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Skrypnik K, Schmidt M, Olejnik-Schmidt A, Harahap IA, Suliburska J. Influence of supplementation with iron and probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus on selected parameters of inflammatory state in rats on a high-fat iron-deficient diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4411-4424. [PMID: 38339838 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat (HF) diet, diet iron deficiency and iron supplementation may affect inflammatory parameters. Probiotics influence both iron metabolism and inflammation. We compared the inflammatory state in rats on a HF iron-deficient diet receiving oral iron, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus in different combinations. METHODS This was a two-stage experiment. In groups C (n = 8) and HF (n = 8), rats ate a control or HF diet, respectively, for 16 weeks. In the group HFDEF (n = 48), rats ate a HF iron-deficient diet for 8 weeks (first stage) and were subsequently divided into 6 groups (n = 8 each) receiving the following for a further 8 weeks (second stage): HFDEF - a HF iron-deficient diet; HFDEFFe - a HF iron-deficient diet with iron; HFDEFLp and HFDEFLc - a HF iron-deficient diet with L. plantarum or L. curvatus, respectively; and HFDEFFeLp and HFDEFFeLc - a HF iron-deficient diet with iron and L. plantarum or L. curvatus, respectively. Body composition analysis and blood sampling was performed. Markers of iron status and levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in the blood. RESULTS TAS was higher in the HFDEF group (756.57 ± 489.53 ng mL-1) versus the HFDEFLc group (187.04 ± 47.84 ng mL-1; P = 0.022). No more differences were found between groups, or in TAS, CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. Also, no differences were found between groups for alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, glucose, total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides. TAS level was positively correlated with ferritin concentration, IL-6 with TAS and TNF-α with hepcidin level. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with L. plantarum, L. curvatus and iron in combinations exerts no influence on inflammatory status, lipid profile, hepatic function and serum fasting glucose in rats on a HF iron-deficient diet. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skrypnik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejnik-Schmidt
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iskandar Azmy Harahap
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Das M, Sreedharan S, Shee S, Malhotra N, Nandy M, Banerjee U, Kohli S, Rajmani RS, Chandra N, Seshasayee ASN, Laxman S, Singh A. Cysteine desulfurase (IscS)-mediated fine-tuning of bioenergetics and SUF expression prevents Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypervirulence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2858. [PMID: 38091389 PMCID: PMC10848736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) biogenesis requires multiprotein assembly systems, SUF and ISC, in most prokaryotes. M. tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes a complete SUF system, the depletion of which was bactericidal. The ISC operon is truncated to a single gene iscS (cysteine desulfurase), whose function remains uncertain. Here, we show that MtbΔiscS is bioenergetically deficient and hypersensitive to oxidative stress, antibiotics, and hypoxia. MtbΔiscS resisted killing by nitric oxide (NO). RNA sequencing indicates that IscS is important for expressing regulons of DosR and Fe-S-containing transcription factors, WhiB3 and SufR. Unlike wild-type Mtb, MtbΔiscS could not enter a stable persistent state, continued replicating in mice, and showed hypervirulence. The suf operon was overexpressed in MtbΔiscS during infection in a NO-dependent manner. Suppressing suf expression in MtbΔiscS either by CRISPR interference or upon infection in inducible NO-deficient mice arrests hypervirulence. Together, Mtb redesigned the ISC system to "fine-tune" the expression of SUF machinery for establishing persistence without causing detrimental disease in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayashree Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sreesa Sreedharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, (SASTRA)-Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Somnath Shee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitish Malhotra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Meghna Nandy
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Ushashi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sakshi Kohli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aswin Sai Narain Seshasayee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Sunil Laxman
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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de Araújo HL, Picinato BA, Lorenzetti APR, Muthunayake NS, Rathnayaka-Mudiyanselage IW, dos Santos NM, Schrader J, Koide T, Marques MV. The DEAD-box RNA helicase RhlB is required for efficient RNA processing at low temperature in Caulobacter. