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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Rahman A, Chen M, Li N, Wu T, Qi Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Rumen microbiota succession throughout the perinatal period and its association with postpartum production traits in dairy cows: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:17-26. [PMID: 39022774 PMCID: PMC11253274 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The transition period for dairy cows usually refers to the 3 weeks pre-calving to the 3 weeks post-calving. During this period, dairy cows undergo metabolic and physiological adaptations because of their susceptibility to metabolic and infectious diseases. Poor feeding management under these circumstances may adversely affect the health and subsequent production performance of the cows. Owing to long-term adaptation and evolution, the rumen has become a unique ecosystem inhabited by a complex microbial community closely associated with its natural host. Dietary components are metabolized by the rumen microbiota, and volatile fatty acids and microbial protein products can be used as precursor substances for synthesizing meat and milk components. The successful transition of perinatal dairy cows includes changes in diet, physiology, and the rumen microbiota. Rumen microbial profiles have been confirmed to be heritable and repairable; however, adverse circumstances affect rumen microbial composition, host digestion and metabolism, as well as postpartum production traits of dairy cows for a certain period. Preliminary evidence indicates a close relationship between the rumen microbiota and animal performance. Therefore, changes in rumen microbes during the transition period and the intrinsic links between the microbiota and host postpartum phenotypic traits need to be better understood to optimize production performance in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ashikur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yunxia Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Toyber I, Kumar R, Jami E. Rumen protozoa are a hub for diverse hydrogenotrophic functions. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13298. [PMID: 38961629 PMCID: PMC11222294 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ciliate protozoa are an integral part of the rumen microbial community involved in a variety of metabolic processes. These processes are thought to be in part the outcome of interactions with their associated prokaryotic community. For example, methane production is enhanced through interspecies hydrogen transfer between protozoa and archaea. We hypothesize that ciliate protozoa are host to a stable prokaryotic community dictated by specific functions they carry. Here, we modify the microbial community by varying the forage-to-concentrate ratios and show that, despite major changes in the prokaryotic community, several taxa remain stably associated with ciliate protozoa. By quantifying genes belonging to various known reduction pathways in the rumen, we find that the bacterial community associated with protozoa is enriched in genes belonging to hydrogen utilization pathways and that these genes correspond to the same taxonomic affiliations seen enriched in protozoa. Our results show that ciliate protozoa in the rumen may serve as a hub for various hydrogenotrophic functions and a better understanding of the processes driven by different protozoa may unveil the potential role of ciliates in shaping rumen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Toyber
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal SciencesAgricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZionIsrael
- Department of Animal Sciencethe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Raghawendra Kumar
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal SciencesAgricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Elie Jami
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal SciencesAgricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZionIsrael
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Vargas JDJ, Tarnonsky F, Podversich F, Maderal A, Fernandez-Marenchino I, Gómez-López C, Heredia D, Schulmeister TM, Ruiz-Ascacibar I, Gonella-Diaza A, Ipharraguerre IR, DiLorenzo N. Impact of Supplementing a Backgrounding Diet with Nonprotein Nitrogen on In Vitro Methane Production, Nutrient Digestibility, and Steer Performance. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae048. [PMID: 38401155 PMCID: PMC10957118 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementation on in vitro fermentation and animal performance using a backgrounding diet. In experiment 1, incubations were conducted on three separate days (replicates). Treatments were control (CTL, without NPN), urea (U), urea-biuret (UB), and urea-biuret-nitrate (UBN) mixtures. Except for control, treatments were isonitrogenous using 1% U inclusion as a reference. Ruminal fluid was collected from two Angus-crossbred steers fed a backgrounding diet plus 100 g of a UBN mixture for at least 35 d. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and total gas and methane (CH4) production were determined at 24 h of incubation. In experiment 2, 72 Angus-crossbred yearling steers (303 ± 29 kg of body weight [BW]) were stratified by BW and randomly allocated in nine pens (eight animals/pen and three pens/treatment). Steers consumed a backgrounding diet formulated to match the diet used in the in vitro fermentation experiment. Treatments were U, UB, and UBN and were isonitrogenous using 1% U inclusion as a reference. Steers were adapted to the NPN supplementation for 17 d. Then, digestibility evaluation was performed after 13 d of full NPN supplementation for 4 d using 36 steers (12 steers/treatment). After that, steer performance was evaluated for 56 d (24 steers/treatment). In experiment 1, NPN supplementation increased the concentration of NH3-N and VFA (P < 0.01) without affecting the IVOMD (P = 0.48), total gas (P = 0.51), and CH4 production (P = 0.57). Additionally, in vitro fermentation parameters did not differ (P > 0.05) among NPN sources. In experiment 2, NPN supplementation did not change dry matter and nutrient intake (P > 0.05). However, UB and UBN showed lower (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility than U, except for starch (P = 0.20). Dry matter intake (P = 0.28), average daily gain (P = 0.88), and gain:feed (P = 0.63) did not differ among steers receiving NPN mixtures. In conclusion, tested NPN mixtures have the potential to be included in the backgrounding diets without any apparent negative effects on animal performance and warrant further studies to evaluate other variables to fully assess the response of feeding these novel NPN mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de J Vargas
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Federico Tarnonsky
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Federico Podversich
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Araceli Maderal
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Camila Gómez-López
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Daniella Heredia
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | - Tessa M Schulmeister
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Angela Gonella-Diaza
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
| | | | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, USA
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Dawson B, Drewer J, Roberts T, Levy P, Heal M, Cowan N. Measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in human breath and the development of UK scale emissions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295157. [PMID: 38091323 PMCID: PMC10718453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled human breath can contain small, elevated concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which contribute to global warming. These emissions from humans are not well understood and are rarely quantified in global greenhouse gas inventories. This study investigated emissions of CH4 and N2O in human breath from 104 volunteers in the UK population, to better understand what drives these emissions and to quantify national-scale estimates. A total of 328 breath samples were collected, and age, sex, dietary preference, and smoking habits were recorded for every participant. The percentage of methane producers (MPs) identified in this study was 31%. The percentage of MPs was higher in older age groups with 25% of people under the age of 30 classified as MPs compared to 40% in the 30+ age group. Females (38%) were more likely to be MPs than males (25%), though overall concentrations emitted from both MP groups were similar. All participants were found to emit N2O in breath, though none of the factors investigated explained the differences in emissions. Dietary preference was not found to affect CH4 or N2O emissions from breath in this study. We estimate a total emission of 1.04 (0.86-1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066-0.072) Gg of N2O in human breath annually in the UK, the equivalent of 53.9 (47.8-60.0) Gg of CO2. In terms of magnitude, these values are approximately 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions of CH4 and N2O reported in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dawson
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Drewer
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Roberts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Heal
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cowan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Vadroňová M, Šťovíček A, Jochová K, Výborná A, Tyrolová Y, Tichá D, Homolka P, Joch M. Combined effects of nitrate and medium-chain fatty acids on methane production, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacterial populations in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21961. [PMID: 38081855 PMCID: PMC10713576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the combined effects of nitrate (NT) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), including C8, C10, C12, and C14, on methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen bacteria using a 24 h batch incubation technique. Four types of treatments were used: control (no nitrate, no MCFA), NT (nitrate at 3.65 mM), NT + MCFA (nitrate at 3.65 mM + one of the four MCFA at 500 mg/L), and NT + MCFA/MCFA (nitrate at 3.65 mM + a binary combination of MCFA at 250 and 250 mg/L). All treatments decreased (P < 0.001) methanogenesis (mL/g dry matter incubated) compared with the control, but their efficiency was dependent on the MCFA type. The most efficient CH4 inhibitor was the NT + C10 treatment (- 40%). The combinations containing C10 and C12 had the greatest effect on bacterial alpha and beta diversity and relative microbial abundance (P < 0.001). Next-generation sequencing showed that the family Succinivibrionaceae was favored in treatments with the greatest CH4 inhibition at the expense of Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Archaea decreased (P < 0.05) in the NT + C10 and NT + C10/C12 treatments. These results confirm that the combination of NT with MCFA (C10 and C12 in particular) may effectively reduce CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vadroňová
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Šťovíček
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jochová
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Výborná
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Tyrolová
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Tichá
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Homolka
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Joch
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Braidot M, Sarnataro C, Spanghero M. Dynamics of in vitro rumen methane production after nitrate addition. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:512-523. [PMID: 38230435 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2282348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the dynamics of rumen methane (CH4) production following the addition of NaNO3. This was done using an in vitro rumen fermentation system that ensures continuous gas and methane assessments. Four different levels of NaNO3 were used to get the final nitrate concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/ml of rumen fluid. For each dose, corresponding controls contained sodium chloride and urea were realised to ensure comparable levels of sodium and nitrogen. The addition of nitrates had slight effect on the intensity of fermentation because the total gas produced minus CH4 (total methane-free gas) only went down at the highest dose (2.0 mg/ml), and the final concentrations of SCFA were the same at all doses. The most evident effect was a modification of the SCFA profile (low concentrations of propionate and valerate, progressive increments of acetate, and decreases of butyrate) and a reduction in overall CH4 production. The CH4 yield for the 0.5 mg/ml dose was not different from control in the entire fermentation. Yield of the 1.0 mg/ml dose was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05) only within the initial 24-h period, and higher dosages (1.5 and 2.0 mg/ml) were lower during the entire fermentation (p < 0.01). Methane yields were well fitted with the Gompertz model, but only the highest level of nitrate inclusion had a significant impact on the majority of model parameters (p < 0.01). The linear regressions between CH4 yields (y) and the amounts of nitrates (x) at progressive fermentation durations (e.g. 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) produced equations with increasing absolute slopes (from -0.069 to -0.517 ml/mg of nitrate). Therefore, nitrate reduced rumen CH4 yield in a dose-dependent manner: the impact of low doses was primarily observed at the initial stages of fermentation, whereas high doses exhibited effectiveness throughout the entire fermentation process. In conclusion, in batch fermentation systems, the dose effect of nitrates on methane yield was time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Braidot
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnataro
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio, Italy
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Patra AK, Puchala R. Methane mitigation in ruminants with structural analogues and other chemical compounds targeting archaeal methanogenesis pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108268. [PMID: 37793598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are responsible for enteric methane production contributing significantly to the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, dietary energy is lost as methane gas without being available for animal use. Therefore, many mitigation strategies aiming at interventions at animals, diet, and microbiota have been explored by researchers. Specific chemical analogues targeting the enzymes of the methanogenic pathway appear to be more effective in specifically inhibiting the growth of methane-producing archaea without hampering another microbiome, particularly, cellulolytic microbiota. The targets of methanogenesis reactions that have been mainly investigated in ruminal fluid include methyl coenzyme M reductase (halogenated sulfonate and nitrooxy compounds), corrinoid enzymes (halogenated aliphatic compounds), formate dehydrogenase (nitro compounds, e.g., nitroethane and 2-nitroethanol), and deazaflavin (F420) (pterin and statin compounds). Many other potential metabolic reaction targets in methanogenic archaea have not been evaluated properly. The analogues are specifically effective inhibitors of methanogens, but their efficacy to lower methanogenesis over time reduces due to the metabolism of the compounds by other microbiota or the development of resistance mechanisms by methanogens. In this short review, methanogen populations inhabited in the rumen, methanogenesis pathways and methane analogues, and other chemical compounds specifically targeting the metabolic reactions in the pathways and methane production in ruminants have been discussed. Although many methane inhibitors have been evaluated in lowering methane emission in ruminants, advancement in unravelling the molecular mechanisms of specific methane inhibitors targeting the metabolic pathways in methanogens is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA.
| | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA; Applied Physiology Unit, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, Warsaw, Poland
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Lileikis T, Nainienė R, Bliznikas S, Uchockis V. Dietary Ruminant Enteric Methane Mitigation Strategies: Current Findings, Potential Risks and Applicability. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2586. [PMID: 37627377 PMCID: PMC10451764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of different dietary ruminant enteric methane mitigation strategies and their modes of action together with the issues discussed regarding the potential harms/risks and applicability of such strategies. By investigating these strategies, we can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence methane production and identify promising approaches for sustainable mitigation of methane emissions. Out of all nutritional strategies, the use of 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, tannins, saponins, essential oils, nitrates, and sulfates demonstrates the potential to reduce emissions and receives a lot of attention from the scientific community. The use of certain additives as pure compounds is challenging under certain conditions, such as pasture-based systems, so the potential use of forages with sufficient amounts of plant secondary metabolites is also explored. Additionally, improved forage quality (maturity and nutrient composition) might help to further reduce emissions. Red seaweed, although proven to be very effective in reducing emissions, raises some questions regarding the volatility of the main active compound, bromoform, and challenges regarding the cultivation of the seaweed. Other relatively new methods of mitigation, such as the use of cyanogenic glycosides, are also discussed in this article. Together with nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides pose serious risks to animal health, but research has proven their efficacy and safety when control measures are taken. Furthermore, the risks of nitrate use can be minimized by using probiotics. Some of the discussed strategies, namely monensin or halogenated hydrocarbons (as pure compounds), demonstrate efficacy but are unlikely to be implemented widely because of legal restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lileikis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Nainienė
- Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Saulius Bliznikas
- Analytical Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
| | - Virginijus Uchockis
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, Animal Science Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, R. Žebenkos 12, 82317 Baisogala, Lithuania;
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Amin AB, Zhang L, Zhang J, Mao S. Metagenomics analysis reveals differences in rumen microbiota in cows with low and high milk protein percentage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12620-2. [PMID: 37306708 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Variation exists in milk protein concentration of dairy cows of the same breed that are fed and managed in the same environment, and little information was available on this variation which might be attributed to differences in rumen microbial composition as well as their fermentation metabolites. This study is aimed at investigating the difference in the composition and functions of rumen microbiota as well as fermentation metabolites in Holstein cows with high and low milk protein concentrations. In this study, 20 lactating Holstein cows on the same diet were divided into two groups (10 cows each), high degree of milk protein group (HD), and low degree of milk protein (LD) concentrations based on previous milk composition history. Rumen content samples were obtained to explore the rumen fermentation parameters and rumen microbial composition. Shotgun metagenomics sequencing was employed to investigate the rumen microbial composition and sequences were assembled via the metagenomics binning technique. Metagenomics revealed that 6 Archaea genera, 5 Bacteria genera, 7 Eukaryota genera, and 7 virus genera differed significantly between the HD and LD group. The analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) showed that 2 genera (g__Eubacterium_H and g__Dialister) were significantly enriched (P < 0.05, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 2) in the HD group. However, the LD group recorded an increased abundance (P < 0.05, LDA > 2) of 8 genera (g__CAG-603, g__UBA2922, g__Ga6A1, g__RUG13091, g__Bradyrhizobium, g__Sediminibacterium, g__UBA6382, and g__Succinivibrio) when compared to the HD group. Furthermore, investigation of the KEGG genes revealed an upregulation in a higher number of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and lysine biosynthesis pathways in the HD group as compared to the LD group. Therefore, the high milk protein concentration in the HD group could be explained by an increased ammonia synthesis by ruminal microbes which were converted to microbial amino acids and microbial protein (MCP) in presence of an increased energy source made possible by higher activities of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). This MCP gets absorbed in the small intestine as amino acids and might be utilized for the synthesis of milk protein. KEY POINTS: • Rumen microbiota and their functions differed between cows with high milk protein % and those with low milk protein %. • The rumen microbiome of cows with high milk protein recorded a higher number of enriched genes linked to the nitrogen metabolism pathway and lysine biosynthesis pathway. • The activities of carbohydrate-active enzymes were found to be higher in the rumen of cows with high milk protein %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmumini Baba Amin
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Lei Zhang
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - JiYou Zhang
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Centre for Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Centre for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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10
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Firkins JL, Mitchell KE. Invited review: Rumen modifiers in today's dairy rations. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3053-3071. [PMID: 36935236 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to review feed additives that have a potential ruminal mechanism of action when fed to dairy cattle. We discuss how additives can influence ruminal fermentation stoichiometry through electron transfer mechanisms, particularly the production and usage of dihydrogen. Lactate accumulation should be avoided, especially when acidogenic conditions suppress ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility or lead to subclinical acidosis. Yeast products and other probiotics are purported to influence lactate uptake, but growing evidence also supports that yeast products influence expression of gut epithelial genes promoting barrier function and resulting inflammatory responses by the host to various stresses. We also have summarized methane-suppressing additives for potential usage in dairy rations. We focused on those with potential to decrease methane production without decreasing fiber digestibility or milk production. We identified some mitigating factors that need to be addressed more fully in future research. Growth factors such as branched-chain volatile fatty acids also are part of crucial cross-feeding among groups of microbes, particularly to optimize fiber digestibility in the rumen. Our developments of mechanisms of action for various rumen-active modifiers should help nutrition advisors anticipate when a benefit in field conditions is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
| | - K E Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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11
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Parra MC, Forwood DL, Chaves AV, Meale SJ. In vitro screening of anti-methanogenic additives for use in Australian grazing systems. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1123532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable effort to develop and optimise additives to reduce methane emissions from cattle, little information on additive effectiveness exists for cattle under grazing scenarios. As the majority of Australian cattle production occurs on grazing land it is pertinent to report on the use of additives under simulated conditions. The current study evaluated the addition of nine additives to Rhodes grass hay under in vitro conditions, to estimate their impact on methane (CH4), gas production, and rumen fermentation parameters (volatile fatty acids, rumen pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility [IVDMD]). Citral extract at 0.1% of rumen media decreased all CH4 production parameters, but reduced gas production and digestibility, compared to a 100% hay control. Similarly, Sandalwood essential oil decreased CH4 production at 48 h, IVDMD and gas production, compared to the control. Biochar + nitrates at 5 and 8% DM, and Biochar + Asparagopsis at 5% DM decreased cumulative CH4 production (15.6%, 25.9%, 23.8%, respectively; P < 0.01), compared to the control. No changes in IVDMD and gas production were observed. As such, the biochar additives were considered the most promising additives from those evaluated with a substrate designed to replicate Australian grazing systems.
