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Tammone Santos A, Riva E, Condorí WE, Fernández V, Rodriguez MG, Rivero MA, Faraco M, Aguirre P, Loyza L, Caselli AE, Uhart MM, Estein SM. Trichinella Infection in Culled Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from El Palmar National Park, Argentina, and Exposure Risk in Humans and Dogs Consuming Wild Boar Meat. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:401-412. [PMID: 38314854 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Tammone Santos
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter E Condorí
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valentina Fernández
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Rodriguez
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana A Rivero
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Faraco
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aguirre
- Departamento de Zoonosis Rurales, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, España 770, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Loyza
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración de Parques Nacionales, Av. Rivadavia 1475, C1009ABM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Caselli
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela M Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B ground floor, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Silvia M Estein
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Han LL, Lu QQ, Li YL, Zheng WW, Ren P, Liu RD, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Application of a recombinant novel trypsin from Trichinella spiralis for serodiagnosis of trichinellosis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:9. [PMID: 38178167 PMCID: PMC10768479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excretory/secretory (ES) antigen of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) is currently the most widely used diagnostic antigen to detect T. spiralis infection. However, this antigen has certain drawbacks, such as a complicated ES antigen preparation process and lower sensitivity during the early phase of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of a novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) and evaluate its potential diagnostic value for trichinellosis. METHODS The TsTryp gene was cloned and recombinant TsTryp (rTsTryp) expressed. Western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to confirm the antigenicity of rTsTryp. The expression pattern and distribution signature of TsTryp at various life-cycle stages of T. spiralis were analyzed by quantitative PCR, western blotting and the immunofluorescence test. An ELISA with rTsTryp and ML ES antigens was used to detect immunoglobulins G and M (IgG, IgM) in serum samples of infected mice, swine and humans. The seropositive results were further confirmed by western blot with rTsTryp and ML ES antigens. RESULTS TsTryp expression was observed in diverse T. spiralis life-cycle phases, with particularly high expression in the early developmental phase (intestinal infectious larvae and adults), with distribution observed mainly at the nematode outer cuticle and stichosome. rTsTryp was identified by T. spiralis-infected mouse sera and anti-rTsTryp sera. Natural TsTryp protease was detected in somatic soluble and ES antigens of the nematode. In mice infected with 200 T. spiralis ML, serum-specific IgG was first detected by rTsTryp-ELISA at 8 days post-infection (dpi), reaching 100% positivity at 12 dpi, and first detected by ES-ELISA at 10 dpi, reaching 100% positivity at 14 dpi. Specific IgG was detected by rTsTryp 2 days earlier than by ES antigens. When specific IgG was determined in serum samples from trichinellosis patients, the sensitivity of rTsTryp-ELISA and ES antigens-ELISA was 98.1% (51/52 samples) and 94.2% (49/52 samples), respectively (P = 0.308), but the specificity of rTsTryp was significantly higher than that of ES antigens (98.7% vs. 95.4%; P = 0.030). Additionally, rTsTryp conferred a lower cross-reaction, with only three serum samples in total testing positive from 11 clonorchiasis, 20 cysticercosis and 24 echinococcosis patients (1 sample from each patient group). CONCLUSIONS TsTryp was shown to be an early and highly expressed antigen at intestinal T. spiralis stages, indicating that rTsTryp represents a valuable diagnostic antigen for the serodiagnosis of early Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pian Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Wang N, You X, Yang Y, Ding J, Liu X, Liu M, Li C, Xu N. Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory proteins in different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis. Vet Res 2024; 55:4. [PMID: 38172978 PMCID: PMC10763447 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a zoonotic parasitic nematode with a unique life cycle, as all developmental stages are contained within a single host. Excretory-secretory (ES) proteins are the main targets of the interactions between T. spiralis and the host at different stages of development and are essential for parasite survival. However, the ES protein profiles of T. spiralis at different developmental stages have not been characterized. The proteomes of ES proteins from different developmental stages, namely, muscle larvae (ML), intestinal infective larvae (IIL), preadult (PA) 6 h, PA 30 h, adult (Ad) 3 days post-infection (dpi) and Ad 6 dpi, were characterized via label-free mass spectrometry analysis in combination with bioinformatics. A total of 1217 proteins were identified from 9341 unique peptides in all developmental stages, 590 of which were quantified and differentially expressed. GO classification and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these proteins were important for the growth of the larvae and involved in energy metabolism. Moreover, the heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein was the centre of protein interactions at different developmental stages. The results of this study provide comprehensive proteomic data on ES proteins and reveal that these ES proteins were differentially expressed at different developmental stages. Differential proteins are associated with parasite survival and the host immune response and may be potential early diagnostic antigen or antiparasitic vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xihuo You
- Beijing Agrichina Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wangzhuang Industrial Park, Airport Road, Shahe, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 6 Xiyuan Road, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Han LL, Lu QQ, Zheng WW, Li YL, Song YY, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011874. [PMID: 38166153 PMCID: PMC10786404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) play an important role in larval invasion and pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which proteases mediate larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains unclear. A novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) was identified in IIL excretory/secretory (ES) proteins. It was an early and highly expressed protease at IIL stage, and had the potential as an early diagnostic antigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of this novel TsTryp, its role in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and the mechanisms involved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING TsTryp with C-terminal domain was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the rTsTryp had the enzymatic activity of natural trypsin, but it could not directly degrade gut tight junctions (TJs) proteins. qPCR and western blotting showed that TsTryp was highly expressed at the invasive IIL stage. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and Far Western blotting revealed that rTsTryp specifically bound to IECs, and confocal microscopy showed that the binding of rTsTryp with IECs was mainly localized in the cytomembrane. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) confirmed that rTsTryp bound to protease activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in Caco-2 cells. rTsTryp binding to PAR2 resulted in decreased expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin and increased paracellular permeability in Caco-2 monolayers by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. rTsTryp decreased TJs expression and increased epithelial permeability, which could be abrogated by the PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. rTsTryp facilitated larval invasion of IECs, and anti-rTsTryp antibodies inhibited invasion. Both inhibitors impeded larval invasion and alleviated intestinal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TsTryp binding to PAR2 activated the ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut TJs proteins, disrupted epithelial integrity and barrier function, and consequently mediated larval invasion of the gut mucosa. Therefore, rTsTryp could be regarded as a potential vaccine target for blocking T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Cheng YK, Guo X, Zhang X, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011872. [PMID: 38190388 PMCID: PMC10798628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut epithelium is the first natural barrier against Trichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism by which larval penetration of gut epithelium is not completely elucidated. Previous studies showed that proteases secreted by T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degraded tight junctions (TJs) proteins of gut epithelium and mediated larval invasion. A new T. spiralis serine proteinase (TsSPc) was identified in the IIL surface proteins and ES proteins, rTsSPc bound to the intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) and promoted larval invasion of IECs. The aim of this study was to characterize the interacted proteins of TsSPc and IECs, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of TsSPc mediating larval invasion of gut mucosa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING IIFT results showed natural TsSPc was detected in infected murine intestine at 6, 12 hours post infection (hpi) and 3 dpi. The results of GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-IP indicated that rTsSPc bound and interacted specifically with receptor for activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) in Caco-2 cells. rTsSPc did not directly hydrolyze the TJs proteins. qPCR and Western blot showed that rTsSPc up-regulated RACK1 expression, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, reduced the expression levels of gut TJs (occludin and claudin-1) and adherent protein E-cad, increased the paracellular permeability and damaged the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, the RACK1 inhibitor HO and ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 abolished the rTsSPc activating ERK1/2 pathway, they also inhibited and abrogated the rTsSPc down-regulating expression of occludin, claudin-1 and E-cad in Caco-2 monolayer and infected murine intestine, impeded larval invasion and improved intestinal epithelial integrity and barrier function, reduced intestinal worm burdens and alleviated intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rTsSPc bound to RACK1 receptor in gut epithelium, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut epithelial TJs proteins and disrupted the epithelial integrity, consequently mediated T. spiralis larval invasion of gut epithelium. The results are valuable to understand T. spiralis invasion mechanism, and TsSPc might be regarded as a vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Uthailak N, Adisakwattana P, Chienwichai P, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Thawornkuno C, Thiangtrongjit T, Reamtong O. Metabolite profiling of Trichinella spiralis adult worms and muscle larvae identifies their excretory and secretory products. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1306567. [PMID: 38145042 PMCID: PMC10749202 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1306567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms belonging to the genus Trichinella, especially Trichinella spiralis. Early and accurate clinical diagnoses of trichinellosis are required for efficacious prognosis and treatment. Current drug therapies are limited by antiparasitic resistance, poor absorption, and an inability to kill the encapsulating muscle-stage larvae. Therefore, reliable biomarkers and drug targets for novel diagnostic approaches and anthelmintic drugs are required. In this study, metabolite profiles of T. spiralis adult worms and muscle larvae were obtained using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. In addition, metabolite-based biomarkers of T. spiralis excretory-secretory products and their related metabolic pathways were characterized. The metabolic profiling identified major, related metabolic pathways involving adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-dependent synthetase/ligase and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in T. spiralis adult worms and muscle larvae, respectively. These pathways are potential drug targets for the treatment of the intestinal and muscular phases of infection. The metabolome of larva excretory-secretory products was characterized, with amino acid permease and carbohydrate kinase being identified as key metabolic pathways. Among six metabolites, decanoyl-l-carnitine and 2,3-dinor-6-keto prostaglandin F1α-d9 were identified as potential metabolite-based biomarkers that might be related to the host inflammatory processes. In summary, this study compared the relationships between the metabolic profiles of two T. spiralis growth stages. Importantly, the main metabolites and metabolic pathways identified may aid the development of novel clinical diagnostics and therapeutics for human trichinellosis and other related helminthic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphatsamon Uthailak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerut Chienwichai
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charin Thawornkuno
