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Dell’Anno M, Frazzini S, Ferri I, Tuberti S, Bonaldo E, Botti B, Grossi S, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Rossi L. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Neonatal Diarrhoea in Preweaning Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:237. [PMID: 38397835 PMCID: PMC10885919 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) poses a significant health challenge in cattle herds, resulting in considerable economic losses and antimicrobial use. In response to the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, viable alternatives are imperative, aligning with European policies. This study evaluated the in-milk supplementation of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract in preweaning calves on performance, diarrhoea occurrence, Cryptosporidium spp. shedding, protein digestibility, and intestinal health. Twenty newborn calves were divided, after colostrum administration, into two experimental groups for 30 days as follows: the control (CTRL) was fed with whole milk and solid feed, and tannins (TAN) were fed whole milk supplemented with 6/g day of tannin extract and solid feed. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 for the evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding and protein digestibility. Faecal consistency was evaluated during the sampling using the faecal score scale (0-3 scale, considering diarrhoea > 1). The results showed a significant reduction in diarrhoea frequency in the TAN compared to the CTRL group (p < 0.05) over 30 days of the trial. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was generally low (12%), considering all analysed samples. Protein digestibility revealed comparable values for the TAN and CTRL groups, suggesting that tannins did not negatively affect milk protein availability. In conclusion, the in-milk supplementation of 6/g day of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract could be considered a valuable functional feed additive to decrease NCD occurrence, thus supporting animal health and decreasing antibiotic use in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Sara Frazzini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Irene Ferri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Susanna Tuberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Elisa Bonaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Benedetta Botti
- Freelance Veterinarian, Via Alessandrini, 4, Bogolese di Sorbolo, 43058 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Grossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
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2
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Nuamah E, Poaty Ditengou JIC, Hirwa F, Cheon I, Chae B, Choi NJ. Dietary Supplementation of Tannins: Effect on Growth Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunoglobins of Weaned Piglets-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:236. [PMID: 38397834 PMCID: PMC10886058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the swine industry has witnessed the withdrawal of antibiotics and continuous regulation of zinc and copper oxides in the early-life nutrition of piglets. Due to this development, alternative additives from plant sources have been extensively explored. Therefore, this study's objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with tannins on weaned piglets' growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity, and serum immune status using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 studies with parameters of interest were deemed eligible after a two-step screening process following a comprehensive literature search in the scientific databases of Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were mainly (1) studies involving basal diet supplemented with tannins and (2) studies with the quantification of tannin doses, while the exclusion criteria were (1) studies with pre- and post-weaning pigs and (2) challenged studies. Applying the random-effects models, Hedges' g effect size of supplementation with tannins was calculated using R software to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression further explored heterogeneity (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%, n ≥ 10). Supplementation with tannins reduced the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) but increased the final body weight (p < 0.01) of weaned piglets. Chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannin sources yielded higher effects on growth performance. In addition, meta-regression models indicated that tannin dosage and supplementation duration were directly associated with tannins' effectiveness on productive performance. In the serum, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were elevated (p < 0.01) in response to tannin supplementation, whereas malondialdehydes was reduced (p < 0.01). Likewise, increased immunoglobin M and G levels (p < 0.01) were detected. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with tannins, particularly with chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidins, increases the productivity of weaned piglets. At the same time, it is a possible nutritional strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and stimulate gut health. Thus, supplementing chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannins in the early phase of swine production could be used to alleviate the incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nuamah
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
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3
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David LS, Nalle CL, Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V. Feeding Value of Lupins, Field Peas, Faba Beans and Chickpeas for Poultry: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:619. [PMID: 38396587 PMCID: PMC10886283 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Grain legumes are fair sources of protein, amino acids and energy, and can be used as a replacement for soybean meal in poultry feed formulations as the soybean meal becomes short in supply and costly. However, a concern associated with the use of grain legumes in poultry feeding is the presence of antinutritional factors. The effective processing and utilisation of these grain legumes in poultry feeding are well documented. The current review focuses on four selected grain legumes (lupins [Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius], field peas [Phaseolus vulgaris], faba beans [Vicia faba] and chickpeas [Cicer arietinum]) and their nutrient content, the presence of antinutritional factors, processing methods and feeding value, including updated data based on recent research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.S.D.); (C.L.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Catootjie L. Nalle
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.S.D.); (C.L.N.); (M.R.A.)
- Animal Husbandry Department, Polytechnic of Agriculture Kupang, Prof. Herman Yohannes St., Lasiana, Kupang 85228, NTT, Indonesia
| | - M. Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.S.D.); (C.L.N.); (M.R.A.)
- A2Z Poultry Feed DynamikZ, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.S.D.); (C.L.N.); (M.R.A.)
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4
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Xu H, Zhang X, Li P, Luo Y, Fu J, Gong L, Lv Z, Guo Y. Effects of Tannic Acid Supplementation on the Intestinal Health, Immunity, and Antioxidant Function of Broilers Challenged with Necrotic Enteritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 37508014 PMCID: PMC10376868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes necrotic enteritis (NE) after proliferation in the intestine of poultry, resulting in considerable losses to the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the impact of tannic acid on the antioxidant, immunity, and gut health of broilers with NE. In the experiment, 630 one-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were randomly divided into six treatment groups, with seven replicate cages and with fifteen birds in each cage. The treatment groups were as follows: control group (NC), challenged group (PC), and challenged NE chickens treated with 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg tannic acid (PTA1, PTA2, PTA3, and PTA4, respectively). To induce NE, coccidia vaccine and Clostridium perfringens were administered on day 19 and days 22-28, respectively. Indexes related to antioxidant, immune, and intestinal health were measured on days 28 and 35. During the infection period, we observed significant increases in fecal water content, D-LA, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde concentrations (p < 0.05). Conversely, significant decreases were noted in chyme pH and in T-AOC, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05). The addition of tannic acid exhibited a linear decrease in fecal water content and TNF-α concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, tannic acid supplementation resulted in a quadratic curve decrease in D-LA concentration and linear increases in T-AOC, IL-4, and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Cecal microbiological analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae and Butyricimona were dominant in PTA3. In conclusion, the dietary addition of tannic acid may reduce the negative effects of NE by increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, improving the intestinal barrier, and regulating the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yimeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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5
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Tabashsum Z, Scriba A, Biswas D. Alternative approaches to therapeutics and subtherapeutics for sustainable poultry production. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102750. [PMID: 37207572 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is growing rapidly and thus its demand for food is growing as well. To meet the demand of the ever-increasing number of consumers, the poultry industry and both of its main sectors-conventional and organic/cage-free farming-are expanding in parallel. Due to increasing demand of poultry products and higher mortality rate of chicks (an average 0.3% increase of mortality over last 5 yr), both conventional and organic poultry farming systems struggle with various issues; animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and antibiotic resistance of the prevailing zoonotic/enteric pathogens are common issues for conventional farming whereas slow growth rate, higher costs, inefficient land use, different diseases of the chicken, and cross-contamination with bacterial pathogens into the final products are the major issues for organic poultry farming. On top of these issues, the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics was recently banned in conventional farming systems and by definition the organic farming system cannot use the antibiotics/synthetic chemicals even for therapeutic use. In conventional farming system, use of therapeutic antibiotics may result in residuals antibiotics in the final products. As a result, sustainable alternatives are in demand to mitigate the prevailing issues for both conventional and organic farming. Potential alternatives may include bacteriophages, vaccination, probiotics, plant-derived prebiotics, and synbiotics. These alternatives have beneficial attributes and shortcomings of their use in both conventional and organic poultry production system. In this review, we'll discuss the scope of these potential alternatives as therapeutics and subtherapeutics in sustainable poultry production and ways to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zajeba Tabashsum
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aaron Scriba
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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6
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Sarrigeorgiou I, Stivarou T, Tsinti G, Patsias A, Fotou E, Moulasioti V, Kyriakou D, Tellis C, Papadami M, Moussis V, Tsiouris V, Tsikaris V, Tsoukatos D, Lymberi P. Levels of Circulating IgM and IgY Natural Antibodies in Broiler Chicks: Association with Genotype and Farming Systems. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020304. [PMID: 36829580 PMCID: PMC9952908 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibodies (NAbs), which are major components of innate immunity, exist in circulation under healthy conditions without prior antigenic stimulation and are able to recognize both self- and non-self-constituents. The present study aimed at identifying potential immunological differences between commercial fast- and slow-growth broilers (n = 555) raised in conventional and free-range systems, respectively, through the use of the specificity, isotypes and levels of circulating NAbs. The possible beneficial effect of oregano-based dietary supplementation was also evaluated. To this end, serum IgM and IgY NAbs against self- (actin and DNA) and non-self- antigens (trinitrophenol and lipopolysaccharide) were measured by ELISA and further correlated with genotype, season and performance. Significantly higher levels of IgM NAbs against all antigens were found in slow-growth compared to fast-growth broilers. IgM NAb levels were also significantly increased in dietarily supplemented slow-growth broilers versus those consuming standard feed. Moreover, significantly elevated levels of anti-DNA IgY NAbs were found in fast-growth compared to slow-growth broilers, whereas the opposite was observed for anti-LPS IgY NAbs. Multivariate linear regression analysis confirmed multiple interactions between NAb levels, genotype, season and performance. Overall, serum NAbs have proven to be valuable innovative immunotools in the poultry industry, efficiently differentiating fast-growing versus slow-growing broilers, and dietary supplementation of plant extracts can enhance natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimina Tsinti
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Patsias
- Microbiology and Chemical Laboratory, Pindos APSI, 45500 Rodotopi Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evgenia Fotou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Moulasioti
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kyriakou
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tellis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Papadami
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Moussis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Tsiouris
- Microbiology and Chemical Laboratory, Pindos APSI, 45500 Rodotopi Ioannina, Greece
- Unit of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Tsikaris
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Demokritos Tsoukatos
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute (HPI), 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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7
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Comparison of the Effects between Tannins Extracted from Different Natural Plants on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Flora of Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020441. [PMID: 36829999 PMCID: PMC9952188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, four plant tannins, including AT (Acacia mearnsii tannin, 68%), CT (Castanea sativa tannin, 60%), QT (Schinopsis lorenzii tannin, 73%) and TT (Caesalpinia spinosa tannin, 50%) were added to broiler diets for 42 days to evaluate and compare their effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune performance and gut microbiota in broilers. The results showed that the supplementation of five tannins could increase the production of T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT and reduce the production of MDA in the serum of broilers (p < 0.01), but the antioxidant effect of the AT group was lower than that of the other three groups (p < 0.01). All four tannins decreased the level of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β and increased the level of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (p < 0.01). CT, QT and TT decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.01), while AT and CT increased the level of IL-2 in serum (p < 0.01). Supplementation with four tannins also increased the levels of IgG, IgM, IgA and sIgA in serum (p < 0.01) and the levels of ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin in the jejunum (p < 0.01). The detection results of ALT and AST showed that CT, QT and TT decreased the concentrations of ALT and AST in serum (p < 0.01). The results of the gut microbiota showed that the abundance of Clostridia and Subdoligranulum increased, and the abundance of Oscillospiraceae decreased, compared to the control group after adding the four tannins to the diets (p > 0.05). In addition, CT, QT and TT decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus and increased the abundance of Bacteroides compared to the control group, while AT showed the opposite result (p > 0.05). Overall, our study shows that tannins derived from different plants have their own unique effects on broilers. AT and CT can promote broilers' growth better than other tannins, CT has the best ability to improve immune and antioxidant properties, and QT and TT have the best effect on broilers' liver protection.
