (86.4%) heavy metal resistance gene. The results revealed potential pathogenicity associated with V. anguillarum in aquaculture and potential health risk associated with consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Kumarage
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Chungbuk, 28644, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sana Majeed
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Chungbuk, 28644, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - L A D S De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Chungbuk, 28644, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Chungbuk, 28644, Cheongju, South Korea.
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Stress Responses in Pathogenic Vibrios and Their Role in Host and Environmental Survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:213-232. [PMID: 36792878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of bacteria commonly found in estuarine, marine, and freshwater environments. Vibrio species have evolved to occupy diverse niches in the aquatic ecosystem, with some having complex lifestyles. About a dozen of the described Vibrio species have been reported to cause human disease, while many other species cause disease in other organisms. Vibrio cholerae causes epidemic cholera, a severe dehydrating diarrheal disease associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water. The human pathogenic non-cholera Vibrio species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and other extra-intestinal infections. Infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are normally acquired through exposure to sea water or through consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. The human pathogenic Vibrios are exposed to numerous different stress-inducing agents and conditions in the aquatic environment and when colonizing a human host. Therefore, they have evolved a variety of mechanisms to survive in the presence of these stressors. Here we discuss what is known about important stress responses in pathogenic Vibrio species and their role in bacterial survival.
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Mechanistic Insight into the Fragmentation of Type I Collagen Fibers into Peptides and Amino Acids by a Vibrio Collagenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0167721. [PMID: 35285716 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01677-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio collagenases of the M9A subfamily are closely related to Vibrio pathogenesis for their role in collagen degradation during host invasion. Although some Vibrio collagenases have been characterized, the collagen degradation mechanism of Vibrio collagenase is still largely unknown. Here, an M9A collagenase, VP397, from marine Vibrio pomeroyi strain 12613 was characterized, and its fragmentation pattern on insoluble type I collagen fibers was studied. VP397 is a typical Vibrio collagenase composed of a catalytic module featuring a peptidase M9N domain and a peptidase M9 domain and two accessory bacterial prepeptidase C-terminal domains (PPC domains). It can hydrolyze various collagenous substrates, including fish collagen, mammalian collagens of types I to V, triple-helical peptide [(POG)10]3, gelatin, and 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-o-Arg (Pz-peptide). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation and biochemical analyses revealed that VP397 first assaults the C-telopeptide region to dismantle the compact structure of collagen and dissociate tropocollagen fragments, which are further digested into peptides and amino acids by VP397 mainly at the Y-Gly bonds in the repeating Gly-X-Y triplets. In addition, domain deletion mutagenesis showed that the catalytic module of VP397 alone is capable of hydrolyzing type I collagen fibers and that its C-terminal PPC2 domain functions as a collagen-binding domain during collagenolysis. Based on our results, a model for the collagenolytic mechanism of VP397 is proposed. This study sheds light on the mechanism of collagen degradation by Vibrio collagenase, offering a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Vibrio and helping in developing the potential applications of Vibrio collagenase in industrial and medical areas. IMPORTANCE Many Vibrio species are pathogens and cause serious diseases in humans and aquatic animals. The collagenases produced by pathogenic Vibrio species have been regarded as important virulence factors, which occasionally exhibit direct pathogenicity to the infected host or facilitate other toxins' diffusion through the digestion of host collagen. However, our knowledge concerning the collagen degradation mechanism of Vibrio collagenase is still limited. This study reveals the degradation strategy of Vibrio collagenase VP397 on type I collagen. VP397 binds on collagen fibrils via its C-terminal PPC2 domain, and its catalytic module first assaults the C-telopeptide region and then attacks the Y-Gly bonds in the dissociated tropocollagen fragments to release peptides and amino acids. This study offers new knowledge regarding the collagenolytic mechanism of Vibrio collagenase, which is helpful for better understanding the role of collagenase in Vibrio pathogenesis and for developing its industrial and medical applications.
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Structure of Vibrio collagenase VhaC provides insight into the mechanism of bacterial collagenolysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:566. [PMID: 35091565 PMCID: PMC8799719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagenases of Vibrio species, many of which are pathogens, have been regarded as an important virulence factor. However, there is little information on the structure and collagenolytic mechanism of Vibrio collagenase. Here, we report the crystal structure of the collagenase module (CM) of Vibrio collagenase VhaC and the conformation of VhaC in solution. Structural and biochemical analyses and molecular dynamics studies reveal that triple-helical collagen is initially recognized by the activator domain, followed by subsequent cleavage by the peptidase domain along with the closing movement of CM. This is different from the peptidolytic mode or the proposed collagenolysis of Clostridium collagenase. We propose a model for the integrated collagenolytic mechanism of VhaC, integrating the functions of VhaC accessory domains and its collagen degradation pattern. This study provides insight into the mechanism of bacterial collagenolysis and helps in structure-based drug design targeting of the Vibrio collagenase. The collagenolytic mechanism of Vibrio collagenase, a virulence factor, remains unclear. Here, the authors report the structure of Vibrio collagenase VhaC and propose the mechanism for collagen recognition and degradation, providing new insight into bacterial collagenolysis.
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Mendes SR, Eckhard U, Rodríguez-Banqueri A, Guevara T, Czermak P, Marcos E, Vilcinskas A, Xavier Gomis-Rüth F. An engineered protein-based submicromolar competitive inhibitor of the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor aureolysin. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:534-544. [PMID: 35465156 PMCID: PMC9002140 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aureolysin, a secreted metallopeptidase (MP) from the thermolysin family, functions as a major virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus. No specific aureolysin inhibitors have yet been described, making this an important target for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs in times of rampant antibiotic resistance. Although small-molecule inhibitors are currently more common in the clinic, therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPs) are favourable due to their high selectivity, which reduces off-target toxicity and allows dosage tuning. The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella produces a unique defensive protein known as the insect metallopeptidase inhibitor (IMPI), which selectively inhibits some thermolysins from pathogenic bacteria. We determined the ability of IMPI to inhibit aureolysin in vitro and used crystal structures to ascertain its mechanism of action. This revealed that IMPI uses the “standard mechanism”, which has been poorly characterised for MPs in general. Accordingly, we designed a cohort of 12 single and multiple point mutants, the best of which (I57F) inhibited aureolysin with an estimated inhibition constant (Ki) of 346 nM. Given that animals lack thermolysins, our strategy may facilitate the development of safe TPs against staphylococcal infections, including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics.