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0193423. [PMID: 37850787 PMCID: PMC10715135 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01934-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE One of the most important control points in gene regulation is RNA stability, which determines the half-life of a transcript from its transcription until its degradation. Bacteria have evolved a sophisticated multi-enzymatic complex, the RNA degradosome, which is dedicated mostly to RNA turnover. The combined activity of RNase E and the other RNA degradosome enzymes provides an efficient pipeline for the complete degradation of RNAs. The DEAD-box RNA helicases are very often found in RNA degradosomes from phylogenetically distant bacteria, confirming their importance in unwinding structured RNA for subsequent degradation. This work showed that the absence of the RNA helicase RhlB in the free-living Alphaproteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus causes important changes in gene expression and cell physiology. These are probably due, at least in part, to inefficient RNA processing by the RNA degradosome, particularly at low-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo L. de Araújo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A. Picinato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alan P. R. Lorenzetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Naara M. dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jared Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tie Koide
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marilis V. Marques
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cao X, van Putten JP, Wösten MM. Campylobacter jejuni benefits from the bile salt deoxycholate under low-oxygen condition in a PldA dependent manner. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2262592. [PMID: 37768138 PMCID: PMC10540661 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2262592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacteria need to adapt to endure the antibacterial activities of bile salts in the gut. Phospholipase A (PldA) is a key enzyme in the maintenance of bacterial membrane homeostasis. Bacteria respond to stress by modulating their membrane composition. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of human worldwide. However, the mechanism by which C. jejuni adapts and survives in the gut environment is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of PldA, bile salt sodium deoxycholate (DOC), and oxygen availability in C. jejuni biology, mimicking an in vivo situation. Growth curves were used to determine the adaptation of C. jejuni to bile salts. RNA-seq and functional assays were employed to investigate the PldA-dependent and DOC-induced changes in gene expression that influence bacterial physiology. Survival studies were performed to address oxidative stress defense in C. jejuni. Here, we discovered that PldA of C. jejuni is required for optimal growth in the presence of bile salt DOC. Under high oxygen conditions, DOC is toxic to C. jejuni, but under low oxygen conditions, as is present in the lumen of the gut, C. jejuni benefits from DOC. C. jejuni PldA seems to enable the use of iron needed for optimal growth in the presence of DOC but makes the bacterium more vulnerable to oxidative stress. In conclusion, DOC stimulates C. jejuni growth under low oxygen conditions and alters colony morphology in a PldA-dependent manner. C. jejuni benefits from DOC by upregulating iron metabolism in a PldA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Cao
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P.M. van Putten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M.S.M. Wösten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Gil CS, Eom SH. Two different anti-algal control mechanisms in Microcystis aeruginosa induced by robinin or tannin rich plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138202. [PMID: 36849021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical is considered an alternative method for cyanobacterial bloom control in aquatic environments. When cyanobacteria are treated with anti-algal materials produced from plant tissues, they tend to exhibit growth inhibition or necrosis of cells. These different anti-algal responses have not been well discussed, and thus, the modes of anti-algal action in cyanobacteria remain obscure. In this study, transcriptomic and biochemical researches were conducted to understand the mechanisms of cyanobacterial growth inhibition and necrosis in harmful cyanobacterial cells exposed to allelopathic materials. The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was treated with aqueous extracts of walnut husk, rose leaf, and kudzu leaf. Walnut husk and rose leaf extracts induced mortality of cyanobacterial population with cell necrosis, whereas kudzu leaf extract exhibited poorly grown cells with shrunk size. Through RNA sequencing, it was revealed that the necrotic extracts significantly downregulated critical genes in enzymatic chain reactions for carbohydrate assembly in the carbon fixation cycle and peptidoglycan synthesis. Compared to the necrotic extract treatment, expression of several genes related to DNA repair, carbon fixation, and cell reproduction was less interrupted by the kudzu leaf extract. Biochemical analysis of cyanobacterial regrowth was performed using gallotannin and robinin. Gallotannin was identified as the major anti-algal compound in walnut husk and rose leaf affecting cyanobacterial necrosis, whereas robinin, which is the typical chemical in kudzu leaf, was associated with growth inhibition of cyanobacterial cells. These combinational studies using RNA sequencing and regrowth assays provided evidence supporting the allelopathic effects of plant-derived materials on cyanobacterial control. Furthermore, our findings suggest novel algicidal scenarios with different responses in the cyanobacterial cells depending on the type of anti-algal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Saem Gil
- Department of Smart Farm Science, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Smart Farm Science, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