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8
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Mattioli LB, Corazza I, Micucci M, Pallavicini M, Budriesi R. Tannins-Based Extracts: Effects on Gut Chicken Spontaneous Contractility. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010395. [PMID: 36615589 PMCID: PMC9824427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The impossibility of using drugs for the health of farm animals leads to the search for alternative strategies with two purposes: to maintain animal health and safeguard human health. In this perspective, tannins have shown great promises. These phytocomplexes obtained from natural matrices with multiple health properties may be used as a feed supplement in chicken farms. In this work, we studied two tannin-based extracts (from Castanea sativa Mill. wood and from Schinopsis balansae Engl. Quebracho Colorado hardwood) with different chemical compositions on the spontaneous contractility on the isolated intestinal tissues of healthy chicken. The results showed that the chemical composition of the two phytocomplexes influenced the spontaneous intestinal contractility in different ways by regulating the tone and consequent progression of the food bolus. The chemical analysis of the two extracts revealed that Castanea sativa Mill. wood mainly contains hydrolysable tannins, while Schinopsis balansae Engl. hardwood mainly contains condensed tannins. The two phytocomplexes showed different effects towards gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractility, with Castanea sativa Mill. wood providing a better activity profile than Schinopsis balansae Engl. hardwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beatrice Mattioli
- Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Corazza
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (R.B.)
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9
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Hu R, Li S, Diao H, Huang C, Yan J, Wei X, Zhou M, He P, Wang T, Fu H, Zhong C, Mao C, Wang Y, Kuang S, Tang W. The interaction between dietary fiber and gut microbiota, and its effect on pig intestinal health. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095740. [PMID: 36865557 PMCID: PMC9972974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is closely associated with overall animal health and performance and, consequently, influences the production efficiency and profit in feed and animal production systems. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the main site of the nutrient digestive process and the largest immune organ in the host, and the gut microbiota colonizing the GIT plays a key role in maintaining intestinal health. Dietary fiber (DF) is a key factor in maintaining normal intestinal function. The biological functioning of DF is mainly achieved by microbial fermentation, which occurs mainly in the distal small and large intestine. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main class of microbial fermentation metabolites, are the main energy supply for intestinal cells. SCFAs help to maintain normal intestinal function, induce immunomodulatory effects to prevent inflammation and microbial infection, and are vital for the maintenance of homeostasis. Moreover, because of its distinct characteristics (e.g. solubility), DF is able to alter the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, understanding the role that DF plays in modulating gut microbiota, and how it influences intestinal health, is essential. This review gives an overview of DF and its microbial fermentation process, and investigates the effect of DF on the alteration of gut microbiota composition in pigs. The effects of interaction between DF and the gut microbiota, particularly as they relate to SCFA production, on intestinal health are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Hu
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongbo Huang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayou Yan
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolan Wei
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengjia Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng He
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsen Fu
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengbo Zhong
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Mao
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Huerta A, Trocino A, Birolo M, Pascual A, Bordignon F, Radaelli G, Bortoletti M, Xiccato G. Growth performance and gut response of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) seed extract. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2084462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Huerta
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Birolo
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antón Pascual
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bordignon
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione (BCA), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Xiccato
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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11
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Choi J, Liu G, Goo D, Wang J, Bowker B, Zhuang H, Kim WK. Effects of tannic acid supplementation on growth performance, gut health, and meat production and quality of broiler chickens raised in floor pens for 42 days. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1082009. [PMID: 36589444 PMCID: PMC9800873 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1082009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of tannic acid (TA) supplementation on growth performance, gut health, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and meat yield and quality in broilers raised for 42 days. A total of 700 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Cobb500) were allocated into 5 treatments with 7 replicates of 20 birds per pen. There were five treatments: 1) tannic acid 0 (TA0: basal diet without TA); 2) tannic acid 0.25 (TA0.25: basal diet+0.25 g/kg TA); 3) tannic acid 0.5 (TA0.5: basal diet+0.5 g/kg TA); 4) tannic acid 1 (TA1: basal diet+1 g/kg TA); and 5) tannic acid 2 (TA2: basal diet+2 g/kg TA). The dietary phases included starter (D 0 to 18; crumble feed), grower (D 18 to 28; pellet feed), and finisher (D 28 to 42; pellet feed). On D 18, the supplementation of TA linearly reduced body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p < 0.05), and on D 28, the supplementation of TA linearly reduced BW, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression of genes related to mucin production (MUC2), tight junction proteins (CLDN2 and JAM2), and nutrient transporters (B0AT1 and SGLT1) was linearly increased by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). The supplementation of TA tended to linearly increase the relative abundance of the family Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.08) and quadratically increased the relative abundance of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in the cecal microbial communities (p < 0.05). On D 36, the ratio of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was quadratically reduced by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). On D 42, bone mineral density and the lean to fat ratio were linearly decreased by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). On D 43, total chilled carcass weight was linearly reduced (p < 0.05), and proportion of leg weight was increased by supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). The supplementation of TA linearly reduced pH of the breast meat (p < 0.05) and linearly increased redness (a*) (p < 0.05). Although the supplementation of TA positively influenced gut health and gut microbiota in the starter/grower phases, it negatively affected overall growth performance, bone health, and meat production in broilers on D 42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Doyun Goo
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brain Bowker
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hong Zhuang
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Woo Kyun Kim,
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12
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Zaikina AS, Buryakov NP, Buryakova MA, Zagarin AY, Razhev AA, Aleshin DE. Impact of Supplementing Phytobiotics as a Substitute for Antibiotics in Broiler Chicken Feed on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Biochemical Parameters. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120672. [PMID: 36548833 PMCID: PMC9781123 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the level of application and the effectiveness of the use of plant feed additives from sweet chestnut wood extract (Castanea Sativa Mill) in the diet of Cobb-500 cross broiler chickens, four groups were formed via the balanced groups method. The chickens in the experimental groups were supplemented with sweet chestnut wood extract in the main diet rather than a feed antibiotic at an amount of 500 g per ton of compound starter feed and 250 g per ton of grower and finisher in the second experimental group; 650 g per ton of compound starter feed and 325 g per ton of grower and finisher in the third experimental group; and 800 g per ton of compound starter feed and 400 g per ton of grower and finisher in the fourth experimental group. Supplementation with phytobiotics led to an increase in the digestibility of the dry matter in the second and third groups compared to the first experimental group. Furthermore, broiler chickens supplemented with a medium dose of phytobiotics revealed a significant difference in both crude protein and fiber when compared to the second experimental group (91.95% and 12.11% vs. 88.98% and 10.07%, respectively). The preslaughter weight of the birds in the phytobiotics supplemented groups was higher than in those fed with the lowest dosage of phytobiotic by 5.47%, and the difference was significant. There were no significant differences in terms of the blood biochemical parameters between the groups. In summary, the inclusion of plant feed additives from sweet chestnut wood extract as a substitute for an antibacterial drug in the diet of broiler chickens did not deteriorate the blood biochemical parameters and improved the intensity of the nutrient digestion process. As a result, it enhanced the quality indicators of the broiler carcass during the entire growth period.
