1
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Sarathy JP. Molecular and microbiological methods for the identification of nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012595. [PMID: 39383167 PMCID: PMC11463790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic tuberculosis (TB) disease, which requires months-long chemotherapy with multiple antibiotics, is defined by diverse pathological manifestations and bacterial phenotypes. Targeting drug-tolerant bacteria in the host is critical to achieving a faster and durable cure for TB. In order to facilitate this field of research, we need to consider the physiology of persistent MTB during infection, which is often associated with the nonreplicating (NR) state. However, the traditional approach to quantifying bacterial burden through colony enumeration alone only informs on the abundance of live bacilli at the time of sampling, and provides an incomplete picture of the replicative state of the pathogen and the extent to which bacterial replication is balanced by ongoing cell death. Modern approaches to profiling bacterial replication status provide a better understanding of inter- and intra-population dynamics under different culture conditions and in distinct host microenvironments. While some methods use molecular markers of DNA replication and cell division, other approaches take advantage of advances in the field of microfluidics and live-cell microscopy. Considerable effort has been made over the past few decades to develop preclinical in vivo models of TB infection and some are recognized for more closely recapitulating clinical disease pathology than others. Unique lesion compartments presenting different environmental conditions produce significant heterogeneity between Mycobacterium tuberculosis populations within the host. While cellular lesion compartments appear to be more permissive of ongoing bacterial replication, caseous foci are associated with the maintenance of M. tuberculosis in a state of static equilibrium. The accurate identification of nonreplicators and where they hide within the host have significant implications for the way novel chemotherapeutic agents and regimens are designed for persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansy Passiflora Sarathy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
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2
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Kim SY, Choi JA, Choi S, Kim KK, Song CH, Kim EM. Advances in an In Vitro Tuberculosis Infection Model Using Human Lung Organoids for Host-Directed Therapies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012295. [PMID: 39052544 PMCID: PMC11271890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has led to the development of novel anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs. Common methods for testing the efficacy of new drugs, including two-dimensional cell culture models or animal models, have several limitations. Therefore, an appropriate model representative of the human organism is required. Here, we developed an M.tb infection model using human lung organoids (hLOs) and demonstrated that M.tb H37Rv can infect lung epithelial cells and human macrophages (hMφs) in hLOs. This novel M.tb infection model can be cultured long-term and split several times while maintaining a similar number of M.tb H37Rv inside the hLOs. Anti-TB drugs reduced the intracellular survival of M.tb in hLOs. Notably, M.tb growth in hLOs was effectively suppressed at each passage by rifampicin and bedaquiline. Furthermore, a reduction in inflammatory cytokine production and intracellular survival of M.tb were observed upon knockdown of MFN2 and HERPUD1 (host-directed therapeutic targets for TB) in our M.tb H37Rv-infected hLO model. Thus, the incorporation of hMφs and M.tb into hLOs provides a powerful strategy for generating an M.tb infection model. This model can effectively reflect host-pathogen interactions and be utilized to test the efficacy of anti-TB drugs and host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seri Choi
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Translational Immunology Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kolloli A, Kumar R, Venketaraman V, Subbian S. Immunopathology of Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in a Humanized Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1656. [PMID: 38338937 PMCID: PMC10855034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of antibiotic therapy, tuberculosis (TB) is prevailing as a leading killer among human infectious diseases, which highlights the need for better intervention strategies to control TB. Several animal model systems, including mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates have been developed and explored to understand TB pathogenesis. Although each of these models contributes to our current understanding of host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) interactions, none of these models fully recapitulate the pathological spectrum of clinical TB seen in human patients. Recently, humanized mouse models are being developed to improvise the limitations associated with the standard mouse model of TB, including lack of necrotic caseation of granulomas, a pathological hallmark of TB in humans. However, the spatial immunopathology of pulmonary TB in humanized mice is not fully understood. In this study, using a novel humanized mouse model, we evaluated the spatial immunopathology of pulmonary Mtb infection with a low-dose inoculum. Humanized NOD/LtSscidIL2Rγ null mice containing human fetal liver, thymus, and hematopoietic CD34+ cells and treated with human cytokines were aerosol challenged to implant <50 pathogenic Mtb (low dose) in the lungs. At 2 and 4 weeks post infection, the tissue bacterial load, disease pathology, and spatial immunohistology were determined in the lungs, liver, spleen, and adipose tissue using bacteriological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical techniques. The results indicate that implantation of <50 bacteria can establish a progressive disease in the lungs that transmits to other tissues over time. The disease pathology in organs correspondingly increased with the bacterial load. A distinct spatial distribution of T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells were noted in the lung granulomas. The kinetics of spatial immune cell distribution were consistent with the disease pathology in the lungs. Thus, the novel humanized model recapitulates several key features of human pulmonary TB granulomatous response and can be a useful preclinical tool to evaluate potential anti-TB drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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4
