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Ren J, Ren Y, Mu Y, Zhang L, Chen B, Li S, Fang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Li S, Liu W, Cui Y, Li X. Microbial imbalance in Chinese children with diarrhea or constipation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13516. [PMID: 38866797 PMCID: PMC11169388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea and constipation are common health concerns in children. Numerous studies have identified strong association between gut microbiota and digestive-related diseases. But little is known about the gut microbiota that simultaneously affects both diarrhea and constipation or their potential regulatory mechanisms. Stool samples from 618 children (66 diarrhea, 138 constipation, 414 healthy controls) aged 0-3 years were collected to investigate gut microbiota changes using 16S rRNA sequencing. Compared with healthy, children with diarrhea exhibited a significant decrease in microbial diversity, while those with constipation showed a marked increase (p < 0.05). Significantly, our results firstly Ruminococcus increased in constipation (p = 0.03) and decreased in diarrhea (p < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Pathway analysis revealed that Ruminococcus highly involved in the regulation of five common pathways (membrane transport, nervous system, energy metabolism, signal transduction and endocrine system pathways) between diarrhea and constipation, suggesting a potential shared regulatory mechanism. Our finding firstly reveals one core microorganisms that may affect the steady balance of the gut in children with diarrhea or constipation, providing an important reference for potential diagnosis and treatment of constipation and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Dr. Cuiyutao Healthcare Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lanying Zhang
- Coyote Diagnostics Lab (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Binghan Chen
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qinyi Fang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sabrina Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yutao Cui
- Dr. Cuiyutao Healthcare Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
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Wang X, Yu D, Chui L, Zhou T, Feng Y, Cao Y, Zhi S. A Comprehensive Review on Shiga Toxin Subtypes and Their Niche-Related Distribution Characteristics in Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli and Other Bacterial Hosts. Microorganisms 2024; 12:687. [PMID: 38674631 PMCID: PMC11052178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), the main virulence factor of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), was first discovered in Shigella dysenteriae strains. While several other bacterial species have since been reported to produce Stx, STEC poses the most significant risk to human health due to its widespread prevalence across various animal hosts that have close contact with human populations. Based on its biochemical and molecular characteristics, Shiga toxin can be grouped into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, among which a variety of variants and subtypes have been identified in various bacteria and host species. Interestingly, the different Stx subtypes appear to vary in their host distribution characteristics and in the severity of diseases that they are associated with. As such, this review provides a comprehensive overview on the bacterial species that have been recorded to possess stx genes to date, with a specific focus on the various Stx subtype variants discovered in STEC, their prevalence in certain host species, and their disease-related characteristics. This review provides a better understanding of the Stx subtypes and highlights the need for rapid and accurate approaches to toxin subtyping for the proper evaluation of the health risks associated with Shiga-toxin-related bacterial food contamination and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Daniel Yu
- School of Public Health, Univeristy of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuhao Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China;
| | - Shuai Zhi
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
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Yu M, Xie F, Xu C, Yu T, Wang Y, Liang S, Dong Q, Wang L. Characterization of cytotoxic Citrobacter braakii isolated from human stomach. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:487-497. [PMID: 38268325 PMCID: PMC10909985 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter braakii (C. braakii) is an anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium that has been isolated from the environment, food, and humans. Infection by C. braakii has been associated with acute mucosal inflammation in the intestine, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. However, the pathogenesis of C. braakii in the gastric mucosa has not yet been clarified. In this study, the bacterium was detected in 35.5% (61/172) of patients with chronic gastritis (CG) and was closely associated with the severity of mucosal inflammation. Citrobacter braakii P1 isolated from a patient with CG exhibited urease activity and acid resistance. It contained multiple secretion systems, including a complete type I secretion system (T1SS), T5aSS and T6SS. We then predicted the potential pilus-related adhesins. Citrobacter braakii P1 diffusely adhered to AGS cells and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; the adhesion rate and LDH release were much lower in HEp-2 cells. Strain P1 also induced markedly increased mRNA and protein expression of IL-8 and TNF-α in AGS cells, and the fold increase was much higher than that in HEp-2 cells. Our results demonstrate proinflammatory and cytotoxic role of C. braakii in gastric epithelial cells, indicating the bacterium is potentially involved in inducing gastric mucosa inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Fangyu Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Chengzhen Xu
- Department of Chinese MedicineQingdao No. 6 People's HospitalChina
| | - Ting Yu
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Shuzhen Liang
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Quanjiang Dong
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Lili Wang
- Central Laboratories and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdaoChina