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Palangi V, Lackner M. Management of Enteric Methane Emissions in Ruminants Using Feed Additives: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243452. [PMID: 36552373 PMCID: PMC9774182 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminants' metabolism, a surplus of hydrogen is removed from the reduction reaction of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) by the formation of methane by methanogenic bacteria and archaea methanogens. The balance of calculations between VFA (volatile fatty acids), CO2, and CH4 indicates that acetate and butyrate play a role in methane production, while the formation of propionate maintains hydrogen and therefore reduces methane production. CH4 formation in ruminant livestock is not desired because it reduces feed efficiency and contributes to global warming. Therefore, numerous strategies have been investigated to mitigate methane production in ruminants. This review focuses on feed additives which have the capability of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. Due to the environmental importance of methane emissions, such studies are needed to make milk and meat production more sustainable. Additionally, the additives which have no adverse effects on rumen microbial population and where the reduction effects are a result of their hydrogen sink property, are the best reduction methods. Methane inhibitors have shown such a property in most cases. More work is needed to bring methane-reducing agents in ruminant diets to full market maturity, so that farmers can reap feed cost savings and simultaneously achieve environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Maximilian Lackner
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Hoechstaedtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Circe Biotechnologie GmbH, Kerpengasse 125, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (M.L.)
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13
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Kang H, Lee J, Zhou X, Kim J, Yang Y. The Effects of N Enrichment on Microbial Cycling of Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases in Soils-a Review and a Meta-analysis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:945-957. [PMID: 34725713 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are typically nitrogen (N) limited, but recent years have witnessed N enrichment in various soil ecosystems caused by human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and fertilizer application. This enrichment may alter microbial processes in soils in a way that would increase the emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), thereby aggravating global climate change. This review focuses on the effects of N enrichment on methanogens and methanotrophs, which play a central role in the dynamics of CH4 at the global scale. We also address the effects of N enrichment on N2O, which is produced in soils mainly by nitrification and denitrification. Overall, N enrichment inhibits methanogenesis in pure culture experiments, while its effects on CH4 oxidation are more complicated. The majority of previous studies reported that N enrichment, especially NH4+ enrichment, inhibits CH4 oxidation, resulting in higher CH4 emissions from soils. However, both activation and neutral responses have also been reported, particularly in rice paddies and landfill sites, which is well reflected in our meta-analysis. In contrast, N enrichment substantially increases N2O emission by both nitrification and denitrification, which increases proportionally to the amount of N amended. Future studies should address the effects of N enrichment on the active microbes of those functional groups at multiple scales along with parameterization of microbial communities for the application to climate models at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yerang Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Król B, Słupczyńska M, Wilk M, Asghar M, Cwynar P. Anaerobic rumen fungi and fungal direct-fed microbials
in ruminant feeding. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/153961/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Beauchemin KA, Ungerfeld EM, Abdalla AL, Alvarez C, Arndt C, Becquet P, Benchaar C, Berndt A, Mauricio RM, McAllister TA, Oyhantçabal W, Salami SA, Shalloo L, Sun Y, Tricarico J, Uwizeye A, De Camillis C, Bernoux M, Robinson T, Kebreab E. Invited review: Current enteric methane mitigation options. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9297-9326. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Almeida K, Santos G, Daniel J, Nino-de-Guzman C, Amaro F, Sultana H, Arriola K, Araujo R, Vyas D. Effects of nitrate sources on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters in diets differing in starch degradability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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17
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Bagchi S, Sahoo RN, Behera M. Sodium nitrate as a methanogenesis suppressor in earthen separator microbial fuel cell treating rice mill wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61803-61810. [PMID: 34235693 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the sustainable technologies, which alongside treating wastewater, can generate electricity. However, its performance is limited by factors like methanogenesis where methanogens compete with the anode respiring bacteria for substrate, reducing the power output. Thus, sodium nitrate, which has been previously reported to target the hydrogenotrophic methanogens, was used as a methanogenic suppressor in this study. The performance of MFC with and without sodium nitrate was studied during the treatment of rice mill wastewater. A significantly higher power density and coulombic efficiency (CE) were noted in the MFC with sodium nitrate (MFCT) (271.26 mW/m3) as compared to the control MFC (MFCC) (107.95 mW/m3). Polarization studies showed lower internal resistance for the MFCT (330 Ω) as compared to MFCC (390 Ω). Linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry indicated a higher electron discharge on the anode surface due to enhancement of electrogenic activity. Considerable reduction (76.8%) in specific methanogenic activity was also observed in anaerobic sewage sludge mixed with sodium nitrate compared to the activity of anaerobic sewage sludge without any treatment. Due to the inhibition of methanogens, a lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol removal efficiency were observed in MFCT as compared to MFCC. The COD balance study showed an increase in substrate conversion to electricity despite the increase in nitrate concentration. Therefore, selective inhibition of methanogenesis had been achieved with the addition of sodium nitrate, thus enhancing the power generation by MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdipta Bagchi
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Sahoo
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manaswini Behera
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Ma J, Zhong P, Li Y, Sun Z, Sun X, Aung M, Hao L, Cheng Y, Zhu W. Hydrogenosome, Pairing Anaerobic Fungi and H2-Utilizing Microorganisms Based on Metabolic Ties to Facilitate Biomass Utilization. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040338. [PMID: 35448569 PMCID: PMC9026988 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi, though low in abundance in rumen, play an important role in the degradation of forage for herbivores. When only anaerobic fungi exist in the fermentation system, the continuous accumulation of metabolites (e.g., hydrogen (H2) and formate) generated from their special metabolic organelles—the hydrogenosome—inhibits the enzymatic reactions in the hydrogenosome and reduces the activity of the anaerobic fungi. However, due to interspecific H2 transfer, H2 produced by the hydrogenosome can be used by other microorganisms to form valued bioproducts. This symbiotic interaction between anaerobic fungi and other microorganisms can be used to improve the nutritional value of animal feeds and produce value-added products that are normally in low concentrations in the fermentation system. Because of the important role in the generation and further utilization of H2, the study of the hydrogensome is increasingly becoming an important part of the development of anaerobic fungi as model organisms that can effectively improve the utilization value of roughage. Here, we summarize and discuss the classification and the process of biomass degradation of anaerobic fungi and the metabolism and function of anaerobic fungal hydrogensome, with a focus on the potential role of the hydrogensome in the efficient utilization of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pei Zhong
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuqi Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Min Aung
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8439-5523
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
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Božic AK, Gutiérrez-Bañuelos H, Corral-Luna A, Carstens G, Arévalos-Sánchez MM, Félix-Portillo M, Muro-Reyes A, Arzola-Álvarez C, Anderson RC, Harvey RB. Dynamics of Gastrointestinal Activity and Ruminal Absorption of the Methane-Inhibitor, Nitroethane, in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:817270. [PMID: 35187146 PMCID: PMC8850640 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.817270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroethane is a potent methane-inhibitor for ruminants but little is known regarding simultaneous effects of repeated administration on pre- and post-gastric methane-producing activity and potential absorption and systemic accumulation of nitroethane in ruminants. Intraruminal administration of 120 mg nitroethane/kg body weight per day to Holstein cows (n = 2) over a 4-day period transiently reduced (P < 0.05) methane-producing activity of rumen fluid as much as 3.6-fold while concomitantly increasing (P < 0.05) methane-producing activity of feces by as much as 8.8-fold when compared to pre-treatment measurements. These observations suggest a bacteriostatic effect of nitroethane on ruminal methanogen populations resulting in increased passage of viable methanogens to the lower bovine gut. Ruminal VFA concentrations were also transiently affected by nitroethane administration (P < 0.05) reflecting adaptive changes in the rumen microbial populations. Mean (± SD) nitroethane concentrations in plasma of feedlot steers (n = 6/treatment) administered 80 or 160 mg nitroethane/kg body weight per day over a 7-day period were 0.12 ± 0.1 and 0.41 ± 0.1 μmol/mL 8 h after the initial administration indicating rapid absorption of nitroethane, with concentrations peaking 1 day after initiation of the 80 or 160 mg nitroethane/kg body weight per day treatments (0.38 ± 0.1 and 1.14 ± 0.1 μmol/mL, respectively). Plasma nitroethane concentrations declined thereafter to 0.25 ± 0.1 and 0.78 ± 0.3 and to 0.18 ± 0.1 and 0.44 ± 0.3 μmol/mL on days 2 and 7 for the 80 or 160 mg nitroethane/kg body weight per day treatment groups, respectively, indicating decreased absorption due to increased ruminal nitroethane degradation or to more rapid excretion of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K. Božic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Hector Gutiérrez-Bañuelos
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Agustin Corral-Luna
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Gordon Carstens
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Alberto Muro-Reyes
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | | | - Robin C. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Roger B. Harvey
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Jiyana S, Ratsaka M, Leeuw KJ, Mbatha K. Impacts of graded dietary fiber levels on feed efficiency and carbon footprint of two beef breeds. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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López-García A, Saborío-Montero A, Gutiérrez-Rivas M, Atxaerandio R, Goiri I, García-Rodríguez A, Jiménez-Montero JA, González C, Tamames J, Puente-Sánchez F, Serrano M, Carrasco R, Óvilo C, González-Recio O. Fungal and ciliate protozoa are the main rumen microbes associated with methane emissions in dairy cattle. Gigascience 2022; 11:6514927. [PMID: 35077540 PMCID: PMC8848325 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitigating the effects of global warming has become the main challenge for humanity in recent decades. Livestock farming contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, with an important output of methane from enteric fermentation processes, mostly in ruminants. Because ruminal microbiota is directly involved in digestive fermentation processes and methane biosynthesis, understanding the ecological relationships between rumen microorganisms and their active metabolic pathways is essential for reducing emissions. This study analysed whole rumen metagenome using long reads and considering its compositional nature in order to disentangle the role of rumen microbes in methane emissions. Results The β-diversity analyses suggested a subtle association between methane production and overall microbiota composition (0.01 < R2 < 0.02). Differential abundance analysis identified 36 genera and 279 KEGGs as significantly associated with methane production (Padj < 0.05). Those genera associated with high methane production were Eukaryota from Alveolata and Fungi clades, while Bacteria were associated with low methane emissions. The genus-level association network showed 2 clusters grouping Eukaryota and Bacteria, respectively. Regarding microbial gene functions, 41 KEGGs were found to be differentially abundant between low- and high-emission animals and were mainly involved in metabolic pathways. No KEGGs included in the methane metabolism pathway (ko00680) were detected as associated with high methane emissions. The KEGG network showed 3 clusters grouping KEGGs associated with high emissions, low emissions, and not differentially abundant in either. A deeper analysis of the differentially abundant KEGGs revealed that genes related with anaerobic respiration through nitrate degradation were more abundant in low-emission animals. Conclusions Methane emissions are largely associated with the relative abundance of ciliates and fungi. The role of nitrate electron acceptors can be particularly important because this respiration mechanism directly competes with methanogenesis. Whole metagenome sequencing is necessary to jointly consider the relative abundance of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota in the statistical analyses. Nutritional and genetic strategies to reduce CH4 emissions should focus on reducing the relative abundance of Alveolata and Fungi in the rumen. This experiment has generated the largest ONT ruminal metagenomic dataset currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-García