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Alruwaili Y, Jacobs MB, Hasenkampf NR, Tardo AC, McDaniel CE, Embers ME. Superior efficacy of combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy in a mouse model of Lyme disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1293300. [PMID: 38075920 PMCID: PMC10703379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) results from the most prevalent tick-borne infection in North America, with over 476,000 estimated cases annually. The disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) sensu lato which transmits through the bite of Ixodid ticks. Most cases treated soon after infection are resolved by a short course of oral antibiotics. However, 10-20% of patients experience chronic symptoms because of delayed or incomplete treatment, a condition called Post-Treatment Lyme Disease (PTLD). Some Bb persists in PTLD patients after the initial course of antibiotics and an effective treatment to eradicate the persistent Bb is needed. Other organisms that cause persistent infections, such as M. tuberculosis, are cleared using a combination of therapies rather than monotherapy. A group of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs previously shown to be efficacious against Bb in vitro were used in monotherapy or in combination in mice infected with Bb. Different methods of detection were used to assess the efficacy of the treatments in the infected mice including culture, xenodiagnosis, and molecular techniques. None of the monotherapies eradicated persistent Bb. However, 4 dual combinations (doxycycline + ceftriaxone, dapsone + rifampicin, dapsone + clofazimine, doxycycline + cefotaxime) and 3 triple combinations (doxycycline + ceftriaxone+ carbomycin, doxycycline + cefotaxime+ loratadine, dapsone+ rifampicin+ clofazimine) eradicated persistent Bb infections. These results suggest that combination therapy should be investigated in preclinical studies for treating human Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mary B. Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Hasenkampf
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Amanda C. Tardo
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Celine E. McDaniel
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Harvest CK, Abele TJ, Yu C, Beatty CJ, Amason ME, Billman ZP, DePrizio MA, Souza FW, Lacey CA, Maltez VI, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Saban DR, Montgomery SA, Miao EA. An innate granuloma eradicates an environmental pathogen using Gsdmd and Nos2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6686. [PMID: 37865673 PMCID: PMC10590453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomas often form around pathogens that cause chronic infections. Here, we discover an innate granuloma model in mice with an environmental bacterium called Chromobacterium violaceum. Granuloma formation not only successfully walls off, but also clears, the infection. The infected lesion can arise from a single bacterium that replicates despite the presence of a neutrophil swarm. Bacterial replication ceases when macrophages organize around the infection and form a granuloma. This granuloma response is accomplished independently of adaptive immunity that is typically required to organize granulomas. The C. violaceum-induced granuloma requires at least two separate defense pathways, gasdermin D and iNOS, to maintain the integrity of the granuloma architecture. This innate granuloma successfully eradicates C. violaceum infection. Therefore, this C. violaceum-induced granuloma model demonstrates that innate immune cells successfully organize a granuloma and thereby resolve infection by an environmental pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa K Harvest
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor J Abele
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cole J Beatty
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan E Amason
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morgan A DePrizio
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernando W Souza
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivien I Maltez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heather N Larson
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D McGlaughon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Nguyen KH, Alcantara CA, Glassman I, May N, Mundra A, Mukundan A, Urness B, Yoon S, Sakaki R, Dayal S, Chowdhury T, Harshavardhan S, Ramanathan V, Venketaraman V. Cutaneous Manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Literature Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:920. [PMID: 37513768 PMCID: PMC10385667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that humanity struggled with for centuries and continues to struggle with. The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis often infects the lungs through respiratory transmission and manifests itself through various symptoms, including cutaneous infections. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) comprises about 1% to 1.5% of all extrapulmonary manifestations and is often accompanied by polymorphous lesions, including papules, nodules, plaques, ulcers, gummas, and verrucous lesions. CTB is most commonly observed in low-income, HIV, and immunosuppressed populations, similar to intrapulmonary manifestations. The main pathogen for CTB is M. tuberculosis but less commonly with M. bovis and BCG vaccine, and the modes of transmission are largely classified into exogenous and endogenous CTB. Current treatment options for CTB include oral therapy of antibiotic medications such as rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, which is occasionally combined with surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Nguyen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Cheldon Ann Alcantara
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ira Glassman
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nicole May
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Akaash Mundra
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Abinanda Mukundan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Bianca Urness
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Sonyeol Yoon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Roajhaan Sakaki
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Surbi Dayal
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Tanzila Chowdhury
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Shakila Harshavardhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Vadakupattu Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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7
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Harvest CK, Abele TJ, Yu C, Beatty CJ, Amason ME, Billman ZP, DePrizio MA, Lacey CA, Maltez VI, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Saban DR, Montgomery SA, Miao EA. An innate granuloma eradicates an environmental pathogen using Gsdmd and Nos2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531568. [PMID: 36945446 PMCID: PMC10028874 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulomas often form around pathogens that cause chronic infections. Here, we discover a novel granuloma model in mice. Chromobacterium violaceum is an environmental bacterium that stimulates granuloma formation that not only successfully walls off but also clears the infection. The infected lesion can arise from a single bacterium that replicates in the presence of a neutrophil swarm. Bacterial replication ceases when macrophages organize around the infection and form a granuloma. This granuloma response is accomplished independently of adaptive immunity that is typically required to organize granulomas. The C. violaceum -induced granuloma requires at least two separate defense pathways, gasdermin D and iNOS, to maintain the integrity of the granuloma architecture. These innate granulomas successfully eradicate C. violaceum infection. Therefore, this new C. violaceum -induced granuloma model demonstrates that innate immune cells successfully organize a granuloma and thereby eradicate infection by an environmental pathogen.
