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Tanaka T, Fujita M, Kusajima M, Narita F, Asami T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Nakajima M, Nakashita H. Priming of Immune System in Tomato by Treatment with Low Concentration of L-Methionine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6315. [PMID: 38928022 PMCID: PMC11204331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Various metabolites, including phytohormones, phytoalexins, and amino acids, take part in the plant immune system. Herein, we analyzed the effects of L-methionine (Met), a sulfur-containing amino acid, on the plant immune system in tomato. Treatment with low concentrations of Met enhanced the resistance of tomato to a broad range of diseases caused by the hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Bc), although it did not induce the production of any antimicrobial substances against these pathogens in tomato leaf tissues. Analyses of gene expression and phytohormone accumulation indicated that Met treatment alone did not activate the defense signals mediated by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. However, the salicylic acid-responsive defense gene and the jasmonic acid-responsive gene were induced more rapidly in Met-treated plants after infection with Pst and Bc, respectively. These findings suggest that low concentrations of Met have a priming effect on the phytohormone-mediated immune system in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Moeka Fujita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan; (M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Futo Narita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan; (M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Masami Nakajima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan;
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan; (T.T.); (M.F.)
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2
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Sun K, Zhan FD, Shi Y, Zhou J, Zhou J, Peng L. Editorial: New insights into the influences of soil nutrients on plant-fungal symbiosis in agro- and forest ecosystems. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1237534. [PMID: 37533821 PMCID: PMC10392951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1237534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Dabieshan National Field Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, Zhengzhou, China
- Xinyang Academy of Ecological Research, Xinyang, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Chrono-Environnement UMR 6249, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Long Peng
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Sarkar AK, Sadhukhan S. Unearthing the alteration in plant volatiles induced by mycorrhizal fungi: A shield against plant pathogens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13845. [PMID: 36546667 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large range of structurally varied low molecular weight secondary metabolites, which evaporate, known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Several of them are emitted in response to biotic stress as a defensive measure against pathogen attacks. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs) can change the VOC pattern in parts of the plant and may promote plant defense via direct or indirect mechanisms. Mycorrhization of plants positively affects plant immunization along with growth and yield. The presence of AMF may raise the concentration of phenolic compounds and the activity of critical defense-related enzymes. AMF-induced changes in plant chemistry and associated volatile emissions lead to stronger immunity against pathogenic microorganisms. Despite substantial research into the origins of diversity in VOC-mediated plant communication, very little is known about the mechanism of influence of several AMFs on plant VOC emissions and modulation of plant immunization. Moreover, the molecular mechanism for VOC sensing in plants and mycorrhizal association is still unclear. In the present review, we have presented an up-to-date understanding of the cross-talk of AMF and VOC patterns in plants and the subsequent modulation of resistance against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Sadhukhan
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
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4
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Plant Resistance against Fusarium Wilt in Jasmonate Biosynthesis Defective Mutant and Wild Type of Tomato. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050422. [PMID: 35628678 PMCID: PMC9146357 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form mutual symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants and improve the resistance of host plants against pathogens. However, the bioprotection provided by AM fungi can depend on the host–fungus combinations. In this study, we unraveled the effects of pre-inoculation with AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on plant resistance against the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis mutant tomato, suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses8 (spr8) and the wild type Castlemart (CM). Results showed that R. irregularis colonization in CM plants significantly decreased the disease index, which was not observed in spr8 plants, suggesting that the disease protection of AM fungi was a plant-genotype-specific trait. Inoculation with R. irregularis significantly increased the shoot dry weight of CM plants when infected with F. oxysporum, with increased plant P content and net photosynthetic rate. Induced expression of the JA synthesis genes, including allene oxide cyclase gene (AOC) and lipoxygenase D gene (LOXD), and increased activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were recorded in mycorrhizal CM plants infected with F. oxysporum, but not in spr8 plants. Thus, mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) to fungal pathogen in tomato was highly relevant to the JA signaling pathway.
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5
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Fujita M, Kusajima M, Fukagawa M, Okumura Y, Nakajima M, Akiyama K, Asami T, Yoneyama K, Kato H, Nakashita H. Response of tomatoes primed by mycorrhizal colonization to virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4686. [PMID: 35304874 PMCID: PMC8933586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which enhance disease resistance in the host plant. Because the effects of resistance against bacterial pathogens are poorly understood, we investigated the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on virulent and avirulent pathogens using phytopathological and molecular biology techniques. Tomato plants colonized by Gigaspora margarita acquired resistance not only against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, but also against a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). In G. margarita-colonized tomato, salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense genes were expressed more rapidly and strongly compared to those in the control plants when challenged by Pst, indicating that the plant immunity system was primed by mycorrhizal colonization. Gene expression analysis indicated that primed tomato plants responded to the avirulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, more rapidly and strongly compared to the control plant, where the effect on the JA-mediated signals was stronger than in the case with Pst. We found that the resistance induced by mycorrhizal colonization was effective against both fungal and bacterial pathogens including virulent and avirulent pathogens. Moreover, the activation of both SA- and JA-mediated signaling pathways can be enhanced in the primed plant by mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Fujita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Fukagawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Yasuko Okumura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | | | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Kato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.