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, Lin XZ, Xu QY, Xu H, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L damages the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells and mediates larval invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011816. [PMID: 38048314 PMCID: PMC10721182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin L, a lysosomal enzyme, participates in diverse physiological processes. Recombinant Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) exhibited natural cysteine protease activity and hydrolyzed host immunoglobulin and extracellular matrix proteins in vitro, but its functions in larval invasion are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore its functions in T. spiralis invasion of the host's intestinal epithelial cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RNAi significantly suppressed the expression of TsCatL mRNA and protein with TsCatL specific siRNA-302. T. spiralis larval invasion of Caco-2 cells was reduced by 39.87% and 38.36%, respectively, when anti-TsCatL2 serum and siRNA-302 were used. Mice challenged with siRNA-302-treated muscle larvae (ML) exhibited a substantial reduction in intestinal infective larvae, adult worm, and ML burden compared to the PBS group, with reductions of 44.37%, 47.57%, and 57.06%, respectively. The development and fecundity of the females from the mice infected with siRNA-302-treated ML was significantly inhibited. After incubation of rTsCatL2 with Caco-2 cells, immunofluorescence test showed that the rTsCatL2 gradually entered into the cells, altered the localization of cellular tight junction proteins (claudin 1, occludin and zo-1), adhesion junction protein (e-cadherin) and extracellular matrix protein (laminin), and intercellular junctions were lost. Western blot showed a 58.65% reduction in claudin 1 expression in Caco-2 cells treated with rTsCatL2. Co-IP showed that rTsCatL2 interacted with laminin and collagen I but not with claudin 1, e-cadherin, occludin and fibronectin in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, rTsCatL2 disrupted the intestinal epithelial barrier by inducing cellular autophagy. CONCLUSIONS rTsCatL2 disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier and facilitates T. spiralis larval invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiang Yu Meng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chen Le Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qiu Yi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Ma KN, Zhang Y, Zhang ZY, Wang BN, Song YY, Han LL, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis galectin binding to toll-like receptor 4 induces intestinal inflammation and mediates larval invasion of gut mucosa. Vet Res 2023; 54:113. [PMID: 38012694 PMCID: PMC10680189 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that Trichinella spiralis galectin (Tsgal) facilitates larval invasion of intestinal epithelium cells (IECs). However, IEC proteins binding with Tsgal were not identified, and the mechanism by which Tsgal promotes larval invasion is not clear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are protein receptors responsible for recognition of pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate whether recombinant Tsgal (rTsgal) binds to TLR-4, activates inflammatory pathway in gut epithelium and mediates T. spiralis invasion. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays confirmed specific binding between rTsgal and TLR-4 in Caco-2 cells. qPCR and Western blotting showed that binding of rTsgal with TLR-4 up-regulated the TLR-4 transcription and expression in Caco-2 cells, and activated p-NF-κB p65 and p-ERK1/2. Activation of inflammatory pathway TLR-4/MAPK-NF-κB by rTsgal up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and down-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β in Caco-2 cells, and induced intestinal inflammation. TAK-242 (TLR-4 inhibitor) and PDTC (NF-κB inhibitor) significantly inhibited the activation of TLR-4 and MAPK-NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the two inhibitors also inhibited IL-1β and IL-6 expression, and increased TGF-β expression in Caco-2 cells. In T. spiralis infected mice, the two inhibitors also inhibited the activation of TLR-4/MAPK-NF-κB pathway, ameliorated intestinal inflammation, impeded larval invasion of gut mucosa and reduced intestinal adult burdens. The results showed that rTsgal binding to TLR-4 in gut epithelium activated MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathway, induced the expression of TLR-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mediated larval invasion. Tsgal might be regarded as a candidate molecular target of vaccine against T. spiralis enteral invasive stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ning Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhao Yu Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Li C, Li C, Xu F, Wang H, Jin X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang R, You X, Liu M, Bai X, Yang Y. Identification of antigens in the Trichinella spiralis extracellular vesicles for serological detection of early stage infection in swine. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:387. [PMID: 37884927 PMCID: PMC10604534 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported the roles of Trichinella spiralis extracellular vesicles in immune regulation and pathogen diagnosis. Currently, the T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory/secretory product (Ts-ML-ES) is the antigen recommended by the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) for serological diagnosis of trichinellosis. However, it can only be used to detect middle and late stages of infections, and cross-reactions with other parasite detections occur. Therefore, there is a need to identify antigens for specific detection of early stage trichinellosis. METHODS Extracellular vesicles of T. spiralis muscle larvae (Ts-ML-EVs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry and western blot. Ts-ML-EVs protein profiles were analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomics for identification of potential antigens (Ts-TTPA). Ts-TTPA were cloned into pMAL-c5X vector and expressed as recombinant proteins for evaluation of potential as detected antigens by western blot and ELISA. RESULTS Isolated Ts-ML-EVs were round or elliptic (with diameters between 110.1 and 307.6 nm), showing a bilayer membrane structure. The specific surface markers on the Ts-ML-EVs were CD81, CD63, enolase and the 14-3-3 protein. A total of 53 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS, including a variety of molecules that have been reported as potential detection and vaccine candidates. The cDNA of Ts-TTPA selected in this study has a total length of 1152 bp, encoding 384 amino acids with a molecular weight of 44.19 kDa. It contains a trypsin domain and can be recognized by anti-His antibody. It reacted with swine sera infected with 10,000 T. spiralis at 15, 25, 35 and 60 days post-infection (dpi). At 10 μg/ml, this antigen could detect T. spiralis antibodies from the swine sera at 13 dpi. There were no cross-reactions with the swine sera infected with other parasites including Clonorchis sinensis, Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia suis, Ascaris suis and Trichuris suis. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies potential early stage detection antigens and more thoroughly characterizes a serine protease domain-containing protein. Extracellular vesicle proteins may be explored as effective antigens for the early stage detection of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xihuo You
- Beijing Agrichina Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wangzhuang Industrial Park, Airport Road, Shahe, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shan Xi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Weng MM, Zhang ZY, Guo X, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a novel serine proteinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion of gut epithelium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011629. [PMID: 37695792 PMCID: PMC10513378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel serine proteinase of Trichinells spiralis (TsSPc) has been identified in the excretion/secretion (ES) antigens, but its role in larval invasion is unclear. The aim of this study was to clone and express TsSPc, identify its biological and biochemical characteristics, and investigate its role on larval invasion of gut epithelium during T. spiralis infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS TsSPc has a functional domain of serine proteinase, and its tertiary structure consists of three amino acid residues (His88, Asp139 and Ser229) forming a pocket like functional domain. Recombinant TsSPc (rTsSPc) was expressed and purified. The rTsSPc has good immunogenicity. On Western blot analysis, rTsSPc was recognized by infection serum and anti-rTsSPc serum, natural TsSPc in crude and ES antigens was identified by anti-rTsSPc serum. The results of qPCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) showed that TsSPc was expressed at diverse stage worms, and mainly localized at cuticle, stichosome and intrauterine embryos of this nematode. The rTsSPc had enzymatic activity of native serine protease, which hydrolyzed the substrate BAEE, casein and collagen I. After site directed mutation of enzymatic active sites of TsSPc, its antigenicity did not change but the enzyme activity was fully lost. rTsSPc specifically bound to intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) and the binding sites were mainly localized in cell membrane and cytoplasm. rTsSPc accelerated larval invasion of IECs, whereas anti-rTsSPc antibodies and TsSPc-specific dsRNA obviously hindered larval invasion. CONCLUSIONS TsSPc was a surface and secretory proteinase of the parasite, participated in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and may be considered as a candidate vaccine target molecule against Trichinella intrusion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Min Min Weng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhao Yu Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Mohammad SM, Hegazy LA, Abdel Hady RS, Salama MA, Hammad SK, Ibrahim SM. Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e67. [PMID: 37583316 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonosis. It poses a serious risk to public health worldwide. Early serological diagnosis of trichinellosis is influenced by an immunological 'silent' phase following infection. This highlights the necessity for developing sensitive diagnostic approaches to be employed when antibodies cannot be detected. In this work, the validity of traditional ELISA, Nano-ELISA and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated in early diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis. Swiss albino mice were orally infected with 100 and 300 muscle larvae/mouse. Mice were sacrificed 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were tested for circulating antigen by traditional ELISA and Nano-ELISA using anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG conjugated with AgNPs and for Rep gene by SYBR green real-time PCR. Rep gene detection by SYBR green real-time PCR could detect T. spiralis with 100% sensitivity in the mild infection group at 8 dpi, while in the severe infection group it reached 100% sensitivity at 4 dpi. Nano-ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 4 dpi in both mild and severe infection and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi and 6 dpi in mild and severe infection, respectively. However, traditional ELISA could detect T. spiralis circulating antigen from 6 dpi and reached maximum sensitivity at 15 dpi in the mild infection group, while in the severe infection group detection began at 4 dpi and reached 100% sensitivity at 8 dpi. Nano-ELISA and real time PCR, using Rep gene, are useful tools for the detection of early T. spiralis infection even in its mild infection state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mohammad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - L A Hegazy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - R S Abdel Hady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - M A Salama
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - S K Hammad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - S M Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Wang J, Jin X, Li C, Chen X, Li Y, Liu M, Liu X, Ding J. In vitro knockdown of TsDNase II-7 suppresses Trichinella spiralis invasion into the host's intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011323. [PMID: 37289740 PMCID: PMC10249883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) adult-specific deoxyribonuclease II-7 (TsDNase II-7), a member of the DNase II-like nuclease family with no DNase II activity, was identified in the excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult worms (AWs). However, its biological functions are still unclear. Our previous study revealed that TsDNase II-7 is located around the infection site in the intestinal tissue, speculating that it was involved in the T. spiralis invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This study aimed to use RNA interference to verify our speculation that TsDNase II-7 in 3-day old adult T. spiralis (Ad3) plays a role in intestinal invasion. TsDNase II-7-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were delivered into muscle larvae (MLs) to knockdown TsDNase II-7 expression by electroporation. Twenty-four hours later, the MLs transfected with 2 μM siRNA-841 exhibited decreased in TsDNase II-7 transcription and expression as compared to the control MLs. The knockdown of TsDNase II-7 expression did not affect ML viability, and the low expression of TsDNase II-7 still maintained in Ad3 recovered from TsDNase II-7-RNAi-ML infected mice, resulting in a weakened ability of Ad3 to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). These results indicated that knockdown of TsDNase II-7 gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed adult worm invasion and confirmed that TsDNase II-7 plays a crucial role during the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infections, which provided new candidate for vaccine development of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Oral vaccination of mice with attenuated Salmonella encoding Trichinella spiralis calreticulin and serine protease 1.1 confers protective immunity in BALB/c mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010929. [PMID: 36445875 PMCID: PMC9707759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis is a foodborne parasitic nematode which is a serious risk to meat safety. Development of anti-Trichinella vaccine is needed to control Trichinella infection in food animals. In this study, two novel T. spiralis genes (calreticulin and serine protease 1.1) in combination were used to construct oral DNA vaccines, and their induced protective immunity was evaluated in a murine model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS TsCRT+TsSP1.1, TsCRT and TsSP1.1 DNA were transformed into attenuated Salmonella typhimurium ΔcyaSL1344. Oral vaccination of mice with TsCRT+TsSP1.1, TsCRT and TsSP1.1 DNA vaccines elicited a gut local mucosal sIgA response and systemic Th1/Th2 mixed response. Oral vaccination with TsCRT+TsSP1.1 induced obviously higher level of serum specific antibodies, mucosal sIgA and cellular immune response than either of single TsCRT or TsSP1.1 DNA vaccination. Oral vaccination of mice with TsCRT+TsSP1.1 exhibited a 53.4% reduction of enteral adult worms and a 46.05% reduction of muscle larvae, conferred a higher immune protection than either of individual TsCRT (44.28 and 42.46%) or TsSP1.1 DNA vaccine (35.43 and 29.29%) alone. Oral vaccination with TsCRT+TsSP1.1, TsCRT and TsSP1.1 also obviously ameliorated inflammation of intestinal mucosa and skeletal muscles of vaccinated mice after challenge. CONCLUSIONS TsCRT and TsSP1.1 might be regarded the novel potential targets for anti-Trichinella vaccines. Attenuated Salmonella-delivered DNA vaccine provided a prospective approach to control T. spiralis infection in food animals.