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Wang Y, Xie Z. Identification and drug resistance of pathogen of ulcerative skin disease and its immune responses and protective efficacy after vaccination in a giant spiny frog, Quasipaa spinosa. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106526. [PMID: 38163491 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to explore the pathogen of the ulcerative skin disease in giant spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa), and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease in practical production, this study was carried out to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria from the sick frogs suffering from rotting skin disease and to carry out the immunization test of the inactivated vaccine. METHODS Physiological and biochemical characterization, and molecular biology of the pathogenic bacteria were identified, and drug screening and immunization responses were also carried out. RESULTS The dominant bacterium QS01 was isolated from the lesions of diseased giant spiny frogs, which was confirmed to be the causative agent of the rotting skin disease of giant spiny frogs by artificial regression infection test. Based on the fact that the pathogen is a gram-negative short bacterium, its phenotypic characteristics and 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences were analyzed, and the bacterium was determined to be Citrobacter freundii. The results of the drug sensitivity test showed that the bacterium was sensitive to 11 antibiotics, including Enrofloxacin, Fleroxacin and Ciprofloxacin, including three non-polluting drugs such as Florfenicol, Roxithromycin and Thiamphenicol, as well as three Chinese herbal medicines such as Rheum officinale Baill, Coptis chinensis Franch and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Most non-specific immune responses could go to recovery in 24h. The frogs were vaccinated with QS01 formaldehyde inactivated vaccine by injection, immersion and spraying, and the serum antibody potency of the three immunized groups with the average potency reached the peak at the 20th d after immunization, and the serum antibody potency of the injected immunized group was at the highest ratio of 1:64-128 (101.6), while the immersed group and the spraying group attained the ratio of 1:16-32 (20.2) and 1:16-32 (16) respectively, and lasted until the 30th d. The control group that was not immunized had the highest serum antibody potency of 1:16-32 (20.2) and 1:16-32 (16), and continued until the 30th d. The control group that was not immunized was not immunized. The serum antibody potency of the unimmunized control group was 1:2 to 2(2). The immunoprotection rates after takedown were 100 %, 85.71 % and 71.43 %, respectively. CONCLUSION C. freundii is the pathogen of the disease in this farm, and the vaccination by immersion and spraying can effectively prevent and control the rotting skin disease in frogs. These results revealed pathogenicity of C. freundii and its activation of host immune response, which will provide a scientific reference for the aquaculture and disease prevention in Q. spinosa culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Pingxiang Health Vocational College, Pingxiang, 337000, China; Graduate School, St. Paul University Philippines, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Popov IV, Berezinskaia IS, Popov IV, Martiusheva IB, Tkacheva EV, Gorobets VE, Tikhmeneva IA, Aleshukina AV, Tverdokhlebova TI, Chikindas ML, Venema K, Ermakov AM. Cultivable Gut Microbiota in Synanthropic Bats: Shifts of Its Composition and Diversity Associated with Hibernation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3658. [PMID: 38067008 PMCID: PMC10705225 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of bats in the global microbial ecology no doubt is significant due to their unique immune responses, ability to fly, and long lifespan, all contributing to pathogen spread. Some of these animals hibernate during winter, which results in the altering of their physiology. However, gut microbiota shifts during hibernation is little studied. In this research, we studied cultivable gut microbiota composition and diversity of Nyctalus noctula before, during, and after hibernation in a bat rehabilitation center. Gut microorganisms were isolated on a broad spectrum of culture media, counted, and identified with mass spectrometry. Linear modeling was used to investigate associations between microorganism abundance and N. noctula physiological status, and alpha- and beta-diversity indexes were used to explore diversity changes. As a result, most notable changes were observed in Serratia liquefaciens, Hafnia alvei, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus xylosus, which were significantly more highly abundant in hibernating bats, while Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia rettgeri, Citrobacter braakii, and Pedicoccus pentosaceus were more abundant in active bats before hibernation. The alpha-diversity was the lowest in hibernating bats, while the beta-diversity differed significantly among all studied periods. Overall, this study shows that hibernation contributes to changes in bat cultivable gut microbiota composition and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Popov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Federal Territory Sirius, Russia
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University—Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Iraida S. Berezinskaia
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Ilia V. Popov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Irina B. Martiusheva
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Elizaveta V. Tkacheva
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Vladislav E. Gorobets
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Iuliia A. Tikhmeneva
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
| | - Anna V. Aleshukina
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Tatiana I. Tverdokhlebova
- Rostov Research Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, 344010 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.S.B.); (I.B.M.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Michael L. Chikindas
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of General Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University—Campus Venlo, 5928 SZ Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Alexey M. Ermakov
- Faculty “Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine” and Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, 344000 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (I.V.P.); (E.V.T.); (V.E.G.); (I.A.T.); (M.L.C.); (A.M.E.)