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6
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Minchev Z, Kostenko O, Soler R, Pozo MJ. Microbial Consortia for Effective Biocontrol of Root and Foliar Diseases in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756368. [PMID: 34804094 PMCID: PMC8602810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of beneficial microorganisms for the biological control of plant diseases and pests has emerged as a viable alternative to chemical pesticides in agriculture. Traditionally, microbe-based biocontrol strategies for crop protection relied on the application of single microorganisms. However, the design of microbial consortia for improving the reliability of current biological control practices is now a major trend in biotechnology, and it is already being exploited commercially in the context of sustainable agriculture. In the present study, exploiting the microbial library of the biocontrol company Koppert Biological Systems, we designed microbial consortia composed of carefully selected, well-characterized beneficial bacteria and fungi displaying diverse biocontrol modes of action. We compared their ability to control shoot and root pathogens when applied separately or in combination as microbial consortia, and across different application strategies that imply direct microbial antagonism or induced systemic plant resistance. We hypothesized that consortia will be more versatile than the single strains, displaying an extended functionality, as they will be able to control a wider range of plant diseases through diverse mechanisms and application methods. Our results confirmed our hypothesis, revealing that while different individual microorganisms were the most effective in controlling the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum or the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea in tomato, the consortia showed an extended functionality, effectively controlling both pathogens under any of the application schemes, always reaching the same protection levels as the best performing single strains. Our findings illustrate the potential of microbial consortia, composed of carefully selected and compatible beneficial microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, for the development of stable and versatile biological control products for plant protection against a wider range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhivko Minchev
- Business Unit Microbiology, Agronomical Development Department, Koppert Biological Systems, Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands
| | - Olga Kostenko
- Business Unit Microbiology, Agronomical Development Department, Koppert Biological Systems, Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands
| | - Roxina Soler
- Business Unit Microbiology, Agronomical Development Department, Koppert Biological Systems, Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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7
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Rivero J, Lidoy J, Llopis-Giménez Á, Herrero S, Flors V, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhizal symbiosis primes the accumulation of antiherbivore compounds and enhances herbivore mortality in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5038-5050. [PMID: 33884424 PMCID: PMC8219033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase their ability to overcome multiple stresses, but their impact on plant interactions with herbivorous insects is controversial. Here we show higher mortality of the leaf-chewer Spodoptera exigua when fed on tomato plants colonized by the AMF Funneliformis mosseae, evidencing mycorrhiza-induced resistance. In search of the underlying mechanisms, an untargeted metabolomic analysis through ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was performed. The results showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis had a very limited impact on the leaf metabolome in the absence of stress, but significantly modulated the response to herbivory in the damaged area. A cluster of over accumulated metabolites was identified in those leaflets damaged by S. exigua feeding in mycorrhizal plants, while unwounded distal leaflets responded similar to those from non-mycorrhizal plants. These primed-compounds were mostly related to alkaloids, fatty acid derivatives and phenylpropanoid-polyamine conjugates. The deleterious effect on larval survival of some of these compounds, including the alkaloid physostigmine, the fatty acid derivatives 4-oxododecanedioic acid and azelaic acid, was confirmed. Thus, our results evidence the impact of AMF on metabolic reprograming upon herbivory that leads to a primed accumulation of defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Llopis-Giménez
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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8
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Pozo de la Hoz J, Rivero J, Azcón-Aguilar C, Urrestarazu M, Pozo MJ. Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance against Foliar Pathogens Is Uncoupled of Nutritional Effects under Different Light Intensities. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:402. [PMID: 34063889 PMCID: PMC8224078 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of microbial inoculants, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, has great potential for sustainable crop management, which aims to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, one of the major challenges of their use in agriculture is the variability of the inoculation effects in the field, partly because of the varying environmental conditions. Light intensity and quality affect plant growth and defense, but little is known about their impacts on the benefits of mycorrhizal symbioses. We tested the effects of five different light intensities on plant nutrition and resistance to the necrotrophic foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal lettuce plants. Our results evidence that mycorrhiza establishment is strongly influenced by light intensity, both regarding the extension of root colonization and the abundance of fungal vesicles within the roots. Light intensity also had significant effects on plant growth, nutrient content, and resistance to the pathogen. The effect of the mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant growth and nutrient content depended on the light intensity, and mycorrhiza efficiently reduced disease incidence and severity under all light intensities. Thus, mycorrhiza-induced resistance can be uncoupled from mycorrhizal effects on plant nutrition. Therefore, mycorrhizal symbioses can be beneficial by providing biotic stress protection even in the absence of nutritional or growth benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pozo de la Hoz
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.P.d.l.H.); (M.U.)
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
| | - Miguel Urrestarazu
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.P.d.l.H.); (M.U.)