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13
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Olchowik-Grabarek E, Sękowski S, Kwiatek A, Płaczkiewicz J, Abdulladjanova N, Shlyonsky V, Swiecicka I, Zamaraeva M. The Structural Changes in the Membranes of Staphylococcus aureus Caused by Hydrolysable Tannins Witness Their Antibacterial Activity. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1124. [PMID: 36363679 PMCID: PMC9698758 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, including tannins, are phytochemicals with pronounced antimicrobial properties. We studied the activity of two hydrolysable tannins, (i) gallotannin-1,2,3,4,5-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) and (ii) ellagitannin-1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-valoneoyl-β-D-glucose (dGVG), applied alone and in combination with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strain 8324-4. We also evaluated the effect of these tannins on bacterial membrane integrity and fluidity and studied their interaction with membrane proteins and lipids. A correlation between the antimicrobial activity of the tannins and their membranotropic action depending on the tannin molecular structure has been demonstrated. We found that the antibacterial activity of PGG was stronger than dGVG, which can be associated with its larger flexibility, dipole moment, and hydrophobicity. In addition, we also noted the membrane effects of the tannins observed as an increase in the size of released bacterial membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Szymon Sękowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kwiatek
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Płaczkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nodira Abdulladjanova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100143, Uzbekistan
| | - Vadim Shlyonsky
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Izabela Swiecicka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Zamaraeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Chestnut extracts decrease the in-vitro digestibility and polyphenol bioavailability of soy-based nutrients but protect the epithelial barrier function of pig jejunum segments after digestion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Formulating Diets for Improved Health Status of Pigs: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202877. [DOI: 10.3390/ani12202877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of nutrition has been evolving to support both performance and immune status of pigs, particularly in disease-challenged animals which experience repartitioning of nutrients from growth towards the immune response. In this sense, it is critical to understand how stress may impact nutrient metabolism and the effects of nutritional interventions able to modulate organ (e.g., gastrointestinal tract) functionality and health. This will be pivotal in the development of effective diet formulation strategies in the context of improved animal performance and health. Therefore, this review will address qualitative and quantitative effects of immune system stimulation on voluntary feed intake and growth performance measurements in pigs. Due to the known repartitioning of nutrients, the effects of stimulating the immune system on nutrient requirements, stratified according to different challenge models, will be explored. Finally, different nutritional strategies (i.e., low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets; functional amino acid supplementation; dietary fiber level and source; diet complexity; organic acids; plant secondary metabolites) will be presented and discussed in the context of their possible role in enhancing the immune response and animal performance.
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16
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Xi Y, Chen J, Guo S, Wang S, Liu Z, Zheng L, Qi Y, Xu P, Li L, Zhang Z, Ding B. Effects of tannic acid on growth performance, relative organ weight, antioxidative status, and intestinal histomorphology in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B 1. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1037046. [PMID: 36337182 PMCID: PMC9634217 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1037046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 480 one-day-old AA broiler chicks were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial to investigate the effects of tannic acid (TA) on growth performance, relative organ weight, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in broilers dietary exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Treatments were as follows: (1) CON, control diet; (2) TA, CON + 250 mg/kg TA; (3) AFB1, CON + 500 μg/kg AFB1; and (4) TA+AFB1, CON + 250 mg/kg TA + 500 μg/kg AFB1. There were 10 replicate pens with 12 broilers per replicate. Dietary AFB1 challenge increased the feed conversion ratio during days 1 to 21 (P < 0.05). The TA in the diet did not show significant effects on the growth performance of broilers during the whole experiment period (P > 0.05). The liver and kidney relative weight was increased in the AF challenge groups compared with the CON (P < 0.05). The addition of TA could alleviate the relative weight increase of liver and kidney caused by AFB1 (P < 0.05). Broilers fed the AFB1 diets had lower activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, total superoxide dismutase, S-transferase, and total antioxidant capacity in plasma, liver and jejunum, and greater malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05). Dietary supplemented with 250 mg/kg TA increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes, and decreased malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05). In addition, AFB1 significantly reduced the villus height and crypt depth ratio in the ileum on day 42 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with 250 mg/kg TA could partially protect the antioxidant capacity and prevent the enlargement of liver in broilers dietary challenged with 500 μg/kg AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhengfan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binying Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhaka N, Dhewa T, Puniya AK. Nutritional and health-promoting attributes of millet: current and future perspectives. Nutr Rev 2022; 81:684-704. [PMID: 36219789 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Millet is consumed as a staple food, particularly in developing countries, is part of the traditional diet in a number of relatively affluent countries, and is gaining popularity throughout the world. It is a valuable dietary energy source. In addition to high caloric value, several health-promoting attributes have been reported for millet seeds. This review describes many nutritional characteristics of millet seeds and their derivatives that are important to human health: antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory, antibacterial or antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-carcinogenic potential, and their role as modulators of gut health. There are several varieties, but the main focus of this review is on pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus [synonym Pennisetum glaucum]), one of the most widely eaten millet crops grown in India, though other millet types are also covered. In this article, the health-promoting properties of the natural components (ie, proteins, peptides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, oil, isoflavones, etc.) present in millet seeds are discussed. Although many of these health benefits have been demonstrated using animal models in vitro studies, human intervention-feeding trials are required to confirm several of the potential health benefits of millet seeds. Based on the nutritional and health-promoting attributes known for pearl millet (discussed in this review), finger millet and foxtail millet are suggested as good candidates for use in future nutritional interventions for improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Namrata Dhaka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- is with the Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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18
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Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic Aspergillus niger on Performance and Cecal Microbiota in Hy-Line W-36 Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182406. [PMID: 36139266 PMCID: PMC9495207 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of the probiotic Aspergillus niger on the production performance, egg quality, and cecal microbial load of Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli in Hy-Line W-36 laying hens. A total of 72, 45-week-old Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were randomly allocated to one of the three dietary treatments with six replicates, and each replicate had four individually caged laying hens (n = 6 and 4 hens/replicate). The hens in each treatment group were fed a corn and soybean meal diet (Control), a diet supplemented with bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) at a rate of 495 mg/kg of feed (Positive Control), or a diet supplemented with Aspergillus niger (Probioist®) at a rate of 220 mg/kg of feed (Probiotic). Supplementing probiotics in the laying hen diet significantly increased egg production at weeks 3 and 6 compared with the Positive Control. Haugh unit, a measure of egg quality, was significantly higher in laying hens fed the probiotic diet compared with the Control or Positive Control at week 10. Furthermore, the Probiotic group had numerically lower cecal microbial loads of pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli) compared with the Control and Positive Control groups. The results suggest that Aspergillus niger could be used as a probiotic to improve laying hen performance and egg quality.
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19
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Choi J, Yadav S, Wang J, Lorentz BJ, Lourenco JM, Callaway TR, Kim WK. Effects of supplemental tannic acid on growth performance, gut health, microbiota, and fat accumulation and optimal dosages of tannic acid in broilers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:912797. [PMID: 36117708 PMCID: PMC9478478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.912797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dosages of tannic acid (TA) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health, immune system, oxidative status, microbial composition, volatile fatty acids (VFA), bone mineral density, and fat digestion and accumulation in broilers and to find optimal dosages of TA for efficient growth and gut health in broilers. A total of 320 male Cobb500 broilers were randomly distributed to 4 treatments with 8 replicates including 1) tannic acid 0 (TA0): basal diet without TA; 2) tannic acid 0.5 (TA0.5): basal diet with 0.5 g/kg TA; 3) tannic acid 1.5 (TA1.5); and 4) tannic acid 2.5 (TA2.5). Supplemental TA at levels greater than 972 mg/kg tended to reduce BW on D 21 (p = 0.05). The TA2.5 had significantly lower apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein compared to the TA0 group. The AID of ether extract tended to be reduced by TA at levels greater than 525 mg/kg (p = 0.08). The jejunal lipase activities tended to be reduced by TA at levels less than 595.3 mg/kg (p = 0.09). TA linearly decreased goblet cell density in the crypts of the jejunum (p < 0.05) and reduced mRNA expression of mucin two at levels less than 784.9 mg/kg and zonula occludens two at levels less than 892.6 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The TA0.5 group had higher activities of liver superoxide dismutase compared to the TA0 group (p < 0.05). Bone mineral density and contents tended to be linearly decreased by TA (p = 0.05), and the ratio of lean to fat was linearly decreased (p < 0.01). Total cecal VFA production tended to be linearly reduced by TA at levels greater than 850.9 mg/kg (p = 0.07). Supplemental TA tended to increase the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes (p = 0.1) and decrease the relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (p = 0.1). The relative abundance of the family Rikenellaceae was the lowest at 500 mg/kg TA, and the relative abundance of the family Bacillaceae was the highest at 1,045 mg/kg TA. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimum level of supplemental TA would range between 500 and 900 mg/kg; this range of TA supplementation would improve gut health without negatively affecting growth performance in broilers under antibiotic-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Lorentz
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Woo Kyun Kim,
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20
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Mulaudzi A, Mnisi CM, Mlambo V. Simultaneous pre-treatment of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal with polyethylene glycol and fibrolytic enzymes: Effect on growth performance, physiological indices, and meat quality parameters in jumbo quail. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.960233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as a source of biologically active substances and nutrients for Jumbo quail is limited by high concentrations of condensed tannins and fiber. Simultaneous application of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a tannin-binding compound, and exogenous fibrolytic multi-enzymes could ameliorate antinutritional effects of condensed tannins and fiber thus improving MOLM utilization in quail diets. This study investigated the effect of pre-treating dietary MOLM with PEG and fibrolytic enzymes on live performance, blood parameters, visceral organs, and carcass and meat quality characteristics in Jumbo quail. A total of 381, two-week-old quail chicks (57.5 ± 3.95 g live-weight) were randomly distributed to six dietary treatments replicated six times. The treatments were: T1 = a standard grower diet containing untreated MOLM (10%); T2 = a standard grower diet containing MOLM (10%) pre-treated with 5.4% PEG; and a standard grower diet containing MOLM (10%) pre-treated with 5.4% PEG and 1.25% (T3), 1.50% (T4), 1.75% (T5) and 2.0% (T6) fibrolytic multi-enzymes. Graded levels of enzymes did not induce linear or quadratic effects for overall feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, hematological, carcass, and meat quality parameters in response to increasing fibrolytic enzyme levels. However, weight gain in week 3 quadratically responded [R2 = 0.117, P = 0.043]. Three-week old birds reared on T3 had lower (p < 0.05) weight gains (40.9 g/bird) than those reared on the other treatment groups. Birds reared on T6 diet had longer caecum (14.1 cm) than those reared on T2, T3, T4 and T5 whose caeca lengths did not differ (P > 0.05). Birds reared on diet T5 had shorter small intestines (59.5 cm) than those reared on T1 and T2 diets. It can be concluded that simultaneous pre-treatment of dietary MOLM with PEG and fibrolytic enzymes did not improve live performance, blood parameters, and carcass and meat quality traits, but affected some visceral organ sizes in Jumbo quail.