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8
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Suvvari TK. Exploring the potential of multi-target-directed ligands for tuberculosis treatment. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231188039. [PMID: 37465822 PMCID: PMC10350744 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231188039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
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9
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Mishra S, Saito K. Clinically encountered growth phenotypes of tuberculosis-causing bacilli and their in vitro study: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1029111. [PMID: 36439231 PMCID: PMC9684195 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) vary widely in severity, site of infection, and outcomes of treatment-leading to simultaneous efforts to individualize therapy safely and to search for shorter regimens that can be successfully used across the clinical spectrum. In these endeavors, clinicians and researchers alike employ mycobacterial culture in rich media. However, even within the same patient, individual bacilli among the population can exhibit substantial variability in their culturability. Bacilli in vitro also demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in replication rate and cultivation requirements, as well as susceptibility to killing by antimicrobials. Understanding parallels in clinical, ex vivo and in vitro growth phenotype diversity may be key to identifying those phenotypes responsible for treatment failure, relapse, and the reactivation of bacilli that progresses TB infection to disease. This review briefly summarizes the current role of mycobacterial culture in the care of patients with TB and the ex vivo evidence of variability in TB culturability. We then discuss current advances in in vitro models that study heterogenous subpopulations within a genetically identical bulk culture, with an emphasis on the effect of oxidative stress on bacillary cultivation requirements. The review highlights the complexity that heterogeneity in mycobacterial growth brings to the interpretation of culture in clinical settings and research. It also underscores the intricacies present in the interplay between growth phenotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Better understanding of population dynamics and growth requirements over time and space promises to aid both the attempts to individualize TB treatment and to find uniformly effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kohta Saito
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host-pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host-pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samantha Leigh Sampson
- DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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11
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Asai M, Li Y, Spiropoulos J, Cooley W, Everest DJ, Kendall SL, Martín C, Robertson BD, Langford PR, Newton SM. Galleria mellonella as an infection model for the virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Virulence 2022; 13:1543-1557. [PMID: 36052440 PMCID: PMC9481108 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2119657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a leading cause of infectious disease mortality. Animal infection models have contributed substantially to our understanding of TB, yet their biological and non-biological limitations are a research bottleneck. There is a need for more ethically acceptable, economical, and reproducible TB infection models capable of mimicking key aspects of disease. Here, we demonstrate and present a basic description of how Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth, Gm) larvae can be used as a low cost, rapid, and ethically more acceptable model for TB research. This is the first study to infect Gm with the fully virulent MTB H37Rv, the most widely used strain in research. Infection of Gm with MTB resulted in a symptomatic lethal infection, the virulence of which differed from both attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG and auxotrophic MTB strains. The Gm-MTB model can also be used for anti-TB drug screening, although CFU enumeration from Gm is necessary for confirmation of mycobacterial load reducing activity of the tested compound. Furthermore, comparative virulence of MTB isogenic mutants can be determined in Gm. However, comparison of mutant phenotypes in Gm against conventional models must consider the limitations of innate immunity. Our findings indicate that Gm will be a practical, valuable, and advantageous additional model to be used alongside existing models to advance tuberculosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asai
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - William Cooley
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - David J Everest
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sharon L Kendall
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hartfield, UK
| | - Carlos Martín
- Department of Microbiology, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBERES, (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra M Newton
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Chia SPS, Kong SLY, Pang JKS, Soh BS. 3D Human Organoids: The Next "Viral" Model for the Molecular Basis of Infectious Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1541. [PMID: 35884846 PMCID: PMC9312734 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the scientific community to adopt an efficient and reliable model that could keep up with the infectious disease arms race. Coinciding with the pandemic, three dimensional (3D) human organoids technology has also gained traction in the field of infectious disease. An in vitro construct that can closely resemble the in vivo organ, organoid technology could bridge the gap between the traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal models. By harnessing the multi-lineage characteristic of the organoid that allows for the recapitulation of the organotypic structure and functions, 3D human organoids have emerged as an essential tool in the field of infectious disease research. In this review, we will be providing a comparison between conventional systems and organoid models. We will also be highlighting how organoids played a role in modelling common infectious diseases and molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of causative agents. Additionally, we present the limitations associated with the current organoid models and innovative strategies that could resolve these shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Pei Shan Chia
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (S.P.S.C.); (S.L.Y.K.); (J.K.S.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Sharleen Li Ying Kong
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (S.P.S.C.); (S.L.Y.K.); (J.K.S.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (S.P.S.C.); (S.L.Y.K.); (J.K.S.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, ASTAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (S.P.S.C.); (S.L.Y.K.); (J.K.S.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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13
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Dide-Agossou C, Bauman AA, Ramey ME, Rossmassler K, Al Mubarak R, Pauly S, Voskuil MI, Garcia-Cremades M, Savic RM, Nahid P, Moore CM, Tasneen R, Nuermberger EL, Robertson GT, Walter ND. Combination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RS Ratio and CFU Improves the Ability of Murine Efficacy Experiments to Distinguish between Drug Treatments. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0231021. [PMID: 35311519 PMCID: PMC9017352 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02310-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine tuberculosis drug efficacy studies have historically monitored bacterial burden based on CFU of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lung homogenate. In an alternative approach, a recently described molecular pharmacodynamic marker called the RS ratio quantifies drug effect on a fundamental cellular process, ongoing rRNA synthesis. Here, we evaluated the ability of different pharmacodynamic markers to distinguish between treatments in three BALB/c mouse experiments at two institutions. We confirmed that different pharmacodynamic markers measure distinct biological responses. We found that a combination of pharmacodynamic markers distinguishes between treatments better than any single marker. The combination of the RS ratio with CFU showed the greatest ability to recapitulate the rank order of regimen treatment-shortening activity, providing proof of concept that simultaneous assessment of pharmacodynamic markers measuring different properties will enhance insight gained from animal models and accelerate development of new combination regimens. These results suggest potential for a new era in which antimicrobial therapies are evaluated not only on culture-based measures of bacterial burden but also on molecular assays that indicate how drugs impact the physiological state of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison A. Bauman
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ramey
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen Rossmassler
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Reem Al Mubarak
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha Pauly
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin I. Voskuil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria Garcia-Cremades
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rada M. Savic
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Camille M. Moore
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L. Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory T. Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Walter