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Abd Wahid ME, Mohamad M, Mohamed NN, Afiqah-Aleng N. Vibriosis in green mussels. AQUACULTURE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022:515-529. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95434-1.00069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Onohuean H, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Epidemiologic potentials and correlational analysis of Vibrio species and virulence toxins from water sources in greater Bushenyi districts, Uganda. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22429. [PMID: 34789791 PMCID: PMC8599681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate water supply is one of the public health issues among the population living in low-income settings. Vibriosis remain a significant health challenge drawing the attention of both healthcare planners and researchers in South West districts of Uganda. Intending to clamp down the disease cases in the safest water deprive locality, we investigated the virulent toxins as contaminants and epidemiologic potentials of Vibrio species recovered from surface waters in greater Bushenyi districts, Uganda. Surface water sources within 46 villages located in the study districts were obtained between June and October 2018. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used to analyse samples. Our results showed that 981 presumptive isolates retrieved cell counts of 10-100 CFU/g, with, with (640) 65% confirmed as Vibrio genus using polymerase chain reaction, which is distributed as follows; V. vulnificus 46/640 (7.2%), V. fluvialis 30/594 (5.1), V. parahaemolyticus 21/564 (3.7), V. cholera 5/543 (0.9), V. alginolyticus 62/538 (11.5) and V. mimicus 20/476 (4.2). The virulence toxins observed were heat-stable enterotoxin (stn) 46 (82.10%), V. vulnificus virulence gene (vcgCPI) 40 (87.00%), extracellular haemolysin gene {vfh 21 (70.00)} and Heme utilization protein gene {hupO 5 (16.70)}. The cluster analysis depicts hupO (4.46% n = 112); vfh (18.75%, n = 112); vcgCPI and stn (35.71%, & 41.07%, n = 112). The principal component analysis revealed the toxins (hupO, vfh) were correlated with the isolate recovered from Bohole water (BW) source, while (vcgCPI, stn) toxins are correlated with natural raw water (NRW) and open springs (OS) water sources isolates. Such observation indicates that surface waters sources are highly contaminated with an odds ratio of 1.00, 95% CI (70.48-90.5), attributed risk of (aR = 64.29) and relative risk of (RR = 73.91). In addition, it also implies that the surface waters sources have > 1 risk of contamination with vfh and > six times of contamination with hupO (aR = 40, - 66). This is a call of utmost importance to the population, which depends on these water sources to undertake appropriate sanitation, personal hygienic practices and potential measures that ensure water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Onohuean
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag 1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
- Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western-Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag 1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag 1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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14
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Urmi AS, Inaba H, Nomura R, Yoshida S, Ohara N, Asai F, Nakano K, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Roles of Porphyromonas gulae proteases in bacterial and host cell biology. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13312. [PMID: 33486854 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gulae, an animal-derived periodontal pathogen, expresses several virulence factors, including fimbria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteases. We previously reported that its invasive efficiency was dependent on fimbriae types. In addition, P. gulae LPS increased inflammatory responses via toll-like receptors. The present study was conducted to investigate the involvement of P. gulae proteases in bacterial and host cell biology. Porphyromonas gulae strains showed an ability to agglutinate mouse erythrocytes and also demonstrated co-aggregation with Actinomyces viscosus, while the protease inhibitors antipain, PMSF, TLCK and leupeptin diminished P. gulae proteolytic activity, resulting in inhibition of haemagglutination and co-aggregation with A. viscosus. In addition, specific proteinase inhibitors were found to reduce bacterial cell growth. Porphyromonas gulae inhibited Ca9-22 cell proliferation in a multiplicity of infection- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, P. gulae-induced decreases in cell contact and adhesion-related proteins were accompanied by a marked change in cell morphology from well spread to rounded. In contrast, inhibition of protease activity prevented degradation of proteins, such as E-cadherin, β-catenin and focal adhesion kinase, and also blocked inhibition of cell proliferation. Together, these results indicate suppression of the amount of human proteins, such as γ-globulin, fibrinogen and fibronectin, by P. gulae proteases, suggesting that a novel protease complex contributes to bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Saki Urmi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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15
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The Vibriolysin-Like Protease VnpA and the Collagenase ColA Are Required for Full Virulence of the Bivalve Mollusks Pathogen Vibrio neptunius. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040391. [PMID: 33917401 PMCID: PMC8067407 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio neptunius is an important pathogen of bivalve mollusks worldwide. Several metalloproteases have been described as virulence factors in species of Vibrio that are pathogenic to bivalves, but little is known about the contribution of these potential virulence factors to Vibrio neptunius pathogenesis. In silico analysis of the genome of V. neptunius strain PP-145.98 led to the identification of two hitherto uncharacterized chromosomal loci encoding a probable vibriolysin-like metalloprotease and a putative collagenase, which were designated VnpA and ColA, respectively. Single defective mutants of each gene were obtained in V. neptunius PP-145.98, and the phospholipase, esterase and collagenase activities were studied and compared with those of the wild-type strain. The results showed that the single inactivation of vnpA resulted in a 3-fold reduction in phospholipase/esterase activity. Inactivation of colA reduced the collagenase activity by 50%. Finally, infection challenges performed in oyster larvae showed that ΔvnpA and ΔcolA—single mutant strains of V. neptunius—are between 2–3-fold less virulent than the wild-type strain. Thus, the present work demonstrates that the production of both VnpA and ColA is required for the full virulence of the bivalve pathogen V. neptunius.