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Yue WW, Yan SW, Zhang R, Cheng YK, Liu RD, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of a novel pyruvate kinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in sugar metabolism, larval molting and development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010881. [PMID: 36315477 PMCID: PMC9621426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate kinase widely exists in many parasites and plays an important role in the energy production for the parasites. Pyruvate kinase might be a potential drug target for killing the parasites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biological characteristics and roles of T. spiralis pyruvate kinase M (TsPKM) in sugar metabolism, larval molting and development of T. spiralis. Methodology/Principal findings TsPKM has two functional domains of pyruvate kinase and the tertiary structure of TsPKM is tetramer which has the enzyme active site constituted by 8 amino-acid residues (Arg71, Asn73, Asp110, Phe241, Lys267, Glu269, Asp293 and Thr325). Recombinant TsPKM (rTsPKM) was expressed and purified. The rTsPKM had good immunogenicity. RT-PCR and Western blot showed that TsPKM was transcribed and expressed at various developmental stages in T. spiralis lifecycle. Immunofluorescence test showed that TsPKM was principally located in the cuticle, muscle, stichosome, intestine and the intrauterine embryos of female adults. rTsPKM catalyzed the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to produce pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). TsPKM played an important role in the metabolism and energy production of T. spiralis. After silencing of TsPKM gene by specific dsRNA-TsPKM2, protein expression and enzyme activity of TsPKM decreased by 50.91 and 26.06%, respectively. After treatment with RNAi, natural TsPKM enzyme activity, larval molting, sugar metabolism, growth and development of T. spiralis were significantly reduced. Conclusions TsPKM participates in the larval molting, sugar metabolism, growth and development of T. spiralis and it might be a candidate target of therapeutic drug of trichinellosis. Pyruvate kinases belong to transferases and can transfer the high-energy phosphate bond of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to produce pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Pyruvate kinases play a significant biological role in the parasite survival in hosts. Our results revealed that TsPKM was expressed at various T. spiralis developmental stages, and principally located in the cuticle, stichosome, intestine and the intrauterine embryos of female adults. rTsPKM catalyzed the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to produce pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). TsPKM played an important role in the metabolism and energy production of T. spiralis. Protein expression and enzyme activity of TsPKM were decreased by 50.91 and 26.06% respectively through silencing of TsPKM gene using specific dsRNA-TsPKM2. After treatment with RNAi and inhibitor tannin, natural TsPKM activity, larval molting, sugar metabolism, growth and development of T. spiralis were obviously inhibited. Our results showed that TsPKM participates in T. spiralis molting, sugar metabolism and development, and it might be a candidate target for anti-Trichinella drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,* E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,* E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
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Hao HN, Song YY, Ma KN, Wang BN, Long SR, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel C-type lectin from Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells. Vet Res 2022; 53:85. [PMID: 36258242 PMCID: PMC9580147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of a novel type C lectin from Trichinella spiralis (TsCTL) and its role in larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). TsCTL has a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of C-type lectin. The full-length TsCTL cDNA sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The results of qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) showed that TsCTL was a surface and secretory protein that was highly expressed at the T. spiralis intestinal infective larva (IIL) stages and primarily located at the cuticle, stichosome and embryos of the parasite. rTsCTL could specifically bind with IECs, and the binding site was localized in the IEC nucleus and cytoplasm. The IFA results showed that natural TsCTL was secreted and bound to the enteral epithelium at the intestinal stage of T. spiralis infection. The rTsCTL had a haemagglutinating effect on murine erythrocytes, while mannose was able to inhibit the rTsCTL agglutinating effect for mouse erythrocytes. rTsCTL accelerated larval intrusion into the IECs, whereas anti-rTsCTL antibodies and mannose significantly impeded larval intrusion in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that TsCTL specifically binds to IECs and promotes larval invasion of intestinal epithelium, and it might be a potential target of vaccines against T. spiralis enteral stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nan Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Kai Ning Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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16
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Immunoproteomic Analysis of Trichinella britovi Proteins Recognized by IgG Antibodies from Meat Juice of Carnivores Naturally Infected with T. britovi. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101155. [PMID: 36297212 PMCID: PMC9612144 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Trichinella nematodes elicits non-specific and specific immune responses; these depend on the dose of infection, the nematode, and the host species. Few studies have examined the presence of specific antibodies against Trichinella spp. in the meat juice of wild animals. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Trichinella spp. in meat juice and to identify the specific proteins reacting with the meat juice from free-living carnivores naturally infected with the parasite. Meat juice samples were taken from foxes, badgers, raccoon dogs, and martens and tested with indirect ELISA. Antibodies against Trichinella spp. were detected in 10% of foxes and 46% of raccoon dogs. The ELISA results were confirmed by immunoblot, which revealed different protein patterns in meat juice from red foxes, raccoon dogs, and badgers. The most frequently observed bands were sent for further analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the detection of Trichinella britovi immunogenic proteins. The results confirm the presence of proteins such as serine protease and heat shock proteins associated with Trichinella infection. These findings provide that meat juice is a useful matrix for proteomic analysis.