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Niroula N, Lim ZL, Walker S, Huang Y, Gerdts V, Zriba S, Drever K, Chen JM. Domestic pigs experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit different disease outcomes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 133:102167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Kotze LA, Beltran CGG, Lang D, Loxton AG, Cooper S, Meiring M, Koegelenberg CFN, Allwood BW, Malherbe ST, Hiemstra AM, Glanzmann B, Kinnear C, Walzl G, du Plessis N. Establishment of a Patient-Derived, Magnetic Levitation-Based, Three-Dimensional Spheroid Granuloma Model for Human Tuberculosis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0055221. [PMID: 34287004 PMCID: PMC8386456 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous granulomas that develop in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection are highly dynamic entities shaped by the host immune response and disease kinetics. Within this microenvironment, immune cell recruitment, polarization, and activation are driven not only by coexisting cell types and multicellular interactions but also by M. tuberculosis-mediated changes involving metabolic heterogeneity, epigenetic reprogramming, and rewiring of the transcriptional landscape of host cells. There is an increased appreciation of the in vivo complexity, versatility, and heterogeneity of the cellular compartment that constitutes the tuberculosis (TB) granuloma and the difficulty in translating findings from animal models to human disease. Here, we describe a novel biomimetic in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human lung spheroid granuloma model, resembling early "innate" and "adaptive" stages of the TB granuloma spectrum, and present results of histological architecture, host transcriptional characterization, mycobacteriological features, cytokine profiles, and spatial distribution of key immune cells. A range of manipulations of immune cell populations in these spheroid granulomas will allow the study of host/pathogen pathways involved in the outcome of infection, as well as pharmacological interventions. IMPORTANCE TB is a highly infectious disease, with granulomas as its hallmark. Granulomas play an important role in the control of M. tuberculosis infection and as such are crucial indicators for our understanding of host resistance to TB. Correlates of risk and protection to M. tuberculosis are still elusive, and the granuloma provides the perfect environment in which to study the immune response to infection and broaden our understanding thereof; however, human granulomas are difficult to obtain, and animal models are costly and do not always faithfully mimic human immunity. In fact, most TB research is conducted in vitro on immortalized or primary immune cells and cultured in two dimensions on flat, rigid plastic, which does not reflect in vivo characteristics. We have therefore conceived a 3D, human in vitro spheroid granuloma model which allows researchers to study features of granuloma-forming diseases in a 3D structural environment resembling in vivo granuloma architecture and cellular orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A. Kotze
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline G. G. Beltran
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Confocal and Light Microscopy Imaging Facility, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G. Loxton
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan Cooper
- Confocal and Light Microscopy Imaging Facility, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maynard Meiring
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F. N. Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian W. Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T. Malherbe
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andriette M. Hiemstra
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Glanzmann
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig Kinnear
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Genomics Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Asai M, Li Y, Spiropoulos J, Cooley W, Everest D, Robertson BD, Langford PR, Newton SM. A novel biosafety level 2 compliant tuberculosis infection model using a Δ leuDΔ panCD double auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2021; 11:811-824. [PMID: 32530737 PMCID: PMC7550006 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1781486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian infection models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the host-mycobacterial interaction, revealing potential mechanisms and targets for novel antimycobacterial therapeutics. However, the use of conventional mammalian models such as mice, are typically expensive, high maintenance, require specialized animal housing, and are ethically regulated. Furthermore, research using Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is inherently difficult as work needs to be carried out at biosafety level 3 (BSL3). The insect larvae of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth), have become increasingly popular as an infection model, and we previously demonstrated its potential as a mycobacterial infection model using Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Here we present a novel BSL2 complaint MTB infection model using G. mellonella in combination with a bioluminescent ΔleuDΔpanCD double auxotrophic mutant of MTB H37Rv (SAMTB lux) which offers safety and practical advantages over working with wild type MTB. Our results show a SAMTB lux dose dependent survival of G. mellonella larvae and demonstrate proliferation and persistence of SAMTB lux bioluminescence over a 1 week infection time course. Histopathological analysis of G. mellonella, highlight the formation of early granuloma-like structures which matured over time. We additionally demonstrate the drug efficacy of first (isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol) and second line (moxifloxacin) antimycobacterial drugs. Our findings demonstrate the broad potential of this insect model to study MTB infection under BSL2 conditions. We anticipate that the successful adaptation and implementation of this model will remove the inherent limitations of MTB research at BSL3 and increase tuberculosis research output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asai
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone, UK
| | - William Cooley
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone, UK
| | - David Everest
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone, UK
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Sandra M Newton
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London , London, UK
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17
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Asai M, Sheehan G, Li Y, Robertson BD, Kavanagh K, Langford PR, Newton SM. Innate Immune Responses of Galleria mellonella to Mycobacterium bovis BCG Challenge Identified Using Proteomic and Molecular Approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:619981. [PMID: 33634038 PMCID: PMC7900627 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella, have recently been established as a non-mammalian infection model for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). To gain further insight into the potential of this model, we applied proteomic (label-free quantification) and transcriptomic (gene expression) approaches to characterise the innate immune response of G. mellonella to infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux over a 168 h time course. Proteomic analysis of the haemolymph from infected larvae revealed distinct changes in the proteome at all time points (4, 48, 168 h). Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR confirmed induction of five genes (gloverin, cecropin, IMPI, hemolin, and Hdd11), which encoded proteins found to be differentially abundant from the proteomic analysis. However, the trend between gene expression and protein abundance were largely inconsistent (20%). Overall, the data are in agreement with previous phenotypic observations such as haemocyte internalization of mycobacterial bacilli (hemolin/β-actin), formation of granuloma-like structures (Hdd11), and melanization (phenoloxidase activating enzyme 3 and serpins). Furthermore, similarities in immune expression in G. mellonella, mouse, zebrafish and in vitro cell-line models of tuberculosis infection were also identified for the mechanism of phagocytosis (β-actin). Cecropins (antimicrobial peptides), which share the same α-helical motif as a highly potent peptide expressed in humans (h-CAP-18), were induced in G. mellonella in response to infection, giving insight into a potential starting point for novel antimycobacterial agents. We believe that these novel insights into the innate immune response further contribute to the validation of this cost-effective and ethically acceptable insect model to study members of the MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asai
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M Newton
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Lipid nanoparticles with improved biopharmaceutical attributes for tuberculosis treatment. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120321. [PMID: 33539994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a topic of relevance worldwide because of the social and biological factors that triggered the disease and the economic burden on the health-care systems that imply its therapeutic treatment. Challenges to handle these issues include, among others, research on technological breakthroughs modifying the drug regimens to facilitate therapy adherence, avoid mycobacterium drug resistance, and minimize toxic side-effects. Lipid nanoparticles arise as a promising strategy in this respect as deduced from the reported scientific data. They are prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible starting materials and compared to the use of the free drugs, the entrapment of active molecules into the carriers might lead to both dose reduction and controlled delivery. Moreover, the target to the lung, the organ mainly affected by the disease, could be possible if the particle surface is modified. Although conclusive statements cannot be made considering the limited number of available research works, looking into what has been achieved up to now definitively encourages to continue investigations in this regard.