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Lai YH, Franke R, Pinkert L, Overwin H, Brönstrup M. Molecular Signatures of the Eagle Effect Induced by the Artificial Siderophore Conjugate LP-600 in E. coli. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:567-581. [PMID: 36763039 PMCID: PMC10012262 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Achieving cellular uptake is a central challenge for novel antibiotics targeting Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. One strategy is to hijack the bacterial iron transport system by siderophore-antibiotic conjugates that are actively imported into the cell. This was realized with the MECAM-ampicillin conjugate LP-600 we recently reported that was highly active against E. coli. In the present study, we investigate a paradoxical regrowth of E. coli upon treatment of LP-600 at concentrations 16-32 times above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The phenomenon, coined "Eagle-effect" in other systems, was not due to resistance formation, and it occurred for the siderophore conjugate but not for free ampicillin. To investigate the molecular imprint of the Eagle effect, a combined transcriptome and untargeted metabolome analysis was conducted. LP-600 induced the expression of genes involved in iron acquisition, SOS response, and the e14 prophage upon regrowth conditions. The Eagle effect was diminished in the presence of sulbactam, which we ascribe to a putative synergistic antibiotic action but not to β-lactamase inhibition. The study highlights the relevance of the Eagle effect for siderophore conjugates. Through the first systematic -omics investigations, it also demonstrates that the Eagle effect manifests not only in a paradoxical growth but also in unique gene expression and metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lai
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Raimo Franke
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Overwin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University, 30159 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Ju H, Liu T, Yang M, Cheng M, Wu G. Iron and atrial fibrillation: A review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 46:312-318. [PMID: 36799332 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most common arrhythmias in clinical practice, is classified into paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent AF according to its duration. The development of AF is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the exact etiology of this disease remains poorly understood. Recent studies found disorders of iron metabolism might be involved in the progression of AF. Abnormal iron metabolism in cardiomyocytes provides arrhythmogenic substrates through a variety of mechanisms, including calcium mishandling, ion channel remodeling, and oxidative stress overaction. Interestingly, in AF patients with iron overload, interventions on iron metabolism, such as iron chelators and ferroptosis inhibitors, has been shown to prevent AF via reducing ferroptosis. Herein, we review the possible mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic implications of altered atrial iron handling for AF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ju
- Department of Cardiology, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manqi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Marques JA, Gafni A, Adler O, Levy O, Bar-Zeev E. Antiscalants used in the desalination industry impact the physiology of the coral Montipora capricornis. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119411. [PMID: 36463678 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many coral reefs are found in arid and semi-arid regions that often face severe water scarcity and depend on seawater desalination for freshwater supply. Alongside freshwater production, desalination plants discharge brine waste into the sea. Brine includes various chemicals (e.g., antiscalants) that may harm the coastal environment. Although widely used, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of antiscalants (AS) on hard corals. This study compared the impacts of polyphosphonate-based and polymer-based ASs on the coral Montipora capricornis. After two weeks of exposure, we determined the effects of AS on coral physiology, symbiotic microalgae, and associated bacteria, using various analytical approaches such as optical coherence tomography, pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Both ASs reduced polyp activity (∼25%) and caused tissue damage (30% and 41% for polymer and polyphosphonate based AS, respectively). In addition, exposure to polyphosphonate-based AS decreased the abundance of endosymbiotic algae (39%) and upregulated the antioxidant capacity of the animal host (45%). The microalgal symbionts were under oxidative stress, with increased levels of antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage (a 2-fold increase compared to the control). Interestingly, exposure to AS enhanced the numbers of associated bacteria (∼40% compared to the control seawater) regardless of the AS type. Our results introduce new insights into the effects of brine on the physiology of hard corals, highlighting that choosing AS type must be examined according to the receiving ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseane A Marques
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810369, Israel.
| | - Almog Gafni
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel
| | - Osher Adler
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel
| | - Oren Levy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Mina and Everard Goodman, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810369, Israel
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker 84990, Israel.