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (J.R.); (C.A.-A.)
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9
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Metabolomics and transcriptomics to decipher molecular mechanisms underlying ectomycorrhizal root colonization of an oak tree. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8576. [PMID: 33883599 PMCID: PMC8060265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are known to have a positive impact on plant growth and ability to resist major biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the metabolic alterations underlying mycorrhizal symbiosis are still understudied. By using metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches, cork oak roots colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius were compared with non-colonized roots. Results show that compounds putatively corresponding to carbohydrates, organic acids, tannins, long-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, were depleted in ectomycorrhizal cork oak colonized roots. Conversely, non-proteogenic amino acids, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and several putative defense-related compounds, including oxylipin-family compounds, terpenoids and B6 vitamers were induced in mycorrhizal roots. Transcriptomic analysis suggests the involvement of GABA in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis through increased synthesis and inhibition of degradation in mycorrhizal roots. Results from this global metabolomics analysis suggest decreases in root metabolites which are common components of exudates, and in compounds related to root external protective layers which could facilitate plant-fungal contact and enhance symbiosis. Root metabolic pathways involved in defense against stress were induced in ectomycorrhizal roots that could be involved in a plant mechanism to avoid uncontrolled growth of the fungal symbiont in the root apoplast. Several of the identified symbiosis-specific metabolites, such as GABA, may help to understand how ectomycorrhizal fungi such as P. tinctorius benefit their host plants.
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10
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Endophytic Bacteria from the Sahara Desert Protect Tomato Plants Against Botrytis cinerea Under Different Experimental Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2367-2379. [PMID: 33835232 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria endophytes are living microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without visible harmful symptoms, providing a mutualistic interaction. In this study, different bacterial endophytic strains were isolated from different plants primed to live in an arid area, namely, the Sahara Desert. Up to 27 of these strains were selected based on their ability to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth in dual-culture assay and by bacterial volatiles. The results presented in this study show the capacity of most of the bacterial strains to protect Solanum lycopersicum against the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea, under different experimental conditions. Five of these strains induced susceptibility in tomato plants and no callose accumulation upon fungal infection, pointing to callose deposition as a protective mechanism mediated by endophytic bacteria. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the bacterial strains inducing callose and the level of protection against B. cinerea. On the other hand, hormone production by bacteria does not explain the relationship between protection and the differences between the phenotypic results obtained in vitro and those obtained in plant experiments. Induced resistance is highly specific in the inducer-plant-stress interaction.
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11
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Cachapa JC, Meyling NV, Burow M, Hauser TP. Induction and Priming of Plant Defense by Root-Associated Insect-Pathogenic Fungi. J Chem Ecol 2020; 47:112-122. [PMID: 33180275 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants evolved in close contact with a myriad of microorganisms, some of which formed associations with their roots, benefitting from carbohydrates and other plant resources. In exchange, they evolved to influence important plant functions, e.g. defense against insect herbivores and other antagonists. Here, we test whether a fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, which is mostly known as an insect pathogen, can also associate with plant roots and contribute to above-ground plant defense. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) seeds were sown together with M. brunneum-inoculated rice grains, and the resulting plants subjected to leaf herbivory by the specialist Plutella xylostella. Activity of myrosinases, the enzymes activating glucosinolates, was measured before and after herbivory; larval consumption and plant weight at the end of experiments. Metarhizium brunneum clearly established in the plant roots, and after herbivory myrosinase activity was substantially higher in M. brunneum-treated plants than in controls; before herbivory, M. brunneum-treated and control plants did not differ. Leaf consumption was slightly lower in the M. brunneum-treated plants whereas total biomass and allocation to above- or below-ground parts was not affected by the Metarhizium treatment. Thus, M. brunneum associates with roots and primes the plant for a stronger or faster increase in myrosinase activity upon herbivory. Consistent with this, myrosinase function has been suggested to be rate-limiting for induction of the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. Our results show that M. brunneum, in addition to being an insect pathogen, can associate with plant roots and prime plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carvalho Cachapa
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Vitt Meyling
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thure Pavlo Hauser
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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12