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19
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Emerging Role for MAIT Cells in Control of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:504-516. [PMID: 33353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health as antibiotics are losing effectiveness due to rapid development of resistance. The human immune system facilitates control and clearance of resistant bacterial populations during the course of antimicrobial therapy. Here we review current knowledge of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an arm of the immune system on the border between innate and adaptive, and their critical place in human antibacterial immunity. We propose that MAIT cells play important roles against antimicrobial-resistant infections through their capacity to directly clear multidrug-resistant bacteria and overcome mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions pertinent to the possible advancement of host-directed therapy as an alternative intervention strategy for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.
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20
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Negatu DA, Gengenbacher M, Dartois V, Dick T. Indole Propionic Acid, an Unusual Antibiotic Produced by the Gut Microbiota, With Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:575586. [PMID: 33193190 PMCID: PMC7652848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most antibiotics are produced by soil microbes and typically interfere with macromolecular synthesis processes as their antibacterial mechanism of action. These natural products are often large and suffer from poor chemical tractability. Here, we discuss discovery, mechanism of action, and the therapeutic potentials of an unusual antibiotic, indole propionic acid (IPA). IPA is produced by the human gut microbiota. The molecule is small, chemically tractable, and targets amino acid biosynthesis. IPA is active against a broad spectrum of mycobacteria, including drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Interestingly, the microbiota-produced metabolite is detectable in the serum of healthy individuals, tuberculosis (TB) patients, and several animal models. Thus, the microbiota in our gut may influence susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. If a gut-lung microbiome axis can be demonstrated, IPA may have potential as a biomarker of disease progression, and development of microbiota-based therapies could be explored. In addition to its antimycobacterial activity, the molecule displays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This raises the possibility that IPA has therapeutic potential as both antibiotic and add-on host-directed drug for the treatment of TB in patient populations where disease morbidity and mortality is driven by excessive inflammation and tissue damage, such as TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, TB-meningitis, and TB-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Abate Negatu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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21
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Berry SB, Haack AJ, Theberge AB, Brighenti S, Svensson M. Host and Pathogen Communication in the Respiratory Tract: Mechanisms and Models of a Complex Signaling Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:537. [PMID: 33015094 PMCID: PMC7511576 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, encompassing a diverse range of conditions from infections with pathogenic microorganisms to underlying genetic disorders. The respiratory tract represents an active interface with the external environment having the primary immune function of resisting pathogen intrusion and maintaining homeostasis in response to the myriad of stimuli encountered within its microenvironment. To perform these vital functions and prevent lung disorders, a chemical and biological cross-talk occurs in the complex milieu of the lung that mediates and regulates the numerous cellular processes contributing to lung health. In this review, we will focus on the role of cross-talk in chronic lung infections, and discuss how different cell types and signaling pathways contribute to the chronicity of infection(s) and prevent effective immune clearance of pathogens. In the lung microenvironment, pathogens have developed the capacity to evade mucosal immunity using different mechanisms or virulence factors, leading to colonization and infection of the host; such mechanisms include the release of soluble and volatile factors, as well as contact dependent (juxtracrine) interactions. We explore the diverse modes of communication between the host and pathogen in the lung tissue milieu in the context of chronic lung infections. Lastly, we review current methods and approaches used to model and study these host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and the role of these technological platforms in advancing our knowledge about chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Berry SB, Gower MS, Su X, Seshadri C, Theberge AB. A Modular Microscale Granuloma Model for Immune-Microenvironment Signaling Studies in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:931. [PMID: 32974300 PMCID: PMC7461927 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most potent infectious diseases in the world, causing more deaths than any other single infectious agent. TB infection is caused by inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and subsequent phagocytosis and migration into the lung tissue by innate immune cells (e.g., alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), resulting in the formation of a fused mass of immune cells known as the granuloma. Considered the pathological hallmark of TB, the granuloma is a complex microenvironment that is crucial for pathogen containment as well as pathogen survival. Disruption of the delicate granuloma microenvironment via numerous stimuli, such as variations in cytokine secretions, nutrient availability, and the makeup of immune cell population, can lead to an active infection. Herein, we present a novel in vitro model to examine the soluble factor signaling between a mycobacterial infection and its surrounding environment. Adapting a newly developed suspended microfluidic platform, known as Stacks, we established a modular microscale infection model containing human immune cells and a model mycobacterial strain that can easily integrate with different microenvironmental cues through simple spatial and temporal "stacking" of each module of the platform. We validate the establishment of suspended microscale (4 μL) infection cultures that secrete increased levels of proinflammatory factors IL-6, VEGF, and TNFα upon infection and form 3D aggregates (granuloma model) encapsulating the mycobacteria. As a proof of concept to demonstrate the capability of our platform to examine soluble factor signaling, we cocultured an in vitro angiogenesis model with the granuloma model and quantified morphology changes in endothelial structures as a result of culture conditions (P < 0.05 when comparing infected vs. uninfected coculture systems). We envision our modular in vitro granuloma model can be further expanded and adapted for studies focusing on the complex interplay between granulomatous structures and their surrounding microenvironment, as well as a complementary tool to augment in vivo signaling and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maia S. Gower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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23