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16
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Kim S, Chung HY, Kwon JG, Choi SH, Lee JH. Fresh Crab Plays an Important Role as a Nutrient Reservoir for the Rapid Propagation of Vibrio vulnificus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645860. [PMID: 33767684 PMCID: PMC7985530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a well-known opportunistic pathogen causing food-borne illnesses by ingestion of contaminated seafood. A new strain of V. vulnificus FORC_016 was isolated from a patient’s blood sample in South Korea. The genome consists of two circular DNA chromosomes: chromosome I (3,234,424 bp with a G + C contents of 46.60% containing 2,889 ORFs, 106 tRNA genes, and 31 rRNA genes) and chromosome II (1,837,945 bp with a GC content of 47.00% containing 1,572 ORFs, 13 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes). In addition, chromosome I has a super integron (SI) containing 209 ORFs, which is probably associated with various additional functions including antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. Pan-genome analysis with other V. vulnificus genomes revealed that core genome regions contain most of the important virulence factors. However, accessory genome regions are located in the SI region and contain unique genes regarding cell wall biosynthesis and generation of host cell protecting capsule, suggesting possible resistance ability against environmental stresses. Comparative RNA-Seq analysis of samples between contact and no contact to the crab conditions showed that expressions of amino acid/peptide and carbohydrate transport and utilization genes were down-regulated, but expressions of cell division and growth-related genes were up-regulated, suggesting that the crab may be a nutrition reservoir for rapid propagation of V. vulnificus. Therefore, consumption of the contaminated fresh crab would provide a large number of V. vulnificus to humans, which may be more dangerous. Consequently, biocontrol of V. vulnificus may be critical to ensure the safety in seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Young Chung
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Gi Kwon
- Food Microbiome Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Food Microbiome Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Nißler R, Bader O, Dohmen M, Walter SG, Noll C, Selvaggio G, Groß U, Kruss S. Remote near infrared identification of pathogens with multiplexed nanosensors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5995. [PMID: 33239609 PMCID: PMC7689463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Fast and specific detection of pathogens such as bacteria is needed to combat these diseases. Optimal methods would be non-invasive and without extensive sample-taking/processing. Here, we developed a set of near infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanosensors and used them for remote fingerprinting of clinically important bacteria. The nanosensors are based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that fluoresce in the NIR optical tissue transparency window, which offers ultra-low background and high tissue penetration. They are chemically tailored to detect released metabolites as well as specific virulence factors (lipopolysaccharides, siderophores, DNases, proteases) and integrated into functional hydrogel arrays with 9 different sensors. These hydrogels are exposed to clinical isolates of 6 important bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,…) and remote (≥25 cm) NIR imaging allows to identify and distinguish bacteria. Sensors are also spectrally encoded (900 nm, 1000 nm, 1250 nm) to differentiate the two major pathogens P. aeruginosa as well as S. aureus and penetrate tissue (>5 mm). This type of multiplexing with NIR fluorescent nanosensors enables remote detection and differentiation of important pathogens and the potential for smart surfaces. Fast and specific detection of pathogenic bacteria is needed to combat infections. Here the authors generate an array of near-infrared biosensors based on carbon nanotubes to detect released metabolites and virulence factors and use them to distinguish pathogens such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nißler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany.,Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Dohmen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian G Walter
- Department for Cardiothoracic Surgery and Intensive Care, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Noll
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Selvaggio
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany.,Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany. .,Physical Chemistry II, Bochum University, Bochum, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, Germany.
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18
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Chang SC, Lee CY. Quorum-Sensing Regulator OpaR Directly Represses Seven Protease Genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:534692. [PMID: 33193123 PMCID: PMC7658014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.534692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play a key role in numerous bacterial physiological events. Microbial proteases are used in the pharmaceutical industry and in biomedical applications. The genus Vibrio comprises protease-producing bacteria. Proteases transform polypeptides into shorter chains for easier utilization. They also function as a virulence factor in pathogens. The mechanism by which protease genes are regulated in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an emerging world-wide human pathogen, however, still remains unclear. Quorum sensing is the communication system of bacteria. OpaR is the master quorum-sensing regulator in V. parahaemolyticus. In the present study, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and protease gene promoter-fusion reporter assays revealed that OpaR represses seven protease genes—three metalloprotease genes and four serine protease genes—which are involved in environmental survival and bacterial virulence. Furthermore, the electrophoresis mobility shift assay demonstrated that OpaR is bound directly to the promoter region of each of the seven protease genes. DNase I footprinting identified the sequence of these OpaR-binding sites. ChIP-seq analyses revealed 435 and 835 OpaR-binding sites in the late-log and stationary phases, respectively. These OpaR-binding sequences indicated a conserved OpaR-binding motif: TATTGATAAAATTATCAATA. These results advance our understanding of the protease regulation system in V. parahaemolyticus. This study is the first to reveal the OpaR motif within V. parahaemolyticus in vivo, using ChIP-seq, and to provide a database for OpaR direct regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Chi Chang
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yin Lee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Hartmann J, van Driezum I, Ohana D, Lynch G, Berendsen B, Wuijts S, van der Hoek JP, de Roda Husman AM. The effective design of sampling campaigns for emerging chemical and microbial contaminants in drinking water and its resources based on literature mining. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140546. [PMID: 32629263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As well as known contaminants, surface waters also contain an unknown variety of chemical and microbial contaminants which can pose a risk to humans if surface water is used for the production of drinking water. To protect human health proactively, and in a cost-efficient way, water authorities and drinking water companies need early warning systems. This study aimed to (1) assess the effectiveness of screening the scientific literature to direct sampling campaigns for early warning purposes, and (2) detect new aquatic contaminants of concern to public health in the Netherlands. By screening the scientific literature, six example contaminants (3 chemical and 3 microbial) were selected as potential aquatic contaminants of concern to the quality of Dutch drinking water. Stakeholders from the Dutch water sector and various information sources were consulted to identify the potential sources of these contaminants. Based on these potential contamination sources, two sampling sequences were set up from contamination sources (municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants), via surface water used for the production of drinking water to treated drinking water. The chemical contaminants, mycophenolic acid, tetrabutylphosphonium compounds and Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Trimer Acid, were detected in low concentrations and were thus not expected to pose a risk to Dutch drinking water. Colistin resistant Escherichia coli was detected for the first time in Dutch wastewater not influenced by hospital wastewater, indicating circulation of bacteria resistant to this last-resort antibiotic in the open Dutch population. Four out of six contaminants were thus detected in surface or wastewater samples, which showed that screening the scientific literature to direct sampling campaigns for both microbial and chemical contaminants is effective for early warning purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hartmann
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Inge van Driezum
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Ohana
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gretta Lynch
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Wuijts
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Waternet, PO Box 94370, 1090 GJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Spatiotemporal Regulation of Vibrio Exotoxins by HlyU and Other Transcriptional Regulators. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090544. [PMID: 32842612 PMCID: PMC7551375 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After invading a host, bacterial pathogens secrete diverse protein toxins to disrupt host defense systems. To ensure successful infection, however, pathogens must precisely regulate the expression of those exotoxins because uncontrolled toxin production squanders energy. Furthermore, inappropriate toxin secretion can trigger host immune responses that are detrimental to the invading pathogens. Therefore, bacterial pathogens use diverse transcriptional regulators to accurately regulate multiple exotoxin genes based on spatiotemporal conditions. This review covers three major exotoxins in pathogenic Vibrio species and their transcriptional regulation systems. When Vibrio encounters a host, genes encoding cytolysin/hemolysin, multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin, and secreted phospholipases are coordinately regulated by the transcriptional regulator HlyU. At the same time, however, they are distinctly controlled by a variety of other transcriptional regulators. How this coordinated but distinct regulation of exotoxins makes Vibrio species successful pathogens? In addition, anti-virulence strategies that target the coordinating master regulator HlyU and related future research directions are discussed.