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Saborío-Montero
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Escuela de Zootecnia y Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- NEIKER - Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Idoia Goiri
- NEIKER - Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- NEIKER - Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Jose A Jiménez-Montero
- Confederación de Asociaciones de Frisona Española (CONAFE), Ctra. de Andalucía km 23600 Valdemoro, 28340 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen González
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamames
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Serrano
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Carrasco
- Departamento de Periodismo y Nuevos Medios, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Marín A, Bindelle J, Zubieta ÁS, Correa G, Arango J, Chirinda N, de Faccio Carvalho PC. In vitro Fermentation Profile and Methane Production of Kikuyu Grass Harvested at Different Sward Heights. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.682653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly digestible forages are associated with an in vitro low-methane (CH4) rumen fermentation profile and thus the possibility of reducing CH4 emissions from forage-based systems. We aimed to assess the in vitro ruminal fermentation profile, including CH4 production, of the top stratum of Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus - Hochst. ex Chiov) harvested at different sward heights (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm). Herbage samples (incubating substrate) were analyzed for their chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and morphological components. In vitro incubations were performed under a randomized complete block design with four independent runs of each treatment. Gas production (GP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), CH4 production, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, and their acetate, propionate, and butyrate proportions were measured following 24 and 48 h of incubation. Herbage samples had similar contents of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein for all treatments. However, a higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in taller sward heights than in smaller sward heights and a tendency for metabolizable energy (ME) and IVOMD to decrease as sward height increased were found. Similarly, the stem + sheath mass tended to increase with increasing sward height. Amongst the nutrients, ME (r = −0.65) and IVDMD (r = −0.64) were negatively correlated with sward height (p < 0.001) and ADF was positively correlated with sward height (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). Both the GP and IVDMD were negatively related to the sward height at both incubation times. Sward heights of Kikuyu grass below 30 cm display an in vitro profile of VFAs high in propionate and low in acetate, with a trend toward lower methane production of CH4 per unit of IVDMD. These findings are important to aid decision-making on the optimal sward height of Kikuyu grass and manage animal grazing with the opportunity to reduce CH4 production.
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Influence of nitrate supplementation on in-vitro methane emission, milk production, ruminal fermentation, and microbial methanotrophs in dairy cows fed at two forage levels. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Modifying the chemical composition of a diet can be a good strategy for reducing methane emission in the rumen. However, this strategy can have adverse effects on the ruminal microbial flora. The aim of our study was to reduce methane without disturbing ruminal function by stimulating the growth and propagation of methanotrophs. In this study, we randomly divided twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows into 4 groups in a 2×2 factorial design with two forage levels (40% and 60%) and two nitrate supplementation levels (3.5% and zero). We examined the effect of experimental diets on cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and changes of ruminal microbial flora throughout the experimental period (45-day). Additionally, in vitro methane emission was evaluated. Animals fed diet with 60% forage had greater dry matter intake (DMI) and milk fat content, but lower lactose and milk urea content compared with those fed 40% forage diet. Moreover, nitrate supplementation had no significant effect on DMI and milk yield. Furthermore, the interactions showed that nitrate reduces DMI and milk fat independently of forage levels. Our findings showed that nitrate can increase ammonia concentration, pH, nitrite, and acetate while reducing the total volatile fatty acids concentration, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen. With increasing nitrate, methane emission was considerably decreased possibly due to the stimulated growth of Fibrobacteria, Proteobacteria, type II Methanotrophs, and Methanoperedense nitroreducens, especially with high forage level. Overall, nitrate supplementation could potentially increase methane oxidizing microorganisms without adversely affecting cattle performance.
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Mizrahi I, Wallace RJ, Moraïs S. The rumen microbiome: balancing food security and environmental impacts. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:553-566. [PMID: 33981031 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants produce edible products and contribute to food security. They house a complex rumen microbial community that enables the host to digest their plant feed through microbial-mediated fermentation. However, the rumen microbiome is also responsible for the production of one of the most potent greenhouse gases, methane, and contributes about 18% of its total anthropogenic emissions. Conventional methods to lower methane production by ruminants have proved successful, but to a limited and often temporary extent. An increased understanding of the host-microbiome interactions has led to the development of new mitigation strategies. In this Review we describe the composition, ecology and metabolism of the rumen microbiome, and the impact on host physiology and the environment. We also discuss the most pertinent methane mitigation strategies that emerged to balance food security and environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Mizrahi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Marcus Family Campus, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.
| | - R John Wallace
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Marcus Family Campus, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
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Hassan FU, Guo Y, Li M, Tang Z, Peng L, Liang X, Yang C. Effect of Methionine Supplementation on Rumen Microbiota, Fermentation, and Amino Acid Metabolism in In Vitro Cultures Containing Nitrate. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081717. [PMID: 34442796 PMCID: PMC8397988 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of methionine on in vitro methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation, amino acid (AA) metabolism, and rumen microbiota in a low protein diet. We evaluated three levels of methionine (M0, 0%; M1, 0.28%; and M2, 1.12%) of in the presence of sodium nitrate (1%) in a diet containing elephant grass (90%) and concentrate (10%). We used an in vitro batch culture technique by using rumen fluid from cannulated buffaloes. Total gas and CH4 production were measured in each fermentation bottle at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 h of incubation. Results revealed that M0 decreased (p < 0.001) the total gas and CH4 production, but methionine exhibited no effect on these parameters. M0 decreased (p < 0.05) the individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), while increasing (p < 0.05) the ruminal pH, acetate to propionate ratio, and microbial protein content. Methionine did not affect ruminal AA contents except asparagine, which substantially increased (p = 0.003). M2 increased the protozoa counts, but both M0 and M1 decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes while increasing (p < 0.05) the Campilobacterota and Proteobacteria. However, Prevotella and γ-Proteobacteria were identified as biomarkers in the nitrate group. Our findings indicate that methionine can increase ruminal asparagine content and the population of Compylobactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Lijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China; (F.-u.H.); (Y.G.); (M.L.); (Z.T.); (L.P.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-157-7716-2502
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van Lingen HJ, Fadel JG, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Kindermann M, Kebreab E. Inhibited Methanogenesis in the Rumen of Cattle: Microbial Metabolism in Response to Supplemental 3-Nitrooxypropanol and Nitrate. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705613. [PMID: 34385990 PMCID: PMC8353594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) supplementation to cattle diets mitigates enteric CH4 emissions and may also be economically beneficial at farm level. However, the wider rumen metabolic response to methanogenic inhibition by 3-NOP and the NO2- intermediary metabolite requires further exploration. Furthermore, NO3- supplementation potently decreases CH4 emissions from cattle. The reduction of NO3- utilizes H2 and yields NO2-, the latter of which may also inhibit rumen methanogens, although a different mode of action than for 3-NOP and its NO2- derivative was hypothesized. Our objective was to explore potential responses of the fermentative and methanogenic metabolism in the rumen to 3-NOP, NO3- and their metabolic derivatives using a dynamic mechanistic modeling approach. An extant mechanistic rumen fermentation model with state variables for carbohydrate substrates, bacteria and protozoa, gaseous and dissolved fermentation end products and methanogens was extended with a state variable of either 3-NOP or NO3-. Both new models were further extended with a NO2- state variable, with NO2- exerting methanogenic inhibition, although the modes of action of 3-NOP-derived and NO3--derived NO2- are different. Feed composition and intake rate (twice daily feeding regime), and supplement inclusion were used as model inputs. Model parameters were estimated to experimental data collected from the literature. The extended 3-NOP and NO3- models both predicted a marked peak in H2 emission shortly after feeding, the magnitude of which increased with higher doses of supplement inclusion. The H2 emission rate appeared positively related to decreased acetate proportions and increased propionate and butyrate proportions. A decreased CH4 emission rate was associated with 3-NOP and NO3- supplementation. Omission of the NO2- state variable from the 3-NOP model did not change the overall dynamics of H2 and CH4 emission and other metabolites. However, omitting the NO2- state variable from the NO3- model did substantially change the dynamics of H2 and CH4 emissions indicated by a decrease in both H2 and CH4 emission after feeding. Simulations do not point to a strong relationship between methanogenic inhibition and the rate of NO3- and NO2- formation upon 3-NOP supplementation, whereas the metabolic response to NO3- supplementation may largely depend on methanogenic inhibition by NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk J van Lingen
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - James G Fadel
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Maik Kindermann
- Research and Development, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Bampidis V, Cottrill B, Frutos MJ, Furst P, Parker A, Binaglia M, Christodoulidou A, Gergelova P, Guajardo IM, Wenger C, Hogstrand C. Risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite in feed. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06290. [PMID: 33173543 PMCID: PMC7610142 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related to nitrite and nitrate in feed. For nitrate ion, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified a BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg body weight (bw) per day for adult cattle, based on methaemoglobin (MetHb) levels in animal's blood that would not induce clinical signs of hypoxia. The BMDL 10 is applicable to all bovines, except for pregnant cows in which reproductive effects were not clearly associated with MetHb formation. Since the data available suggested that ovines and caprines are not more sensitive than bovines, the BMDL 10 could also be applied to these species. Highest mean exposure estimates of 53 and 60 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in grass silage-based diets for beef cattle and fattening goats, respectively, may raise a health concern for ruminants when compared with the BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg bw per day. The concern may be higher because other forages might contain higher levels of nitrate. Highest mean exposure estimates of 2.0 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in pigs' feeds indicate a low risk for adverse health effects, when compared with an identified no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 410 mg nitrate/kg bw per day, although the levels of exposure might be underestimated due to the absence of data on certain key ingredients in the diets of this species. Due to the limitations of the data available, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the health risk in species other than ruminants and pigs from nitrate and in all livestock and companion animals from nitrite. Based on a limited data set, both the transfer of nitrate and nitrite from feed to food products of animal origin and the nitrate- and nitrite-mediated formation of N-nitrosamines and their transfer into these products are likely to be negligible.