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9
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Lu Y, Zhao J, Yan Q, Zhao Y, Wang F. Identification of iron-responsive genes in Proteus vulgaris. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:703-710. [PMID: 36214343 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for almost all bacteria, and iron homeostasis is precisely controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The Fur regulons have been well characterized in some model bacteria, yet little is known in the common opportunistic pathogen Proteus vulgaris. In this study, Fur regulon and iron-responsive genes in P. vulgaris were mainly defined by in silico and proteomic analyses. The results showed that about 250 potential Fur-regulated operons including 14 transcriptional factors were predicted, while 559 proteins exhibited differential expression in response to iron deficiency, not all being directly regulated by Fur, such as transcriptional factors lexA, recA, narL, and arcA. Collectively, these results demonstrated that Fur functioned as a global regulatory protein to repress or activate expression of a large repertoire of genes in P. vulgaris; besides, not all the iron-responsive genes were directly regulated by Fur, whereas indirectly regulated through other mechanisms such as additional transcriptional regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology (Quanzhou Normal University), Fujian Province University, No. 398, Donghai Road, Quanzhou362000, China.,Biology Department, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao266042, China
| | - Junkui Zhao
- Biology Department, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao266042, China
| | - Qingdan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology (Quanzhou Normal University), Fujian Province University, No. 398, Donghai Road, Quanzhou362000, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Biology Department, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao266042, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inshore Resources Biotechnology (Quanzhou Normal University), Fujian Province University, No. 398, Donghai Road, Quanzhou362000, China
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Zik JJ, Yoon SH, Guan Z, Stankeviciute Skidmore G, Gudoor RR, Davies KM, Deutschbauer AM, Goodlett DR, Klein EA, Ryan KR. Caulobacter lipid A is conditionally dispensable in the absence of fur and in the presence of anionic sphingolipids. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110888. [PMID: 35649364 PMCID: PMC9393093 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid A, the membrane-anchored portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is an essential component of the outer membrane (OM) of nearly all Gram-negative bacteria. Here we identify regulatory and structural factors that together render lipid A nonessential in Caulobacter crescentus. Mutations in the ferric uptake regulator fur allow Caulobacter to survive in the absence of either LpxC, which catalyzes an early step of lipid A synthesis, or CtpA, a tyrosine phosphatase homolog we find is needed for wild-type lipid A structure and abundance. Alterations in Fur-regulated processes, rather than iron status per se, underlie the ability to survive when lipid A synthesis is blocked. Fitness of lipid A-deficient Caulobacter requires an anionic sphingolipid, ceramide phosphoglycerate (CPG), which also mediates sensitivity to the antibiotic colistin. Our results demonstrate that, in an altered regulatory landscape, anionic sphingolipids can support the integrity of a lipid A-deficient OM. Lipid A, the membrane-anchoring segment of lipopolysaccharide, is generally considered to be an essential component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. Zik et al. show that deletion of the transcriptional regulator fur and synthesis of the anionic sphingolipid ceramide phosphoglycerate enable Caulobacter crescentus to survive without lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Zik
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gabriele Stankeviciute Skidmore
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ridhi R Gudoor
- Molecular Biosciences and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karen M Davies
- Molecular Biosciences and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam M Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Eric A Klein
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kathleen R Ryan
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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11
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Outer Membrane Vesicles of Acinetobacter baumannii DS002 Are Selectively Enriched with TonB-Dependent Transporters and Play a Key Role in Iron Acquisition. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0029322. [PMID: 35266817 PMCID: PMC9045253 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00293-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Acinetobacter baumannii DS002 carry proteins which perform selective biological functions. The proteins involved in cell wall/membrane biogenesis and inorganic ion transport and metabolism occupied a significant portion of the 302 proteins associated with OMVs. Interestingly, the TonB-dependent transporters (TonRs), linked to the active transport of nutrients across the energy-deprived outer membrane, are predominant among proteins involved in inorganic ion transport and metabolism. The OMVs of DS002 contain TonRs capable of transporting iron complexed to catecholate, hydroximate, and mixed types of siderophores. Consistent with this observation, the OMVs were firmly bound to ferric-enterobactin (55Fe-Ent) and successfully transported iron into A. baumannii DS002 cells grown under iron-limiting conditions. In addition to the TonRs, OMVs also carry proteins known to promote pathogenesis, immune evasion, and biofilm formation. Our findings provide conclusive evidence for the role of OMVs in the transport of nutrients such as iron and show the presence of proteins with proven roles in pathogenicity and immune response. IMPORTANCE TonB-dependent transporters (TonRs) play a crucial role in transporting nutrients such as iron, nickel, copper, and complex carbohydrates across the energy-deprived outer membrane. Due to their unique structural features, TonRs capture nutrients in an energy-independent manner and transport them across the outer membrane by harvesting energy derived from the inner membrane-localized Ton-complex. In this study, we report the presence of TonRs capable of transporting various nutrients in OMVs and demonstrate their role in capturing and transporting ferric iron complexed with enterobactin into A. baumannii DS002 cells. The OMV-associated TonRs appear to play a critical role in the survival of A. baumannii, listed as a priority pathogen, under nutrient-deprived conditions.