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21
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Joshi K, Adhikari P, Bhatt ID, Pande V. Source dependent variation in phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Paeonia emodi in west Himalaya, India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1785-1798. [PMID: 36387977 PMCID: PMC9636362 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia emodi is one of the ethno therapeutically important Himalayan plants used to cure various diseases. However, a systematic investigation of the effect of altitude on phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity has not been reported so far. The present study assessed the variation in the bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaf, and rhizome of P. emodi collected from different altitudes. Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, flavanol, tannins, emodin, and paeoniflorin were found in all the sampled populations, but the quantity varied significantly across the altitude. In leaf, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins content positively correlated with altitude (p < 0.01), but flavanol did not show any connection. Similarly, in the rhizome, positive relation with altitude (p < 0.01) was observed in phenol, flavonoids, and paeoniflorin. Antioxidant activity measured by 1, 1-diphenyl- 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide assays showed a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with altitude. 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl ion assays did not show any relation with altitude. Antimicrobial activity was higher in the case of rhizome for the minimum inhibitory concentration and positively correlated with phenolics, flavonoids, and flavanol (p < 0.05). The present study further revealed that the secondary metabolites in the leaf and rhizome extracts of P. emodi are an excellent source of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, thus validating the species' therapeutic potential. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01242-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Joshi
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G. B. Pant, National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263 643 India
| | - Priyanka Adhikari
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G. B. Pant, National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263 643 India
| | - Indra D. Bhatt
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation and Management, G. B. Pant, National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi- Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand 263 643 India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263 136 India
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22
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Pascual A, Pauletto M, Trocino A, Birolo M, Dacasto M, Giantin M, Bordignon F, Ballarin C, Bortoletti M, Pillan G, Xiccato G. Effect of the dietary supplementation with extracts of chestnut wood and grape pomace on performance and jejunum response in female and male broiler chickens at different ages. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:102. [PMID: 35978386 PMCID: PMC9387010 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in the use of herbs and phytogenic compounds has grown because of their potential role in the production and health of livestock animals. Among these compounds, several tannins have been tested in poultry, but those from chestnut wood and grape-industry byproducts have attracted remarkable interest. Thus, the present study aimed to gain further insights into the mechanisms involved in the response to the dietary supplementation with extracts of chestnut wood or grape pomace. To this purpose, 864 broiler chickens were fed a control diet (C) or the same diet supplemented 0.2% chestnut wood (CN) extract or 0.2% grape pomace (GP) extract from hatching until commercial slaughtering (at 45 days of age) to assess their effects on performance, meat quality, jejunum immune response and whole-transcriptome profiling in both sexes at different ages (15 and 35 d). RESULTS Final live weight and daily weight gain significantly increased (P < 0.01) in chickens fed GP diets compared to CN and C diets. The villi height was lower in chickens fed the CN diet than in those fed the C diet (P < 0.001); moreover, a lower density of CD45+ cells was observed in chickens fed the CN diet (P < 0.05) compared to those fed the C and GP diets. Genes involved in either pro- or anti-inflammatory response pathways, and antimicrobial and antioxidant responses were affected by GP and CN diets. There was no effect of the dietary treatment on meat quality. Regarding sex, in addition to a lower growth performance, females showed a lower occurrence of wooden breast (16.7% vs. 55.6%; P < 0.001) and a higher occurrence of spaghetti meat (48.6% vs. 4.17%; P < 0.001) in pectoralis major muscles after slaughtering than those in males. Based on the results of whole-transcriptome profiling, a significant activation of some molecular pathways related to immunity was observed in males compared with those of females. CONCLUSIONS The GP supplementation improved chicken performance and promoted immune responses in the intestinal mucosa; moreover, age and sex were associated with the most relevant transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pascual
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - M Birolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - F Bordignon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - C Ballarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G Pillan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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23
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Arzola-Alvarez C, Anderson RC, Hume ME, Ledezma E, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, Arzola-Rubio A, Ontiveros-Magadan M, Min BR, Wottlin LR, Copado R, Salinas-Chavira J. Effect of Select Tannin Sources on Pathogen Control and Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Composted Poultry Litter Intended for Use as a Ruminant Crude Protein Feedstuff. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930980. [PMID: 35799835 PMCID: PMC9253675 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry litter is a good crude protein supplement for ruminants but must be treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens but risks loss of ammonia due to uric acid degradation. The objectives of this study were to test the ability of tannins to reduce pathogens and preserve uric acid during poultry litter composting. In two experiments, poultry litter was mixed with phosphate buffer and distributed to 50-ml tubes (three tubes/treatment per sample day) amended with 1 ml buffer alone or buffer containing pine bark, quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins. Treatments achieved 0.63% (wt/wt) quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins in experiment 1, or 4.5% pine bark or 9% quebracho, chestnut, or mimosa tannins in experiment 2. Tubes were inoculated with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, closed with caps, and incubated at successive 3-day increments at 22, 37, and 42°C, respectively. In experiment 1, bacterial counts in contents collected on days 0, 6, and 9 revealed a treatment by day effect (p < 0.03), with the Salmonella challenge being 1.3 log10 CFU/g higher in quebracho-treated composts than in untreated controls after 6 days of composting. After 9 days of composting, Salmonella, wildtype Escherichia coli, and total aerobes in untreated and all tannin-treated composts were decreased by about 2.0 log10 CFU/g compared to day 0 numbers (3.06, 3.75, and 7.77 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Urea and ammonia concentrations tended (p < 0.10) to be increased in chestnut-treated composts compared to controls and concentrations of uric acid, urea, and ammonia were higher (p < 0.05) after 9 days of composting than on day 0. Despite higher tannin application in experiment 2, antibacterial effects of treatment or day of composting were not observed (p > 0.05). However, treatment by time of composting interactions was observed (p < 0.05), with quebracho- and chestnut-treated composts accumulating more uric acid after 24 h and 9 days of composting and chestnut-, mimosa- or quebracho-treated composts accumulating less ammonia than untreated composts. Results demonstrate that composting may effectively control pathogens and that tannin treatment can help preserve the crude protein quality of composting poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Arzola-Alvarez
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Robin C. Anderson
| | - Michael E. Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Evelyn Ledezma
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ruiz-Barrera
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Arzola-Rubio
- College of Animal Science and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | - Byeng Ryel Min
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Lauren R. Wottlin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ramon Copado
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jamie Salinas-Chavira
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Mexico
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24
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Efficacy of Ficus sycomorus (Sycamore Fig) Extract on Intestinal Coccidiosis in Experimentally Infected Rabbits. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060917. [PMID: 35743948 PMCID: PMC9227150 DOI: 10.3390/life12060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Ficus sycomorus extract on Eimeria intestinalis in experimentally infected rabbits. For this purpose, forty male 30-day-old rabbits (Blanc de Bouscat) were divided into four groups (n = 10 in each group). Rabbits kept in the first group served as negative control (non-treated-non-infected). Rabbits kept in the second, third, and fourth groups were challenged at 10 weeks old with 3 × 104E. intestinalis sporulated oocysts. The third and fourth groups were treated orally with diclazuril 10% (0.05 mg/kg body weight) and F. sycomorus (100 mg/Kg) for three consecutive days, respectively. The efficacy was assessed based on the growth performance parameters, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histopathological findings, and hematological parameters for 16 days post challenge. The study revealed that rabbits treated with F. sycomorus methanolic extract and diclazuril showed mild clinical symptoms with a significant decrease in oocyst shedding compared with the positive control. Moreover, the diclazuril-treated group showed the highest leukocytic count and the lowest monocytes percentage compared with other groups. Furthermore, the lowest lymphocytes percentage was recorded in the control positive group. Histopathologically, moderate coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and moderate hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the diclazuril treated group compared with the negative control. However, mild coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and slight coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes was found in the F. sycomorus treated group. In conclusion, F. sycomorus methanolic extract had promising effects on the live performance, oocyst count, and blood variables, while it possesses adverse consequences on the hepatic tissues. Further studies are required to optimize the dose and extraction method to mitigate its side effects.