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Hathcock T, Raiford D, Conley A, Barua S, Murillo DFB, Prarat M, Kaur P, Scaria J, Wang C. Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecium, and Salmonella Kentucky Harboring Aminoglycoside and Beta-Lactam Resistance Genes in Raw Meat-Based Dog Diets, USA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:477-483. [PMID: 37615516 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of feeding raw meat-based diets to dogs has grown in popularity worldwide in recent years. However, there are public health risks in handling and feeding raw meat-based dog diets (RMDDs) to dogs since there are no pathogen reduction steps to reduce the microbial load, which may include antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria. A total of 100 RMDDs from 63 suppliers were sampled, and selective media were used to isolate bacteria from the diets. Bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were conducted to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The primary meat sources for RMDDs included in this study were poultry (37%) and beef (24%). Frozen-dry was the main method of product production (68%). In total, 52 true and opportunistic pathogens, including Enterobacterales (mainly Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae) and Enterococcus faecium, were obtained from 30 RMDDs. Resistance was identified to 19 of 28 antimicrobials tested, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (23/52, 44%), ampicillin (19/52, 37%), cephalexin (16/52, 31%), tetracycline (7/52, 13%), marbofloxacin (7/52, 13%), and cefazolin (6/52, 12%). All 19 bacterial isolates submitted for WGS harbored at least one type of AMR gene. The identified AMR genes were found to mediate resistance to aminoglycoside (gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin/kanamycin, gentamicin/kanamycin/tobramycin), macrolide, beta-lactam (carbapenem, cephalosporin), tetracycline, fosfomycin, quinolone, phenicol/quinolone, and sulfonamide. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that feeding and handling RMDDs may pose a significant public health risk due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, and further research and intervention may be necessary to minimize these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Donna Raiford
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Austin Conley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Subarna Barua
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Melanie Prarat
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Virology, and Molecular Diagnostics, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Tariq FN, Shafiq M, Khawar N, Habib G, Gul H, Hayat A, Rehman MU, Moussa IM, Mahmoud EA, Elansary HO. The functional repertoire of AmpR in the AmpC β-lactamase high expression and decreasing β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance in ESBL Citrobacter freundii. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19486. [PMID: 37662790 PMCID: PMC10472055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is characterized by AmpC β-lactamases that develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is substantially high in Escherichia coli, C. freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens, but infrequently explored in C. freundii. The present investigation characterized the ESBL C. freundii and delineated the genes involved in decrease in antibiotics resistance. We used the VITEK-2 system and Analytical Profile Index (API) kit to characterize and identify the Citrobacter isolates. The mRNA level of AmpC and AmpR was determined by RT-qPCR, and gel-shift assay was performed to evaluate protein-DNA binding. Here, a total of 26 Citrobacter strains were isolated from COVID-19 patients that showed varying degrees of antibiotic resistance. We examined and characterized the multidrug resistant C. freundii that showed ESBL production. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the AmpC mRNA expression is significantly high followed by a high level of AmpR. We sequenced the AmpC and AmpR genes that revealed the AmpR has four novel mutations in comparison to the reference genome namely; Thr64Ile, Arg86Ser, Asp135Val, and Ile183Leu while AmpC remained intact. The ΔAmpR mutant analysis revealed that the AmpR positively regulates oxidative stress response and decreases β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance. The AmpC and AmpR high expression was associated with resistance to tazobactam, ampicillin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and cephalosporins whereas AmpR deletion reduced β-lactam and aminoglycosides resistance. We conclude that AmpR is a positive regulator of AmpC that stimulates β-lactamases which inactivate multiple antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Naz Tariq
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Shafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Khawar
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Haji Gul
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Mujaddad Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad, 22500, Pakistan
| | - Ihab Mohamed Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Aguirre-Sánchez JR, Quiñones B, Ortiz-Muñoz JA, Prieto-Alvarado R, Vega-López IF, Martínez-Urtaza J, Lee BG, Chaidez C. Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter werkmanii, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2114. [PMID: 37630674 PMCID: PMC10457828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter werkmanii is an emerging and opportunistic human pathogen found in developing countries and is a causative agent of wound, urinary tract, and blood infections. The present study conducted comparative genomic analyses of a C. werkmanii strain collection from diverse geographical locations and sources to identify the relevant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Pangenome analyses divided the examined C. werkmanii strains into five distinct clades; the subsequent classification identified genes with functional roles in carbohydrate and general metabolism for the core genome and genes with a role in secretion, adherence, and the mobilome for the shell and cloud genomes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with a heatmap, showing the virulence and antimicrobial genes' presence or absence, demonstrated the presence of genes with functional roles in secretion systems, adherence, enterobactin, and siderophore among the strains belonging to the different clades. C. werkmanii strains in clade V, predominantly from clinical sources, harbored genes implicated in type II and type Vb secretion systems as well as multidrug resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. In summary, these comparative genomic analyses have demonstrated highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant genetic profiles in C. werkmanii strains, indicating a virulence potential for this commensal and opportunistic human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Aguirre-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Culiacan 80110, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (B.G.L.)
| | - José A. Ortiz-Muñoz
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico; (J.A.O.-M.); (R.P.-A.); (I.F.V.-L.)
| | - Rogelio Prieto-Alvarado
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico; (J.A.O.-M.); (R.P.-A.); (I.F.V.-L.)
| | - Inés F. Vega-López
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico; (J.A.O.-M.); (R.P.-A.); (I.F.V.-L.)
| | - Jaime Martínez-Urtaza
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autờnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Bertram G. Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (B.G.L.)