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21
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Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Strategies used by Leptospira spirochetes to evade the host complement system. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2633-2644. [PMID: 32153015 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospires are highly invasive spirochetes equipped with efficient strategies for dissemination in the host. The Leptospira genus currently comprises 64 species divided into two major clades: the saprophytes composed of nonpathogenic, free-living organisms, and the pathogens encompassing all the species that cause mild or severe infections in humans and animals. While saprophytes are highly susceptible to the lytic action of the complement system, pathogenic (virulent) strains have evolved virulence strategies that allow efficient colonization of a variety of hosts and target organs, including mechanisms to circumvent hosts' innate and acquired immune responses. Pathogenic Leptospira avoid complement-mediated killing by recruiting host complement regulatory proteins and by targeting complement proteins using own and host-expressed proteases. This review outlines the role of complement in eradicating saprophytic Leptospira and the stratagems adopted by pathogenic Leptospira to maneuver the host complement system for their benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Laboratory of Complement, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Garin-Fernandez A, Glöckner FO, Wichels A. Genomic characterization of filamentous phage vB_VpaI_VP-3218, an inducible prophage of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Mar Genomics 2020; 53:100767. [PMID: 32171709 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2020.100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The seawater temperature rise can promote the growth of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. In the North Sea, V. parahaemolyticus strains have been isolated and characterized. These strains contain prophages that may contribute to the emergence of pathogenic strains in the marine environment. Here, we present the genome structure and possible biological functions of the inducible phage vB_VpaI_VP-3218, a novel filamentous phage carried by the V. parahaemolyticus strain VN-3218. Prophages of the strain VN-3218 were induced with mitomycin C and the DNA from the phage induction was sequenced. Two incomplete prophages were identified, only one complete phage genome with length of 11,082 bp was characterized. The phage vB_VpaI_VP-3218 belongs to the Inoviridae family and shows close homology to the Saetivirus genus. This phage can integrate into the chromosomal host genome and carries host-related regions absent in similar phage genomes, suggesting that this phage might integrate in other Vibrio host genomes from the environment. Furthermore, this phage might have a role in pathogenicity due to potential zonula occludens toxin genes. Based on its genomic similarity, the genome of vB_VpaI_VP-3218 phage probably integrates into the lysogen's chromosome and replicates as episome. This study complements prophage induction and bioinformatic studies applied to non-model species of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. The characterization of this phage provides new insights with respect to the presence of filamentous phages in environmental V. parahaemolyticus strains, which might have a role in the emergence of new pathogenic strains in the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Garin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany; Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Frank Oliver Glöckner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
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23
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Li G, Wang MY. The role of Vibrio vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:265-274. [PMID: 31840198 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of Marine aquaculture, infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus are common all over the world. Symptoms of V. vulnificus infection vary from gastrointestinal illness to septicemia. After infection with V. vulnificus, some patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and so on. Others appeared wound infection at the site of contact with bacteria, and even developed sepsis. Once it develops into sepsis, the prognosis of patients is very poor. However, its underlying pathogenic mechanism remains largely undetermined. Growing evidence shows that it can induce primary septicemia mainly via essential virulence factors and regulators. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that play roles in sepsis. In this review, we systematically expounded the role of V. vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis in order to provide useful information for the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Weihai Clinical Medical School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China.,Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Ming-Yi Wang
- Weihai Clinical Medical School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China. .,Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264200, China.
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24
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Garin-Fernandez A, Wichels A. Looking for the hidden: Characterization of lysogenic phages in potential pathogenic Vibrio species from the North Sea. Mar Genomics 2019; 51:100725. [PMID: 31757758 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in the marine environment around Europe, is correlated with the increase of surface seawater temperature. Despite their importance, little is known about the trigger factors of potential outbreak-causing strains in this region. As prophages may compose a major reservoir of virulence traits in marine ecosystems, this study aims to identify and characterize the genomes of lysogenic Vibrio phages exemplarily from the North Sea. Therefore, 31 isolates from potentially pathogenic Vibrio species from the North Sea were screened for inducible prophages with mitomycin C. From them, one V. cholerae isolate and 40% V. parahaemolyticus isolates carried inducible prophages. Three lysogenic phages were selected for genomic characterization. The phage vB_VpaM_VP-3212 (unclassified Myoviridae) has a genome with a length of 36.81 Kbp and 55 CDS were identified. This lysogenic phage of V. parahaemolyticus contains genes related to replicative transposition mechanism, such as transposase and mobile elements similar to Mu-like viruses. The phage vB_VpaP_VP-3220 (Podoviridae, unclassified Nona33virus) has a genome length of 58,14 Kbp and contains 63 CDS. This V. parahaemolyticus phage probably uses a headful (pac) packaging replication mechanism. The phage vB_VchM_VP-3213 (unclassified Myoviridae) has a genome with a length of 41 Kbp and 63 CDS were identified, including integrase and Xer system for lysogenic recombination. This lysogenic phage of V. cholerae has similar genomic features as lambdoid phages. Although no pathogenicity genes were identified, their similarity among other phage genomes indicates that these phages can affect the development of pathogenic Vibrio strains in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Garin-Fernandez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany; Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Antje Wichels
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
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Vibrio Proteases for Biomedical Applications: Modulating the Proteolytic Secretome of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus for Improved Enzymes Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100387. [PMID: 31554228 PMCID: PMC6843219 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are of great interest for biotechnological purposes, and their large-scale production, as well as the discovery of strains producing new molecules, is a relevant issue. Collagenases are employed for biomedical and pharmaceutical purposes. The high specificity of collagenase-based preparations toward the substrate strongly relies on the enzyme purity. However, the overall activity may depend on the cooperation with other proteases, the presence of which may be essential for the overall enzymatic activity, but potentially harmful for cells and tissues. Vibrios produce some of the most promising bacterial proteases (including collagenases), and their exo-proteome includes several enzymes with different substrate specificities, the production and relative abundances of which strongly depend on growth conditions. We evaluated the effects of different media compositions on the proteolytic exo-proteome of Vibrio alginolyticus and its closely relative Vibrio parahaemolyticus, in order to improve the overall proteases production, as well as the yield of the desired enzymes subset. Substantial biological responses were achieved with all media, which allowed defining culture conditions for targeted improvement of selected enzyme classes, besides giving insights in possible regulatory mechanisms. In particular, we focused our efforts on collagenases production, because of the growing biotechnological interest due to their pharmaceutical/biomedical applications.