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Pareek V, Gupta R, Devineau S, Sivasankaran SK, Bhargava A, Khan MA, Srikumar S, Fanning S, Panwar J. Does Silver in Different Forms Affect Bacterial Susceptibility and Resistance? A Mechanistic Perspective. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:801-817. [PMID: 35073697 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional increase in antibiotic resistance in past decades motivated the scientific community to use silver as a potential antibacterial agent. However, due to its unknown antibacterial mechanism and the pattern of bacterial resistance to silver species, it has not been revolutionized in the health sector. This study deciphers mechanistic aspects of silver species, i.e., ions and lysozyme-coated silver nanoparticles (L-Ag NPs), against E. coli K12 through RNA sequencing analysis. The obtained results support the reservoir nature of nanoparticles for the controlled release of silver ions into bacteria. This study differentiates between the antibacterial mechanism of silver species by discussing the pathway of their entry in bacteria, sequence of events inside cells, and response of bacteria to overcome silver stress. Controlled release of ions from L-Ag NPs not only reduces bacterial growth but also reduces the likelihood of resistance development. Conversely, direct exposure of silver ions, leads to rapid activation of the bacterial defense system leading to development of resistance against silver ions, like the well-known antibiotic resistance problem. These findings provide valuable insight on the mechanism of silver resistance and antibacterial strategies deployed by E. coli K12, which could be a potential target for the generation of aim-based and effective nanoantibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pareek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rinki Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | | | | | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Mohd Azeem Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Shabrinath Srikumar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, UAE
| | - Séamus Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Jitendra Panwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
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13
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Maertens L, Cherry P, Tilquin F, Van Houdt R, Matroule JY. Environmental Conditions Modulate the Transcriptomic Response of Both Caulobacter crescentus Morphotypes to Cu Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1116. [PMID: 34064119 PMCID: PMC8224329 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria encounter elevated copper (Cu) concentrations in multiple environments, varying from mining wastes to antimicrobial applications of copper. As the role of the environment in the bacterial response to Cu ion exposure remains elusive, we used a tagRNA-seq approach to elucidate the disparate responses of two morphotypes of Caulobacter crescentus NA1000 to moderate Cu stress in a complex rich (PYE) medium and a defined poor (M2G) medium. The transcriptome was more responsive in M2G, where we observed an extensive oxidative stress response and reconfiguration of the proteome, as well as the induction of metal resistance clusters. In PYE, little evidence was found for an oxidative stress response, but several transport systems were differentially expressed, and an increased need for histidine was apparent. These results show that the Cu stress response is strongly dependent on the cellular environment. In addition, induction of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor SigF and its regulon was shared by the Cu stress responses in both media, and its central role was confirmed by the phenotypic screening of a sigF::Tn5 mutant. In both media, stalked cells were more responsive to Cu stress than swarmer cells, and a stronger basal expression of several cell protection systems was noted, indicating that the swarmer cell is inherently more Cu resistant. Our approach also allowed for detecting several new transcription start sites, putatively indicating small regulatory RNAs, and additional levels of Cu-responsive regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Maertens
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (L.M.); (R.V.H.)
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Pauline Cherry
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Françoise Tilquin
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (L.M.); (R.V.H.)
| | - Jean-Yves Matroule
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (P.C.); (F.T.)