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Zeng J, Zhang R, Ning Ma K, Han LL, Yan SW, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of a novel aminopeptidase P from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in the intrusion of intestinal epithelial cells. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108376. [PMID: 36089006 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases P are metalloproteases belonging to the M24 peptidase family. It specifically hydrolyzes the N-terminus of polypeptides free of acidic amino acids, and plays an important role in the nutrition, metabolism and growth of parasites. The aim of this study was to characterize a novel Trichinella spiralis aminopeptidase P (TsAPP) and to investigate its functions in the invasion of T. spiralis. TsAPP contained two domains of creatinase (a creatinase N and creatinase N2) and a domain of peptidase M24C and APP. The complete TsAPP sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The recombinantly produced TsAPP was used to raise polyclonal antibodies that were subsequently used to detect the expression of the protein in the different life stages of T. spiralis. TsAPP was expressed in various T. spiralis stages. TsAPP was primarily localized in the cuticle, stichosome and intrauterine embryos of this nematode. rTsAPP has an enzymatic activity of a natural aminopeptidase P to hydrolyze the substrate H-Ala-Pro-OH. rTsAPP promoted the larval intrusion of intestinal epithelium cells (IECs). The results showed that TsAPP is involved in the T. spiralis intrusion of IECs and it might be a potential candidate vaccine target against Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Kai Ning Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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18
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Wang X, Li A, Wang R, Hou T, Chen H, Wang J, Liu M, Li C, Ding J. Lateral flow immunoassay strips based on europium(III) chelate microparticle for the rapid and sensitive detection of Trichinella spiralis infection in whole blood samples of pigs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:955974. [PMID: 36017365 PMCID: PMC9395740 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.955974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a major food-borne parasitosis caused by ingesting raw or semi-raw meat products from pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis). Although China is the largest consumer of pork in the world, the current diagnostic method of T. spiralis is exclusively performed in a laboratory setting, due to its complexity and laborious procedure. Here, in order to solve the detection problems in the pig breeding industry, a rapid, sensitive, and on-site serological diagnosis method was developed. The novel lateral flow immunoassay strip (ICS) is based on europium(III) chelate microparticle (ECM) to detect T. spiralis-specific IgG antibody in the serum and whole blood samples from pigs. The structure of the blood-filtering pad and the conjugate pad was added to the ICS, allowing for whole blood samples to be detected and enabling on-site deployment. By comparing the detection results of the serum samples and the whole blood samples, the detection limit of this method was evaluated. Thereafter, this method was used to investigate Trichinella infection in Chongqing, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, and Liaoning provinces of China, and the results were almost consistent with the standard method of artificial digestion. Taking advantage of its user-friendly procedure, short detection time (3 min), and sensitivity, the ECM-ICS could be employed for monitoring the epidemic of Trichinella infection and ensuring meat safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Aizhe Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianji Hou
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huixin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Li, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Jing Ding
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Collaborating Center on Foodborne Parasites in Asian-Pacific Region, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Li, ; Jing Ding,
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Thawornkuno C, Nogrado K, Adisakwattana P, Thiangtrongjit T, Reamtong O. Identification and profiling of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigens and proteins in sera of mice with trichinellosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265013. [PMID: 35271623 PMCID: PMC8912135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the Trichinella nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, Trichinella spiralis is responsible for most human infections. There are no specific signs or symptoms of this parasitic infection. Muscle biopsy is the gold diagnostic standard for trichinellosis, but the technique is invasive and unable to detect the early stage of infection. Although immunodiagnostics are also available, antibody detection usually occurs after 3 weeks and prolonged up to 19 years after the acute phase. Therefore, additional diagnostic biomarkers must be identified to improve trichinellosis diagnosis. This study aimed to measure concentration changes in mouse serum proteins prior to T. spiralis infection and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection, and to identify T. spiralis circulating proteins and antigens using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mouse muscle-related proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, a protein involved in the response to muscle tissue damage, were up-regulated in mouse sera during the T. spiralis larvae invasion. Additionally, 33 circulatory parasite proteins were identified in infected mouse sera. Notably, T. spiralis long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 could be detected in the early stage of infection and peroxidasin-like protein was identified 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Seventeen T. spiralis circulating antigens were detected in mouse immune complexes, with PX domain protein being found 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Because peroxidasin-like protein and PX domain protein were detected at all post-infection time points, sequence alignments of these proteins were performed, which showed they are conserved among Trichinella spp. and have less similarity to the human and murine sequences. Integrative analysis of T. spiralis biomarkers throughout the course of infection may reveal additional diagnostic targets to improve early diagnosis of trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charin Thawornkuno
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathyleen Nogrado
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Zhang XZ, Yue WW, Bai SJ, Hao HN, Song YY, Long SR, Dan Liu R, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella encoding an elastase elicits protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106263. [PMID: 34879232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elastase belongs to the serine protease family. Previous studies showed that Trichinella spiralis elastase (TsE) was highly expressed in intestinal infective larvae (IIL). Recombinant TsE (rTsE) promoted the larval intrusion of enteral epithelium cells (IECs), whereas anti-rTsE antibodies and siRNA impeded larval intrusion. Subcutaneous vaccination of mice with rTsE showed a partial protective immunity, suggesting that TsE might be a promising vaccine target against Trichinella infection. In this study, complete TsE cDNA sequence was cloned into pcDNA3.1, and the rTsE DNA was transformed into attenuated S. typhimurium strain ΔcyaSL1344. Oral vaccination of mice with TsE DNA elicited a systemic Th1/Th2/Treg mixed immune response and gut local mucosal sIgA response. Immunized mice exhibited a significant immune protection against T. spiralis larval challenge, as demonstrated by a 52.48% reduction of enteral adult worms and a 69.43% reduction of muscle larvae. The protection might be related to the TsE-induced production of intestinal mucus, specific anti-TsE sIgA and IgG, and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10, which protected gut mucosa from larval intrusion, suppressed worm development and impeded female reproduction. The results demonstrated that attenuated Salmonella-delivered TsE DNA vaccine provided a prospective strategy for the control of Trichinella infection in food animals.
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Ren HN, Bai SJ, Wang Z, Han LL, Yan SW, Jiang P, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A metalloproteinase Tsdpy31 from Trichinella spiralis participates in larval molting and development. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:883-894. [PMID: 34656542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease with global distribution, causing serious harm to public health and food safety. Molting is prerequisite for intestinal larval development in the life cycle of T. spiralis. Metalloproteinases play an important role in the molting process of T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL). In this study, the metalloproteinase Tsdpy31 was cloned, expressed and characterized. The results revealed that the Tsdpy31 was expressed at various T. spiralis stages and it was principally located in cuticle, hypodermis and embryos of the nematode. Recombinant Tsdpy31 (rTsdpy31) had the catalytic activity of natural metalloproteinase. Silencing of Tsdpy31 increased the permeability of larval new cuticle. When the mice were orally challenged with dsRNA treated- muscle larvae, the burden of intestinal adult and muscle larvae in Tsdpy31 dsRNA treatment group was significantly reduced, compared with the control green fluorescent protein (GFP) dsRNA and PBS groups (P < 0.05). Tsdpy31 may play a major role in the new cuticle synthesis and old cuticle shedding. Tsdpy31 also participates in T. spiralis embryonic development. We conclude that Tsdpy31 could be a candidate vaccine target molecule against intestinal T. spiralis ecdysis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Sheng Jie Bai
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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22
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Bai Y, Ma KN, Sun XY, Dan Liu R, Long SR, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a novel cathepsin L from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in invasion, development and reproduction. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106112. [PMID: 34453915 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is one member of cysteine protease superfamily and widely distributed in parasitic organisms, it plays the important roles in worm invasion, migration, nutrient intake, molting and immune evasion. The objective of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of a novel cathepsin L from Trichinella spiralis (TsCL) and its role in larval invasion, development and reproduction. TsCL has a functional domain of C1 peptidase, which belongs to cathepsin L family. The complete TsCL sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The rTsCL has good immunogenicity. RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that TsCL was transcribed and expressed at different T. spiralis phases (e.g., muscle larvae, intestinal infectious larvae, adult worms and newborn larvae). Immunofluorescence test revealed that TsCL was principally localized in the cuticle, stichosome, midgut and female intrauterine embryos of the nematode. rTsCL has the capacity to specially bind with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the binding sites was located in the cytoplasm. rTsCL promoted larval penetration into IEC, while anti-rTsCL antibodies inhibited the invasion. The silencing of TsCL gene by specific dsRNA significantly reduced the TsCL expression and enzyme activity, and also reduced larval invasive ability, development and female reproduction. The results showed that TsCL is an obligatory protease in T. spiralis lifecycle. TsCL participates in worm invasion, development and reproduction, and may be regarded as a potential candidate vaccine/drug target against T. spiralis infection.