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Tsenova L, Fallows D, Kolloli A, Singh P, O'Brien P, Kushner N, Kaplan G, Subbian S. Inoculum size and traits of the infecting clinical strain define the protection level against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a rabbit model. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:858-872. [PMID: 32130727 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Host protective immunity against pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is variable and poorly understood. Both prior Mtb infection and BCG vaccination have been reported to confer some protection against subsequent infection and/or disease. However, the immune correlates of host protection with or without BCG vaccination remain poorly understood. Similarly, the host response to concomitant infection with mixed Mtb strains is unclear. In this study, we used the rabbit model to examine the host response to various infectious doses of virulent Mtb HN878 with and without prior BCG vaccination, as well as simultaneous infection with a mixture of two Mtb clinical isolates HN878 and CDC1551. We demonstrate that both the ability of host immunity to control pulmonary Mtb infection and the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against the progression of Mtb infection to disease is dependent on the infectious inoculum. The host response to infection with mixed Mtb strains mirrors the differential responses seen during infection with each of the strains alone. The protective response mounted against a hyperimmunogenic Mtb strain has a limited impact on the control of disease caused by a hypervirulent strain. This preclinical study will aid in predicting the success of any vaccination strategy and in optimizing TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsenova
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, NYC College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dorothy Fallows
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pooja Singh
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Paul O'Brien
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Kushner
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) of New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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24
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Zhang N, Strydom N, Tyagi S, Soni H, Tasneen R, Nuermberger EL, Savic RM. Mechanistic Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Murine Models for Drug and Vaccine Efficacy Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01727-19. [PMID: 31907182 PMCID: PMC7038312 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01727-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) drug, regimen, and vaccine development rely heavily on preclinical animal experiments, and quantification of bacterial and immune response dynamics is essential for understanding drug and vaccine efficacy. A mechanism-based model was built to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection over time in BALB/c and athymic nude mice, which consisted of bacterial replication, bacterial death, and adaptive immune effects. The adaptive immune effect was best described by a sigmoidal function on both bacterial load and incubation time. Applications to demonstrate the utility of this baseline model showed (i) the important influence of the adaptive immune response on pyrazinamide (PZA) drug efficacy, (ii) a persistent adaptive immune effect in mice relapsing after chemotherapy cessation, and (iii) the protective effect of vaccines after M. tuberculosis challenge. These findings demonstrate the utility of our model for describing M. tuberculosis infection and corresponding adaptive immune dynamics for evaluating the efficacy of TB drugs, regimens, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natasha Strydom
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandeep Tyagi
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heena Soni
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rokeya Tasneen
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rada M Savic
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Grenha A, Alves AD, Guerreiro F, Pinho J, Simões S, Almeida AJ, Gaspar MM. Inhalable locust bean gum microparticles co-associating isoniazid and rifabutin: Therapeutic assessment in a murine model of tuberculosis infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 147:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Animal Models of Tuberculosis Vaccine Research: An Important Component in the Fight against Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4263079. [PMID: 32025519 PMCID: PMC6984742 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4263079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the top ten infectious diseases worldwide, and is the leading cause of morbidity from a single infectious agent. M. tuberculosis can cause infection in several species of animals in addition to humans as the natural hosts. Although animal models of TB disease cannot completely simulate the occurrence and development of human TB, they play an important role in studying the pathogenesis, immune responses, and pathological changes as well as for vaccine research. This review summarizes the commonly employed animal models, including mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, goat, cattle, and nonhuman primates, and their characteristics as used in TB vaccine research, and provides a basis for selecting appropriate animal models according to specific research needs. Furthermore, some of the newest animal models used for TB vaccine research (such as humanized animal models, zebrafish, Drosophila, and amoeba) are introduced, and their characteristics and research progress are discussed.