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Sanmartín N, Sánchez-Bel P, Pastor V, Pastor-Fernández J, Mateu D, Pozo MJ, Cerezo M, Flors V. Root-to-shoot signalling in mycorrhizal tomato plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110595. [PMID: 32771152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is restricted in roots, but it also improves shoot responses against leaf challenges, a phenomenon known as Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance (MIR). This study focuses on mycorrhizal root signals that may orchestrate shoot defence responses. Metabolomic analysis of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants upon Botrytis cinerea infection showed that roots rearrange their metabolome mostly in response to the symbiosis, whereas in shoots a stronger impact of the infection is observed. Specific clusters of compounds in shoots and roots display a priming profile suggesting an implication in the enhanced resistance observed in mycorrhizal plants. Among the primed pathways in roots, lignans showed the highest number of hits followed by oxocarboxylic acids, compounds of the amino acid metabolism, and phytohormones. The lignan yatein was present at higher concentrations in roots, root efflux and leaves of mycorrhizal plants This lignan displayed in vitro antimicrobial activity against B. cinerea and it was also functional protecting tomato plants. Besides, several JA defence-related genes were upregulated in mycorrhizal roots regardless of the pathogen infection, whereas PIN-II was primed in roots of mycorrhizal infected plants. These observations suggest that the enhanced resistance in shoots during MIR may be coordinated by lignans and oxylipins with the participation of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Diego Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - María José Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC), Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
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Nishad R, Ahmed T, Rahman VJ, Kareem A. Modulation of Plant Defense System in Response to Microbial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1298. [PMID: 32719660 PMCID: PMC7350780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At different stages throughout their life cycle, plants often encounter several pathogenic microbes that challenge plant growth and development. The sophisticated innate plant immune system prevents the growth of harmful microbes via two interconnected defense strategies based on pathogen perception. These strategies involve microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Both these immune responses induce several defense mechanisms for restricting pathogen attack to protect against pathogens and terminate their growth. Plants often develop immune memory after an exposure to pathogens, leading to systemic acquired resistance. Unlike that with harmful microbes, plants make friendly interactions with beneficial microbes for boosting their plant immune system. A spike in recent publications has further improved our understanding of the immune responses in plants as triggered by interactions with microbes. The present study reviews our current understanding of how plant–microbe interactions can activate the sophisticated plant immune system at the molecular level. We further discuss how plant-microbe interaction boost the immune system of plants by demonstrating the examples of Mycorrhizal and Rhizobial association and how these plant-microbe interactions can be exploited to engineer disease resistance and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resna Nishad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Environmental Science Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abdul Kareem
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Campo S, Martín-Cardoso H, Olivé M, Pla E, Catala-Forner M, Martínez-Eixarch M, San Segundo B. Effect of Root Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth, Productivity and Blast Resistance in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:42. [PMID: 32572623 PMCID: PMC7310045 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with roots in most land plants. AM symbiosis provides benefits to host plants by improving nutrition and fitness. AM symbiosis has also been associated with increased resistance to pathogen infection in several plant species. In rice, the effects of AM symbiosis is less studied, probably because rice is mostly cultivated in wetland areas, and plants in such ecosystems have traditionally been considered as non-mycorrhizal. In this study, we investigated the effect of AM inoculation on performance of elite rice cultivars (Oryza sativa, japonica subspecies) under greenhouse and field conditions, focusing on growth, resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and productivity. RESULTS The response to inoculation with either Funneliformis mosseae or Rhizophagus irregularis was evaluated in a panel of 12 rice cultivars. Root colonization was confirmed in all rice varieties. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, R. irregularis showed higher levels of root colonization than F. mosseae. Compared to non-inoculated plants, the AM-inoculated plants had higher Pi content in leaves. Varietal differences were observed in the growth response of rice cultivars to inoculation with an AM fungus, which were also dependent on the identity of the fungus. Thus, positive, negligible, and negative responses to AM inoculation were observed among rice varieties. Inoculation with F. mosseae or R. irregularis also conferred protection to the rice blast fungus, but the level of mycorrhiza-induced blast resistance varied among host genotypes. Rice seedlings (Loto and Gines varieties) were pre-inoculated with R. irregularis, transplanted into flooded fields, and grown until maturity. A significant increase in grain yield was observed in mycorrhizal plants compared with non-mycorrhizal plants, which was related to an increase in the number of panicles. CONCLUSION Results here presented support that rice plants benefit from the AM symbiosis while illustrating the potential of using AM fungi to improve productivity and blast resistance in cultivated rice. Differences observed in the mycorrhizal responsiveness among the different rice cultivars in terms of growth promotion and blast resistance indicate that evaluation of benefits received by the AM symbiosis needs to be carefully evaluated on a case-by-case basis for efficient exploitation of AM fungi in rice cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Martín-Cardoso
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Olivé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pla
- IRTA Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Field crops, Amposta, Spain
| | - Mar Catala-Forner
- IRTA Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Field crops, Amposta, Spain
| | - Maite Martínez-Eixarch