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Yue TT, Zhang N, Li JH, Lu XY, Wang XC, Li X, Zhang HB, Cheng SQ, Wang BB, Gong PT, Zhang XC. Anti-osteosarcoma effect of antiserum against cross antigen TPD52 between osteosarcoma and Trichinella spiralis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:498. [PMID: 34565443 PMCID: PMC8474799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a parasite occurring worldwide that has been proven to have antitumour ability. However, studies on the antitumour effects of cross antigens between the tumour and T. spiralis or antibodies against cross antigens between tumours and T. spiralis are rare. METHODS To study the role of cross antigens between osteosarcoma and T. spiralis, we first screened the cDNA expression library of T. spiralis muscle larvae to obtain the cross antigen gene tumour protein D52 (TPD52), and prepared fusion protein TPD52 and its antiserum. The anti-osteosarcoma effect of the anti-TPD52 antiserum was studied using cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays as well as in vivo animal models; preliminary data on the mechanism were obtained using western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS Our results indicated that TPD52 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of MG-63 cells. Anti-TPD52 antiserum inhibited the proliferation of MG-63 cells and the growth of osteosarcoma in a dose-dependent manner. The tumour inhibition rate in the 100 μg treatment group was 61.95%. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that injection of anti-TPD52 antiserum increased the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 in nude mice. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed that anti-TPD52 antiserum did not cause significant pathological damage. Apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells was induced by anti-TPD52 antiserum in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TPD52 antiserum exerts an anti-osteosarcoma effect by inducing apoptosis without causing histopathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shu-Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Bo-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Peng-Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research By Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Yan SW, Hu YY, Song YY, Ren HN, Shen JM, Liu RD, Long SR, Jiang P, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Characterization of a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin X and its promotion for the larval invasion of mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109160. [PMID: 32522393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain the characteristics of a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin X (TsCX) and its role on larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The full-length of TsCX cDNA sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The results of RT-PCR, IFA and Western blot revealed that TsCX was expressed at T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML), intestinal infective larvae, adult worm and newborn larvae, and it was located in whole worm section. The results of Far western and confocal microscopy demonstrated that there was a specific binding of rTsCX and IEC, and the binding site was located within the IEC cytoplasm. rTsCX promoted T. spiralis larval invasion of mouse IECs while anti-rTsCX antibody inhibited larval invasion into the IECs. Silencing TsCX by specific siRNA reduced the TsCX expression and larval invasive capacity. These results indicated that TsCX specifically binds to IECs and promotes larval invasion of intestinal epithelia, and it might be a potential target of vaccines against enteral stages of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jia Ming Shen
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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25
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Yang DQ, Liu F, Bai Y, Zeng J, Hao HN, Yue X, Hu CX, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Functional characterization of a glutathione S-transferase in Trichinella spiralis invasion, development and reproduction. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109128. [PMID: 32402492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the biological function of a Trichinella spiralis glutathione S-transferase (TsGST) in larval invasion and development by RNA interference (RNAi). The TsGST-specific siRNA 366 was transfected into T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) via electroporation. At 1 day following transfection, the larval TsGST mRNA and protein expressions were reduced by 40.09 and 65.22 % (P < 0.05), respectively. The enzymatic activity of natural TsGST in siRNA-transfected ML was also suppressed by 45% compared with PBS group (P < 0.05). Silencing of the TsGST significantly inhibited the ability of larvae to invade intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) and isolated intestine. After challenge with siRNA-366-treated ML, the infected mice exhibited a 62.82% reduction of intestinal adult worms, and 65.03 % reduction of muscle larvae compared to the PBS group. Besides, the length of adults, newborn larvae and muscle larvae was significantly shorter than that of control siRNA and PBS group; the female fecundity of siRNA 366 group was lower than those of control siRNA and PBS group (P < 0.05). The results revealed that the specific RNAi significantly reduced the expression and enzymatic activity of TsGST, inhibited the larval invasive and developmental capacity, and impaired the female fecundity. The results further confirmed that TsGST plays a crucial role in the T. spiralis life cycle and it might be a potential molecular target for anti-Trichinella vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qi Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hui Nan Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Xu D, Tang B, Yang Y, Cai X, Jia W, Luo X, Yan H, Zhang Z, Lin J, Liu M, Liu X. Vaccination with a DNase II recombinant protein against Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109069. [PMID: 32156436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is an important public health problem. DNase II is an acidic endonuclease that catalyzes the degradation of DNA into oligonucleotides. DNase II-7 has been detected at the adult stage of T. spiralis and has been examined in excretory/secretory products. Previous studies have indicated that the DNase II-7 recombinant protein has a high rate of protection against T. spiralis infection in mice. In the present study, the protective effect of DNase II-7 recombinant protein against T. spiralis infection in Large White pigs was further explored. The humoral and cellular immune responses to the DNase II-7 recombinant protein were evaluated, including the dynamic trends of specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM antibodies levels, as well as the levels of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokines in serum. Our results showed that a Th1 dominated Th1/Th2 mixed immune response was induced by the DNase II-7 recombinant protein for all the time or a short period after vaccination. And the DNase II-7 recombinant protein induced partial protection against T. spiralis infection in pigs, compared to the control group. Our results showed that the DNase II-7 recombinant protein group displayed a 45.7 % reduction in the muscle larvae burden five weeks after being challenged. This study suggested that DNaseII-7 recombinant protein could be used as a potential candidate vaccine against T. spiralis infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Xinjiang Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Hu YY, Zhang R, Yan SW, Yue WW, Zhang JH, Liu RD, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Characterization of a novel cysteine protease in Trichinella spiralis and its role in larval intrusion, development and fecundity. Vet Res 2021; 52:113. [PMID: 34446106 PMCID: PMC8390047 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the biological properties of a novel gut-specific cysteine protease in Trichinella spiralis (TsGSCP) and its role in larval intrusion, development and fecundity. TsGSCP has a functional C1 peptidase domain; C1 peptidase belongs to cathepsin B family. The TsGSCP gene cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 showed intensive immunogenicity. qPCR and Western blotting revealed that TsGSCP mRNA and protein were expressed at various T. spiralis stages, but their expression levels in intestinal infectious larvae (IIL) were clearly higher than those in muscle larvae (ML), adult worms (AWs) and new-born larvae (NBL). Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) analysis showed that TsGSCP was primarily located at the outer cuticle and the intrauterine embryos of this parasite. rTsGSCP showed the ability to specifically bind with IECs, and the binding site is within the IEC cytoplasm. rTsGSCP accelerated larval intrusion into host intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), whereas anti-rTsGSCP antibodies suppressed larval intrusion; the acceleration and suppression was induced by rTsGSCP and anti-rTsGSCP antibodies, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. When ML were transfected with TsGSCP-specific dsRNA, TsGSCP expression and enzymatic activity were reduced by 46.82 and 37.39%, respectively, and the capacity of the larvae to intrude into IECs was also obviously impeded. Intestinal AW burden and adult female length and fecundity were significantly decreased in the group of mice infected with dsRNA-transfected ML compared to the control dsRNA and PBS groups. The results showed that TsGSCP plays a principal role in gut intrusion, worm development and fecundity in the T. spiralis lifecycle and might be a candidate target for vaccine development against Trichinella intrusion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wen Wen Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jia Hang Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Wang X, Tang B, Zhao Y, Ding J, Wang N, Liu Y, Dong Z, Sun X, Xu Q, Liu M, Liu X. Development of a rapid and sensitive immunochromatographic strip based on EuNPs-ES fluorescent probe for the detection of early Trichinella spiralis-specific IgG antibody in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:85. [PMID: 34116710 PMCID: PMC8196438 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis, which is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella, is one of the most important zoonotic parasite diseases in the world. A rapid and sensitive immunochromatographic strip (ICS) based on Eu (III) nanoparticles (EuNPs) was developed for the detection of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection in pigs. T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory secretory or preadult worm excretory secretory (ML-ES or PAW-ES) antigens were conjugated with EuNPs probes to capture T. spiralis-specific antibodies in pig sera, after which the complex bound to mouse anti-pig IgG deposited on the test line (T-line), producing a fluorescent signal. In the pigs infected with 100, 1000 and 10 000 ML, seroconversion was first detectable for the EuNPs-ML-ES ICS at 30, 25 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) and for the EuNPs-PAW-ES ICS at 25, 21 and 17 dpi. These results show that EuNPs-PAW-ES ICS detects anti-Trichinella IgG in pigs 4–5 days earlier that test using ML-ES antigens. Our ICS have no cross reaction with other parasite infection sera. Furthermore, the detection process could be completed in 10 min. This study indicated that our ICS can be used for the detection of the circulating antibodies in early T. spiralis infection and provide a novel method for on-site detection of T. spiralis infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zijian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Mediates the Elimination of Trichinella spiralis by Activating NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β Pathway in Macrophages. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00683-20. [PMID: 33558327 PMCID: PMC8091101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00683-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is one of most neglected foodborne zoonoses worldwide. During Trichinella spiralis infection, the intestinal immune response is the first line of defense and plays a vital role in the host's resistance. Previous studies indicate that purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome are involved in the intestinal immune response in T. spiralis infection. However, the precise role of P2X7R and its effect on NLRP3 remains largely underdetermined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of P2X7R in the activation of NLRP3 in macrophages during the intestinal immune response against T. spiralis We found that T. spiralis infection upregulated expression of P2X7R and activation of NLRP3 in macrophages in mice. In vivo, P2X7R deficiency resulted in increased intestinal adult and muscle larval burdens, along with decreased expression of NLRP3/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in macrophages from the infected mice with T. spiralis In In vitro experiments, P2X7R blockade inhibited activation of NLRP3/IL-1β via NF-κB and thus reduced the capacity of macrophages to kill newborn larvae of T. spiralis These results indicate that P2X7R mediates the elimination of T. spiralis by activating the NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway in macrophages. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the intestinal immune mechanism of T. spiralis infection.
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Ren HN, Zhuo TX, Bai SJ, Bai Y, Sun XY, Dan Liu R, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Proteomic analysis of hydrolytic proteases in excretory/secretory proteins from Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae using zymography combined with shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105825. [PMID: 33421420 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The critical step of Trichinella spiralis infection is that the muscle larvae (ML) are activated to intestinal infective larvae (IIL) which invade the intestinal columnar epithelium to further develop. The IIL excretory/secretory (ES) proteins play an important role in host-parasite interaction. Proteolytic enzymes are able to mediate the tissue invasion, thereby increasing the susceptibility of parasites to their hosts. The aim of the current study was to screen and identify the natural active proteases in T. spiralis IIL ES proteins using Western blot and gel zymography combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The T. spiralis ML and IIL ES proteins were collected from the in vitro cultures and their enzymatic acitvities were examined by gelatin zymography and azocasein degradation. The protease activities were partially inhibited by PMSF, E-64 and EDTA. Three protein bands (45, 118 and 165 kDa) of T. spiralis IIL ES proteins were identified by shotgun LC-MS/MS because they have hydrolytic activity to gelatin compared to the ML ES proteins. Total of 30 T. spiralis proteins were identified and they are mainly serine proteinases (19), but also metalloproteinases (7) and cysteine proteinases (3). The qPCR results indicated that transcription levels of four T. spiralis protease genes (two serine proteases, a cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase and a zinc metalloproteinase) at IIL stage were obviously higher than at the ML stage. These proteolytic enzymes are directly exposed to the host intestinal milieu and they may mediate the worm invasion of enteral epithelium and escaping from the host's immune responses. The results provide the new insights into understanding of the interaction of T. spiralis with host and the invasion mechanism.