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Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101824. [PMID: 33036413 PMCID: PMC7600182 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lameness is currently one of the most important and economically demanding diseases in cattle. It is manifested in a change in locomotion that is associated with lesions, especially the pelvic limbs. The disease of the hoof is painful, affecting the welfare of dairy cows. Important factors that influence the health of the limbs include nutrition, animal hygiene, stable technology, and genetic and breeding predispositions. Nutrition is one of the basic preventive factors affecting the quality and growth of the hoof horn, and the associated prevalence of hoof disease. The strength and structure of the hoof horn are affected by the composition of the feed ration (amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and toxic substances contaminating the feed ration, or arising in the feed ration as metabolites of fungi).
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He Y, Sun X, You P. Animal, feed and rumen fermentation attributes associated with methane emissions from sheep fed brassica crops. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:210-218. [PMID: 33025597 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methane emissions from ruminants enhance global warming and lead to a loss of feed energy. The emissions are low when fed brassica crops, but the factors contributing to low emissions are unknown. A meta-analysis was conducted with individual animal data collected from seven experiments. In these experiments, methane emissions were measured using respiration chambers. Animal characteristics, feed chemical composition and rumen fermentation parameters were included for the analysis using multiple regression models. Feed intake level, animal live weight and age were animal factors that were weakly and negatively related to methane yield (g/dry matter intake). The duration in which sheep were fed brassica crops was a significant contributor in the model, suggesting that the effect on emissions diminishes with time. Among a range of feed chemical composition characters, acid detergent fibre and hot-water-soluble carbohydrate contributed significantly to the model, suggesting that both structural and soluble carbohydrates affect methane formation in the rumen. There was no significant correlation between the concentration of sulphate in brassicas and emissions, but nitrate was moderately and negatively correlated with methane yield (r = -.53). Short-chain fatty acid profiles in the rumen of animals fed brassicas were different from those fed pasture, but these parameters only moderately correlated to methane emissions (r = .42). Feeding forage rape resulted in low rumen pH. The pH before morning feeding was strongly correlated to methane yield (r = .90). Rumen pH, together with microbial communities mediated by pH, might lead to low emissions. Bacteria known to produce hydrogen were relatively less abundant in the rumen contents of brassica-fed animals than pasture-fed animals. In conclusion, animal and feed factors, rumen fermentation and microbial communities all affect methane emissions to some extent. The interactions of these factors with each other thus contribute to methane emissions from brassica-fed sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua He
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China.,Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China
| | - Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China.,Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China
| | - Peihua You
- Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China.,Portal Agri-Industries Co, Ltd, Nanjing, China
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Wenner BA, Wagner BK, St-Pierre NR, Yu ZT, Firkins JL. Inhibition of methanogenesis by nitrate, with or without defaunation, in continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7124-7140. [PMID: 32600762 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Within the rumen, nitrate can serve as an alternative sink for aqueous hydrogen [H2(aq)] accumulating during fermentation, producing nitrite, which ideally is further reduced to ammonium but can accumulate under conditions not yet explained. Defaunation has also been associated with decreased methanogenesis in meta-analyses because protozoa contribute significantly to H2 production. In the present study, we applied a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to dual-flow continuous culture fermentors (n = 4). Treatments were control without nitrate (-NO3-) versus with nitrate (+NO3-; 1.5% of diet dry matter), factorialized with normal protozoa (faunated, FAUN) versus defaunation (DEF) by decreasing the temperature moderately and changing filters over the first 4 d of incubation. We detected no main effects of DEF or interaction of faunation status with +NO3-. The main effect of +NO3- increased H2(aq) by 11.0 µM (+117%) compared with -NO3-. The main effect of +NO3- also decreased daily CH4 production by 8.17 mmol CH4/d (31%) compared with -NO3-. Because there were no treatment effects on neutral detergent fiber digestibility, the main effect of +NO3- also decreased CH4 production by 1.43 mmol of CH4/g of neutral detergent fiber degraded compared with -NO3-. There were no effects of treatment on other nutrient digestibilities, N flow, or microbial N flow per gram of nutrient digested. The spike in H2(aq) after feeding NO3- provides evidence that methanogenesis is inhibited by substrate access rather than concentration, regardless of defaunation, or by direct inhibition of NO2-. Methanogens were not decreased by defaunation, suggesting a compensatory increase in non-protozoa-associated methanogens or an insignificant contribution of protozoa-associated methanogens. Despite adaptive reduction of NO3- to NH4+ and methane inhibition in continuous culture, practical considerations such as potential to depress dry matter intake and on-farm ration variability should be addressed before considering NO3- as an avenue for greater sustainability of greenhouse gas emissions in US dairy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
| | - B K Wagner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - N R St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - Z T Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Zhang ZW, Wang YL, Wang WK, Chen YY, Si XM, Wang YJ, Wang W, Cao ZJ, Li SL, Yang HJ. The Antimethanogenic Nitrocompounds Can be Cleaved into Nitrite by Rumen Microorganisms: A Comparison of Nitroethane, 2-Nitroethanol, and 2-Nitro-1-propanol. Metabolites 2019; 10:E15. [PMID: 31881649 PMCID: PMC7023367 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of aliphatic short chain nitrocompounds have been reported as being capable of CH4 reduction both in vitro and in vivo. However, the laboratory evidence associated with the metabolic fate of nitrocompounds in the rumen has not been well documented. The present study was conducted to compare in vitro degradation and metabolism of nitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH), and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) incubated with mixed rumen microorganisms of dairy cows. After 10 mM supplementation of nitrocompounds, a serious of batch cultures were carried out for 120 h under the presence of two substrates differing in the ratio of maize meal to alfalfa hay (HF, 1:4; LF, 4:1). Compared to the control, methane production was reduced by 59% in NPOH and by >97% in both NE and NEOH, and such antimethanogenic effects were more pronounced in the LF than the HF group. Although NE, NEOH, and NPOH addition did not alter total VFA production, the rumen fermentation pattern shifted toward increasing propionate and butyrate and decreasing acetate production. The kinetic disappearance of each nitrocompound was well fitted to the one-compartment model, and the disappearance rate (k, %/h) of NE was 2.6 to 5.2 times greater than those of NEOH and NPOH. Higher intermediates of nitrite occurred in NEOH in comparison with NPOH and NE while ammonia N production was lowest in NEOH. Consequently, a stepwise accumulation of bacterial crude protein (BCP) in response to the nitrocompound addition was observed in both the HF and LF group. In brief, both NE and NEOH in comparison with NPOH presented greater antimethanogenic activity via the shift of rumen fermentation. In addition, the present study provided the first direct evidence that rumen microbes were able to cleave these nitrocompounds into nitrite, and the subsequent metabolism of nitrite into ammonia N may enhance the growth of rumen microbes or promote microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.Z.); (Y.-L.W.); (W.-K.W.); (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-M.S.); (Y.-J.W.); (W.W.); (Z.-J.C.); (S.-L.L.)