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25
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Choi J, Tompkins YH, Teng PY, Gogal RM, Kim WK. Effects of Tannic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Oocyst Shedding, and Gut Health of in Broilers Infected with Eimeria Maxima. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111378. [PMID: 35681844 PMCID: PMC9179276 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of tannic acid (TA) on growth performance, fecal moisture content, oocyst shedding, gut permeability, lesion score, intestinal morphology, apparent ileal digestibility, and the antioxidant and immune system of broilers infected with Eimeria maxima. A total of 420 one-day-old broilers were distributed to five treatments with seven replicates of 12 birds. The five treatments were the (1) sham-challenged control (SCC; birds fed a control diet and administrated with PBS); (2) challenged control (CC; birds fed a control diet and inoculated with E. maxima); (3) tannic acid 0.5 (TA0.5; CC + 500 mg/kg TA); (4) tannic acid 2.75 (TA2.75; CC + 2750 mg/kg TA); and (5) tannic acid 5 (TA5; CC + 5000 mg/kg TA). The TA2.75 group had significantly lower gut permeability compared to the CC group at 5 days post-infection (dpi). Supplementation of TA linearly reduced oocyst shedding of E. maxima at 7 to 9 dpi (p < 0.05). At 13 dpi, the TA2.75 group had significantly greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) compared to the CC group. At 13 dpi, supplementation of TA linearly increased jejunal villus height (VH). Thus, this study showed that supplementation of TA at levels of 500 to 2750 mg/kg has the potential to be an anti-coccidial agent against E. maxima in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.C.); (Y.H.T.); (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Yuguo Huo Tompkins
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.C.); (Y.H.T.); (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Po-Yun Teng
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.C.); (Y.H.T.); (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.C.); (Y.H.T.); (P.-Y.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-1346
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26
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Xu C, Kong L, Gao H, Cheng X, Wang X. A Review of Current Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Food Animals. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822689. [PMID: 35633728 PMCID: PMC9133924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics in food animals has led to the development of bacterial resistance and the widespread of resistant bacteria in the world. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in food animals are currently considered emerging contaminants, which are a serious threat to public health globally. The current situation of ARB and ARGs from food animal farms, manure, and the wastewater was firstly covered in this review. Potential risks to public health were also highlighted, as well as strategies (including novel technologies, alternatives, and administration) to fight against bacterial resistance. This review can provide an avenue for further research, development, and application of novel antibacterial agents to reduce the adverse effects of antibiotic resistance in food animal farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Kong
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfang Gao
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyu Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Al-Mnaser A, Dakheel M, Alkandari F, Woodward M. Polyphenolic phytochemicals as natural feed additives to control bacterial pathogens in the chicken gut. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:253. [PMID: 35412092 PMCID: PMC9001821 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Poultry provides an important protein source consumed globally by human population, and simultaneously, acts as a substantial reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens. These bacterial species can include commensal strains with beneficial roles on poultry health and productivity, and pathogenic strains not only to poultry but zoonotically to man. This review paper evaluates the role of phytochemicals as possible alternatives to antibiotics and natural anti-bacterial agents to control antibiotic resistance in poultry. The focus of this paper is on the polyphenolic phytochemicals as they constitute the major group; carvacrol oil (the active ingredient of oregano), thymol oil (the main ingredient of oregano), oregano oil, and tannins oil as feed additives and their mechanism of actions that might enhance avian gut health by controlling antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains spread in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Al-Mnaser
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK.
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Sharq, Kuwait.
| | - Mohammed Dakheel
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Fatemah Alkandari
- Department of Plant Protection, Public Authority of Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources, Al-Rabia, Kuwait
| | - Martin Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK
- Folium Science, Unit DX, Bristol, BS2 0XJ, UK
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28
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Tang L, Hu X, Xu M. Isolation, Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, Metal-Chelating Activity, and Protein-Precipitating Capacity of Condensed Tannins from Plum ( Prunus salicina) Fruit. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040714. [PMID: 35453400 PMCID: PMC9030958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The type of polymeric condensed tannins from plum fruit (Prunus salicina) (PCT), the degree of polymerization and the distribution of polymers were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy. The metal-binding capacity of PCT with five metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+) was characterized by a fluorescence quenching method. The results demonstrated the following: epicatechin was the basic unit occurring in PCT, and A-type and B-type linkages were the most common between the structural units of the polymers. The PCT have a strong antioxidant activity, which is comparable with that of the synthetic antioxidant BHA. The quenching mechanism of the PCT’s fluorescence intensity by Zn2+, Cu2+, and Al3+ was different from that of Fe3+ and Fe2+. Fe3+, Al3+ and Fe2+ had much higher affinities for the PCT than Zn2+ and Cu2+. A simple UV-Vis spectra method was developed to determine the protein-precipitating capacity of tannins. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was effectively precipitated by tannins isolated from plum fruits, Chinese gallnut, sorghum grain, and Platycarya strobilacea at pH values between 4.5 and 5.0. A statistically significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001 or p < 0.0003) existed between the amount of tannin−protein complex formed and the amount of tannins added to the reaction mixture. The slopes of these lines indicated the protein-precipitating capacity of tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (X.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8548-2463
| | - He Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (X.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (X.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (X.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Man Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (X.H.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210042, China
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29
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Redondo EA, Redondo LM, Bruzzone OA, Diaz-Carrasco JM, Cabral C, Garces VM, Liñeiro MM, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME. Effects of a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins on gut health and performance of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0254679. [PMID: 35061675 PMCID: PMC8782372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial restrictions prompted the search for cost and biologically effective alternatives to replace antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in food-producing animals. In addition, the efficacy of this alternatives needs to be contrasted in field/commercial trials under different challenge conditions. However only a few studies describing the impact of tannins or others AGP-alternatives in commercial poultry production conditions are actually available. The aim of the present work is to study how the inclusion of a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins can affect broiler productive performance and health under commercial conditions. Three experiments with different approaches were conducted: (1) a trial comparing the effects of both additives (tannins vs AGP) on different commercial farms at the same time; (2) the follow-up of one farm during an entire productive year; and (3) an experimental trial using a C. perfringens challenge model in broiler chickens. Although productive results from field trials were similar among treatments, evaluations of gut health indicators showed improvements in the tannins treated flocks. Frequency and severity of intestinal gross lesions were reduced in jejunum (42% vs 23%; p<0.05-1.37 vs. 0.73; p<0.01, respectively) and ileum (25% vs. 10%; p<0.0.5-1.05 vs. 0.58; p<0.01) in tannins treated birds. Results from 16S studies, show that cecal microbiota diversity was not differentially affected by AGPs or tannins, but changes in the relative abundance of certain taxa were described, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium groups. Results from experimental C. perfringens necrotic enteritis showed that tannins treated birds had reduced incidence of gross lesions in jejunum (43.75 vs. 74.19%; p<0.01) and ileum (18.75% vs. 45.16%; p<0.05) compared with control. These results suggest that AGPs can be replaced by tannins feed additives, and contribute in the implementation of antimicrobial-free programs in broilers without affecting health or performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo A. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro M. Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Octavio A. Bruzzone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- EEA Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Diaz-Carrasco
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Cabral
- Silvateam S.A., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maximo M. Liñeiro
- Granja Tres Arroyos S.A., Capilla del Señor, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano E. Fernandez-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Potential Replacements for Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry: Interactions at the Gut Level and Their Impact on Host Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:145-159. [PMID: 34807441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has a complex, biodiverse microbial community of ~ 9 million bacterial genes plus archaea and fungi that links the host diet to its health. This microbial population contributes to host physiology through metabolite signaling while also providing local and systemic nutrients to multiple organ systems. In a homeostatic state, the host-microbial interaction is symbiotic; however, physiological issues are associated with dysregulated microbiota. Manipulating the microbiota is a therapeutic option, and the concept of adding beneficial bacteria to the intestine has led to probiotic and prebiotic development. The gut microbiome is readily changeable by diet, antibiotics, pathogenic infections, and host- and environmental-dependent events. The intestine performs key roles of nutrient absorption, tolerance of beneficial microbiota, yet responding to undesirable microbes or microbial products and preventing translocation to sterile body compartments. During homeostasis, the immune system is actively preventing or modulating the response to known or innocuous antigens. Manipulating the microbiota through nutrition, modulating host immunity, preventing pathogen colonization, or improving intestinal barrier function has led to novel methods to prevent disease, but also resulted in improved body weight, feed conversion, and carcass yield in poultry. This review highlights the importance of adding different feed additives to the diets of poultry in order to manipulate and enhance health and productivity of flocks.