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Hu CX, Zeng J, Hao HN, Xu YXY, Liu F, Liu RD, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Biological properties and roles of a Trichinella spiralis inorganic pyrophosphatase in molting and developmental process of intestinal larval stages. Vet Res 2021; 52:6. [PMID: 33413587 PMCID: PMC7791673 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) participates in energy cycle and plays a vital role in hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi). The aim of this study was to investigate the biological properties of a Trichinella spiralis PPase (TsPPase) and its role in larval molting and developmental process. The predicted TsPPase consisted of 367 amino acids with a molecular mass of 41.48 kDa and a pI of 5.76. Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the TsPPase gene encodes a functional family I soluble PPase with the same characteristics as prokaryotic, plant and animal/fungal soluble PPase. The rTsPPase was expressed and purified, it has the activity to catalyze the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi, and the activity was dependent on Mg2+, pH and temperature. The enzymatic activity of rTsPPase was significantly inhibited after its metal binding sites mutation. TsPPase was transcribed and expressed in all T. spiralis phases, especially in muscle larvae (ML) and intestinal infective larvae (IIL). Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that TsPPase was mainly located in cuticle and stichosome. When the ML and IIL were treated with TsPPase-specific siRNA-279, TsPPase expression and enzymatic activity were obviously reduced, the larval molting and development were also impeded. Intestinal IIL as well as AW burden, IIL molting rates from mice infected with siRNA-treated ML were obviously suppressed. The results indicated that rTsPPase possesses the enzymatic activity of native inorganic pyrophosphatase, and TsPPase plays an important role in development and molting process of intestinal T. spiralis larval stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui Nan Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yang Xiu Yue Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Xu J, Yue WW, Xu YXY, Hao HN, Liu RD, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a novel aspartyl protease-1 from Trichinella spiralis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:1-11. [PMID: 33276221 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the biological properties of a novel aspartic protease-1 from Trichinella spiralis (TsASP1) and evaluate its potential in inducing immune response. TsASP1 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). On Western blotting analysis with anti-rTsASP1 serum, native TsASP1 was detected in various T. spiralis phases other than newborn larvae (NBL). qPCR results showed that TsASP1 transcription was the highest in intestinal infective larvae (IIL) and the lowest in the NBL stage. Immunofluorescence test result shows that native TsASP1 was principally localized in stichosome, muscle cells of muscle larvae (ML) and IIL, and surrounded intrauterine embryos in female adult worms (AW). After silencing TsASP1 gene of the ML by siRNA, the worm development was significantly inhibited, showed by shorter AW and more wrinkles and longitudinal crack on epicuticle of AW on scanning electron microscopy; the AW and ML burdens were reduced by 41.82 and 56.36% respectively, compared with the control siRNA or PBS group (P < 0.001). Immunization of mice with rTsASP1 elicited an evident antibody response (serum IgG, IgG1/IgG2a and enteral sIgA), and systemic (spleen) and intestinal local mucosal (mesenteric lymph node) cellular immune response, demonstrated by a prominent elevation of IFN-γ and IL-4. The results suggested TsASP1 participated in T. spiralis development and survival in host, and immunization of mice with rTsASP1 induced systemic/intestinal local mucosal humoral and cellular immune response against Trichinella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Wen Wen Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yang Xiu Yue Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Hui Nan Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Grzelak S, Stachyra A, Stefaniak J, Mrówka K, Moskwa B, Bień-Kalinowska J. Immunoproteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi excretory-secretory muscle larvae proteins recognized by sera from humans infected with Trichinella. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241918. [PMID: 33152047 PMCID: PMC7644068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the immunogenic patterns of muscle larvae excretory-secretory proteins (ML E-S) from T. spiralis and T. britovi recognized by Trichinella-infected human sera. Samples were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with 2D-immunoblot and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS analysis, two ELISA procedures and a confirmatory 1D-immunoblot test. Sera were obtained from nine patients with a history of ingestion of raw or undercooked meat who presented typical clinical manifestations of trichinellosis and from eleven healthy people. Specific anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies were detected in all samples tested with the Home-ELISA kits, but in only four samples for the commercially-available kit. The 1D-immunoblot results indicated that all nine serum samples were positive for T. spiralis ML E-S antigens, expressed as the presence of specific bands. In contrast, eight of the serum samples with T. britovi E-S ML antigens were positive, with one serum sample taken from a patient at 33dpi (days post infection) being negative. To identify immunoreactive proteins that are specifically recognized by host antibodies, both species of ML E-S proteins were subjected to 2D-immunoblotting with human serum taken at 49 dpi. The sera recognized 22 protein spots for T. spiralis and 18 for T. britovi in 2D-immunoblot analysis. Their molecular weights (MW) ranged from 50 to 60 kDa. LC-MS/MS analysis identified both common and specifically-recognized immunoreactive proteins: transmembrane serine protease 9, serine protease, antigen targeted by protective antibodies and Actin-1 partial were shared for both Trichinella species; hypothetical protein T01_7775 and P49 antigen, partial those specific to T. spiralis; deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha and hypothetical protein T03_17187/T12_7360 were specific to T. britovi. Our results demonstrate the value of 2-DE and 2D-immunblot as versatile tools for pinpointing factors contributing to the parasite-host relationship by comparing the secretomes of different Trichinella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Stefaniak
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Mrówka
- Department and Clinic of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bożena Moskwa
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Hu CX, Zeng J, Yang DQ, Yue X, Dan Liu R, Long SR, Zhang X, Jiang P, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Binding of elastase-1 and enterocytes facilitates Trichinella spiralis larval intrusion of the host's intestinal epithelium. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105592. [PMID: 32565198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elastase-1 is one member of serine protease family, distributes in organisms widely and plays a crucial role in the invasion and development of Trichinella spiralis. In order to identify the binding of T. spiralis elastase-1 (TsEla) with host's intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and its role in Trichinella larval intrusion, TsEla gene was cloned and expressed in our previous study. The recombinant TsEla (rTsEla) has the enzymatic activity to degrade specific peptide substrate. A specific binding between rTsEla and IECs was detected by Far Western blot and ELISA. In an in vitro invasion assay, rTsEla promoted the larval intrusion, whereas anti-rTsEla serum inhibited the larval penetration. The larval intrusion was also suppressed after the silencing of TsEla by siRNA. Silencing of TsEla gene by siRNA-291 meditated RNA interference suppressed TsEla protein expression, reduced the worm infectivity, development and reproductive capacity. These results indicated that TsEla plays an important role in the T. spiralis intrusion of host's intestinal epithelia, and it could be a prospective vaccine molecular target against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Da Qi Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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35
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Lei JJ, Hu YY, Liu F, Yan SW, Liu RD, Long SR, Jiang P, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel peptidase from Trichinella spiralis and protective immunity elicited by the peptidase in BALB/c mice. Vet Res 2020; 51:111. [PMID: 32891183 PMCID: PMC7487599 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, a novel T. spiralis peptidase (TsP) was identified among the excretory/secretory (ES) proteins of T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) and T. spiralis at the adult worm (AW) stage using immunoproteomics, but the biological function of TsP in the life cycle of T. spiralis is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the biological properties and functions of TsP in larval intrusion and protective immunity induced by immunization with rTsP. The complete TsP cDNA sequence was cloned and expressed. The results of RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) and western blotting revealed that TsP is a surface and secretory protein expressed in T. spiralis at different stages (muscle larvae, IIL, AWs and newborn larvae) that is principally localized at the epicuticle of the nematode. rTsP facilitated the larval intrusion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal mucosa, whereas anti-rTsP antibodies suppressed larval intrusion; these facilitative and suppressive roles were dose-dependently related to rTsP or anti-rTsP antibodies. Immunization of mice with rTsP triggered an obvious humoral immune response (high levels of IgG, IgG1/IgG2a, and sIgA) and also elicited systemic (spleen) and intestinal local mucosal (mesenteric lymph node) cellular immune responses, as demonstrated by an evident increase in the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4. Immunization of mice with rTsP reduced the numbers of intestinal adult worms by 38.6% and muscle larvae by 41.93%. These results demonstrate that TsP plays a vital role in the intrusion, development and survival of T. spiralis in hosts and is a promising candidate target molecule for anti-Trichinella vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jun Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yuan Yuan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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Zhang Y, Zeng J, Song YY, Long SR, Liu RD, Jiang P, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Vaccination of Mice with a Novel Trypsin from Trichinella spiralis Elicits the Immune Protection against Larval Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E437. [PMID: 32764274 PMCID: PMC7564495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a major foodborne parasite and has a serious threat to meat safety. Development of anti-Trichinella vaccines is prospective to eliminate Trichinella infection in food animal. The aim of this study was to assess the biological properties of a novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsT) and its elicited immune protection against larval challenge. The cDNA sequence of TsT gene was cloned and expressed. Western blotting showed rTsT was identified by infection serum and anti-TsT serum. RT-PCR results revealed that TsT gene was transcribed at diverse T. spiralis lifecycle stages. The IIFT results showed that natural TsT was principally expressed at epicuticle of 5-6 day adult worms, indicating that TsT is a worm somatic antigen and adult-stage specific surface antigen. Vaccination of mice with rTsT triggered an evident humoral immune response (high levels of serum IgG, IgG1/IgG2a, and enteral sIgA), and it also induced the systemic and enteral local cellular immune response, demonstrated by an significantly elevation of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4. The mice vaccinated with rTsT exhibited a 33.17% reduction of enteral adult worms and a 37.80% reduction of muscle larvae after larval challenge. The results showed that TsT might be considered as a candidate target antigen for anti-T. spiralis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.S.); (S.R.L.); (R.D.L.); (P.J.); (X.Z.); (J.C.)
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Guo KX, Bai Y, Ren HN, Sun XY, Song YY, Liu RD, Long SR, Zhang X, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of a Trichinella spiralis aminopeptidase and its participation in invasion, development and fecundity. Vet Res 2020; 51:78. [PMID: 32539772 PMCID: PMC7296678 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A Trichinella spiralis aminopeptidase (TsAP) has been identified in intestinal infectious larvae (IIL) and adult worms (AW), but its biological function in the T. spiralis life cycle is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize TsAP and ascertain its functions in the invasion, development and fecundity of T. spiralis. Recombinant TsAP (rTsAP) was expressed and purified. rTsAP has strong immunogenicity. qPCR and western blotting show that TsAP was transcribed and expressed at all T. spiralis lifecycle stages, but the expression level of TsAP mRNA and proteins at IIL and AW stages was obviously higher than those in muscle larvae (ML) and newborn larvae (NBL). The IFT results reveal that TsAP was principally located at the cuticle and the intrauterine embryos of this nematode. rTsAP had the enzymatic activity of natural aminopeptidase to hydrolyze the substrate Leu-pNA with an optimal temperature of 50 °C and optimal pH of 8.0. rTsAP promoted the larval penetration into intestinal epithelial cells, whereas anti-rTsAP antibodies suppressed the larval intrusion; the promotion and suppression was dose-dependently related to rTsAP or anti-rTsAP antibodies. TsAP protein expression level and enzymatic activity were reduced by 50.90 and 49.72% through silencing of the TsAP gene by specific siRNA 842. Intestinal AW and muscle larval burdens, worm length and female reproductive capacity were significantly declined in mice infected with siRNA-transfected ML compared to the control siRNA and PBS group. These results indicate that TsAP participates in the invasion, development and fecundity of T. spiralis and it might be a candidate target for anti-Trichinella vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xia Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xiang Yuan Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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A novel cystatin derived from Trichinella spiralis suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008192. [PMID: 32236093 PMCID: PMC7153903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis can modulate host immune responses to retain a suitable environment for its long-term survival. Incidentally, the parasite elicits regulatory effects through immunomodulatory molecule release, which can suppress host inflammation and may be used for the treatment of unrelated inflammatory diseases in someday. Here we identified and characterized a novel T. spiralis cystatin (TsCstN), which inhibits inflammation mediated by LPS-treated macrophages.Proteins contained in the excretory-secretory (ES) product of muscle-stage T. spiralis (ES-L1) were fractionated, and each was treated with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDMs) before LPS stimulation. The fractions that exhibited high immunomodulatory property by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines were identified by mass spectrometry. Incidentally, the conserved hypothetical protein (Tsp_04814) was selected for further characterization as it presented the most significant MS score. An annotation of Tsp_04814 using protein structural homology comparison suggested that it has high structural similarity to human cystatin E/M (TM score 0.690). The recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin (rTsCstN) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a molecular weight of approximately 13 kDa. Mouse anti-rTsCstN polyclonal antibody (pAb) could detect native TsCstN in crude worm antigens (CWA) and ES-L1 and be predominantly localized in the stichosome and subcuticular cells. rTsCstN inhibited cysteine proteases in vitro, especially cathepsin L, at an optimal pH of 6. Besides, rTsCstN could be internalized into mBMDMs, which were mostly distributed in the cytoplasm and lysosome both before and after LPS stimulation. To evaluate the rTsCstN immunomodulatory properties on mBMDMs, rTsCstN was incubated with mBMDM before LPS stimulation; this demonstrated that rTsCstN suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production and MHC class II expression.T. spiralis L1-derived TsCstN was characterized as a novel cysteine protease inhibitor. The protein elicits an anti-inflammatory property by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and interfering with the antigen presentation process through depletion of MHC class II expression.