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Snelling TJ, Auffret MD, Duthie CA, Stewart RD, Watson M, Dewhurst RJ, Roehe R, Walker AW. Temporal stability of the rumen microbiota in beef cattle, and response to diet and supplements. Anim Microbiome 2019; 1:16. [PMID: 33499961 PMCID: PMC7807515 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-019-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake is known to be a driver of microbial community dynamics in ruminants. Beef cattle go through a finishing phase that typically includes very high concentrate ratios in their feed, with consequent effects on rumen metabolism including methane production. This longitudinal study was designed to measure dynamics of the rumen microbial community in response to the introduction of high concentrate diets fed to beef cattle during the finishing period. A cohort of 50 beef steers were fed either of two basal diet formulations consisting of approximately 10:90 or 50:50 forage:concentrate ratios respectively. Nitrate and oil rich supplements were also added either individually or in combination. Digesta samples were taken at time points over ~ 200 days during the finishing period of the cattle to measure the adaptation to the basal diet and long-term stability of the rumen microbiota. RESULTS 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were prepared from 313 rumen digesta samples and analysed at a depth of 20,000 sequences per library. Bray Curtis dissimilarity with analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed highly significant (p < 0.001) differences in microbiota composition between cattle fed different basal diets, largely driven by reduction of fibre degrading microbial groups and increased relative abundance of an unclassified Gammaproteobacteria OTU in the high concentrate fed animals. Conversely, the forage-based diet was significantly associated with methanogenic archaea. Within basal diet groups, addition of the nitrate and combined supplements had lesser, although still significant, impacts on microbiota dissimilarity compared to pre-treatment time points and controls. Measurements of the response and stability of the microbial community over the time course of the experiment showed continuing adaptation up to 25 days in the high concentrate groups. After this time point, however, no significant variability was detected. CONCLUSIONS High concentrate diets that are typically fed to finishing beef cattle can have a significant effect on the microbial community in the rumen. Inferred metabolic activity of the different microbial communities associated with each of the respective basal diets explained differences in methane and short chain fatty acid production between cattle. Longitudinal sampling revealed that once adapted to a change in diet, the rumen microbial community remains in a relatively stable alternate state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert D. Stewart
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | | | | | - Alan W. Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD UK
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Rebelo LR, Luna IC, Messana JD, Araujo RC, Simioni TA, Granja-Salcedo YT, Vito ES, Lee C, Teixeira IA, Rooke JA, Berchielli TT. Effect of replacing soybean meal with urea or encapsulated nitrate with or without elemental sulfur on nitrogen digestion and methane emissions in feedlot cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yang C, McKain N, McCartney CA, Wallace RJ. Consequences of inhibiting methanogenesis on the biohydrogenation of fatty acids in bovine ruminal digesta. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Latham EA, Pinchak WE, Trachsel J, Allen HK, Callaway TR, Nisbet DJ, Anderson RC. Paenibacillus 79R4, a potential rumen probiotic to enhance nitrite detoxification and methane mitigation in nitrate-treated ruminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:324-328. [PMID: 30933788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of supplemental nitrate administered alone or with a denitrifying ruminal bacterium, designated Paenibacillus 79R4 (79R4) intentionally selected for enhanced nitrate- and nitrite-metabolizing ability, on select rumen fermentation characteristics was examined in vivo. Rumen and blood samples were collected from cannulated Holstein steers one day prior to and one day after initiation of treatments applied as three consecutive intra-ruminal administrations of nitrate, to achieve the equivalent of 83 mg sodium nitrate/kg body weight day, given alone or with the nitrite-selected 79R4 (provided to achieve 106 cells/mL rumen fluid). Results revealed a day effect on methane-producing activity, with rates of methane production by ruminal microbes being more rapid when collected one day before than one day after initiation of treatments. Nitrate-metabolizing activity of the rumen microbes was unaffected by day, treatment or their interaction. A day by treatment interaction was observed on nitrite-metabolizing activity, with rates of nitrite metabolism by rumen microbes being most rapid in populations collected one day after initiation of treatment from steers treated with nitrate plus 79R4. A day by treatment interaction was also observed on plasma methemoglobin concentrations, with concentrations being lower from steers one day after initiation of treatments than from collected one day prior to treatment initiation and concentrations being lowest in steers treated with nitrate plus 79R4. A major effect of treatment was observed on accumulations of most prominent and branched chain volatile fatty acids produced and amounts of hexose fermented in the rumen of animals administered nitrate, with concentrations being decreased in steers administered nitrate alone when compared to steers treated with nitrate plus the 79R4. These results demonstrate that the nitrite-selected Paenibacillus 79R4 may help prevent nitrite toxicity in nitrate-treated ruminants while maintaining benefits of reduced methane emissions and preventing inhibition of fermentation efficiency by the microbial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Vernon, TX 76385, USA.
| | | | - Julian Trachsel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Heather K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Ungerfeld EM, Aedo MF, Martínez ED, Saldivia M. Inhibiting Methanogenesis in Rumen Batch Cultures Did Not Increase the Recovery of Metabolic Hydrogen in Microbial Amino Acids. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E115. [PMID: 31035537 PMCID: PMC6560395 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an interest in controlling rumen methanogenesis as an opportunity to both decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases and improve the energy efficiency of rumen fermentation. However, the effects of inhibiting rumen methanogenesis on fermentation are incompletely understood even in in vitro rumen cultures, as the recovery of metabolic hydrogen ([H]) in the main fermentation products consistently decreases with methanogenesis inhibition, evidencing the existence of unaccounted [H] sinks. We hypothesized that inhibiting methanogenesis in rumen batch cultures would redirect [H] towards microbial amino acids (AA) biosynthesis as an alternative [H] sink to methane (CH4). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of eight inhibitors of methanogenesis on digestion, fermentation and the production of microbial biomass and AA in rumen batch cultures growing on cellulose. Changes in the microbial community composition were also studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Inhibiting methanogenesis did not cause consistent changes in fermentation or the profile of AA, although the effects caused by the different inhibitors generally associated with the changes in the microbial community that they induced. Under the conditions of this experiment, inhibiting methanogenesis did not increase the importance of microbial AA synthesis as a [H] sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio M Ungerfeld
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Temuco 4880000, Chile.
| | - M Fernanda Aedo
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Temuco 4880000, Chile.
| | - Emilio D Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Saldivia
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
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Meller RA, Wenner BA, Ashworth J, Gehman AM, Lakritz J, Firkins JL. Potential roles of nitrate and live yeast culture in suppressing methane emission and influencing ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and milk production in lactating Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6144-6156. [PMID: 31030922 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concern over the carbon footprint of the dairy industry has led to various dietary approaches to mitigate enteric CH4 production. One approach is feeding the electron acceptor NO3-, thus outcompeting methanogens for aqueous H2. We hypothesized that a live yeast culture (LYC; Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Yea-Sacc 1026, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) would stimulate the complete reduction of NO3- to NH3 by selenomonads, thus decreasing the quantity of CH4 emissions per unit of energy-corrected milk production while decreasing blood methemoglobin concentration resulting from the absorbed intermediate, NO2-. Twelve lactating Jersey cows (8 multiparous and noncannulated; 4 primiparous and ruminally cannulated) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cattle were fed diets containing 1.5% NO3- (from calcium ammonium nitrate) or an isonitrogenous control diet (containing additional urea) and given a top-dress of ground corn without or with LYC, with the fourth week used for data collection. Noncannulated cows were spot measured for CH4 emission by mouth using GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). The main effect of NO3- decreased CH4 by 17% but decreased dry matter intake by 10% (from 19.8 to 17.8 kg/d) such that CH4:dry matter intake numerically decreased by 8% and CH4:milk net energy for lactation production was unaffected by treatment. Milk and milk fat production were not affected, but NO3- decreased milk protein from 758 to 689 g/d. Ruminal pH decreased more sharply after feeding for cows fed diets without NO3-. Acetate:propionate was greater for cows fed NO3-, particularly when combined with LYC (interaction effect). Blood methemoglobin was higher for cattle fed NO3- than for those fed the control diet but was low for both treatments (1.5 vs. 0.5%, respectively; only one measurement exceeded 5%), indicating minimal risk for NO2- accumulation at our feeding level of NO3-. Although neither apparent organic matter nor neutral detergent fiber digestibilities were affected, apparent N digestibility had an interaction for NO3- × LYC such that apparent N digestibility was numerically lowest for diets containing both NO3- and LYC compared with the other 3 diets. Under the conditions of this study, NO3- mitigated ruminal methanogenesis but also depressed dry matter intake and milk protein yield. Based on the fact that few interactions were detected, LYC had a minimal role in attenuating negative cow responses to NO3- supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Meller
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J Ashworth
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - A M Gehman
- Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356
| | - J Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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Granja-Salcedo YT, Fernandes RM, de Araujo RC, Kishi LT, Berchielli TT, de Resende FD, Berndt A, Siqueira GR. Long-Term Encapsulated Nitrate Supplementation Modulates Rumen Microbial Diversity and Rumen Fermentation to Reduce Methane Emission in Grazing Steers. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:614. [PMID: 30984141 PMCID: PMC6449429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the long-term effects (13 months) of encapsulated nitrate supplementation (ENS) on enteric methane emissions, rumen fermentation parameters, ruminal bacteria, and diversity of archaea in grazing beef cattle. We used a total of thirty-two Nellore steers (initial BW of 197 ± 15.3 kg), 12 of which were fitted with rumen cannulas. For 13 months, the animals were maintained in 12 paddocks and fed a concentrate of ground corn, soybean meals, mineral supplements, and urea (URS) or encapsulated nitrate (EN) containing 70 g of EN/100 kg of BW (corresponding to 47 g NO3-/100 kg BW). Encapsulated nitrate supplementation resulted in similar forage, supplement and total DMI values as URS (P > 0.05), but ENS tended to increase (+48 g/d; P = 0.055) average daily weight gain. Daily reductions in methane emissions (-9.54 g or 18.5%) were observed with ENS when expressed as g of CH4/kg of forage dry matter intake (fDMI) (P = 0.037). Lower concentrations of NH3-N and a higher ruminal pH were observed in ENS groups 6 h after supplementation (P < 0.05). Total VFA rumen concentration 6 h (P = 0.009) and 12 h after supplementation with EN resulted in lower acetate concentrations in the rumen (P = 0.041). Steers supplemented with EN had a greater ruminal abundance of Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Lactobacillus, Selenomonas, Veillonella, Succinimonas, Succinivibrio, and Duganella sp. (P < 0.05), but a lower abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp. (P = 0.007). Strong negative correlations were found between daily methane emissions and Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Roseburia, Kandleria, Selenomonas, Veillonella, and Succinivibrio sp. (P < 0.05) in the rumen of ENS steers. Encapsulated nitrate is a feed additive that persistently affects enteric methane emission in grazing steers, thereby decreasing Methanobrevibacter abundance in the rumen. In addition, ENS can promote fumarate-reducer and lactate-producer bacteria, thereby reducing acetate production during rumen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Tatiana Granja-Salcedo
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Maciel Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Takeshi Kishi
- Department of Technology, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Telma Teresinha Berchielli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,INCT/CA - UFV, Department of Animal Science, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Flávio Dutra de Resende
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Rezende Siqueira
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Animal Science, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Colina, Brazil
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Nutritional strategies to reduce methane emissions from cattle: Effects on meat eating quality and retail shelf life of loin steaks. Meat Sci 2019; 153:51-57. [PMID: 30901612 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the lipid concentration and/or inclusion of nitrate in the diet of ruminant livestock have been proposed as effective strategies to reduce the contribution of methane from the agricultural sector to greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effects of increased lipid or added nitrate on beef eating quality were investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1, lipid and nitrate were fed alone with two different and contrasting basal diets to finishing beef cattle. In the second experiment, lipid and nitrate were fed alone or in combination with a single basal diet. The sensory properties and retail colour shelf life of loin muscle samples obtained were then characterized. Overall, neither lipid nor nitrate had any adverse effects on sensory properties or colour shelf life of loin muscle.