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Culiacan 80110, Mexico;
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Jabbar Sekhi R, Abbas Aboud Al-Samarraae I. Propolis Silver Nanoparticles as an Adjuvant in Immunization of Rats with Citrobactor Freundii Antigens. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:973-979. [PMID: 38028846 PMCID: PMC10657968 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.360089.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of Citrobacter freundii killed whole cell sonicated antigen (KWCSAg) alone and in combination with propolis nanoparticles on humoral immunoglobulin (IgG) and cellular immune responses of rats. The ELISA interleukin 4 (IL4) and IgG, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test, and phagocytosis activity tests were used in this study. In total, 45 rats were divided into five groups of 9 rats. The first group received a 1,000 μg\ml dose of KWCSAg-CF. The second group received an injection of 1,000 μg/ml of KWCSAg-CF antigen and 30 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. The third group received an injection of 1,000 μg/ml of KWCSAg-CF antigen along with 10 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. The fourth group was subjected to 30 mg/ml of propolis AgNPs. One ml of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) was injected into the fifth group (the negative control group). The rats received booster injections of the same antigens after 14 days. Blood was obtained from them to detect immunoglobulin and interleukin 4 (IL-4) on days 21, 28, 32, 46, 50, and 60 following the injection. The second group showed the most significant rise in IL-4 and IgG concentration, followed by the third group, the first group, and the fourth group, compared to the negative control group (fifth group). In all immunized groups, the DTH test results demonstrated an increase in the means of induration with significant differences (P<0.05) of the concentrated antigen after 24 and 48 h, and subsequently a decrease after 72 h, compared to the negative control group. At 48 h after the concentrated antigen was indurated, the second group displayed the most significant increase in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jabbar Sekhi
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Collage, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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10
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İnat G, Sırıken B, Çiftci A, Erol İ, Başkan C, Yıldırım T. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae species in ground beef and chicken meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110228. [PMID: 37148785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were i) to characterize extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) using pheno- and genotyping methods, ii) to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern against 10 antibiotics, and iii) to investigate class 1 integron (intI1) in 80 Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from chicken meat (n = 40; 47 isolates) and ground beef (n = 40; 33 isolates) samples. Through the study, we found that 55 (68.7 %) of 80 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were capable of β-lactamase activity, and 38 (47.5 %) of them were multi-drug-resistant (MDR). The ground meat-origin isolates are 1.2 times more likely to produce imipenem resistance compared to chicken-meat-origin isolates (z = 2.1, p < 0.05, OR = 1.42). ESBL-E was found in 18 (22.5 %) of the isolates, 16.3 % of chicken meat and 6.3 % of ground beef origin. The bla genes were detected in 14 isolates [bla-TEM (n = 10; 12.5 %); bla-SHV (n = 4; 5.0 %); bla-CTX-M (n = 0)], where the predominant species were Escherichia (E.) coli and Citrobacter braakii. The nine ESBL-E isolates were MDR. Twenty-eight (35.0 %) of 80 isolates were found to be resistant to at least one third-generation cephalosporin, and eight (28.6 %) of them were also ESBL-E. Eleven of 16 (48.5 %) carbapenem-resistant isolates were ESBL-E. The intI1 gene was found in 13 (16.3 %) isolates, five of which were ESBL-E, and four of which were MDR. Co-existing with bla-TEM and the intI1 isolate was ESBL-E. coli, which was resistant to nine antibiotics. In conclusion, chicken meat and ground beef may pose a potential risk of containing ESBL-E, and bla genes which could be spread to the entire food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan İnat
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Belgin Sırıken
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye.
| | - Alper Çiftci
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - İrfan Erol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ceren Başkan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya, Türkiye
| | - Tuba Yıldırım
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Türkiye
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11
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Designing mRNA- and Peptide-Based Vaccine Construct against Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii: A Computational-Based Subtractive Proteomics Approach. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58101356. [PMID: 36295517 PMCID: PMC9610710 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) is an emerging and opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria of the human gastrointestinal tract associated with nosocomial and severe respiratory tract infections. It has also been associated with pneumonia, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections. Intrinsic and adaptive virulence characteristics of C. freundii have become a significant source of diarrheal infections and food poisoning among immune-compromised patients and newborns. Impulsive usage of antibiotics and these adaptive virulence characteristics has modulated the C. freundii into multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Conventional approaches are futile against MDR C. freundii. Materials and Methods: The current study exploits the modern computational-based vaccine design approach to treat infections related to MDR C. freundii. A whole proteome of C. freundii (strain: CWH001) was retrieved to screen pathogenic and nonhomologous proteins. Six proteins were shortlisted for the selection of putative epitopes for vaccine construct. Highly antigenic, nonallergen, and nontoxic eleven B-cell, HTL, and TCL epitopes were selected for mRNA- and peptide-based multi-epitope vaccine construct. Secondary and tertiary structures of the multi-epitope vaccine (MEVC) were designed, refined, and validated. Results: Evaluation of population coverage of MHC-I and MHC-II alleles were 72% and 90%, respectively. Docking MEVC with TLR-3 receptor with the binding affinity of 21.46 (kcal/mol) occurred through the mmGBSA process. Further validations include codon optimization with an enhanced CAI value of 0.95 and GC content of about 51%. Immune stimulation and molecular dynamic simulation ensure the antibody production upon antigen interaction with the host and stability of the MEVC construct, respectively. Conclusions: These interpretations propose a new strategy to combat MDR C. freundii. Further, in vivo and in vitro trials of this vaccine will be valuable in combating MDR pathogens.
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12
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Combinations of Peptide-Protein Extracts from Native Probiotics Suppress the Growth of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Citrobacter freundii via Membrane Perturbation and Ultrastructural Changes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020154. [PMID: 35203757 PMCID: PMC8868453 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in the food chain causes health problems in humans, thus, research for novel antimicrobials to combat their growth is of interest. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of several combinations of peptide-protein extracts (PCs) consisting of peptide extracts from three native probiotic strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum UTNGt2, Lactococcus lactis UTNGt28, and L. plantarum UTNGt21A, alone or in combination with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC1026 and Citrobacter freundii UTNB3Sm1. Based on the antimicrobial assay, among the 19 tested PCs, two (PC11 and PC17) produced a greater zone of inhibition against both pathogens in vitro. Time-killing assays indicated the rapid death of S. aureus after exposure to PC11 and PC17, while C. freundii was rapidly inhibited by PC11 and PC1 (UTNGt2 only), suggesting that the inhibitory action is pathogen and dose-dependent of a particular molecule present in the extract. A marginal inhibitory effect was observed when the peptides were combined with EDTA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the structural membrane damage of both target strains upon interaction with individual peptide extracts. Different degrees of cell deformation, condensed cytoplasm, membrane blebbing, and ghost cell formation with visibly broken cell walls were observed in S. aureus. Likewise, the separation of the cytoplasmic membrane from the outer membrane, ghost cells, along with ovoid and deformed cells with undulated cell walls were observed for C. freundii. Furthermore, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed different wrinkled and deformed cells covered by debris. A leakage of aromatic molecules was detected for both pathogens, indicating that PCs disrupted the cell wall integrity, inducing cell death. Given their inhibitory action and capacity to induce damage of the cytoplasmic membrane, the selected PCs may serve to slow bacterial growth in vitro; further research is required to prove their efficiency ex vitro to battle against food poisoning and subsequent human infection.