- IRTA Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Marine and Continental Waters, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Wang C, Tian B, Yu Z, Ding J. Effect of Different Combinations of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fertilization on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Aphids in Wheat. INSECTS 2020; 11:E365. [PMID: 32545401 PMCID: PMC7349843 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While chemical fertilizers can be used to increase crop yield, the abuse of fertilizers aggravates environmental pollution and soil degradation. Understanding the effects of chemical fertilizers on the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and pest insects is of great benefit to crop and environmental protection, because AMF can enhance the nutrition absorption and insect resistance of crops. This study tested the effect of different levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and their interactions on AMF, secondary metabolites, Sitobion avenae in garden, as well as the wheat traits in field. The results showed that AMF colonization on roots in the P0N1 treatment (0 g P/pot, 1.3083 g N/pot in the garden, and 0 g P/plot, 299.84 g N/plot) was the highest in both the garden and the field. The abundance of aphid was reduced in the P0N1 treatment, and there were negative relationships between aphids and AMF and phenolics, but a positive relationship between AMF and phenolics. Our results indicated that a change in the ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen affects the relationship among AMF, aphid abundance, and metabolites. The results also suggested an approach to save chemical fertilizers that could improve crop health and protect the agroecosystem against pollution at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (C.W.); (Z.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Baoliang Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (C.W.); (Z.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (C.W.); (Z.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (C.W.); (Z.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Jin Ming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
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16
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Sanmartín N, Pastor V, Pastor-Fernández J, Flors V, Pozo MJ, Sánchez-Bel P. Role and mechanisms of callose priming in mycorrhiza-induced resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2769-2781. [PMID: 31985797 PMCID: PMC7210776 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal plants display enhanced resistance to several pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) are still elusive. We aim to study the mechanisms underlying MIR against Botrytis cinerea and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Mycorrhizal tomato plants inoculated with Rhizoglomus irregularis displayed callose priming upon B. cinerea infection. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished MIR, confirming the relevance of callose in the bioprotection phenomena. While studying the mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-induced callose priming, we found that mycorrhizal plants display an enhanced starch degradation rate that is correlated with increased levels of β-amylase1 transcripts following pathogen infection. Starch mobilization in mycorrhizal plants seems coordinated with the increased transcription of sugar transporter and invertase genes. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding the vesicular trafficking proteins ATL31 and SYP121 and callose synthase PMR4 were higher in the mycorrhizal plants and further boosted by subsequent pathogen infection. All these proteins play a key role in the priming of callose accumulation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that callose priming is an induced resistance mechanism conserved in different plant species. This evidence highlights the importance of sugar mobilization and vesicular trafficking in the priming of callose as a defence mechanism in mycorrhiza-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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17
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Casarrubias-Castillo K, Montero-Vargas JM, Dabdoub-González N, Winkler R, Martinez-Gallardo NA, Zañudo-Hernández J, Avilés-Arnaut H, Délano-Frier JP. Distinct gene expression and secondary metabolite profiles in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) tomato mutants having impaired mycorrhizal colonization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8888. [PMID: 32337100 PMCID: PMC7167247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, sampled at 32-50 days post-inoculation (dpi), was significantly reduced in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutant tomato plants impaired in the ω-3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7) gene that limits the generation of linolenic acid and, consequently, the wound-responsive jasmonic acid (JA) burst. Contrary to wild-type (WT) plants, JA levels in root and leaves of spr2 mutants remained unchanged in response to AMF colonization, further supporting its regulatory role in the AM symbiosis. Decreased AMF colonization in spr2 plants was also linked to alterations associated with a disrupted FAD7 function, such as enhanced salicylic acid (SA) levels and SA-related defense gene expression and a reduction in fatty acid content in both mycorrhizal spr2 roots and leaves. Transcriptomic data revealed that lower mycorrhizal colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants coincided with the modified expression of key genes controlling gibberellin and ethylene signaling, brassinosteroid, ethylene, apocarotenoid and phenylpropanoid synthesis, and the wound response. Targeted metabolomic analysis, performed at 45 dpi, revealed augmented contents of L-threonic acid and DL-malic acid in colonized spr2 roots which suggested unfavorable conditions for AMF colonization. Additionally, time- and genotype-dependent changes in root steroid glycoalkaloid levels, including tomatine, suggested that these metabolites might positively regulate the AM symbiosis in tomato. Untargeted metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the tomato root metabolomes were distinctly affected by genotype, mycorrhizal colonization and colonization time. In conclusion, reduced AMF colonization efficiency in spr2 mutants is probably caused by multiple and interconnected JA-dependent and independent gene expression and metabolomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kena Casarrubias-Castillo
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Josaphat M. Montero-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nicole Dabdoub-González
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Norma A. Martinez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Julia Zañudo-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut
- Instituto de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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18