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Gomaa MM. Early diagnosis of experimental Trichinella spiralis infection by nano-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (nano-based ELISA). Exp Parasitol 2020; 212:107867. [PMID: 32199081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious foodborne zoonotic disease. It is an important threat to public health all over the world. Although anti-Trichinella IgG detection is the most widely used method for diagnosis of trichinellosis, but there is an obvious window between clinical symptoms and positive serology. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be conjugated with antibodies affording them promising applications for bio-chemical detection. Herein, AuNPs-based ELISA was evaluated for the first time in the detection of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigen (CAg) for its potential as a diagnostic tool of experimental infection. Swiss Albino mice were orally inoculated with 100 muscle larvae/mouse. Animals were sacrificed 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 22 and 28 day-post infection (dpi). Blood samples were tested for CAg by both standard ELISA and nano-based ELISA using anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG conjugated with AuNPs. CAg was only detected by nano-based ELISA 6, 8, 10 dpi and by both formats 12-28 dpi. Nano-based assay recorded a statistically significant high sensitivity (58.33%, 91.67%) and accuracy (72.22%, 94.44%) 8 and 10 dpi, respectively in comparison to standard ELISA. Both assays showed high sensitivity and accuracy 12-28 dpi. Thus, nano-based ELISA could be considered as an early sensitive diagnostic method for experimental trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Gomaa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Zhang XZ, Sun XY, Bai Y, Song YY, Hu CX, Li X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Protective immunity in mice vaccinated with a novel elastase-1 significantly decreases Trichinella spiralis fecundity and infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:43. [PMID: 32169101 PMCID: PMC7071723 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is an important foodborne parasitic nematode that represents an enormous threat to the food safety of pork meat. The development of a preventive vaccine is valuable for the prevention and control of Trichinella infection in domestic pigs to ensure pork safety. Elastase is a trypsin-like serine protease that hydrolyzes the host's diverse tissue components and participates in parasite penetration, and it might be a novel vaccine target molecule. The aim of this study was to assess the protective immunity produced by vaccination with a novel Trichinella spiralis elastase-1 (TsE) in a mouse model. The results demonstrate that subcutaneous vaccination of mice with rTsE elicited a systemic humoral response (high levels of serum IgG and subclass IgG1/IgG2a and IgA) and significant local enteral mucosal sIgA responses. Anti-rTsE IgG recognized the native TsE at the cuticle, stichosome of intestinal infective larvae and adult worm (AW), and intrauterine embryos of female AW. The rTsE vaccination also produced a systemic and local mixed Th1/Th2 response, as demonstrated by clear elevation levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) after spleen, mesenteric lymph node and Peyer's patch cells from immunized mice were stimulated with rTsE. The immunized mice exhibited a 52.19% reduction in enteral AW and a 64.06% reduction in muscle larvae after challenge infection. The immune response triggered by rTsE vaccination protected enteral mucosa from larval intrusion, suppressed larval development and reduced female fecundity. The results indicate that TsE may represent a novel target molecule for anti-T. spiralis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiang Yuan Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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Han Y, Yue X, Hu CX, Liu F, Liu RD, He MM, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Interaction of a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B with enterocytes promotes the larval intrusion into the cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:110-117. [PMID: 32171999 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is one member of cysteine protease family and widely distributed in organisms, it plays an important function in parasite penetrating, migrating, molting and immune escaping. The aim of this work was to investigate whether exist interaction between a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B (TsCB) and mouse intestinal epithelium cells (IECs), and its influence in the process of larva cell invasion. The results of ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA), confocal microscopy and Far western blotting showed that there was a strong specific binding of rTsCB and IEC proteins, and the binding positions were located in cytoplasm and nuclei of IECs. The results of the in vitro larva penetration test revealed that rTsCB facilitated the larva invasion of IECs, whereas anti-rTsCB antibodies impeded partially the larva intrusion of enterocytes, this promotive or inhibitory roles were dose-dependent of rTsCB or anti-rTsCB antibodies. Silencing TsCB by siRNA mediated RNA interference reduced the TsCB expression in T. spiralis larvae, and markedly inhibited the larva penetration of enterocytes. The results indicated that TsCB binding to IECs promoted larva penetration of host's enteral epithelia, and it is a promising molecular target against intestinal invasive stages of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ming Ming He
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Hu CX, Jiang P, Yue X, Zeng J, Zhang XZ, Song YY, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis elastase-1 and its potential as a diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:97. [PMID: 32093735 PMCID: PMC7041205 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis muscle larval (ML) excretion/secretion (ES) antigen is the most widely used diagnostic antigen of trichinellosis, but preparation of ES antigen requires collecting worms from infected animals, and detection of specific IgG against ML ES antigen may result in a false negative at the early stage of infection. The aim of the study was to characterize T. spiralis elastase-1 (TsEla) and to evaluate its potential as diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis. METHODS The complete cDNA sequences of the TsEla gene were cloned and expressed, and recombinant (rTsEla) was purified. TsEla transcription and expression in different T. spiralis life-cycle stages was investigated by qPCR and western blotting, and its location in the nematodes was evaluated using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The antigenicity of rTsEla was investigated by western blotting analysis and ELISA. Anti-Trichinella IgG, IgM and IgE of experimentally infected mice and specific IgG antibodies of trichinellosis patients were assayed by rTsEla-ELISA and ES-ELISA. RESULTS The results of the qPCR and western blotting showed that TsEla was expressed in various T. spiralis life stages. Natural TsEla was detected in the soluble proteins and ES proteins of different life stages. IFA revealed that TsEla was identified in the whole nematodes of various stages, especially in the cuticle, stichosome and genital primordium of the parasite. Serum anti-Trichinella IgM, IgG and IgE in infected mice was first detected by rTsEla-ELISA at 6, 10 and 12 days post-infection (dpi), and reached 100% at 8, 14 and 14 dpi, respectively. When rTsEla-ELISA and ES-ELISA were used to detect anti-Trichinella IgG in sera of trichinellosis patients, the sensitivity was 97.37% (37/38) and 89.74% (34/38) (P > 0.05), and the specificity was 99.10% (220/222) and 98.20% (218/222), respectively (P > 0.05). The rTsEla cross-reacted with only one serum sample out of 20 samples from paragonimiasis patients and 7 samples from clonorchiasis patients. CONCLUSIONS rTsEla is valuable to early diagnosis of trichinellosis and could be an alternative diagnostic antigen to the ML ES antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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Characterization of a chymotrypsin-like enzyme from Trichinella spiralis and its facilitation of larva penetration into the host's enteral epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 128:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Adhesion-Regulating Molecule from Haemonchus contortus: Potential Antigen for Diagnosis of Early Infection in Goats. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010034. [PMID: 31905914 PMCID: PMC7168579 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-sucking nematode of ruminants, causes large economic losses worldwide. Diagnosis of infection mainly depends on the evaluation of clinical signs and fecal examination. However, this has limitations for the diagnosis of early or light infections, where serological diagnosis seems to be more accurate and reliable. In this study, the recombinant H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule protein (rHCADRM) was expressed and purified, and its diagnostic potential was evaluated. Serum samples from goats experimentally infected with H. contortus (n = 5) were collected at 0 (before infection, negative control), 7, 14, 21, 35, 49, 63, 85, and 103 days post-infection (DPI). The reactions between rHcADRM and goat serum were tested using Western blot (WB) analysis. The results show that rHcADRM can be recognized in the serum as early as 14 DPI, and the antibody against rHcADRM in infected goat could be maintained for over 89 days. No reaction was found between rHcADRM and antibodies against Trichinella spiralis, Fasciola hepatica, or Toxoplasma gondii. An indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on rHcADRM. The optimal coating antigen (279 ng of rHcADRM/well) and serum dilutions (1:50) were determined by checkerboard titration. A total of 64 serum samples, including 32 from H. contortus infection goats and 32 from helminth-free goats, were used to determine the positive (0.362) and negative (0.306) cut-off values for the ELISA. The results show this serological diagnosis method is highly sensitive (90.6%) and specific (93.75%). The coefficient of variation within run and between runs was less than 11%. To apply this indirect ELISA during field examination, 51 serum samples were randomly collected from goat farms and tested using this method. The result showed that 19.6% (10/51) of goats were infected with H. contortus, which was 100% consistent with the necropsy result, higher than that of fecal examination (15.7%, 8/51). These results indicate that rHcADRM could be a potential antigen for diagnosis of H. contortus infection in goats.