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13
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Yao Y, Falgenhauer L, Falgenhauer J, Hauri AM, Heinmüller P, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Imirzalioglu C. Carbapenem-Resistant Citrobacter spp. as an Emerging Concern in the Hospital-Setting: Results From a Genome-Based Regional Surveillance Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744431. [PMID: 34858870 PMCID: PMC8632029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) represents an increasing threat to patient safety and healthcare systems worldwide. Citrobacter spp., long considered not to be a classical nosocomial pathogen, in contrast to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, is fast gaining importance as a clinical multidrug-resistant pathogen. We analyzed the genomes of 512 isolates of 21 CRE species obtained from 61 hospitals within a three-year-period and found that Citrobacter spp. (C. freundii, C. portucalensis, C. europaeus, C. koseri and C. braakii) were increasingly detected (n=56) within the study period. The carbapenemase-groups detected in Citrobacter spp. were KPC, OXA-48/-like and MBL (VIM, NDM) accounting for 42%, 31% and 27% respectively, which is comparable to those of K. pneumoniae in the same study. They accounted for 10%, 17% and 14% of all carbapenemase-producing CRE detected in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The carbapenemase genes were almost exclusively located on plasmids. The high genomic diversity of C. freundii is represented by 22 ST-types. KPC-2 was the predominantly detected carbapenemase (n=19) and was located in 95% of cases on a highly-conserved multiple-drug-resistance-gene-carrying pMLST15 IncN plasmid. KPC-3 was rarely detected and was confined to a clonal outbreak of C. freundii ST18. OXA-48 carbapenemases were located on plasmids of the IncL/M (pOXA-48) type. About 50% of VIM-1 was located on different IncN plasmids (pMLST7, pMLST5). These results underline the increasing importance of the Citrobacter species as emerging carriers of carbapenemases and therefore as potential disseminators of Carbapenem- and multidrug-resistance in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Yao
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jane Falgenhauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja M Hauri
- Department of Epimeiology, Hessisches Landesprüfungs- und Untersuchungsamt im Gesundheitswesen (HLPUG), Dillenburg, Germany.,Department of Epimeiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Heinmüller
- Department of Epimeiology, Hessisches Landesprüfungs- und Untersuchungsamt im Gesundheitswesen (HLPUG), Dillenburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Domann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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Horinouchi A, Hirai H, Hirano R, Kurihara S, Takagi H, Matsumoto K. Intestinal immunomodulatory activity of indigestible glucan in mice and its utilization by intestinal bacteria in vitro. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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15
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La Maestra S, D'Agostini F, Geretto M, Micale RT. Microbial-based cleaning products as a potential risk to human health: A review. Toxicol Lett 2021; 353:60-70. [PMID: 34626814 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-based cleaning products (MBCPs) have been introduced, on the market, as an alternative to traditional chemical cleaning. In addition to traditional detergents, MBCPs can perform their cleaning function, digesting the smallest particles of dirt and mitigating odours generated by environmental bacterium metabolic processes. Nevertheless, several aspects remain to be clarified and assessed, requiring further studies and new regulations to ensure safety. The particular composition of MBCPs makes it difficult to include these products in a specific class, making the European legal context incomplete and unclear. Moreover, MBCPs effects on human health are poorly documented. Exposure risks can be obtained indirectly by studies conducted in both microorganisms exposure and their metabolic products, such as enzymes, especially in workers. A further limiting factor for the accurate human health risk assessment due to MBCPs use is an incomplete indication about the MBCPs compositions. Moreover, additional factors such as host microorganisms, frequency and space of use, subject health condition, and age can determine different illness scenarios. The findings from the broad range of studies we have reviewed in this paper confirm the necessity of integrative investigation and regulation to address the use of MBCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Geretto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Rosanna T Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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16
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Liu L, Zhang L, Zhou H, Yuan M, Hu D, Wang Y, Sun H, Xu J, Lan R. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Citrobacter spp. Causing Extraintestinal Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:737636. [PMID: 34513738 PMCID: PMC8429604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.737636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This prospective study was carried out to investigate molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Citrobacter spp. from extraintestinal infections. Methods Forty-six clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were isolated from hospital patients with extraintestinal infections and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven housekeeping genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed. Results The 46 clinical Citrobacter spp. isolates were typed into 38 sequence types (STs), 9 of which belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs). None of the isolates shared the same ST or CCs with isolates from other countries or from other parts of China. Over half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 17/26 C. freundii, 5/6 C. braakii, and 3/14 C. koseri isolates being MDR. Moreover, four isolates were carbapenem resistant with resistance to imipenem or meropenem. Among eight quinolone resistant C. freundii, all had a mutation in codon 59 (Thr59Ile) in quinolone resistance determining region of the gyrA gene. Only a small proportion of the isolates were found to be highly cytotoxic and adhesive with no correlation to sample sources. Conclusions There was a diverse range of Citrobacter isolates causing extraintestinal infections and a high prevalence of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Microbiology Department, Maanshan Center for Clinical Laboratory, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- Microbiology Department, Maanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Llewelyn VK, Berger L, Glass BD. Predicting in vivo absorption of chloramphenicol in frogs using in vitro percutaneous absorption data. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:57. [PMID: 33509166 PMCID: PMC7842057 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious disease, particularly the fungal disease chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), is a primary cause of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. The transdermal route, although offering a simple option for drug administration in frogs, is complicated by the lack of knowledge regarding percutaneous absorption kinetics. This study builds on our previous studies in frogs, to formulate and predict the percutaneous absorption of a drug for the treatment of infectious disease in frogs. Chloramphenicol, a drug with reported efficacy in the treatment of infectious disease including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was formulated with 20% v/v propylene glycol and applied to the ventral pelvis of Rhinella marina for up to 6 h. Serum samples were taken during and up to 18 h following exposure, quantified for chloramphenicol content, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental analysis. Results Serum levels of chloramphenicol reached the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 12.5 μg.mL− 1) for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within 90–120 min of exposure commencing, and remained above the MIC for the remaining exposure time. Cmax (17.09 ± 2.81 μg.mL− 1) was reached at 2 h, while elimination was long (t1/2 = 18.68 h). Conclusions The model, based on in vitro data and adjusted for formulation components and in vivo data, was effective in predicting chloramphenicol flux to ensure the MIC for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was reached, with serum levels being well above the MICs for other common bacterial pathogens in frogs. Chloramphenicol’s extended elimination means that a 6-h bath may be adequate to maintain serum levels for up to 24 h. We suggest trialling a reduction of the currently-recommended continuous (23 h/day for 21–35 days) chloramphenicol bathing for chytrid infection with this formulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02765-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Llewelyn
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. .,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Beverley D Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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18
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Singh AK, Das S, Kumar S, Gajamer VR, Najar IN, Lepcha YD, Tiwari HK, Singh S. Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens in Potable Spring Water of Eastern Indian Himalayas: Emphasis on Virulence Gene and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581072. [PMID: 33224119 PMCID: PMC7674312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year millions of people die due to fatal waterborne diseases around the world especially in developing countries like India. Sikkim, a northeastern state of India, greatly depends on natural water sources. About 80% of the population of Sikkim depends on natural spring water for domestic as well as agricultural use. Recent waterborne disease outbreaks in the state raises a concerning question on water quality. In this study, we analyzed water quality especially for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae members from four districts of the state. Isolation with selective culture media techniques and taxonomic characterization of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria with 16S rRNA gene showed the prevalence of Escherichia coli (37.50%), Escherichia fergusonii (29.41%), Klebsiella oxytoca (36.93%), Citrobacter freundii (37.92%), Citrobacter amalonaticus (43.82%), Enterobacter sp. (43.82%), Morganella morganii (43.82%), Hafnia alvei (32.42%), Hafnia paralvei (38.74%), and Shigella flexneri (30.47%) in the spring water of Sikkim. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed resistance of the isolates to common antibiotics like ampicillin, amoxicillin as well as to third generation antibiotics like ceftazidime and carbapenem. None of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol. E. coli isolated from spring water of Sikkim showed presence of different virulence genes such as stx1 (81.81%), elt (86.66%), and eae (66.66%) along with resistance gene for ampicillin (CITM) (80%), quinolones (qnrB) (44.44%), tetracycline (tetO) (66.66%), and streptomycin (aadA1) (66.66%). The data indicates a high incidence rate of multiple antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria in the spring water of Sikkim. Additionally, the presence of enteric bacteria in the water samples indicates widespread fecal contamination of the spring water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Varsha Rani Gajamer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Ishfaq Nabi Najar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Yangchen D. Lepcha
- State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD), Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, India
| | - Hare Krishna Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery (CEMS), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Babiker A, Evans DR, Griffith MP, McElheny CL, Hassan M, Clarke LG, Mettus RT, Harrison LH, Doi Y, Shields RK, Van Tyne D. Clinical and Genomic Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Nonsusceptible Citrobacter spp. at a Tertiary Health Care Center over 2 Decades. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00275-20. [PMID: 32554477 PMCID: PMC7448640 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00275-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-nonsusceptible Citrobacter spp. (CNSC) are increasingly recognized as health care-associated pathogens. Information regarding their clinical epidemiology, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance is lacking. We examined microbiology records of adult patients at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UMPC) Presbyterian Hospital (PUH) from 2000 to 2018 for CNSC, as defined by ertapenem nonsusceptibility. Over this time frame, the proportion of CNSC increased from 4% to 10% (P = 0.03), as did daily defined carbapenem doses/1,000 patient days (6.52 to 34.5; R2 = 0.831; P < 0.001), which correlated with the observed increase in CNSC (lag = 0 years; R2 = 0.660). Twenty CNSC isolates from 19 patients at PUH and other UPMC hospitals were available for further analysis, including whole-genome short-read sequencing and additional antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Of the 19 patients, nearly all acquired CNSC in the health care setting and over half had polymicrobial cultures containing at least one other organism. Among the 20 CNSC