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Pineda A, Kaplan I, Hannula SE, Ghanem W, Bezemer TM. Conditioning the soil microbiome through plant-soil feedbacks suppresses an aboveground insect pest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:595-608. [PMID: 31863484 PMCID: PMC7155073 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soils and their microbiomes are now recognized as key components of plant health, but how to steer those microbiomes to obtain their beneficial functions is still unknown. Here, we assess whether plant-soil feedbacks can be applied in a crop system to shape soil microbiomes that suppress herbivorous insects in above-ground tissues. We used four grass and four forb species to condition living soil. Then we inoculated those soil microbiomes into sterilized soil and grew chrysanthemum as a focal plant. We evaluated the soil microbiome in the inocula and after chrysanthemum growth, as well as plant and herbivore parameters. We show that inocula and inoculated soil in which a focal plant had grown harbor remarkably different microbiomes, with the focal plant exerting a strong negative effect on fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil inoculation consistently induced resistance against the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, but not against the mite Tetranychus urticae, when compared with sterilized soil. Additionally, plant species shaped distinct microbiomes that had different effects on thrips, chlorogenic acid concentrations in leaves and plant growth. This study provides a proof-of-concept that the plant-soil feedback concept can be applied to steer soil microbiomes with the goal of inducing resistance above ground against herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pineda
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
| | - Ian Kaplan
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - S. Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
| | - Wadih Ghanem
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
- Department of EntomologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningen6700 ABthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologySection Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
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19
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Rizzo E, Sherman T, Manosalva P, Gomez SK. Assessment of Local and Systemic Changes in Plant Gene Expression and Aphid Responses during Potato Interactions with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Potato Aphids. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E82. [PMID: 31936508 PMCID: PMC7020417 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This research examined aphid and plant responses to distinct levels (none, low, and high) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization by studying the association between potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), and AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices). It extends knowledge on gene expression changes, assessed by RT-qPCR, of ten defense-related genes at two time-points post-herbivory (24 h and 10 days), focusing on aphid-infested local leaves, non-infested systemic leaves, and roots. The results showed that aphid fitness was not altered by AM symbiosis. At 24 h, ETHYLENE RECEPTOR 1 gene expression was repressed in roots of aphid-infested non-mycorrhizal plants and aphid-infested plants with a high level of AM fungal root colonization, but not on aphid-infested plants with a low level of AM fungal root colonization. At 10 days, ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE and POTATO TYPE I PROTEASE INHIBITOR were upregulated exclusively in local leaves of aphid-infested plants with a low level of AM fungal root colonization. In addition, local and systemic changes in plant gene expression appeared to be regulated exclusively by AM status and aphid herbivory. In summary, the gene expression data provide insights on mycorrhizal potato responses to aphid herbivory and serve as a starting point for future studies using this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rizzo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (E.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Tyler Sherman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (E.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Patricia Manosalva
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - S. Karen Gomez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639, USA; (E.R.); (T.S.)
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20
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Camisón Á, Martín MÁ, Sánchez-Bel P, Flors V, Alcaide F, Morcuende D, Pinto G, Solla A. Hormone and secondary metabolite profiling in chestnut during susceptible and resistant interactions with Phytophthora cinnamomi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 241:153030. [PMID: 31493717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) is a dangerous pathogen that causes root rot (ink disease) and threatens the production of chestnuts worldwide. Despite all the advances recently reported at molecular and physiological level, there are still gaps of knowledge that would help to unveil the defence mechanisms behind plant-Pc interactions. Bearing this in mind we quantified constitutive and Pc-induced stress-related signals (hormones and metabolites) complemented with changes in photosynthetic related parameters by exploring susceptible and resistant Castanea spp.-Pc interactions. In a greenhouse experiment, five days before and nine days after inoculation with Pc, leaves and fine roots from susceptible C. sativa and resistant C. sativa × C. crenata clonal 2-year-old plantlets were sampled (clones Cs14 and 111-1, respectively). In the resistant clone, stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (A) decreased significantly and soluble sugars in leaves increased, while in the susceptible clone gs and A remained unchanged and proline levels in leaves increased. In the resistant clone, higher constitutive content of root SA and foliar ABA, JA and JA-Ile as compared to the susceptible clone were observed. Total phenolics and condensed tannins were highest in roots of the susceptible clone. In response to infection, a dynamic hormonal response in the resistant clone was observed, consisting of accumulation of JA, JA-Ile and ABA in roots and depletion of total phenolics in leaves. However, in the susceptible clone only JA diminished in leaves and increased in roots. Constitutive and Pc-induced levels of JA-Ile were only detectable in the resistant clone. From the hormonal profiles obtained in leaves and roots before and after infection, it is concluded that the lack of effective hormonal changes in C. sativa explains the lack of defence responses to Pc of this susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Camisón
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600, Plasencia, Spain
| | - M Ángela Martín
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Carretera Nacional IV Km 396, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Escuela Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Jaume I, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Escuela Superior de Tecnología y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Jaume I, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Francisco Alcaide
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600, Plasencia, Spain
| | - David Morcuende
- IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Glória Pinto
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600, Plasencia, Spain.