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Tagliavia M, Salamone M, Bennici C, Quatrini P, Cuttitta A. A modified culture medium for improved isolation of marine vibrios. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00835. [PMID: 31318499 PMCID: PMC6741135 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Vibrio members are of great interest for both ecological and biotechnological research, which often relies on their isolation. Whereas many efforts have been made for the detection of food‐borne pathogenic species, much less is known about the performances of standard culture media toward environmental vibrios. We show that the isolation/enumeration of marine vibrios using thiosulfate‐citrate‐bile salts‐sucrose agar (TCBS) as selective medium may be hampered by the variable adaptability of different taxa to the medium, which may result even in isolation failure and/or in substantial total count underestimation. We propose a modified TCBS as isolation medium, adjusted for marine vibrios requirements, which greatly improved their recovery in dilution plate counts, compared with the standard medium. The modified medium offers substantial advantages over TCBS, providing more accurate and likely estimations of the actual presence of vibrios. Modified TCBS allowed the recovery of otherwise undetected vibrios, some of which producing biotechnologically valuable enzymes, thus expanding the isolation power toward potentially new enzyme‐producers Vibrio taxa. Moreover, we report a newly designed Vibrio‐specific PCR primers pair, targeting a unique rpoD sequence, useful for rapid confirmation of isolates as Vibrio members and subsequent genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Tagliavia
- IAS-CNR, Campobello di Mazara, Italy.,Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Quatrini
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Mechanistic Insight into the Binding and Swelling Functions of Prepeptidase C-Terminal (PPC) Domains from Various Bacterial Proteases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00611-19. [PMID: 31076429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00611-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial prepeptidase C-terminal (PPC) domain can be found in the C termini of a wide variety of proteases that are secreted by marine bacteria. However, the functions of these PPC domains remain unknown due to a lack of systematic research. Here, the binding and swelling abilities of eight PPC domains from six different proteases were compared systematically via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzyme assays, and fluorescence spectroscopy. These PPC domains all possess the ability to bind and swell insoluble collagen. PPC domains can expose collagen monomers but cannot disrupt the pyridinoline cross-links or unwind the collagen triple helix. This ability can play a synergistic role alongside collagenase in collagen hydrolysis. Site-directed mutagenesis of the PPC domain from Vibrio anguillarum showed that the conserved polar and aromatic residues Y6, D26, D28, Y30, W42, E53, C55, and Y65 and the hydrophobic residues V10, V18, and I57 played key roles in substrate binding. Molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to investigate the interactions between PPC domains and collagen. Most PPC domains have a similar mechanism for binding collagen, and the hydrophobic binding pocket of PPC domains may play an important role in collagen binding. This study sheds light on the substrate binding mechanisms of PPC domains and reveals a new function for the PPC domains of bacterial proteases in substrate degradation.IMPORTANCE Prepeptidase C-terminal (PPC) domains commonly exist in the C termini of marine bacterial proteases. Reports examining PPC have been limited, and its functions remain unclear. In this study, eight PPCs from six different bacteria were examined. Most of the PPCs possessed the ability to bind collagen, feathers, and chitin, and all PPCs could significantly swell insoluble collagen. PPCs can expose collagen monomers but cannot disrupt pyridinoline cross-links or unwind the collagen triple helix. This swelling ability may also play synergistic roles in collagen hydrolysis. Comparative structural analyses and the examination of PPC mutants revealed that the hydrophobic binding pockets of PPCs may play important roles in collagen binding. This study provides new insights into the functions and ecological significance of PPCs, and the molecular mechanism of the collagen binding of PPCs was clarified, which is beneficial for the protein engineering of highly active PPCs and collagenase in the pharmaceutical industry and of artificial biological materials.
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Adesiyan IM, Bisi-Johnson MA, Ogunfowokan AO, Okoh AI. Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility fingerprints of Plesiomonas shigelliodes isolates in water samples collected from some freshwater resources in Southwest Nigeria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:632-640. [PMID: 30776635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides, is an emerging and significant enteric pathogen in water having implication in both localised and gastrointestinal infections with characteristic of displaying high resistance against commonly used antibiotics. This study evaluated the prevalence of Plesiomonas shigelloides and their antibiogram fingerprints in water sample collected from four rivers in South-western Nigeria. In all, 148 presumptive Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates was recovered from the rivers out of which 66 (44.6%) were confirmed positive for the organism using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Confirmed isolates were evaluated for their antibiogram profiles against a panel of 20 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method and further screened for relevant antibiotic resistance genes. Resistance of the isolates against the antimicrobials followed the order: sulphamethoxazole (100%), erythromycin (93%), ampicillin (90%), cephalotin (82%), streptomycin (64%), and chloramphenicol (58%), amoxicillin (53%), cefotaxime (50%), tetracycline (49%), neomycin (38%) and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (38%). Conversely, all the isolates were susceptible against netilmicin, and susceptibility against the other antibiotics follows the order: meropenem (94%), gentamicin (88%), imipenem (79%), amikacin (70%), ciprofloxacin (70%), norfloxacin (59%), trimethoprim (56%) and ceftazidine (56%). The multiple antibiotic resistance indices of the organism were higher than the accepted threshold of 0.2. The incidence of 11 antimicrobial resistance determinants were obtained as follows: [sulphonamides; (sulI (18%), sulII (20%), dfr1 (70%), dfr(18) (5%)), [beta-lactams; (ampC 37%)], [tetracyclines; (tetA (78%), tetE (57%)], [phenicols; (catII (16%), cmlA1 (11%)] and [aminoglycosides; (aphA2 (36%) and strA (67%)]. Pearson chi-square exact test revealed positive associations among tetA, tetE, sullI and catII and tetA genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the incidence and antibiogram fingerprint of P. shigelloides in these freshwater resources and we conclude that these rivers are important reservoirs of multiple antimicrobial resistant biotypes of this organism, and consequently a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M Adesiyan
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; South Africa Medical Research Council, Water Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
| | | | - Aderemi O Ogunfowokan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, The Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Water Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