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Relevance of FeoAB system in Rhodanobacter sp. B2A1Ga4 resistance to heavy metals, aluminium, gallium, and indium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3301-3314. [PMID: 33791837 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) are metals widely used in diverse applications in industry, which consequently result in a source of environmental contamination. In this study, strain Rhodanobacter sp. B2A1Ga4, highly resistant to Al, Ga, and In, was studied to reveal the main effects of these metals on the strain and the bacterial mechanisms linked to the ability to cope with them. An indium-sensitive mutant obtained by random transposon mutagenesis has the feoA gene interrupted. This gene together with the feoB gene is part of the feo operon which encodes a ferrous uptake system (FeoAB). The mutant strain exhibited higher oxidative stress supported by a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the presence of metals. The iron supplementation of the growth medium reverted the growth inhibition of the mutant strain caused by Ga and In, significantly reduced the ROS amounts in mutant cells grown in all conditions, and increased its GSH/total glutathione ratio to values similar to those of the native strain. Moreover, the mutant strain when submitted to In increased the production of siderophores. The genome sequence analysis of strain B2A1Ga4 showed a large number of genes encoding putative proteins involved in iron uptake from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. Understanding the bacteria-metal interactions linked to resistance to high-tech metals is relevant to future application of microorganisms in bioremediation and/or biorecovery processes of these metals. KEY POINTS: • The disruption of FeoAB system compromises the bacterial resistance to Al, Ga, and In. • The iron acquisition in Rhodanobacter sp. B2A1Ga4 controls the oxidative stress. • Genome mining of strain B2A1Ga4 reveals several iron transport related genes.
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15
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Computational analysis of LexA regulons in Proteus species. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:131. [PMID: 33680696 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain a general understanding of the SOS system in Proteus species, in this study LexA-binding sites and the LexA regulons in 23 Proteus genomes were first predicted by phylogenetic footprinting server, then with Proteus vulgaris as an example, the expression of LexA regulon in iron limitation was investigated by proteomic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. The results showed that LexA proteins were highly conserved in Proteus species, and were in a close phylogenetic relationship with those in Gram-negative bacteria; the core SOS response genes lexA and recA were found in all the 23 genomes, indicating that this system was widely distributed in this genus; besides that, putative LexA-binding sites were also found in the upstream sequences of some genes involved in other biological processes such as biosynthesis, drug resistance, and stress response. Proteomic and RT-qPCR analyses showed that under iron deficient condition, the expression of lexA, recA and sulA was transcriptionally upregulated (p < 0.05), lexA was also translationally upregulated but recA was on the contrary (p < 0.05), whereas another SOS response gene dinI was transcriptionally downregulated (p < 0.01). These results indicated that in response to iron deficiency, the members of LexA regulon were not regulated by the same way, suggesting the existence of a precise regulation mechanism of SOS response in P. vulgaris. In conclusion, this study provided a preliminary understanding of the SOS system in Proteus species, which laid the foundation for further investigation of its roles in SOS response and other biological processes.
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:615450. [PMID: 33520740 PMCID: PMC7841308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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17
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Ferric Uptake Regulator Fur Coordinates Siderophore Production and Defense against Iron Toxicity and Oxidative Stress and Contributes to Virulence in Chromobacterium violaceum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01620-20. [PMID: 32859594 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01620-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a highly reactive metal that participates in several processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Hosts and pathogens compete for iron in the context of infection. Chromobacterium violaceum, an environmental Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, relies on siderophores to overcome iron limitation in the host. In this work, we studied the role of the ferric uptake regulator Fur in the physiology and virulence of C. violaceum A Δfur mutant strain showed decreased growth and fitness under regular in vitro growth conditions and presented high sensitivity to iron and oxidative stresses. Furthermore, the absence of fur caused derepression of siderophore production and reduction in swimming motility and biofilm formation. Consistent with these results, the C. violaceum Δfur mutant was highly attenuated for virulence and liver colonization in mice. In contrast, a manganese-selected spontaneous fur mutant showed only siderophore overproduction and sensitivity to oxidative stress, indicating that Fur remained partially functional in this strain. We found that mutations in genes related to siderophore biosynthesis and a putative CRISPR-Cas locus rescued the Δfur mutant growth defects, indicating that multiple Fur-regulated processes contribute to maintaining bacterial cell fitness. Overall, our data indicated that Fur is conditionally essential in C. violaceum mainly by protecting cells from iron overload and oxidative damage. The requirement of Fur for virulence highlights the importance of iron in the pathogenesis of C. violaceum IMPORTANCE Maintenance of iron homeostasis, i.e., avoiding both deficiency and toxicity of this metal, is vital to bacteria and their hosts. Iron sequestration by host proteins is a crucial strategy to combat bacterial infections. In bacteria, the ferric uptake regulator Fur coordinates the expression of several iron-related genes. Sometimes, Fur can also regulate several other processes. In this work, we performed an in-depth phenotypic characterization of fur mutants in the human opportunistic pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum We determined that fur is a conditionally essential gene necessary for proper growth under regular conditions and is fully required for survival under iron and oxidative stresses. Fur also controlled several virulence-associated traits, such as swimming motility, biofilm formation, and siderophore production. Consistent with these results, a C. violaceum fur null mutant showed attenuation of virulence. Therefore, our data established Fur as a major player required for C. violaceum to manage iron, including during infection in the host.