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21
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Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Catoni M, Fiorilli V, Accotto GP, Lanfranco L. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Plant Friend or Foe in the Fight Against Viruses? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1238. [PMID: 31231333 PMCID: PMC6558290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots establish interactions with several beneficial soil microorganisms including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In addition to promoting plant nutrition and growth, AMF colonization can prime systemic plant defense and enhance tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses and below-ground pathogens. A protective effect of the AMF against above-ground pathogens has also been described in different plant species, but it seems to largely rely on the type of attacker. Viruses are obligate biotrophic pathogens able to infect a large number of plant species, causing massive losses in crop yield worldwide. Despite their economic importance, information on the effect of the AM symbiosis on viral infection is limited and not conclusive. However, several experimental evidences, obtained under controlled conditions, show that AMF colonization may enhance viral infection, affecting susceptibility, symptomatology and viral replication, possibly related to the improved nutritional status and to the delayed induction of pathogenesis-related proteins in the mycorrhizal plants. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of the AMF colonization on plant infection by pathogenic viruses and summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. For the cases where AMF colonization increases the susceptibility of plants to viruses, the term "mycorrhiza-induced susceptibility" (MIS) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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22
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Hu D, Baskin JM, Baskin CC, Wang Z, Zhang S, Yang X, Huang Z. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and achene mucilage have independent functions in seedling growth of a desert shrub. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:1-11. [PMID: 30530198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can play a role in improving seedling establishment in deserts, and it has been suggested that achene mucilage facilitates seedling establishment in sandy deserts and that mucilage biodegradation products may improve seedling growth. We aimed to determine if AM symbiosis interacts with achene mucilage in regulating seedling growth in sand dunes. Up to 20 A M fungal taxa colonized Artemisia sphaerocephala roots in the field, and mycorrhizal frequency and colonization intensity exhibited seasonal dynamics. In the greenhouse, total biomass of AM fungal-colonized plants decreased, whereas the root/shoot ratio increased. AM symbiosis resulted in increased concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll and decreased concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Achene mucilage had a weaker effect on biomass and on nutrient, chlorophyll, and phytohormone concentration than did AM symbiosis. We suggest that AM symbiosis and achene mucilage act independently in enhancing seedling establishment in sandy deserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Jerry M Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Zhaoren Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
| | - Zhenying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
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23
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Rivero J, Álvarez D, Flors V, Azcón-Aguilar C, Pozo MJ. Root metabolic plasticity underlies functional diversity in mycorrhiza-enhanced stress tolerance in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1322-1336. [PMID: 29982997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses can improve plant tolerance to multiple stresses. We compared three AM fungi (AMF) from different genera, one of them isolated from a dry and saline environment, in terms of their ability to increase tomato tolerance to moderate or severe drought or salt stress. Plant physiological parameters and metabolic profiles were compared in order to find the molecular mechanisms underlying plant protection against stress. Mycorrhizal growth response was determined, and ultrahigh-performance LC-MS was used to compare the metabolic profile of plants under the different treatments. All AMF increased plant tolerance to stress, and the positive effects of the symbiosis were correlated with the severity of the stress. The AMF isolated from the stressful environment was the most effective in improving plant tolerance to salt stress. Differentially accumulated compounds were identified and the antistress properties of some of them were confirmed. We demonstrate that AM symbioses increase plant metabolic plasticity to cope with stress. Some responses were common to all AMF tested, while others were specifically related to particular isolates. Important metabolism reprograming was evidenced upon salt stress, and we identified metabolic pathways and compounds differentially accumulated in mycorrhizas that may underlie their enhanced tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rivero
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Domingo Álvarez
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, CSIC Associated Unit, Plant Physiology Section, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, Castellón de la Plana 12071, Spain
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
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24
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Marquez N, Giachero ML, Gallou A, Debat HJ, Cranenbrouck S, Di Rienzo JA, Pozo MJ, Ducasse DA, Declerck S. Transcriptional Changes in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Soybean Plants upon Infection with the Fungal Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:842-855. [PMID: 29498566 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0282-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne fungal pathogen with a wide host range that causes charcoal rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Control of the disease is a challenge, due to the absence of genetic resistance and effective chemical control. Alternative or complementary measures are needed, such as the use of biological control agents, in an integrated approach. Several studies have demonstrated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant resistance or tolerance to biotic stresses, decreasing the symptoms and pressure caused by various pests and diseases, including M. phaseolina in soybean. However, the specific contribution of AMF in the regulation of the plant response to M. phaseolina remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate, under strict in-vitro culture conditions, the global transcriptional changes in roots of premycorrhized soybean plantlets challenged by M. phaseolina (+AMF+Mp) as compared with nonmycorrhizal soybean plantlets (-AMF+Mp). MapMan software was used to distinguish transcriptional changes, with special emphasis on those related to plant defense responses. Soybean genes identified as strongly upregulated during infection by the pathogen included pathogenesis-related proteins, disease-resistance proteins, transcription factors, and secondary metabolism-related genes, as well as those encoding for signaling hormones. Remarkably, the +AMF+Mp treatment displayed a lower number of upregulated genes as compared with the -AMF+Mp treatment. AMF seemed to counteract or balance costs upon M. phaseolina infection, which could be associated to a negative impact on biomass and seed production. These detailed insights in soybean-AMF interaction help us to understand the complex underlying mechanisms involved in AMF-mediated biocontrol and support the importance of preserving and stimulating the existing plant-AMF associates, via adequate agricultural practices, to optimize their agro-ecological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marquez
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
- 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - María L Giachero