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Ma M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Ikeda M, Watanabe M, Goda Y, Yamanaka D, Takahashi SI, Kuwahara M, Li J. Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113316. [PMID: 34828046 PMCID: PMC8614404 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The restriction of the use of antibiotics in swine production worldwide has influenced pork production efficiency. New in-feed additives must be sustainable, prevent diarrhea in early weaning piglets, and promote growth performance. Novel in-feed additives, probiotics, prebiotics, organic compounds, mineral salts and vegetable extract have been extensively studied; most have shown some limitations that discourage extensive use. We investigated the plant extract MGM-P (a quebracho tannin product) as an alternative animal feed additive to antibiotics. We considered its unique structure, antibacterial, antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, and sustainability. We began with a low-level addition trial; 0.3% MGM-P had a more robust effect than 0.2% MGM-P. The findings demonstrated that 0.3% MGM-P supplementation prevented diarrhea in 21-day-old weaned piglets, improving piglet health without adversely influencing growth performance. Practical studies of the mechanisms underlying the effects of MGM-P and the optimal amount for supplementation are needed to confirm our findings. Abstract This study assessed the feasibility of using a vegetable extract, MGM-P (quebracho tannin product), as an alternative to antibiotics for weaned piglets; it investigated MGM-P effects on growth performance, diarrhea, and overall health in early-weaned piglets. In total, 24 piglets were allocated to three treatment groups fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.2%, or 0.3% MGM-P for 20 days. The addition of 0.3% MGM-P to the diet of early-weaned piglets improved diarrhea incidence, hematological parameters, and intestinal mucosa structure. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% or 0.3% MGM-P to the diet of early-weaned piglets did not affect their overall health. Importantly, MGM-P had no effects on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Gut morphology analysis showed that treatment with 0.3% MGM-P enhanced the jejunal villus height (p < 0.05) while reducing the ileal crypt depth (p < 0.05) and colon mucosal thickness (p < 0.05). Collectively, the findings suggested that the use of MGM-P as an alternative to dietary antibiotics could improve diarrhea incidence in early-weaned piglets without negative effects on growth performance or overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
- Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan;
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (J.K.C.); (K.U.)
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (J.K.C.); (K.U.)
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Yuki Goda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (Y.G.); (S.-I.T.)
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan;
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (Y.G.); (S.-I.T.)
| | - Masayoshi Kuwahara
- Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan;
| | - Junyou Li
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-299-45-2606; Fax: +81-299-45-5950
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Tannic acid extracted from gallnut prevents post-weaning diarrhea and improves intestinal health of weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1078-1086. [PMID: 34738038 PMCID: PMC8546364 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tannic acid (TA) on growth performance, diarrhea rate, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 24 d of age, initial average BW = 7.77 ± 0.17 kg) were allotted to 5 groups (6 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group) in a randomized complete block design according to their gender and body weight. Piglets were fed a basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% or 0.4% TA for 28 d. The supplementary levels of TA in the diets were obtained by adding tannalbin containing 51% TA and 40.17% protein. The results showed that, compared with the CON group, dietary TA did not affect ADFI, ADG or F:G, and linearly reduced (P < 0.01) the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of piglets. There were no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in the 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% TA groups, while negative effects (P < 0.05) on apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy were observed in the 0.4% TA group. In addition, the nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with the increase of TA dosage. Supplementation of TA increased (P < 0.05) the villus height of the duodenum and jejunum, as well as increased (P < 0.05) catalase (CAT) activity in serum. Dietary TA improved (P < 0.05) the Bacillus counts in cecal digesta. Further, TA significantly improved (P < 0.05) Bacillus counts and reduced (P < 0.05) the Escherichia coli counts in colonic digesta. The concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and isovaleric acid in cecal digesta were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression level of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2), and claudin-2 (CLDN-2) in the jejunum were greater (P < 0.05) in TA supplemented groups. The study showed that, compared to the control, TA prevented post-weaning diarrhea and improved intestinal health of weaned piglets, and the appropriate level of TA supplementation would be from 0.1% to 0.2%.
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Abdelatty AM, Mandouh MI, Mohamed SA, Busato S, Badr OAM, Bionaz M, Elolimy AA, Moustafa MMA, Farid OAA, Al-Mokaddem AK. Azolla leaf meal at 5% of the diet improves growth performance, intestinal morphology and p70S6K1 activation, and affects cecal microbiota in broiler chicken. Animal 2021; 15:100362. [PMID: 34583315 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing concern about including unconventional dietary protein sources in poultry diets to substitute the protein sources that are essential for human consumption such as soybean meal, Azolla leaf meal (ALM) has grown in popularity. In our prior experiment, ALM was used at inclusion rates of 5 and 10%. Five per cent inclusion of ALM increased broiler chicken growth performance, the concentration of cecal propionic acid, and activation of skeletal muscle p70S6 Kinase1 (p70S6K1) without having detrimental effects on the meat quality. Those results prompted us to further evaluate the effect of the same inclusion rates of ALM on phase feeding and intestine and liver health of the broiler chicks. The current study hypothesis is that dietary ALM positively affects phase feeding, intestinal morphology and p70S6K1 activation, cecal microbial gene expression, and improves the liver energy status. For this, we enrolled 135 one-day-old broiler chicks and collected growth performance data (starter, grower, and finisher stages) and samples of the gastrointestinal tract to analyse the morphology of the villi, immune-related organs, mucin, and abundance of intestinal p70S6K1. Cecal bacterial species were analysed using qPCR and liver samples were collected to analyse adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ATP content and selected oxidative stress biomarkers. ALM increased BW and feed intake during the starter and grower phases but did not affect the feed conversion ratio. Liver oxidative stress and AMP: ATP ratio increased in chickens fed on a diet containing 10% ALM (AZ10; P < 0.05). Jejunum villi length and abundance of duodenal neutral mucin increased but villi of the ileum decreased in chickens fed on a diet containing 5% ALM (AZ5), while lymphoid follicle areas of the cecal tonsils decreased with both doses of ALM. Activation of p70S6K1 increased with AZ10 in the duodenum and AZ5 in the jejunum. In the gut, the family of Enterobacteriaceae decreased with both ALM doses. In conclusion, our results indicate an overall positive effect of dietary inclusion of ALM in the broiler chicken diet via its positive effect on intestinal morphology and function; however, a negative effect on the liver was observed with 10% ALM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abdelatty
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - M I Mandouh
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - S A Mohamed
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 23311, Egypt
| | - S Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 97331, USA
| | - O A M Badr
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 23311, Egypt
| | - M Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 97331, USA
| | - A A Elolimy
- Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Giza 13523, Egypt
| | - M M A Moustafa
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qalyubia 23311, Egypt
| | - O A A Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt
| | - A K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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O’Doherty JV, Venardou B, Rattigan R, Sweeney T. Feeding Marine Polysaccharides to Alleviate the Negative Effects Associated with Weaning in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2644. [PMID: 34573610 PMCID: PMC8465377 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In young pigs, the challenge of weaning frequently leads to dysbiosis. This predisposes pigs to intestinal infection such as post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). Dietary interventions to reduce PWD have centred on dietary inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) and antimicrobials in pig diets, or high concentrations of zinc oxide. These interventions are under scrutiny because of their role in promoting multidrug resistant bacteria and the accumulation of minerals in the environment. There are significant efforts being made to identify natural alternatives. Marine polysaccharides, such as laminarin and fucoidan from macroalgae and chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides from chitin, are an interesting group of marine dietary supplements, due to their prebiotic, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. However, natural variability exists in the quantity, structure, and bioactivity of these polysaccharides between different macroalgae species and harvest seasons, while the wide range of available extraction methodologies and conditions results in further variation. This review will discuss the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the pig during the post-weaning period and how feeding marine polysaccharides in both the maternal and the post-weaned pig diet, can be used to alleviate the negative effects associated with weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Brigkita Venardou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (B.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Ruth Rattigan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland; (B.V.); (T.S.)
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Ali A, Ponnampalam EN, Pushpakumara G, Cottrell JJ, Suleria HAR, Dunshea FR. Cinnamon: A Natural Feed Additive for Poultry Health and Production-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2026. [PMID: 34359154 PMCID: PMC8300125 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics and consumer awareness about the health and food safety concerns have triggered the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promotors (AGPs) in the poultry industry. This situation encouraged the poultry sector and industry to explore safe alternatives to AGPs and focus on developing more sustainable feed management strategies to improve the intestinal health and growth performance of poultry. Consequently, phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have emerged as natural alternatives to AGPs and have great potential in the poultry industry. In recent years, cinnamon (one of the most widely used spices) has attracted attention from researchers as a natural product with numerous health benefits for poultry. The essential oils in cinnamon, in particular, are of interest because of their antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and hypocholesterolaemic effects, in addition to their ability to stimulate digestive enzymes in the gut. This review mainly emphasizes the potential impact of cinnamon as a natural feed additive on overall gut health, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical profile, gene expression, gut microbiota and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (J.J.C.); (H.A.R.S.)
| | - Eric N. Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Gamini Pushpakumara
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Jeremy J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (J.J.C.); (H.A.R.S.)
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (J.J.C.); (H.A.R.S.)