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Roman-Garcia Y, Wenner B, Welty C, Wagner B, Plank J, Meller R, Waits S, Gehman A, Firkins J. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. I. Yeast growth and protozoal chemotaxis in vitro as affected by nitrate and nitrite concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2207-2216. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang X, Medrano RF, Wang M, Beauchemin KA, Ma Z, Wang R, Wen J, Bernard LA, Tan Z. Effects of urea plus nitrate pretreated rice straw and corn oil supplementation on fiber digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:6. [PMID: 30680191 PMCID: PMC6343244 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urea pretreatment is an efficient strategy to improve fiber digestibility of low quality roughages for ruminants. Nitrate and oil are usually used to inhibit enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. The objective of this study was to examine the combined effects of urea plus nitrate pretreated rice straw and corn oil supplementation to the diet on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, CH4 emissions, ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbiota in goats. Nine female goats were used in a triple 3 × 3 Latin Square design (27 d periods). The treatments were: control (untreated rice straw, no added corn oil), rice straw pretreated with urea and nitrate (34 and 4.7 g/kg of rice straw on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively, UN), and UN diet supplemented with corn oil (15 g/kg soybean and 15 g/kg corn were replaced by 30 g/kg corn oil, DM basis, UNCO). Results Compared with control, UN increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (P < 0.001) and copies of protozoa (P < 0.001) and R. albus (P < 0.05) in the rumen, but decreased N retention (-21.2%, P < 0.001), dissolved hydrogen concentration (-22.8%, P < 0.001), molar proportion of butyrate (-18.2%, P < 0.05), (acetate + butyrate) to propionate ratio (P < 0.05) and enteric CH4 emissions (-10.2%, P < 0.05). In comparison with UN, UNCO increased N retention (+34.9%, P < 0.001) and decreased copies of protozoa (P < 0.001) and methanogens (P < 0.001). Compared with control, UNCO increased NDF digestibility (+8.3%, P < 0.001), reduced ruminal dissolved CH4 concentration (-24.4%, P < 0.001) and enteric CH4 emissions (-12.6%, P < 0.05). Conclusions A combination of rice straw pretreated with urea plus nitrate and corn oil supplementation of the diet improved fiber digestibility and lowered enteric CH4 emissions without negative effects on N retention. These strategies improved the utilization of rice straw by goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China.,2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Rodolfo F Medrano
- 3College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,4College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China.,2University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Rong Wang
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China.,4College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Wen
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China.,4College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Lukuyu A Bernard
- 6International livestock Research Institute, POB 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- 1Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
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Welty CM, Wenner BA, Wagner BK, Roman-Garcia Y, Plank JE, Meller RA, Gehman AM, Firkins JL. Rumen microbial responses to supplemental nitrate. II. Potential interactions with live yeast culture on the prokaryotic community and methanogenesis in continuous culture. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2217-2231. [PMID: 30639000 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrates have been fed to ruminants, including dairy cows, as an electron sink to mitigate CH4 emissions. In the NO3- reduction process, NO2- can accumulate, which could directly inhibit methanogens and possibly other microbes in the rumen. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was hypothesized to decrease NO2- through direct reduction or indirectly by stimulating the bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium, which is among the ruminal bacteria most well characterized to reduce both NO3- and NO2-. Ruminal fluid was incubated in continuous cultures fed diets without or with NaNO3 (1.5% of diet dry matter; i.e., 1.09% NO3-) and without or with live yeast culture (LYC) fed at a recommended 0.010 g/d (scaled from cattle to fermentor intakes) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments with LYC had increased NDF digestibility and acetate:propionate by increasing acetate molar proportion but tended to decrease total VFA production. The main effect of NO3- increased acetate:propionate by increasing acetate molar proportion; NO3- also decreased molar proportions of isobutyrate and butyrate. Both NO3- and LYC shifted bacterial community composition (based on relative sequence abundance of 16S rRNA genes). An interaction occurred such that NO3- decreased valerate molar proportion only when no LYC was added. Nitrate decreased daily CH4 emissions by 29%. However, treatment × time interactions were present for both CH4 and H2 emission from the headspace; CH4 was decreased by the main effect of NO3- until 6 h postfeeding, but NO3- and LYC decreased H2 emission up to 4 h postfeeding. As expected, NO3- decreased methane emissions in continuous cultures; however, contrary to expectations, LYC did not attenuate NO2- accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Welty
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - B K Wagner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - Y Roman-Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - J E Plank
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - R A Meller
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210
| | - A M Gehman
- Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Ct., Columbus 43210.
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Capelari M, Johnson KA, Latack B, Roth J, Powers W. The effect of encapsulated nitrate and monensin on ruminal fermentation using a semi-continuous culture system. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3446-3459. [PMID: 29800454 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because enteric methane (CH4) production from ruminants represents a source of greenhouse gas emissions and an energy loss for the host animal alternatives to minimize emissions is a current research priority. Seven 37-d trials tested the effect of encapsulated nitrate (EN) and sodium monensin (MON) in diets commonly fed to dairy (DAIRY; 50:50 forage to concentrate; four trials) and beef cattle (BEEF; 15:85 forage to concentrate; three trials) on rumen fermentation and CH4 production using a semi-continuous fermentation system. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was used and additives (0, 1.25, and 2.5% of EN; 0 and 4 mg/L of MON) were tested alone and combined (EN + MON) totaling six treatments. Rumen fluid was pooled from five nonadapted lactating cows fed 50:50 forage to concentrate diet 3 h after morning feeding, and 1 L of processed inoculum was transferred to 2.2-L vessels. Treatment diets were added to nylon bags which remained in the anaerobic fermentation of mixed rumen microorganisms for 48 h. Nitrate decreased CH4 production in DAIRY (24.7 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P < 0.01) and BEEF trials (33.5 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). Methane production was decreased by MON in DAIRY (26.3 vs. 32.1; P < 0.01) and BEEF (26.6 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P < 0.01). The combination of EN + MON further decreased CH4 in DAIRY (21.3 vs. 32.1 mM/d; P = 0.03) and BEEF (19.3 vs. 43.5 mM/d; P = 0.01). Nitrate did not affect major VFA production in DAIRY and BEEF trials, but significantly decreased digestion of protein (96.8 vs. 97.6%; P < 0.01) and starch (79.0 vs. 80.4%; P < 0.01) in DAIRY and NDF (29.3 vs. 32.5%; P < 0.01) and starch (88.5 vs. 90.3%; P < 0.01) in BEEF. Monensin significantly affected VFA pattern with an increase in propionate (P < 0.01) and a decrease on acetate (P < 0.01) production with consequent decrease on acetate-to-propionate ratio in DAIRY (1.6 vs. 2.0; P < 0.01) and BEEF (1.6 vs. 1.9; P < 0.01). Monensin decreased NDF digestion in BEEF only (29.3 vs. 32.5 %; P < 0.01). Significant concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were detected only for EN and EN + MON (P < 0.01). Nitrate and MON effectively decreased CH4 production when fed separately and the combination of additives additively decreased CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Capelari
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Brooke Latack
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jolene Roth
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Wendy Powers
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland, CA
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Latham EA, Pinchak WE, Trachsel J, Allen HK, Callaway TR, Nisbet DJ, Anderson RC. Isolation, characterization and strain selection of a Paenibacillus species for use as a probiotic to aid in ruminal methane mitigation, nitrate/nitrite detoxification and food safety. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 263:358-364. [PMID: 29758485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary nitrate and Paenibacillus 79R4 (79R4), a denitrifying bacterium, when co-administered as a probiotic, on methane emissions, nitrate and nitrite-metabolizing capacity and fermentation characteristics were studied in vitro. Mixed populations of rumen microbes inoculated with 79R4 metabolized all levels of nitrite studied after 24 h in vitro incubation. Results from in vitro simulations resulted in up to 2 log10 colony forming unit reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni when these were co-cultured with 79R4. Nitrogen gas was the predominant final product of nitrite reduction by 79R4. When tested with nitrate-treated incubations of rumen microbes, 79R4 inoculation (provided to achieve 106 cells/mL rumen fluid volume) complemented the ruminal methane-decreasing potential of nitrate (P < 0.05) while concurrently increasing fermentation efficiency and enhancing ruminal nitrate and nitrite-metabolizing activity (P < 0.05) compared to untreated and nitrate only-treated incubations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Vernon, TX, USA.