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrien Gallou
- 3 Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC. Apdo. Postal 67, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Humberto J Debat
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- 4 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Part of the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julio A Di Rienzo
- 5 Cátedra de Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ing Agr; Felix Aldo Marrone 746, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Pozo
- 6 Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel A Ducasse
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- 7 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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25
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Fiorilli V, Vannini C, Ortolani F, Garcia-Seco D, Chiapello M, Novero M, Domingo G, Terzi V, Morcia C, Bagnaresi P, Moulin L, Bracale M, Bonfante P. Omics approaches revealed how arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances yield and resistance to leaf pathogen in wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9625. [PMID: 29941972 PMCID: PMC6018116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides improved mineral nutrition, plants colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often display increased biomass and higher tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Notwithstanding the global importance of wheat as an agricultural crop, its response to AM symbiosis has been poorly investigated. We focused on the role of an AM fungus on mineral nutrition of wheat, and on its potential protective effect against Xanthomonas translucens. To address these issues, phenotypical, molecular and metabolomic approaches were combined. Morphological observations highlighted that AM wheat plants displayed an increased biomass and grain yield, as well as a reduction in lesion area following pathogen infection. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal phenotype, we investigated changes of transcripts and proteins in roots and leaves during the double (wheat-AM fungus) and tripartite (wheat-AM fungus-pathogen) interaction. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling identified the main pathways involved in enhancing plant biomass, mineral nutrition and in promoting the bio-protective effect against the leaf pathogen. Mineral and amino acid contents in roots, leaves and seeds, and protein oxidation profiles in leaves, supported the omics data, providing new insight into the mechanisms exerted by AM symbiosis to confer stronger productivity and enhanced resistance to X. translucens in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Candida Vannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Ortolani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniel Garcia-Seco
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Domingo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Valeria Terzi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Caterina Morcia
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Lionel Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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26
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Sánchez-Bel P, Sanmartín N, Pastor V, Mateu D, Cerezo M, Vidal-Albalat A, Pastor-Fernández J, Pozo MJ, Flors V. Mycorrhizal tomato plants fine tunes the growth-defence balance upon N depleted root environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:406-420. [PMID: 29194658 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In low nutritive environments, the uptake of N by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may confer competitive advantages for the host. The present study aims to understand how mycorrhizal tomato plants perceive and then prepare for an N depletion in the root environment. Plants colonized by Rhizophagus irregularis displayed improved responses to a lack of N than nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants. These responses were accomplished by a complex metabolic and transcriptional rearrangement that mostly affected the gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid pathways involving DELLA and JAZ1 genes, which were responsive to changes in the C/N imbalance of the plant. N starved mycorrhizal plants showed lower C/N equilibrium in the shoots than starved NM plants and concomitantly a downregulation of the JAZ1 repressor and the increased expression of the DELLA gene, which translated into a more active oxylipin pathway in mycorrhizal plants. In addition, the results support a priorization in AM plants of stress responses over growth. Therefore, these plants were better prepared for an expected stress. Furthermore, most metabolites that were severely reduced in NM plants following the N depletion remained unaltered in starved AM plants compared with those normally fertilized, suggesting that the symbiosis buffered the stress, improving plant development in a stressed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - N Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - V Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - D Mateu
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - M Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - A Vidal-Albalat
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - J Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - M J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, 18160, Spain
| | - V Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, 12071, Spain
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27
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Rubio MB, Hermosa R, Vicente R, Gómez-Acosta FA, Morcuende R, Monte E, Bettiol W. The Combination of Trichoderma harzianum and Chemical Fertilization Leads to the Deregulation of Phytohormone Networking, Preventing the Adaptive Responses of Tomato Plants to Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28303151 PMCID: PMC5332374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved effective mechanisms to avoid or reduce the potential damage caused by abiotic stresses. In addition to biocontrol abilities, Trichoderma genus fungi promote growth and alleviate the adverse effects caused by saline stress in plants. Morphological, physiological, and molecular changes were analyzed in salt-stressed tomato plants grown under greenhouse conditions in order to investigate the effects of chemical and biological fertilizations. The application of Trichoderma harzianum T34 to tomato seeds had very positive effects on plant growth, independently of chemical fertilization. The application of salt stress significantly changed the parameters related to growth and gas-exchange rates in tomato plants subject to chemical fertilization. However, the gas-exchange parameters were not affected in unfertilized plants under the same moderate saline stress. The combined application of T34 and salt significantly reduced the fresh and dry weights of NPK-fertilized plants, while the opposite effects were detected when no chemical fertilization was applied. Decaying symptoms were observed in salt-stressed and chemically fertilized plants previously treated with T34. This damaged phenotype was linked to significantly higher intercellular CO2 and slight increases in stomatal conductance and transpiration, and to the deregulation of phytohormone networking in terms of significantly lower expression levels of the salt overlay sensitivity 1 (SOS1) gene, and the genes involved in signaling abscisic acid-, ethylene-, and salicylic acid-dependent pathways and ROS production, in comparison with those observed in salt-challenged NPK-fertilized plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Rubio
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Abiotic Stress Department, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Fabio A. Gómez-Acosta
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Morcuende
- Abiotic Stress Department, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSalamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Wagner Bettiol
- Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Embrapa EnvironmentJaguariúna, Brazil
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