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27
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Li Y, Wu Q, Sun X, Shen J, Chen H. Organoids as a Powerful Model for Respiratory Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5847876. [PMID: 32256609 PMCID: PMC7086445 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5847876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insults to the alveoli usually lead to inefficient gas exchange or even respiratory failure, which is difficult to model in animal studies. Over the past decade, stem cell-derived self-organizing three-dimensional organoids have emerged as a new avenue to recapitulate respiratory diseases in a dish. Alveolar organoids have improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tissue homeostasis and pathological alterations in alveoli. From this perspective, we review the state-of-the-art technology on establishing alveolar organoids from endogenous lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells or pluripotent stem cells, as well as the use of alveolar organoids for the study of respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis infection, and respiratory virus infection. We also discuss challenges that need to be overcome for future application of alveolar organoids in individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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28
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Asai M, Li Y, Khara JS, Robertson BD, Langford PR, Newton SM. Galleria mellonella: An Infection Model for Screening Compounds Against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2630. [PMID: 31824448 PMCID: PMC6882372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug screening models have a vital role in the development of novel antimycobacterial agents which are urgently needed to tackle drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). We recently established the larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) as a novel infection model for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Here we demonstrate its use as a rapid and reproducible screen to evaluate antimycobacterial drug efficacy using larvae infected with bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux. Treatment improved larval survival outcome and, with the exception of pyrazinamide, was associated with a significant reduction in in vivo mycobacterial bioluminescence over a 96 h period compared to the untreated controls. Isoniazid and rifampicin displayed the greatest in vivo efficacy and survival outcome. Thus G. mellonella, infected with bioluminescent mycobacteria, can rapidly determine in vivo drug efficacy, and has the potential to significantly reduce and/or replace the number of animals used in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Asai
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmeet Singh Khara
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M Newton
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Sheean ME, Malikova E, Duarte D, Capovilla G, Fregonese L, Hofer MP, Magrelli A, Mariz S, Mendez-Hermida F, Nistico R, Leest T, Sipsas NV, Tsigkos S, Vitezic D, Larsson K, Sepodes B, Stoyanova-Beninska V. Nonclinical data supporting orphan medicinal product designations in the area of rare infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:274-291. [PMID: 31704277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of nonclinical in vivo models that can be used to support orphan designation in selected rare infectious diseases in Europe, with the aim to inform and stimulate the planning of nonclinical development in this area of often neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Sheean
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Helmholz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva Malikova
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Comenius University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dinah Duarte
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INFARMED - Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; C. Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy; Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Fregonese
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias P Hofer
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Armando Magrelli
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Segundo Mariz
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Mendez-Hermida
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Nistico
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
| | - Tim Leest
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Tsigkos
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinko Vitezic
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Rijeka Medical School and University Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Larsson
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INFARMED - Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento, Lisbon, Portugal; Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Farmácia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Violeta Stoyanova-Beninska
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Azizi A. Protective Efficacy of Candidate Vaccines Prior to Human Clinical Trials. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2992-2994. [PMID: 30121314 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azizi
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research and Development North America, Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada.
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31
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Ganchua SKC, Cadena AM, Maiello P, Gideon HP, Myers AJ, Junecko BF, Klein EC, Lin PL, Mattila JT, Flynn JL. Lymph nodes are sites of prolonged bacterial persistence during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007337. [PMID: 30383808 PMCID: PMC6211753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is commonly considered a chronic lung disease, however, extrapulmonary infection can occur in any organ. Even though lymph nodes (LN) are among the most common sites of extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, and thoracic LNs are frequently infected in humans, bacterial dynamics and the effect of Mtb infection in LN structure and function is relatively unstudied. We surveyed thoracic LNs from Mtb-infected cynomolgus and rhesus macaques analyzing PET CT scans, bacterial burden, LN structure and immune function. FDG avidity correlated with the presence of live bacteria in LNs at necropsy. Lymph nodes have different trajectories (increasing, maintaining, decreasing in PET activity over time) even within the same animal. Rhesus macaques are more susceptible to Mtb infection than cynomolgus macaques and this is in part due to more extensive LN pathology. Here, we show that Mtb grows to the same level in cynomolgus and rhesus macaque LNs, however, cynomolgus macaques control Mtb at later time points post-infection while rhesus macaques do not. Notably, compared to lung granulomas, LNs are generally poor at killing Mtb, even with drug treatment. Granulomas that form in LNs lack B cell-rich tertiary lymphoid structures, disrupt LN structure by pushing out T cells and B cells, introduce large numbers of macrophages that can serve as niches for Mtb, and destroy normal vasculature. Our data support that LNs are not only sites of antigen presentation and immune activation during infection, but also serve as important sites for persistence of significant numbers of Mtb bacilli. Since tuberculosis is commonly considered a chronic lung disease, most studies in tuberculosis focus on the lungs while lymph nodes are almost always depicted only as sites of antigen presentation and immune activation. However, lymph nodes are among the most frequently infected sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aside from the lungs. The effect of Mtb infection and how lymph nodes respond to Mtb infection is currently unknown. To investigate this, we examined the lymph nodes of two macaque species, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, at different time points after Mtb infection. We found that overall lymph nodes are not effective killers of Mtb; the lymph nodes of rhesus macaques being less effective at killing Mtb than cynomolgus macaques. Mtb infection also resulted in the destruction of the lymph node structure and this was associated with increased bacterial burden. After a short course of anti-TB drug therapy, the reduction in bacterial burden was lower in lymph nodes compared to lung granulomas. Our data show that aside from being sites of antigen presentation and immune activation, lymph nodes are also niches of Mtb growth and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Cadena
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beth F. Junecko