| | | | - Julian Trachsel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Heather K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
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Lee C, Araujo RC, Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA. Effects of encapsulated nitrate on growth performance, nitrate toxicity, and enteric methane emissions in beef steers: Backgrounding phase. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3700-3711. [PMID: 28805908 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term experiment was conducted to examine the effects of feeding encapsulated nitrate (EN) on growth, enteric methane production, and nitrate (NO) toxicity in beef cattle fed a backgrounding diet. A total of 108 crossbred steers (292 ± 18 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 18 pens. The pens (experimental unit; 6 animals per pen) received 3 dietary treatments: Control, a backgrounding diet supplemented with urea; 1.25% EN, control diet supplemented with 1.25% encapsulated calcium ammonium NO (i.e., EN) in dietary DM, which partially replaced urea; or 2.5% EN, control diet supplemented with 2.5% EN (DM basis) fully replacing urea. Additionally, 24 steers were located in 4 pens and randomly assigned to 1 of the above 3 dietary treatments plus a fourth treatment: 2.3% UEN, control diet supplemented with 2.3% unencapsulated calcium ammonium NO (UEN) fully replacing urea. Animals in the additional 4 pens were used for methane measurement in respiratory chambers, and the pens (except UEN) were also part of the performance study (i.e., = 7 pens/treatment). The experiment was conducted for 91 d in a randomized complete block design. During the experiment, DMI was not affected by inclusion of EN in the diet. Feeding EN had no effect on BW, ADG, and G:F ( ≥ 0.57). Methane production (g/d) tended to decrease ( = 0.099) with EN and UEN, but yield (g/kg DMI) did not differ ( = 0.56) among treatments. Inclusion of EN in the diet increased ( ≤ 0.02) sorting of the diets in favor of large and medium particles and against small and fine particles, resulting in considerable increases in NO concentrations of orts without affecting DMI. Plasma NO-N and NO-N concentrations increased ( ≤ 0.05) for EN compared with Control in a dose response manner, but blood methemoglobin levels were below the detection limit. Nitrate concentration in fecal samples slightly increased (from 0.01% to 0.14% DM; < 0.01) with increasing levels of EN in the diet. In conclusion, EN can be used as a feed additive replacing urea in beef cattle during a backgrounding phase in the long term without NO intoxication or any negative effects on growth performance. In addition, the study confirmed that feeding EN tended to decrease enteric methane production in the long term.
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Auffret MD, Stewart R, Dewhurst RJ, Duthie CA, Rooke JA, Wallace RJ, Freeman TC, Snelling TJ, Watson M, Roehe R. Identification, Comparison, and Validation of Robust Rumen Microbial Biomarkers for Methane Emissions Using Diverse Bos Taurus Breeds and Basal Diets. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2642. [PMID: 29375511 PMCID: PMC5767246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous shotgun metagenomic analyses of ruminal digesta identified some microbial information that might be useful as biomarkers to select cattle that emit less methane (CH4), which is a potent greenhouse gas. It is known that methane production (g/kgDMI) and to an extent the microbial community is heritable and therefore biomarkers can offer a method of selecting cattle for low methane emitting phenotypes. In this study a wider range of Bos Taurus cattle, varying in breed and diet, was investigated to determine microbial communities and genetic markers associated with high/low CH4 emissions. Digesta samples were taken from 50 beef cattle, comprising four cattle breeds, receiving two basal diets containing different proportions of concentrate and also including feed additives (nitrate or lipid), that may influence methane emissions. A combination of partial least square analysis and network analysis enabled the identification of the most significant and robust biomarkers of CH4 emissions (VIP > 0.8) across diets and breeds when comparing all potential biomarkers together. Genes associated with the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway converting carbon dioxide to methane, provided the dominant biomarkers of CH4 emissions and methanogens were the microbial populations most closely correlated with CH4 emissions and identified by metagenomics. Moreover, these genes grouped together as confirmed by network analysis for each independent experiment and when combined. Finally, the genes involved in the methane synthesis pathway explained a higher proportion of variation in CH4 emissions by PLS analysis compared to phylogenetic parameters or functional genes. These results confirmed the reproducibility of the analysis and the advantage to use these genes as robust biomarkers of CH4 emissions. Volatile fatty acid concentrations and ratios were significantly correlated with CH4, but these factors were not identified as robust enough for predictive purposes. Moreover, the methanotrophic Methylomonas genus was found to be negatively correlated with CH4. Finally, this study confirmed the importance of using robust and applicable biomarkers from the microbiome as a proxy of CH4 emissions across diverse production systems and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D. Auffret
- Scotland's Rural College, Future Farming System (FFS), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stewart
- Edinburgh Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Dewhurst
- Scotland's Rural College, Future Farming System (FFS), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol-Anne Duthie
- Scotland's Rural College, Future Farming System (FFS), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Rooke
- Scotland's Rural College, Future Farming System (FFS), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C. Freeman
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Snelling
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Watson
- Edinburgh Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Roehe
- Scotland's Rural College, Future Farming System (FFS), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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The effect of cysteamine hydrochloride and nitrate supplementation on in-vitro and in-vivo methane production and productivity of cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Lee C, Araujo RC, Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA. In situ and in vitro evaluations of a slow release form of nitrate for ruminants: Nitrate release rate, rumen nitrate metabolism and the production of methane, hydrogen, and nitrous oxide. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The effect of dietary addition of nitrate or increase in lipid concentrations, alone or in combination, on performance and methane emissions of beef cattle. Animal 2017; 12:280-287. [PMID: 28701247 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111700146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding nitrate to or increasing the concentration of lipid in the diet are established strategies for reducing enteric methane (CH4) emissions, but their effectiveness when used in combination has been largely unexplored. This study investigated the effect of dietary nitrate and increased lipid included alone or together on CH4 emissions and performance traits of finishing beef cattle. The experiment was a 2×4 factorial design comprising two breeds (cross-bred Aberdeen Angus (AAx) and cross-bred Limousin (LIMx) steers) and four dietary treatments (each based on 550 g forage : 450 g concentrate/kg dry matter (DM)). The four dietary treatments were assigned according to a 2×2 factorial design where the control treatment contained rapeseed meal as the main protein source, which was replaced either with nitrate (21.5 g nitrate/kg DM); maize distillers dark grains (MDDG, which increased diet ether extract from 24 to 37 g/kg DM) or both nitrate and MDDG. Steers (n=20/dietary treatment) were allocated to each of the four treatments in equal numbers of each breed with feed offered ad libitum. After 28 days adaptation to dietary treatments, individual animal intake, performance and feed efficiency were recorded for 56 days. Thereafter, CH4 emissions were measured over 13 weeks (six steers/week). Increasing dietary lipid did not adversely affect animal performance and showed no interactions with dietary nitrate. In contrast, addition of nitrate to diets resulted in poorer live-weight gain (P<0.01) and increased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared with diets not containing nitrate. Daily CH4 output was lower (P<0.001) on nitrate-containing diets but increasing dietary lipid resulted in only a non-significant reduction in CH4. There were no interactions associated with CH4 emissions between dietary nitrate and lipid. Cross-bred Aberdeen Angus steers achieved greater live-weight gains (P<0.01), but had greater DM intakes (P<0.001), greater fat depth (P<0.01) and poorer residual feed intakes (P<0.01) than LIMx steers. Cross-bred Aberdeen Angus steers had higher daily CH4 outputs (P<0.001) but emitted less CH4 per kilogram DM intake than LIMx steers (P<0.05). In conclusion, inclusion of nitrate reduced CH4 emissions in growing beef cattle although the efficacy of nitrate was less than in previous work. When increased dietary lipid and nitrate inclusion were combined there was no evidence of an interaction between treatments and therefore combining different nutritional treatments to mitigate CH4 emissions could be a useful means of achieving reductions in CH4 while minimising any adverse effects.
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50
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Paraffin-wax-coated nitrate salt inhibits short-term methane production in sheep and reduces the risk of nitrite toxicity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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