isolates, Citrobacter freundii was the predominant species identified (60%). CNSC genomes were compared with genomes of carbapenem-susceptible Citrobacter spp. from UPMC and with other publicly available CNSC genomes. Isolates carrying genes encoding carbapenemases (blaKPC-2,blaKPC-3, and blaNDM-1) were also long-read sequenced, and their carbapenemase-encoding plasmid sequences were compared with one another and with publicly available sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of 102 UPMC Citrobacter genomes showed that CNSC from our setting did not cluster together. Similarly, a global phylogeny of 64 CNSC genomes showed a diverse population structure. Our findings suggest that both local and global CNSC populations are genetically diverse and that CNSC harbor carbapenemase-encoding plasmids found in other Enterobacterales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Babiker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel R Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marissa P Griffith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christi L McElheny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lloyd G Clarke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberta T Mettus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lee H Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbial Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan K Shields
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Boonkusol D, Thongyuan S, Jangsuwan N, Sanyathitiseree P. Antimicrobial resistance profiles in bacterial species isolated from fecal samples of free-ranging long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) living in Lopburi Old Town, Thailand. Vet World 2020; 13:1397-1403. [PMID: 32848316 PMCID: PMC7429400 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1397-1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim At present, increasing in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) population in Lopburi old town caused several problems in its community, in particular with sanitation problem. The present study aimed to explore species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from feces of the free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Lopburi Old Town, Thailand. Materials and Methods Fresh fecal samples were collected from October 2018 to July 2019 from seven troops of macaques. Bacterial colonies were identified based on Gram stain and standard biochemical techniques. Sensitivity toward eight different antibiotics, including amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalexin, clindamycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamicin, was analyzed using the disk diffusion method. Results A total of 1050 fecal samples were collected. Five unique bacterial species were identified, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella Group B, and Citrobacter spp. in 100%, 25.71%, 18%, 1.71%, and 0.57% of the fecal specimens, respectively. Among 70 distinct isolates of E. coli, 63 (93%) were resistant to multiple drugs, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, clindamycin, and erythromycin; one isolate (6%) was resistant to clindamycin only. Furthermore, 17 isolates (94%) of Salmonella Group B were resistant to both clindamycin and erythromycin. Five of the six Citrobacter spp. isolates (83%) were also multidrug-resistant (to cephalexin, clindamycin, and erythromycin); the one remaining Citrobacter spp. isolate (6%) was resistant to both clindamycin and erythromycin. However, a high percentage of E. coli, Salmonella Group B and Citrobacter spp. remained susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline. Conclusion Our findings provide the basic information for the selection of empirical therapy and for the evaluation of the scale of antibiotic resistance associated with macaques living in Lopburi Old Town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangjai Boonkusol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi, Thailand
| | - Suporn Thongyuan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nantana Jangsuwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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21
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Whole genome analysis of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii B9-C2 isolated from preterm neonate’s stool in the first week. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 21:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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22
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Liu L, Qin L, Hao S, Lan R, Xu B, Guo Y, Jiang R, Sun H, Chen X, LV X, Xu J, Zhao C. Lineage, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Citrobacter spp. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030195. [PMID: 32155802 PMCID: PMC7157202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter spp. are opportunistic human pathogens which can cause nosocomial infections, sporadic infections and outbreaks. In order to determine the genetic diversity, in vitro virulence properties and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Citrobacter spp., 128 Citrobacter isolates obtained from human diarrheal patients, foods and environment were assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial susceptibility testing and adhesion and cytotoxicity testing to HEp-2 cells. The 128 Citrobacter isolates were typed into 123 sequence types (STs) of which 101 were novel STs, and these STs were divided into five lineages. Lineages I and II contained C. freundii isolates; Lineage III contained all C. braakii isolates, while Lineage IV and V contained C. youngae isolates. Lineages II and V contained more adhesive and cytotoxic isolates than Lineages I, III, and IV. Fifty-one of the 128 isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR, ≥3) and mainly distributed in Lineages I, II, and III. The prevalence of quinolone resistance varied with Lineage III (C. braakii) having the highest proportion of resistant isolates (52.6%), followed by Lineage I (C. freundii) with 23.7%. Seven qnrB variants, including two new alleles (qnrB93 and qnrB94) were found with Lineage I being the main reservoir. In summary, highly cytotoxic MDR isolates from diarrheal patients may increase the risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liyun Qin
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuai Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Baohong Xu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yumei Guo
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruiping Jiang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinchao LV
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (H.S.); (X.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang 050011, China; (L.Q.); (B.X.); (Y.G.); (R.J.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (C.Z.)