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.A.); (J.J.C.); (H.A.R.S.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Etlingera alba (A.D.) Poulsen Rhizome Extract and Its Antibacterial Properties. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:5570073. [PMID: 34240056 PMCID: PMC8235978 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5570073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Etlingera alba is one of the Etlingera plants that has not been studied intensively. Plants that belong to the same genus have similar constituents and pharmacological activities. Thus, we aim to investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological activities, namely, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, of E. alba rhizome extract (EA). The chemical constituent was detected using the test tube method. The inflammatory model rats were obtained by inducing them with 1% carrageenan, and their palm edema volume and cytokine levels, namely, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, were measured. Antibacterial activity was performed with broth microdilution. The phytochemical screening of EA was detecting alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and phenols. The EA has anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the palms' edema volume and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), and the optimal concentration was 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). On the other hand, EA also exhibited antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. enterica. In conclusion, similar to other Etlingera plants, EA also demonstrates pharmacological activities, namely, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
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Pollution by Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in LiveStock and Poultry Manure in China, and Countermeasures. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050539. [PMID: 34066587 PMCID: PMC8148549 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for animal protein has increased considerably worldwide, especially in China, where large numbers of livestock and poultry are produced. Antibiotics have been widely applied to promote growth and prevent diseases. However, the overuse of antibiotics in animal feed has caused serious environmental and health risks, especially the wide spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which seriously affects animal and human health, food safety, ecosystems, and the sustainable future development of animal protein production. Unfortunately, AMR has already become a worldwide challenge, so international cooperation is becoming more important for combatting it. China’s efforts and determination to restrict antibiotic usage through law enforcement and effective management are of significance. In this review, we address the pollution problems of antibiotics; in particular, the AMR in water, soil, and plants caused by livestock and poultry manure in China. The negative impact of widespread and intensive use of antibiotics in livestock production is discussed. To reduce and mitigate AMR problems, we emphasize in this review the development of antibiotic substitutes for the era of antibiotic prohibition.
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Toxicological Characterization of Ten Medicinal Plants of the Beninese Flora Used in the Traditional Treatment of Diarrheal Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6676904. [PMID: 34007296 PMCID: PMC8102112 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or poorly rational use may present a dose-dependent risk of toxicity to humans. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical and toxicological characteristics of ten (10) plant species used in the traditional treatment of infectious diarrhea in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Vernonia amygdalina, Manihot esculenta, Ocimum gratissimum, Senna italica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Anacardium occidentale was evaluated following the OECD 423 protocol at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. This safety test was complemented by a larval cytotoxicity test. Hematological and biochemical examinations, as well as a histological study of the liver and kidneys, were performed. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the plant extracts studied. Testing for chemical compounds was performed on the basis of differential staining and precipitation reactions. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants studied revealed the presence of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and sterol-terpenes, alkaloids, saponosides, and reducing compounds. This composition varied according to the plants studied. Acute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality and no structural and functional alterations of the liver and kidneys of treated animals. Larval cytotoxicity data suggest that the plants studied are not cytotoxic (LC50 ≥ 0.1 mg/mL). These observations reflect the safety of these plants and justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diarrheal diseases.
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Effect of Hydrolysable Tannins and Anthocyanins on Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Nephropathic Patients: Preliminary Data. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020591. [PMID: 33670236 PMCID: PMC7916964 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by uropathogenic microorganism colonization. UTIs often require an antibiotic therapy that can cause the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. A natural bioactive compound may represent a valid therapeutic adjuvant approach, in combination with drug therapy. In this paper, we present a pilot study, based on the administration of an oral food supplement (OFS), containing chestnut tannins and anthocyanins, to nephropathic patients suffering from recurrent UTIs (16 treated patients with 1 cp/day and 10 untreated patients). We performed laboratory tests and quality of life and body composition assessments, at T0 (baseline) and T1 (after 6 weeks OFS assumption). The analysis of OFS was performed by HPLC-DAD-MS for its content in polyphenols and by in vitro tests for its antioxidative and anti-free radical activities. In each capsule, polyphenol content was 6.21 mg (4.57 mg hydrolysable tannins, 0.94 mg anthocyanosides, 0.51 mg proanthocyanidins, 0.18 mg quercetin derivatives). A significant reduction of erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed only in male patients. Urinalysis showed a significant reduction of leukocytes in both genders, whereas urinary bacterial flora at T1 significantly decreased only in male subjects. Tannins seem to exert an antimicrobial action according to gender, useful to counteract the recurrence of UTIs.
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Fraga-Corral M, Otero P, Cassani L, Echave J, Garcia-Oliveira P, Carpena M, Chamorro F, Lourenço-Lopes C, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Traditional Applications of Tannin Rich Extracts Supported by Scientific Data: Chemical Composition, Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility. Foods 2021; 10:251. [PMID: 33530516 PMCID: PMC7912241 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds historically utilized in textile and adhesive industries, but also in traditional human and animal medicines or foodstuffs. Since 20th-century, advances in analytical chemistry have allowed disclosure of the chemical nature of these molecules. The chemical profile of extracts obtained from previously selected species was investigated to try to establish a bridge between traditional background and scientific data. The study of the chemical composition of these extracts has permitted us to correlate the presence of tannins and other related molecules with the effectiveness of their apparent uses. The revision of traditional knowledge paired with scientific evidence may provide a supporting background on their use and the basis for developing innovative pharmacology and food applications based on formulations using natural sources of tannins. This traditional-scientific approach can result useful due to the raising consumers' demand for natural products in markets, to which tannin-rich extracts may pose an attractive alternative. Therefore, it is of interest to back traditional applications with accurate data while meeting consumer's acceptance. In this review, several species known to contain high amounts of tannins have been selected as a starting point to establish a correlation between their alleged traditional use, tannins content and composition and potential bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolonia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Lucia Cassani
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
- Research Group of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata RA7600, Argentina
| | - Javier Echave
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Paula Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolonia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Franklin Chamorro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Catarina Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.F.-C.); (P.O.); (L.C.); (J.E.); (P.G.-O.); (M.C.); (F.C.); (C.L.-L.)
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Chiocchio I, Mandrone M, Tomasi P, Marincich L, Poli F. Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy. Molecules 2021; 26:495. [PMID: 33477709 PMCID: PMC7831927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving toward a more sustainable development, a pivotal role is played by circular economy and a smarter waste management. Industrial wastes from plants offer a wide spectrum of possibilities for their valorization, still being enriched in high added-value molecules, such as secondary metabolites (SMs). The current review provides an overview of the most common SM classes (chemical structures, classification, biological activities) present in different plant waste/by-products and their potential use in various fields. A bibliographic survey was carried out, taking into account 99 research articles (from 2006 to 2020), summarizing all the information about waste type, its plant source, industrial sector of provenience, contained SMs, reported bioactivities, and proposals for its valorization. This survey highlighted that a great deal of the current publications are focused on the exploitation of plant wastes in human healthcare and food (including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food additives). However, as summarized in this review, plant SMs also possess an enormous potential for further uses. Accordingly, an increasing number of investigations on neglected plant matrices and their use in areas such as veterinary science or agriculture are expected, considering also the need to implement "greener" practices in the latter sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Mandrone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (I.C.); (P.T.); (L.M.); (F.P.)
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Lone A, Mottawea W, Ait Chait Y, Hammami R. Dual Inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Clostridium perfringens by New Probiotic Candidates Isolated from Chicken Intestinal Mucosa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010166. [PMID: 33451155 PMCID: PMC7828620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is the fastest-growing agricultural sector globally. With poultry meat being economical and in high demand, the end product’s safety is of importance. Globally, governments are coming together to ban the use of antibiotics as prophylaxis and for growth promotion in poultry. Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens are two leading pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses and are linked explicitly to poultry products. Furthermore, numerous outbreaks occur every year. A substitute for antibiotics is required by the industry to maintain the same productivity level and, hence, profits. We aimed to isolate and identify potential probiotic strains from the ceca mucosa of the chicken intestinal tract with bacteriocinogenic properties. We were able to isolate multiple and diverse strains, including a new uncultured bacterium, with inhibitory activity against Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Salmonella Abony NCTC 6017, Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10708, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The five most potent strains were further characterized for their probiotic potential (i.e., sensitivity to antibiotics and tolerance to gastrointestinal physicochemical conditions). Our analyzed lactobacilli strains exhibited some interesting probiotic features while being inhibitory against targeted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Lone
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
| | - Walid Mottawea
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yasmina Ait Chait
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
| | - Riadh Hammami
- NuGUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada; (A.L.); (W.M.); (Y.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-562-5800 (ext. 4110)
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Lee A, Dal Pont GC, Farnell MB, Jarvis S, Battaglia M, Arsenault RJ, Kogut MH. Supplementing chestnut tannins in the broiler diet mediates a metabolic phenotype of the ceca. Poult Sci 2021; 100:47-54. [PMID: 33357706 PMCID: PMC7772675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the demand for alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) increases in food animal production, phytobiotic compounds gain popularity because of their ability to mimic the desirable bioactive properties of AGP. Chestnut tannins (ChT) are one of many phytobiotic compounds used as feed additives, particularly in South America, for broilers because of its favorable antimicrobial and growth promotion capabilities. Although studies have observed the microbiological and immunologic effects of ChT, there is a lack of studies evaluating the metabolic function of ChT. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the cecal metabolic changes induced by ChT inclusion and how they relate to growth promotion. A total of 200 day-of-hatch broiler chicks were separated into 2 feed treatment groups: control and 1% ChT. The ceca from all the chicks in the treatment groups were collected on day 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after hatch. The cytokine mRNA quantitative RT-PCR was determined using TaqMan gene expression assays for IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and interferon gamma quantification. The cytokine expression showed highly significant increased expressions of IL-6 and IL-10 on day 2 and 6, whereas the other proinflammatory cytokines did not have significantly increased expression. The results from the kinome array demonstrated that the ceca from birds fed with 1% ChT had significant (P < 0.05) metabolic alterations based on the number of peptides when compared with the control group across all day tested. The increased expression of IL-6 appeared to be strongly indicative of altered metabolism, whereas the increased expression of IL-10 indicated the regulatory effect against other proinflammatory cytokines other than IL-6. The ChT initiate a metabolic mechanism during the first 10 d in the broiler. For the first time, we show that a phytobiotic product initially modulates metabolism while also potentially supporting growth and feed efficiency downstream. In conclusion, a metabolic phenotype alteration in the ceca of chickens fed ChT may indicate the importance of enhanced broiler gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annah Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
| | | | - Morgan B Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan J Arsenault
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Bakare AG, Cawaki P, Ledua I, Bautista-Jimenez V, Kour G, Sharma AC, Tamani E. Quality evaluation of breast meat from chickens fed cassava leaf meal-based diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Feed supply is an important constraint for poultry production in South Pacific island nations. The use of non-conventional feed resources, such as cassava leaves, could partly fill the gap in the feed supply and reduce feed production costs. Cassava leaves are locally available in South Pacific island nations, but the effects of including these in the diet of chickens are not known.