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18
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Memar MY, Yekani M, Celenza G, Poortahmasebi V, Naghili B, Bellio P, Baghi HB. The central role of the SOS DNA repair system in antibiotics resistance: A new target for a new infectious treatment strategy. Life Sci 2020; 262:118562. [PMID: 33038378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria have a considerable ability and potential to acquire resistance against antimicrobial agents by acting diverse mechanisms such as target modification or overexpression, multidrug transporter systems, and acquisition of drug hydrolyzing enzymes. Studying the mechanisms of bacterial cell physiology is mandatory for the development of novel strategies to control the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, as well as for the control of infections in clinics. The SOS response is a cellular DNA repair mechanism that has an essential role in the bacterial biologic process involved in resistance to antibiotics. The activation of the SOS network increases the resistance and tolerance of bacteria to stress and, as a consequence, to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, SOS can be an applicable target for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. In the present review, we focus on the central role of SOS response in bacterial resistance mechanisms and its potential as a new target for control of resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Naghili
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pierangelo Bellio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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19
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC. Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:38-55. [PMID: 32092410 PMCID: PMC8274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants cause changes in iron homeostasis through: 1) a capacity of the pollutant, or a metabolite(s), to complex/chelate iron from pivotal sites in the cell or 2) an ability of the pollutant to displace iron from pivotal sites in the cell. Through either pathway of disruption in iron homeostasis, metal previously employed in essential cell processes is sequestered after air pollutant exposure. An absolute or functional cell iron deficiency results. If enough iron is lost or is otherwise not available within the cell, cell death ensues. However, prior to death, exposed cells will attempt to reverse the loss of requisite metal. This response of the cell includes increased expression of metal importers (e.g. divalent metal transporter 1). Oxidant generation after exposure to air pollutants includes superoxide production which functions in ferrireduction necessary for cell iron import. Activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators also result from a cell iron deficiency, absolute or functional, after exposure to air pollutants. Finally, air pollutant exposure culminates in the development of inflammation and fibrosis which is a tissue response to the iron deficiency challenging cell survival. Following the response of increased expression of importers and ferrireduction, activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors, release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammation and fibrosis, cell iron is altered, and a new metal homeostasis is established. This new metal homeostasis includes increased total iron concentrations in cells with metal now at levels sufficient to meet requirements for continued function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Schatzman SS, Peterson RL, Teka M, He B, Cabelli DE, Cormack BP, Culotta VC. Copper-only superoxide dismutase enzymes and iron starvation stress in Candida fungal pathogens. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:570-583. [PMID: 31806705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu)-only superoxide dismutases (SOD) represent a newly characterized class of extracellular SODs important for virulence of several fungal pathogens. Previous studies of the Cu-only enzyme SOD5 from the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans have revealed that the active-site structure and Cu binding of SOD5 strongly deviate from those of Cu/Zn-SODs in its animal hosts, making Cu-only SODs a possible target for future antifungal drug design. C. albicans also expresses a Cu-only SOD4 that is highly similar in sequence to SOD5, but is poorly characterized. Here, we compared the biochemical, biophysical, and cell biological properties of C. albicans SOD4 and SOD5. Analyzing the recombinant proteins, we found that, similar to SOD5, Cu-only SOD4 can react with superoxide at rates approaching diffusion limits. Both SODs were monomeric and they exhibited similar binding affinities for their Cu cofactor. In C. albicans cultures, SOD4 and SOD5 were predominantly cell wall proteins. Despite these similarities, the SOD4 and SOD5 genes strongly differed in transcriptional regulation. SOD5 was predominantly induced during hyphal morphogenesis, together with a fungal burst in reactive oxygen species. Conversely, SOD4 expression was specifically up-regulated by iron (Fe) starvation and controlled by the Fe-responsive transcription factor SEF1. Interestingly, Candida tropicalis and the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris contain a single SOD5-like SOD rather than a pair, and in both fungi, this SOD was induced by Fe starvation. This unexpected link between Fe homeostasis and extracellular Cu-SODs may help many fungi adapt to Fe-limited conditions of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Schatzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ryan L Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Mieraf Teka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Bixi He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Diane E Cabelli