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Skaljac M, Vogel H, Wielsch N, Mihajlovic S, Vilcinskas A. Transmission of a Protease-Secreting Bacterial Symbiont Among Pea Aphids via Host Plants. Front Physiol 2019; 10:438. [PMID: 31057424 PMCID: PMC6479166 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are economically important pest insects that damage plants by phloem feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. Their ability to feed exclusively on nutritionally poor phloem sap is dependent on the obligatory symbiotic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola, but additional facultative symbionts may also be present, a common example of which is Serratia symbiotica. Many Serratia species secrete extracellular enzymes, so we hypothesised that S. symbiotica may produce proteases that help aphids to feed on plants. Molecular analysis, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), revealed that S. symbiotica colonises the gut, salivary glands and mouthparts (including the stylet) of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, providing a mechanism to transfer the symbiont into host plants. S. symbiotica was also detected in plant tissues wounded by the penetrating stylet and was transferred to naïve aphids feeding on plants containing this symbiont. The maintenance of S. symbiotica by repeated transmission via plants may explain the high frequency of this symbiont in aphid populations. Proteomic analysis of the supernatant from a related but cultivable S. symbiotica strain cultured in liquid medium revealed the presence of known and novel proteases including metalloproteases. The corresponding transcripts encoding these S. symbiotica enzymes were detected in A. pisum and in plants carrying the symbiont, although the mRNA was much more abundant in the aphids. Our data suggest that enzymes from S. symbiotica may facilitate the digestion of plant proteins, thereby helping to suppress plant defense, and that the symbionts are important mediators of aphid–plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Entomology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Entomology Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Wang R, Sun L, Wang Y, Deng Y, Fang Z, Liu Y, Deng Q, Sun D, Gooneratne R. Influence of food matrix type on extracellular products of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:65. [PMID: 29976139 PMCID: PMC6034228 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802 and 33847) in shrimp, oyster, freshwater fish, pork, chicken and egg fried rice were evaluated for production of hemolysin and exoenzymes of potential importance to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. RESULTS The two strains of V. parahaemolyticus produced hemolysin, gelatinase, caseinase, phospholipase, urease, DNase and amylase in selected food matrices. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) hemolytic activity was produced by V. parahaemolyticus in egg fried rice > shrimp > freshwater fish > chicken > oyster > pork. But the exoenzyme activities were not consistent with the hemolytic activity profile, being significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shrimp > freshwater fish > chicken > oyster > pork > egg fried rice. Filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus from shrimp, freshwater fish and chicken given intraperitoneally to adult mice induced marked liver and kidney damage and were highly lethal compared with the filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus from oyster > egg fried rice > pork. CONCLUSION From in vitro and in vivo tests, it appears that the food matrix type has a significant impact on the activity of extracellular products and the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus. From a food safety aspect, it is important to determine which food matrices can stimulate V. parahaemolyticus to produce additional extracellular factors. This is the first report of non-seafood including freshwater fish and chicken contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus to have been shown to be toxic to mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yijia Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhijia Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Qi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Dongfang Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
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Chura-Chambi RM, Fraga TR, da Silva LB, Yamamoto BB, Isaac L, Barbosa AS, Morganti L. Leptospira interrogans thermolysin refolded at high pressure and alkaline pH displays proteolytic activity against complement C3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:e00266. [PMID: 29992100 PMCID: PMC6036645 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes from the thermolysin family are crucial factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases caused by bacteria and are potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Thermolysin encoded by the gene LIC13322 of the causative agent of leptospirosis, Leptospira interrogans, was shown to cleave proteins from the Complement System. However, the production of this recombinant protein using traditional refolding processes with high levels of denaturing reagents for thermolysin inclusion bodies (TL-IBs) solubilization results in poor recovery and low proteolytic activity probably due to improper refolding of the protein. Based on the assumption that leptospiral proteases play a crucial role during infection, the aim of this work was to obtain a functional recombinant thermolysin for future studies on the role of these metalloproteases on leptospiral infection. The association of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH was utilized for thermolysin refolding. Incubation of a suspension of TL-IBs at HHP and a pH of 11.0 is non-denaturing but effective for thermolysin solubilization. Soluble protein does not reaggregate by dialysis to pH 8.0. A volumetric yield of 46 mg thermolysin/L of bacterial culture and a yield of near 100% in relation to the total thermolysin present in TL-IBs were obtained. SEC-purified thermolysin suffers fragmentation, likely due to autoproteolysis and presents proteolytic activity against complement C3 α-chain, possibly by a generation of a C3b-like molecule. The proteolytic activity of thermolysin against C3 was time and dose-dependent. The experience gained in this study shall help to establish efficient HHP-based processes for refolding of bioactive proteins from IBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues Fraga
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Bezerra da Silva
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bernardi Yamamoto
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Osei-Adjei G, Huang X, Zhang Y. The extracellular proteases produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Proteomic approach and expression analysis revealed the differential expression of predicted leptospiral proteases capable of ECM degradation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:712-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huang J, Zeng B, Liu D, Wu R, Zhang J, Liao B, He H, Bian F. Classification and structural insight into vibriolysin-like proteases of Vibrio pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:335-340. [PMID: 29510206 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibriolysin-like proteases (VLPs) are important virulence agents in the arsenal of Vibrio causing instant cytotoxic effects during infection. Most of Vibrio secreted VLPs show serious pathogenicity, while some species of Vibrio with VLPs are non-pathogenic, like Vibrio tasmaniensis and Vibrio pacinii. To investigate the relation between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity, one phylogenetic tree of VLPs was constructed and compared consensus sequences at the N-terminus of VLPs. Based on these results, VLPs were defined into nine phylogenetic clades. Pathogenicity analysis of Vibrio showed that Vibrio species with VLPs III, VI, VII or VIII are serious pathogenic bacteria, while species with VLPs I, II, IV or IX are opportunistic pathogens. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the N-terminal 5-16 nucleotides of each clade are highly conservative. Topological analysis of VLPs exhibited the structural differences in N-terminal regions of each VLP clade. These results suggest that structure of N-terminus might play a key role in the pathogenicity of VLPs. Our findings give new insights into the classification of VLPs and the relationship between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaFeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BingQi Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - RiBang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BinQiang Liao
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - HaiLun He
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Fei Bian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China.
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Banerjee G, Ray AK. Impact of microbial proteases on biotechnological industries. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2017; 33:119-143. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2017.1408256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arun Kumar Ray
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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Vibrio Pathogens: A Public Health Concern in Rural Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101188. [PMID: 28991153 PMCID: PMC5664689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.