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In vitro silencing of a serine protease inhibitor suppresses Trichinella spiralis invasion, development, and fecundity. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2247-2255. [PMID: 31081529 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, immunoproteomics was used to identify a serine protease inhibitor (TsSPI) of T. spiralis excretory/secretory (ES) proteins that exhibited an inhibitory effect on trypsin enzymatic activity, but the precise role of TsSPI on worm infection and development in its host is not well understood. The objective of the present study was to use RNA interference to ascertain the function of TsSPI in larval invasion and growth. TsSPI-specific small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were delivered to muscle larvae (ML) to silence TsSPI expression by electroporation. Four days after electroporation, the ML transfected with 2 μM siRNA-653 exhibited a 75.75% decrease in TsSPI transcription and a 69.23% decrease in TsSPI expression compared with control ML. Although the silencing of TsSPI expression did not decrease worm viability, it significantly suppressed the larval invasion of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC) (P < 0.01), and the suppression was siRNA dose-dependent (r = 0.981). The infection of mice with siRNA-653-treated ML produced a 63.71% reduction of adult worms and a 72.38% reduction of muscle larvae. In addition, the length of the adults, newborn larvae, and ML and the fecundity of female T. spiralis from mice infected with siRNA-treated ML were obviously reduced relative to those in the control siRNA or PBS groups. These results indicated that the silencing of TsSPI by RNAi suppressed larval invasion and development and decreased female fecundity, further confirming that TsSPI plays a crucial role during the T. spiralis lifecycle and is a promising molecular target for anti-Trichinella vaccines.
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Sun GG, Lei JJ, Ren HN, Zhang Y, Guo KX, Long SR, Liu RD, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Intranasal immunization with recombinant Trichinella spiralis serine protease elicits protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:1-10. [PMID: 31004570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the intestinal mucosal/systemic responses triggered by intranasal vaccination using recombinant Trichinella spiralis serine protease (rTsSP) and its capacity to elicit immune protection against larva challenge in a murine model. rTsSP coupled with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was used to vaccinate mice via intranasal route. The results revealed that intranasal vaccination with rTsSP plus CTB elicited significantly intestinal local sIgA response and a TsSP-specific systemic antibody response in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, more goblet cells/acidic mucins and IgA-secreting cells were observed in jejunum from vaccinated mice. Anti-rTsSP immune serum strongly recognized the cuticle of various worm stages (muscle larva, intestinal infective larva and adult worm). The level of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 of rTsSP-vaccinated mice was significantly elevated relative to CTB and PBS control groups. The vaccinated mice exhibited a 71.10% adult reduction at 9 days pi and a 62.10% muscle larva reduction at 42 days pi following larva challenge. Additionally, vaccination with rTsSP also dampened intestinal T. spiralis development and decreased the female fecundity. Our results showed that intranasal vaccination using rTsSP adjuvanted with CTB triggered significantly local sIgA response and systemic concurrent Th1/Th2 response that induced an obvious protection against Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Jun Jun Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Kai Xia Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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Ren HN, Guo KX, Zhang Y, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Zhang X, Wang L, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Molecular characterization of a 31 kDa protein from Trichinella spiralis and its induced immune protection in BALB/c mice. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:625. [PMID: 30518426 PMCID: PMC6282284 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella spiralis is an important foodborne zoonotic parasite and it is necessary to develop a vaccine in order to interrupt transmission from animals to humans. A 31 kDa protein from T. spiralis (Ts31) is an antigen targeted by protective antibodies, and Ts31 contains a domain of trypsin-like serine protease that might have the function of serine protease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of Ts31 and its induced immune protection. Methods Expression and localization of Ts31 in various T. spiralis phases were investigated using qPCR and immunofluorescent test (IFT). The specific binding between Ts31 and intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) was analyzed by Far-Western blotting, ELISA and IFT, and the cellular localization of binding sites was examined on confocal microscopy. The mice were subcutaneously vaccinated with recombinant Ts31 protein (rTs31), serum specific IgG was determined by ELISA, and immune protection induced by immunization with rTs31 was evaluated. Inhibition of anti-rTs31 IgG on IL1 invasion of IECs and ADCC-mediated killing of newborn larvae (NBL) was also determined. Results Ts31 was expressed at different life-cycle stages and located principally at the stichosome and cuticle of this parasite. rTs31 was capable to specially bond to IECs, and binding site was located in the cytoplasm of IECs. Immunization of mice with rTs31 elicited a significant humoral response and protection, as demonstrated by a 56.93% reduction of adult worms at 6 days post-infection (dpi) and a 53.50% reduction of muscle larvae at 42 dpi after larval challenge. Anti-rTs31 antibodies impeded T. spiralis penetration of enterocytes in a dose-dependent pattern, and participated in the destruction of NBL by an ADCC-mediated manner. Conclusions Ts31 facilitated the T. spiralis penetration of intestinal epithelium, which could make it a vaccine candidate target molecule against Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xia Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnostic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Qi X, Han Y, Jiang P, Yue X, Ren HN, Sun GG, Long SR, Yu C, Cheng XC, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Oral vaccination with Trichinella spiralis DNase II DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonella induces a protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Vet Res 2018; 49:119. [PMID: 30518422 PMCID: PMC6280372 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is one of the most serious foodborne parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, and it is necessary to develop a vaccine to interrupt transmission from animals to humans. Trichinella spiralis adult-specific DNase II-1 (TsDNase II) were identified by immunoproteomics in surface or excretory/secretory proteins of adult worms (AW) and intestinal infective larvae (IIL). The aim of this study was to investigate the systemic, mucosal responses and immune protection elicited by oral vaccination with TsDNase II DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain⊿cyaSL1344. Oral vaccination with TsDNase II DNA vaccine triggered an obvious mucosal sIgA response and a systemic IgG response in mice, and IgG1 was predominant. Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, 10) cytokines were distinctly increased in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of vaccinated mice. An indirect immunofluorescent test revealed that native TsDNase II is present at the cuticle of this nematode after the 2nd molting, further confirming that TsDNase II is adult-specific and expressed at AW and pre-adult stages. Oral immunization of mice with TsDNase II exhibited a 53.85% reduction in AW and a 59.26% reduction in ML after larval challenge. The in vitro NBL production of adult females from TsDNase II-vaccinated mice was also reduced in comparison with pcDNA3.1 or the PBS control group (P < 0.01). Our results show that oral immunization of mice with TsDNase II produced an intestinal and systematic concurrent Th1/Th2 immune response, and a significant immune protection against challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hua Nan Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiang Chao Cheng
- Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Grzelak S, Moskwa B, Bień J. Trichinella britovi muscle larvae and adult worms: stage-specific and common antigens detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based immunoblotting. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:584. [PMID: 30419953 PMCID: PMC6233509 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella britovi is the second most common species of Trichinella that may affect human health. As an early diagnosis of trichinellosis is crucial for effective treatment, it is important to identify sensitive, specific and common antigens of adult T. britovi worms and muscle larvae. The present study was undertaken to uncover the stage-specific and common proteins of T. britovi that may be used in specific diagnostics. Methods Somatic extracts obtained from two developmental stages, muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms (Ad), were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with immunoblot analysis. The positively-visualized protein spots specific for each stage were identified through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-LC/MS). Results A total of 272 spots were detected in the proteome of T. britovi adult worms (Ad) and 261 in the muscle larvae (ML). The somatic extracts from Ad and ML were specifically recognized by T. britovi-infected swine sera at 10 days post infection (dpi) and 60 dpi, with a total of 70 prominent protein spots. According to immunoblotting patterns and LC-MS/MS results, the immunogenic spots recognized by different pig T. britovi-infected sera were divided into three groups for the two developmental stages: adult stage-specific proteins, muscle larvae stage-specific proteins, and proteins common to both stages. Forty-five Ad proteins (29 Ad-specific and 16 common) and thirteen ML proteins (nine ML-specific and four common) cross-reacted with sera at 10 dpi. Many of the proteins identified in Ad (myosin-4, myosin light chain kinase, paramyosin, intermediate filament protein B, actin-depolymerizing factor 1 and calreticulin) are involved in structural and motor activity. Among the most abundant proteins identified in ML were 14-3-3 protein zeta, actin-5C, ATP synthase subunit d, deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha, poly-cysteine and histide-tailed protein, enolase, V-type proton ATPase catalytic and serine protease 30. Heat-shock protein, intermediate filament protein ifa-1 and intermediate filament protein B were identified in both proteomes. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study represents the first immunoproteomic identification of the antigenic proteins of adult worms and muscle larvae of T. britovi. Our results provide a valuable basis for the development of diagnostic methods. The identification of common components for the two developmental stages of T. britovi may be useful in the preparation of parasitic antigens in recombinant forms for diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Moskwa
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
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50
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Qi X, Yue X, Han Y, Jiang P, Yang F, Lei JJ, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of Two Trichinella spiralis Adult-Specific DNase II and Their Capacity to Induce Protective Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2504. [PMID: 30455671 PMCID: PMC6230719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II) is a widespread endonuclease, which can degrade the DNA. Trichinella spiralis adult-specific DNase II-1 (TsDNase II-1) and DNase II-7 (TsDNase II-7) were identified in excretory-secretory (ES) or surface proteins of adult worm (AW) and intestinal infective larvae (IIL) using immunoproteomics with early infection sera. The aim of this study was to characterize the two T. spiralis DNase II enzymes and to investigate their role as potential vaccine candidate target molecules. The cDNA sequences of the two DNase II enzymes from 3 days old AWs of T. spiralis were cloned and expressed. The sequencing results showed that the complete cDNA sequences of the two DNase II enzymes were 1221 and 1161 bp long, and the predicted open reading frames encoded 347 and 348 amino acids, respectively. On Western blot analysis, natural TsDNase II-1 and TsDNase II-7 in the crude extracts of IIL, AWs, and newborn larvae (NBL) and AW ES proteins were recognized by both anti-rTsDNase II-1 and anti-rTsDNase II-7 sera. Indirect immunofluorescence test and qPCR showed that the two DNase II enzymes were highly expressed at AW and NBL stages and were mainly located at the cuticle and stichosome of the nematode. Vaccination with the two recombinant DNase II enzymes triggered prominent humoral responses that exhibited significant immune protection against T. spiralis larval infection, as demonstrated by the notable reduction in intestinal AW and muscle larva burdens. Specific antibodies to the two molecules evidently inhibited the in vitro parasite invasion of enterocytes and participated in the killing of NBL by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mode. The enzymes DNase II-1 and DNase II-7 are the potential target molecules for anti-Trichinella vaccine for blocking both larval invasion and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Q. Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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