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Li Y, Spiropoulos J, Cooley W, Khara JS, Gladstone CA, Asai M, Bossé JT, Robertson BD, Newton SM, Langford PR. Galleria mellonella - a novel infection model for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Virulence 2018; 9:1126-1137. [PMID: 30067135 PMCID: PMC6086298 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1491255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have long been used in tuberculosis research to understand disease pathogenesis and to evaluate novel vaccine candidates and anti-mycobacterial drugs. However, all have limitations and there is no single animal model which mimics all the aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis seen in humans. Importantly mice, the most commonly used model, do not normally form granulomas, the hallmark of tuberculosis infection. Thus there is an urgent need for the development of new alternative in vivo models. The insect larvae, Galleria mellonella has been increasingly used as a successful, simple, widely available and cost-effective model to study microbial infections. Here we report for the first time that G. mellonella can be used as an infection model for members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. We demonstrate a dose-response for G. mellonella survival infected with different inocula of bioluminescent Mycobacterium bovis BCG lux, and demonstrate suppression of mycobacterial luminesence over 14 days. Histopathology staining and transmission electron microscopy of infected G. mellonella phagocytic haemocytes show internalization and aggregation of M. bovis BCG lux in granuloma-like structures, and increasing accumulation of lipid bodies within M. bovis BCG lux over time, characteristic of latent tuberculosis infection. Our results demonstrate that G. mellonella can act as a surrogate host to study the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infection and shed light on host-mycobacteria interactions, including latent tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Li
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- b Department of Pathology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone , UK
| | - William Cooley
- b Department of Pathology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone , UK
| | - Jasmeet Singh Khara
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK.,c Department of Pharmacy , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Camilla A Gladstone
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Masanori Asai
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Brian D Robertson
- d MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Sandra M Newton
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- a Section of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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33
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Abhishek S, Saikia UN, Gupta A, Bansal R, Gupta V, Singh N, Laal S, Verma I. Transcriptional Profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an in vitro Model of Intraocular Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:330. [PMID: 30333960 PMCID: PMC6175983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB), an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis of the eye, has unique and varied clinical presentations with poorly understood pathogenesis. As it is a significant cause of inflammation and visual morbidity, particularly in TB endemic countries, it is essential to study the pathogenesis of IOTB. Clinical and histopathologic studies suggest the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Methods: A human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cell line was infected with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv). Electron microscopy and colony forming units (CFU) assay were performed to monitor the M. tuberculosis adherence, invasion, and intracellular replication, whereas confocal microscopy was done to study its intracellular fate in the RPE cells. To understand the pathogenesis, the transcriptional profile of M. tuberculosis in ARPE-19 cells was studied by whole genome microarray. Three upregulated M. tuberculosis transcripts were also examined in human IOTB vitreous samples. Results: Scanning electron micrographs of the infected ARPE-19 cells indicated adherence of bacilli, which were further observed to be internalized as monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The CFU assay showed that 22.7 and 8.4% of the initial inoculum of bacilli adhered and invaded the ARPE-19 cells, respectively, with an increase in fold CFU from 1 dpi (0.84) to 5dpi (6.58). The intracellular bacilli were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) and LAMP-2 in ARPE-19 cells. The transcriptome study of intracellular bacilli showed that most of the upregulated transcripts correspond to the genes encoding the proteins involved in the processes such as adherence (e.g., Rv1759c and Rv1026), invasion (e.g., Rv1971 and Rv0169), virulence (e.g., Rv2844 and Rv0775), and intracellular survival (e.g., Rv1884c and Rv2450c) as well as regulators of various metabolic pathways. Two of the upregulated transcripts (Rv1971, Rv1230c) were also present in the vitreous samples of the IOTB patients. Conclusions:M. tuberculosis is phagocytosed by RPE cells and utilizes these cells for intracellular multiplication with the involvement of late endosomal/lysosomal compartments and alters its transcriptional profile plausibly for its intracellular adaptation and survival. The findings of the present study could be important to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of IOTB with a potential role in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for IOTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reema Bansal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nirbhai Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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34
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High dose dry powder inhalers to overcome the challenges of tuberculosis treatment. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:398-417. [PMID: 30179703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health burden. The emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and drug resistance has complicated global TB control. Pulmonary delivery of drugs using dry powder inhalers (DPI) is an emerging approach to treat TB. In comparison with the conventional pulmonary delivery for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), TB requires high dose delivery to the lung. However, high dose delivery depends on the successful design of the inhaler device and the formulation of highly aerosolizable powders. Particle engineering techniques play an important role in the development of high dose dry powder formulations. This review focuses on the development of high dose dry powder formulations for TB treatment with background information on the challenges of the current treatment of TB and the potential for pulmonary delivery. Particle engineering techniques with a particular focus on the spray drying and a summary of the developed dry powder formulations using different techniques are also discussed.
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De Rycker M, Baragaña B, Duce SL, Gilbert IH. Challenges and recent progress in drug discovery for tropical diseases. Nature 2018; 559:498-506. [PMID: 30046073 PMCID: PMC6129172 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious tropical diseases have a huge effect in terms of mortality and morbidity, and impose a heavy economic burden on affected countries. These diseases predominantly affect the world's poorest people. Currently available drugs are inadequate for the majority of these diseases, and there is an urgent need for new treatments. This Review discusses some of the challenges involved in developing new drugs to treat these diseases and highlights recent progress. While there have been notable successes, there is still a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suzanne L Duce
- Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Sharan R, Yang HJ, Sule P, Cirillo JD. Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence. J Vis Exp 2018:56801. [PMID: 29553533 PMCID: PMC5931367 DOI: 10.3791/56801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Preeti Sule
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center;
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Abstract
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Current tuberculosis
(TB) drug development efforts are not sufficient
to end the global TB epidemic. Recent efforts have focused on the
development of whole-cell screening assays because biochemical, target-based
inhibitor screens during the last two decades have not delivered new
TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative
agent of TB, encounters diverse microenvironments and can be found
in a variety of metabolic states in the human host. Due to the complexity
and heterogeneity of Mtb infection, no single model can fully recapitulate
the in vivo conditions in which Mtb is found in TB patients, and there
is no single “standard” screening condition to generate
hit compounds for TB drug development. However, current screening
assays have become more sophisticated as researchers attempt to mirror
the complexity of TB disease in the laboratory. In this review, we
describe efforts using surrogates and engineered strains of Mtb to
focus screens on specific targets. We explain model culture systems
ranging from carbon starvation to hypoxia, and combinations thereof,
designed to represent the microenvironment which Mtb encounters in
the human body. We outline ongoing efforts to model Mtb infection
in the lung granuloma. We assess these different models, their ability
to generate hit compounds, and needs for further TB drug development,
to provide direction for future TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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