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Mechri B, Monastiri A, Medhioub A, Medhioub MN, Aouni M. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated during mortality outbreaks in cultured Ruditapes decussatus juvenile. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:487-496. [PMID: 28923608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2008 and 2009, a series of mortalities in growing out seeds of R. decussatus juveniles were occurred in the eastern Tunisian littoral. Nine predominant bacterial strains were isolated from dead and moribund juveniles and characterized as Vibrio alginolyticus. These isolates were subjected to biochemical and molecular characterization. All the Vibrio strains were tested for their susceptibility against the most widely used antibiotic in aquaculture as well as, the assessment of the presence of erythromycin (emrB) and tetracycline (tetS) resistance genes among the tested bacteria. The degree of genetic relatedness between V. alginolyticus strains was evaluated on the basis of the Entero-Bacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) and the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) approaches. We also looked for siderophore activity and the ability to grow under iron limitation. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of the tested isolates was evaluated using R. decussatus larva and juveniles as infection models. On antimicrobial susceptibility test, Vibrio strains exhibited total resistance to at least four antibiotics. The MICs data revealed that flumequine and oxolinic acid were the most effective antibiotics to control the studied bacteria. Results also showed that studied antibiotics resistance genes were widely disseminated in the genome of V. alginolyticus strains. Both ERIC and RAPD-PCR fingerprinting showed the presence of genetic variation among Vibrio isolates. However, RAPD typing exhibited a higher discriminative potential than ERIC-PCR. Besides, we reported here for the first time the co-production of catechol and hydroxamte by V. alginolyticus species. The challenge experiment showed that most of Vibrio isolates caused high mortality rates for both larva and juveniles at 48-h post-exposure to a bacterial concentration of 106 CFU/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Mechri
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Abir Monastiri
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Medhioub
- Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Medhioub
- Laboratoire d'Aquaculture - Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Route de Khniss, B.P. 59, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Université de Monastir, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Hori M, Nakayama A, Kitagawa D, Fukushima H, Asai H, Kawai Y, Okuchi K. A case of Vibrio vulnificus infection complicated with fulminant purpura: gene and biotype analysis of the pathogen. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005096. [PMID: 29026623 PMCID: PMC5630965 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) causes a severe infection that develops in the compromised host. Its pathophysiology is classified into three types: (1) primary septicaemia, (2) gastrointestinal illness pattern and (3) wound infection pattern. Of these, primary septicaemia is critical. V. vulnificus can be classified into three biotypes and two genotypes and its pathogenicity is type-dependent. Case presentation. A 47-year-old man presented to a local hospital with chief complaints of fever, bilateral lower limb pain and diarrhoea. He had no history of foreign travel or known medical problems. He was in septic shock and developed fulminant purpura within 24 h of the onset. High-dose vasopressor and antibiotic administration failed to alter his status and he died 3 days after the onset of symptoms. V. vulnificus was isolated from blood, skin and nasal discharge cultures. Biotype and gene analysis of the microbe isolated identified it as Biotype 3, mainly reported in Israel in wound infections, and Genotype E, implicating an environmental isolate. These typing analyses indicated that the microbe isolated could be classified as a type with low pathogenicity. Conclusion. This case highlighted that Biotype 3 and Genotype E can also cause primary septicaemia. Although the majority of reports on Biotype 3 have been from the Middle East, this experience with the present case provided evidence that the habitat of Biotype 3 V. vulnificus has been extending to East Asia as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakayama
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Gifu University of Medical Science, 795-1 Aza-Nagamine, Ichihiraga, Seki City, Seki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitagawa
- Department of Central Laboratory Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Hiramatsu, Nara, Nara Prefecture 631-0846, Japan
| | - Hidetada Fukushima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideki Asai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kawai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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GroEL PCR- RFLP – An efficient tool to discriminate closely related pathogenic Vibrio species. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang C, Liang W, Zhang W, Li C. Characterization of a metalloprotease involved in Vibrio splendidus infection in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ghosh A, Koley H, Pal A. The Role of Vibrio cholerae Haemagglutinin Protease (HAP) in Extra-Intestinal Infection. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC10-DC14. [PMID: 27790431 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16510.8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Based on the diversity of surface O antigen Vibrio cholerae can be classified into 206 serogroups. Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and extra intestinal infections like, septicemia, wound infection and haemorrhagic reactions. Pathogenic factors of V. cholerae extra-intestinal infection are yet to be explored. AIM To identify the pathogenic factor associated with V. cholerae extra-intestinal infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was carried out between April, 2007 to October 2007 in National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED). Haemagglutinin Protease (HAP), a major secreted proteolytic enzyme, was purified from the culture supernatant of Vibrio cholerae O1 strain C6709 after removal of outer membrane vesicles using a single step ion-exchange chromatography. Function of HAP was characterized by animal model, like, subcutaneous mouse assay, basement membrane component's degradation assays and tissue culture assays. RESULT When suckling mouse was subcutaneously injected with culture supernatant of C6709 strain or purified HAP in both cases, distinct in vivo haemorrhagic response along with histopathological changes like necrosis of the capillaries and muscle layer, acute myofibre degeneration as well as moderate number of erythrocyte scattered through the skin, capillary necrosis, acute myofiber degeneration and necrosis of muscle layer were found. When Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) media was used, the haemorrhagic effects in suckling mouse were not detectable. The major protein components, laminin and collagen, of basement membrane comprising of vascular endothelial cells, were degraded by HAP. Purified HAP showed cell rounding effects on Int 407 cells. CONCLUSION Result indicates that HAP may be a causative agent of Vibrio cholerae mediated extra-intestinal infection. This study confirms that Vibrio cholera as a sole pathogen can cause the extra-intestinal infection. This information is important for public health notification. Besides this, result indicates appropriate testing for Vibrio cholerae and intervention are important for the patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Scientist D, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseaes , Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Pal
- Scientist E, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseaes , Kolkata, India
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Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum ATCC 14181. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01185-16. [PMID: 27795288 PMCID: PMC5073275 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01185-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the draft genome sequence of Vibrio anguillarum ATCC 14181, a Gram-negative, hemolytic, O2 serotype marine bacterium that causes mortality in mariculture species. The availability of this genome sequence will add to our knowledge of diversity and virulence mechanisms of Vibrio anguillarum as well as other pathogenic Vibrio spp.
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Abdel-Sattar ES, Miyoshi SI, Elgaml A. Regulation ofVibrio mimicusmetalloprotease (VMP) production by the quorum-sensing master regulatory protein, LuxR. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1051-1058. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
- Chemical Industries Development Company; Assiut Egypt
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku Okayama Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Mansoura University; Elgomhouria Street Mansoura Egypt
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Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Outer Membrane Vesicle-Associated Biologically Active Proteases from Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1478-1490. [PMID: 26930702 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01365-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases in Vibrio cholerae have been shown to play a role in its pathogenesis. V. cholerae secretes Zn-dependent hemagglutinin protease (HAP) and calcium-dependent trypsin-like serine protease (VesC) by using the type II secretion system (TIISS). Our present studies demonstrated that these proteases are also secreted in association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and transported to human intestinal epithelial cells in an active form. OMV-associated HAP induces dose-dependent apoptosis in Int407 cells and an enterotoxic response in the mouse ileal loop (MIL) assay, whereas OMV-associated VesC showed a hemorrhagic fluid response in the MIL assay, necrosis in Int407 cells, and an increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) response in T84 cells, which were significantly reduced in OMVs from VesC mutant strain. Our results also showed that serine protease VesC plays a role in intestinal colonization of V. cholerae strains in adult mice. In conclusion, our study shows that V. cholerae OMVs secrete biologically active proteases which may play a role in cytotoxic and inflammatory responses.