Aim
It was hypothesised that cassava leaf meal (CLM) at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in diets of broiler chickens did not affect the chemical and sensory attributes of breast meat.
Methods
A total of 80 Cobb 500 female broilers were fed treatment diets with CLM included at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% DM from the age of 21 days to 49 days. Twenty chickens were subjected to each treatment diet. Samples of pectoralis major muscles (breast meat) from chickens fed the treatment diets were removed and analysed for chemical and sensory parameters.
Key results
Ash, crude fat and carbohydrate content were low in breast meat of chickens fed diets with higher inclusion levels of CLM (30%) compared with breast meat of chickens fed other treatment diets (P < 0.05). There was a quadratic relationship between ash content of breast meat and inclusion levels of CLM in the diets of chickens (P < 0.05). No relationships were observed between sensory attributes of breast meat and inclusion levels of CLM in the diets of chickens. Principal component analysis showed the first four principal components (PC) with an eigenvalue >1 account for 77.1% of the total variance for quality parameters of breast meat from chicken fed CLM-based diets. The two main components (PC1 vs PC2) together explained 52.46% of the variation. The data on panellists generated by PC1 versus PC2 plot suggests that the roasted breast meat could be separated by different treatment groups.
Conclusion
The results show that CLM inclusion in the diets of chickens does not affect the sensory qualities of chicken breast meat. Chemical attributes of breast meat were, however, affected when broiler chickens were fed CLM-based diets
Implication
Further exploration of the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of breast meat from chickens fed CLM-based diets is essential for human clinical application and the meat processing industry.
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Mancheño JM, Atondo E, Tomás-Cortázar J, Luís Lavín J, Plaza-Vinuesa L, Martín-Ruiz I, Barriales D, Palacios A, Daniel Navo C, Sampedro L, Peña-Cearra A, Ángel Pascual-Itoiz M, Castelo J, Carreras-González A, Castellana D, Pellón A, Delgado S, Ruas-Madiedo P, de Las Rivas B, Abecia L, Muñoz R, Jiménez-Osés G, Anguita J, Rodríguez H. A structurally unique Fusobacterium nucleatum tannase provides detoxicant activity against gallotannins and pathogen resistance. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 15:648-667. [PMID: 33336898 PMCID: PMC8867971 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression is associated with the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the reduction of acetylated derivatives of spermidine, as well as dietary components such as tannin-rich foods. We show that a new tannase orthologue of F. nucleatum (TanBFnn ) has significant structural differences with its Lactobacillus plantarum counterpart affecting the flap covering the active site and the accessibility of substrates. Crystallographic and molecular dynamics analysis revealed binding of polyamines to a small cavity that connects the active site with the bulk solvent which interact with catalytically indispensable residues. As a result, spermidine and its derivatives, particularly N8 -acetylated spermidine, inhibit the hydrolytic activity of TanBFnn and increase the toxicity of gallotannins to F. nucleatum. Our results support a model in which the balance between the detoxicant activity of TanBFnn and the presence of metabolic inhibitors can dictate either conducive or unfavourable conditions for the survival of F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Mancheño
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano" (IQFR-CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Atondo
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Julen Tomás-Cortázar
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain.,UCD Conway Institute, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - José Luís Lavín
- Bioinformatics Unit, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Itziar Martín-Ruiz
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Palacios
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | | | - Leticia Sampedro
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Ainize Peña-Cearra
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pascual-Itoiz
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Janire Castelo
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Ana Carreras-González
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | | | - Aize Pellón
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Dairy Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - CSIC), Asturias, 33300, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Dairy Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council (Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - CSIC), Asturias, 33300, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Leticia Abecia
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | | | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA (Basque Research and Technology Alliance), Derio, 48160, Spain
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Casanova NA, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Joaquim PE, Dominguez JE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME, Chacana PA. Efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:135-145. [PMID: 33251637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E A Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P E Joaquim
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Choi J, Kim WK. Dietary Application of Tannins as a Potential Mitigation Strategy for Current Challenges in Poultry Production: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122389. [PMID: 33327595 PMCID: PMC7765034 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are diverse challenges in the poultry production industry that decrease the productivity and efficiency of poultry production, impair animal welfare, and pose issues to public health. Furthermore, the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in feed, which have been used to improve the growth performance and gut health of chickens, has been restricted in many countries. Tannins, polyphenolic compounds that precipitate proteins, are considered as alternatives for AGP in feed and provide solutions to mitigate challenges in poultry production due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gut health promoting effects. However, because high dosages of tannins have antinutritional effects when fed to poultry, determining appropriate dosages of supplemental tannins is critical for their potential implementation as a solution for the challenges faced in poultry production. Abstract The poultry industry has an important role in producing sources of protein for the world, and the size of global poultry production continues to increase annually. However, the poultry industry is confronting diverse challenges including bacterial infection (salmonellosis), coccidiosis, oxidative stress, including that caused by heat stress, welfare issues such as food pad dermatitis (FPD) and nitrogen and greenhouse gasses emissions that cumulatively cause food safety issues, reduce the efficacy of poultry production, impair animal welfare, and induce environmental issues. Furthermore, restrictions on the use of AGP have exacerbated several of these negative effects. Tannins, polyphenolic compounds that possess a protein precipitation capacity, have been considered as antinutritional factors in the past because high dosages of tannins can decrease feed intake and negatively affect nutrient digestibility and absorption. However, tannins have been shown to have antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and as such, have gained interest as promising bioactive compounds to help alleviate the challenges of AGP removal in the poultry industry. In addition, the beneficial effects of tannins can be enhanced by several strategies including heat processing, combining tannins with other bioactive compounds, and encapsulation. As a result, supplementation of tannins alone or in conjunction with the above strategies could be an effective approach to decrease the need of AGP and otherwise improve poultry production efficiency.
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Brugaletta G, Luise D, De Cesare A, Zampiga M, Laghi L, Trevisi P, Manfreda G, Sirri F. Insights into the mode of action of tannin-based feed additives in broiler chickens: looking for connections with the plasma metabolome and caecal microbiota. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1842813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Selaledi L, Mabelebele M. The Effects of Tannins in Monogastric Animals with Special Reference to Alternative Feed Ingredients. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204680. [PMID: 33066367 PMCID: PMC7587385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, the monogastric animal industry has witnessed an increase in feed prices due to several factors, and this trend is likely to continue. The hike in feed prices is mostly due to extreme competition over commonly used conventional ingredients. For this trend to be subdued, alternative ingredients of both plant and animal origin need to be sourced. These types of ingredients are investigated with the aim of substituting all or some of the conventional compounds. However, alternative ingredients often have a double-edged sword effect, in that they can supply animals with the necessary nutrients although they contain antinutritional factors such as tannins. Tannins are complex secondary metabolites commonly present in the plant kingdom, known to bind with protein and make it unavailable; however, recently they have been proven to have the potential to replace conventional ingredients, in addition to their health benefits, particularly the control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella. Thus, the purpose of this review is to (1) classify the types of tannins present in alternative feed ingredients, and (2) outline the effects and benefits of tannins in monogastric animals. Several processing methods have been reported to reduce tannins in diets for monogastric animals; furthermore, these need to be cost-effective. It can thus be concluded that the level of inclusion of tannins in diets will depend on the type of ingredient and the animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Letlhogonolo Selaledi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-471-3983
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Abbasi R, Abdi-Hachesoo B, Razavi SM, Namazi F, Nazifi S. In vitro and in vivo activity of cinnamaldehyde against Eimeria kofoidi in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar). Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107978. [PMID: 32853633 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and twenty one-day-old chukar partridges were randomly divided into eight groups which received diets with different supplementations. There were four unchallenged groups. One group received salinomycin (50 ppm), two groups received cinnamaldehyde (CINN) (100 and 200 mg/kg of diet), and another one received only the basal diet from the 1st to the 31st day. There were also four corresponding groups orally challenged by 3 × 105Eimeria kofoidi sporulated oocysts at the 21st day. Three samplings were done at the 24th, 26th, and 31st days of rearing for pathological and biochemical assessments. Fecal samples were daily taken to check the pattern of oocyst shedding from the 26th to 31st day. The body weight of birds was measured at 21st and 31st days. Along with the in vivo experiment, an in vitro sporulation inhibition test was carried out. The in vitro results showed that CINN decreased sporulation rate at 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. In vivo, it was found that CINN did not prevent the oocyst shedding. Furthermore, the histopathological findings revealed that CINN and salinomycin had no effect on infection establishment. However, our findings showed that CINN (200 mg/kg of diet) could enhance the body weight and improve antioxidant status. Although our results did not support the in vivo anticoccidial activity of CINN, it had a promising potential to improve antioxidant status and body weight in the chukar partridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abbasi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Abdi-Hachesoo
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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