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Iwu CD, Okoh AI. Preharvest Transmission Routes of Fresh Produce Associated Bacterial Pathogens with Outbreak Potentials: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4407. [PMID: 31717976 PMCID: PMC6888529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of contaminated vegetables and fruits pose a significant problem to human health. The sources of contamination of these food products at the preharvest level of agricultural production, most importantly, agricultural soil and irrigation water, serve as potential reservoirs of some clinically significant foodborne pathogenic bacteria. These clinically important bacteria include: Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp., Shigella spp., Enterobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and pathogenic E. coli (and E. coli O157:H7) all of which have the potential to cause disease outbreaks. Most of these pathogens acquire antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants due to AR selective pressure within the agroecosystem and become resistant against most available treatment options, further aggravating risks to human and environmental health, and food safety. This review critically outlines the following issues with regards to fresh produce; the global burden of fresh produce-related foodborne diseases, contamination between the continuum of farm to table, preharvest transmission routes, AR profiles, and possible interventions to minimize the preharvest contamination of fresh produce. This review reveals that the primary production niches of the agro-ecosystem play a significant role in the transmission of fresh produce associated pathogens as well as their resistant variants, thus detrimental to food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Declan Iwu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. Isolates from Companion Animals in Japan: Nosocomial Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030064. [PMID: 30823419 PMCID: PMC6462910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries including Japan, the status of emerging antimicrobial resistance among Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. in companion animals remains unknown because these genera are rarely isolated from animals. In this study, 30 Serratia spp. and 23 Citrobacter spp. isolates from companion animals underwent susceptibility testing for 10 antimicrobials. Phenotypic and genetic approaches were used to identify the mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). Subsequently, ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. strains underwent multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A significantly higher rate (34.8%) of ESC resistance was observed in Citrobacter spp. isolates than in Serratia spp. isolates (0%). ESC resistance was detected in five C. freundii strains, two C. portucalensis strains, and one C. koseri strain. All of the ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. strains harbored CMY-type and/or DHA-type AmpC β-lactamases. Three C. freundii strains harbored the CTX-M-3-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Notably, the three blaCTX-3-producing and two blaCMY-117-bearing C. freundii strains (obtained from different patients in one hospital) had the same sequence type (ST156 and ST18, respectively) and similar PFGE profiles. We believe that ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. are important nosocomial pathogens in veterinary medicine. Therefore, infection control in animal hospitals is essential to prevent dissemination of these resistant pathogens.
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Fresia P, Antelo V, Salazar C, Giménez M, D'Alessandro B, Afshinnekoo E, Mason C, Gonnet GH, Iraola G. Urban metagenomics uncover antibiotic resistance reservoirs in coastal beach and sewage waters. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:35. [PMID: 30819245 PMCID: PMC6396544 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities present in environmental waters constitute a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant pathogens that impact human health. For this reason, a diverse variety of water environments are being analyzed using metagenomics to uncover public health threats. However, the composition of these communities along the coastal environment of a whole city, where sewage and beach waters are mixed, is poorly understood. RESULTS We shotgun-sequenced 20 coastal areas from the city of Montevideo (capital of Uruguay) including beach and sewage water samples to characterize bacterial communities and their virulence and antibiotic resistance repertories. As expected, we found that sewage and beach environments present significantly different bacterial communities. This baseline allowed us to detect a higher prevalence and a more diverse repertory of virulence and antibiotic-resistant genes in sewage samples. Many of these genes come from well-known enterobacteria and represent carbapenemases and extended-spectrum betalactamases reported in hospital infections in Montevideo. Additionally, we were able to genotype the presence of both globally disseminated pathogenic clones and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria in sewage waters. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents the first in using metagenomics to jointly analyze beaches and the sewage system from an entire city, allowing us to characterize antibiotic-resistant pathogens circulating in urban waters. The data generated in this initial study represent a baseline metagenomic exploration to guide future longitudinal (time-wise) studies, whose systematic implementation will provide useful epidemiological information to improve public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fresia
- Laboratorio de Genómica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, (PO 11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Antelo
- Laboratorio de Genómica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, (PO 11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Salazar
- Laboratorio de Genómica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, (PO 11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Giménez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, (PO 11400), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno D'Alessandro
- Laboratorio de Calidad Ambiental, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdelaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdelaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gastón H Gonnet
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio Iraola
- Laboratorio de Genómica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, (PO 11400), Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Proyecto "Centro de Metagenómica", Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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26
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Draft Genome Sequence of Citrobacter gillenii MBT-C3, Isolated from Lamb's Lettuce. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01177-18. [PMID: 30533725 PMCID: PMC6256432 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01177-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the streptomycin-resistant Citrobacter gillenii strain MBT-C3, isolated from lamb's lettuce in Germany, was sequenced. Sequence analysis showed the assembled draft genome size to be 5,167,205 bp, containing a predicted total of 5,011 protein-encoding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 71 tRNAs.
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Liu L, Chen D, Liu L, Lan R, Hao S, Jin W, Sun H, Wang Y, Liang Y, Xu J. Genetic Diversity, Multidrug Resistance, and Virulence of Citrobacter freundii From Diarrheal Patients and Healthy Individuals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:233. [PMID: 30050870 PMCID: PMC6052900 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:Citrobacter freundii is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a known cause of diarrheal infections, and has increasingly become multidrug resistant (MDR). In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity, the antimicrobial resistance profiles and in vitro virulence properties of C. freundii from diarrheal patients and healthy individuals. Methods: 82 C. freundii isolates were obtained from human diarrheal outpatients and healthy individuals. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes was performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed. PCR and sequencing were used to identify blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA genes. Results: The 82 C. freundii isolates were divided into 76 sequence types (STs) with 65 STs being novel, displaying high genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 82 isolates into 5 clusters. All 82 isolates were sensitive to imipenem (IPM), but resistant to one or more other 16 antibiotics tested. Twenty-six isolates (31.7%) were multidrug resistant to three or more antibiotic classes out of the 10 distinct antibiotic classes tested. Five MDR isolates, all of which were isolated from 2014, harbored one or more of the resistance genes, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-9, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB9, and qnrB13. All 11 qnrB-carrying C. freundii isolates belonged to cluster 1, and one C. freundii isolate carried a new qnrB gene (qnrB92). Six isolates showed strong cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells, one of which was multidrug resistant. Conclusions:C. freundii isolates from human diarrheal outpatients and healthy individuals were diverse with variation in sequence types, antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daoli Chen
- Maanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuai Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang, China
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