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Benitez JA, Silva AJ. Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin(HA)/protease: An extracellular metalloprotease with multiple pathogenic activities. Toxicon 2016; 115:55-62. [PMID: 26952544 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae of serogroup O1 and O139, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, expresses the extracellular Zn-dependent metalloprotease hemagglutinin (HA)/protease also reported as vibriolysin. This enzyme is also produced by non-O1/O139 (non-cholera) strains that cause mild, sporadic illness (i.e. gastroenteritis, wound or ear infections). Orthologs of HA/protease are present in other members of the Vibrionaceae family pathogenic to humans and fish. HA/protease belongs to the M4 neutral peptidase family and displays significant amino acid sequence homology to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase (LasB) and Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin. It exhibits a broad range of potentially pathogenic activities in cell culture and animal models. These activities range from the covalent modification of other toxins, the degradation of the protective mucus barrier and disruption of intestinal tight junctions. Here we review (i) the structure and regulation of HA/protease expression, (ii) its interaction with other toxins and the intestinal mucosa and (iii) discuss the possible role(s) of HA/protease in the pathogenesis of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Benitez
- Morehouse School of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, 720 Westview Dr., SW Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Anisia J Silva
- Morehouse School of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, 720 Westview Dr., SW Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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46
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Schönauer E, Brandstetter H. Inhibition and Activity Regulation of Bacterial Collagenases. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Salamone M, Nicosia A, Bennici C, Quatrini P, Catania V, Mazzola S, Ghersi G, Cuttitta A. Comprehensive Analysis of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain Extracellular Serine Protease VpSP37. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126349. [PMID: 26162075 PMCID: PMC4498684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play an important role in the field of tissue dissociation combined with regenerative medicine. During the years new sources of proteolytic enzymes have been studied including proteases from different marine organisms both eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Herein we have purified a secreted component of an isolate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to 36 kDa, belonging to the serine proteases family. Sequencing of the N-terminus enabled the in silico identification of the whole primary structure consisting of 345 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 37.4 KDa. The purified enzyme, named VpSP37, contains a Serine protease domain between residues 35 and 276 and a canonical Trypsin/Chimotrypsin 3D structure. Functional assays were performed to evaluate protease activity of purified enzyme. Additionally the performance of VpSP37 was evaluated in tissue dissociations experiments and the use of such enzyme as a component of enzyme blend for tissue dissociation procedures is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salamone
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bennici
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Paola Quatrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF),Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, edificio 16, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Valentina Catania
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF),Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, edificio 16, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Calata porta di Massa, 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF),Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, edificio 16, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Calata porta di Massa, 80133, Napoli, Italy
- ABIEL S.r.l., Via del Mare 3, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF),Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, edificio 16, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Calata porta di Massa, 80133, Napoli, Italy
- ABIEL S.r.l., Via del Mare 3, Torretta Granitola 91021, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
- * E-mail:
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A Severe Accident Caused by an Ocellate River Stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) in Central Brazil: How Well Do We Really Understand Stingray Venom Chemistry, Envenomation, and Therapeutics? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2272-88. [PMID: 26094699 PMCID: PMC4488702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater stingrays cause many serious human injuries, but identification of the offending species is uncommon. The present case involved a large freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), in the Araguaia River in Tocantins, Brazil. Appropriate first aid was administered within ~15 min, except that an ice pack was applied. Analgesics provided no pain relief, although hot compresses did. Ciprofloxacin therapy commenced after ~18 h and continued seven days. Then antibiotic was suspended; however, after two more days and additional tests, cephalosporin therapy was initiated, and proved successful. Pain worsened despite increasingly powerful analgesics, until debridement of the wound was performed after one month. The wound finally closed ~70 days after the accident, but the patient continued to have problems wearing shoes even eight months later. Chemistry and pharmacology of Potamotrygon venom and mucus, and clinical management of freshwater stingray envenomations are reviewed in light of the present case. Bacterial infections of stingray puncture wounds may account for more long-term morbidity than stingray venom. Simultaneous prophylactic use of multiple antibiotics is recommended for all but the most superficial stingray wounds. Distinguishing relative contributions of venom, mucus, and bacteria will require careful genomic and transcriptomic investigations of stingray tissues and contaminating bacteria.
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Living in an Extremely Polluted Environment: Clues from the Genome of Melanin-Producing Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melT. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5235-48. [PMID: 26025898 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00903-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34mel(T) can be considered an extremophile due to the characteristics of the heavily polluted river from which it was isolated. While four subspecies of A. salmonicida are known fish pathogens, 34mel(T) belongs to the only subspecies isolated solely from the environment. Genome analysis revealed a high metabolic versatility, the capability to cope with diverse stress agents, and the lack of several virulence factors found in pathogenic Aeromonas. The most relevant phenotypic characteristics of 34mel(T) are pectin degradation, a distinctive trait of A. salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica, and melanin production. Genes coding for three pectate lyases were detected in a cluster, unique to this microorganism, that contains all genes needed for pectin degradation. Melanin synthesis in 34mel(T) is hypothesized to occur through the homogentisate pathway, as no tyrosinases or laccases were detected and the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase gene is inactivated by a transposon insertion, leading to the accumulation of the melanin precursor homogentisate. Comparative genome analysis of other melanogenic Aeromonas strains revealed that this gene was inactivated by transposon insertions or point mutations, indicating that melanin biosynthesis in Aeromonas occurs through the homogentisate pathway. Horizontal gene transfer could have contributed to the adaptation of 34mel(T) to a highly polluted environment, as 13 genomic islands were identified in its genome, some of them containing genes coding for fitness-related traits. Heavy metal resistance genes were also found, along with others associated with oxidative and nitrosative stresses. These characteristics, together with melanin production and the ability to use different substrates, may explain the ability of this microorganism to live in an extremely polluted environment.
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Park BR, Zielke RA, Wierzbicki IH, Mitchell KC, Withey JH, Sikora AE. A metalloprotease secreted by the type II secretion system links Vibrio cholerae with collagen. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1051-64. [PMID: 25561716 PMCID: PMC4336349 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02329-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to various aquatic niches and is the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. The persistence of V. cholerae in natural habitats is a crucial factor in the epidemiology of cholera. In contrast to the well-studied V. cholerae-chitin connection, scarce information is available about the factors employed by the bacteria for the interaction with collagens. Collagens might serve as biologically relevant substrates, because they are the most abundant protein constituents of metazoan tissues and V. cholerae has been identified in association with invertebrate and vertebrate marine animals, as well as in a benthic zone of the ocean where organic matter, including collagens, accumulates. Here, we describe the characterization of the V. cholerae putative collagenase, VchC, encoded by open reading frame VC1650 and belonging to the subfamily M9A peptidases. Our studies demonstrate that VchC is an extracellular collagenase degrading native type I collagen of fish and mammalian origin. Alteration of the predicted catalytic residues coordinating zinc ions completely abolished the protein enzymatic activity but did not affect the translocation of the protease by the type II secretion pathway into the extracellular milieu. We also show that the protease undergoes a maturation process with the aid of a secreted factor(s). Finally, we propose that V. cholerae is a collagenovorous bacterium, as it is able to utilize collagen as a sole nutrient source. This study initiates new lines of investigations aiming to uncover the structural and functional components of the V. cholerae collagen utilization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo R Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryszard A Zielke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Igor H Wierzbicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kristie C Mitchell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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