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Brendan P Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
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Shyntum DY, Nkomo NP, Shingange NL, Gricia AR, Bellieny-Rabelo D, Moleleki LN. The Impact of Type VI Secretion System, Bacteriocins and Antibiotics on Bacterial Competition of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense and the Regulation of Carbapenem Biosynthesis by Iron and the Ferric-Uptake Regulator. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2379. [PMID: 31681235 PMCID: PMC6813493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of plant microbial communities provides a rich model for investigating biochemical and regulatory strategies involved in interbacterial competition. Within these niches, the soft rot Enterobacteriaceae (SRE) represents an emerging group of plant-pathogens causing soft rot/blackleg diseases resulting in economic losses worldwide in a variety of crops. A preliminary screening using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA comparatively analyzing healthy and diseased potato tubers, identified several taxa from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes as potential potato endophytes/plant pathogens. Subsequent to this, a range of molecular and computational techniques were used to determine the contribution of antimicrobial factors such as bacteriocins, carbapenem and type VI secretion system (T6SS), found in an aggressive SRE (Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense strain PBR1692 - Pcb1692) against these endophytes/plant pathogens. The results showed growth inhibition of several Proteobacteria by Pcb1692 depends either on carbapenem or pyocin production. Whereas for targeted Firmicutes, only the Pcb1692 pyocin seems to play a role in growth inhibition. Furthermore, production of carbapenem by Pcb1692 was observably dependent on the presence of environmental iron and oxygen. Additionally, upon deletion of fur, slyA and expI regulators, carbapenem production ceased, implying a complex regulatory mechanism involving these three genes. Finally, the results demonstrated that although T6SS confers no relevant advantage during in vitro competition, a significant attenuation in competition by the mutant strain lacking a functional T6SS was observed in planta. IMPORTANCE Soft rot Enterobacteriaceae (SRE) represents important phytopathogens causing soft rot/blackleg diseases in a variety of crops leading to huge economic losses worldwide. These pathogens have been isolated alongside other bacteria from different environments such as potato tubers, stems, roots and from the soil. In these environments, SREs coexist with other bacteria where they have to compete for scarce nutrients and other resources. In this report, we show that Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense strain PBR1692 - Pcb1692, which represents one of the SREs, inhibits growth of several different bacteria by producing different antimicrobial compounds. These antimicrobial compounds can be secreted inside or outside the plant host, allowing Pcb1692 to effectively colonize different types of ecological niches. By analyzing the genome sequences of several SREs, we show that other SREs likely deploy similar antimicrobials to target other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine Yufetar Shyntum
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry, Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntombikayise Precious Nkomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry, Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntwanano Luann Shingange
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Rino Gricia
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry, Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry, Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry, Agriculture and Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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Re-evaluation of a Tn5::gacA mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 uncovers roles for uvrC and anmK in promoting virulence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223637. [PMID: 31600319 PMCID: PMC6786584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is a taxon of plant pathogenic bacteria that can colonize and proliferate within the interior space of leaf tissue. This process requires P. syringae to rapidly upregulate the production of virulence factors including a type III secretion system (T3SS) that suppress host defenses. GacS/A is a two-component system that regulates virulence of many plant and animal pathogenic bacteria including P. syringae. We recently investigated the virulence defect of strain AC811, a Tn5::gacA mutant of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 that is less virulent on Arabidopsis. We discovered that decreased virulence of AC811 is not caused by loss of GacA function. Here, we report the molecular basis of the virulence defect of AC811. We show that AC811 possesses a nonsense mutation in anmK, a gene predicted to encode a 1,6-anhydromuramic acid kinase involved in cell wall recycling. Expression of a wild-type allele of anmK partially increased growth of AC811 in Arabidopsis leaves. In addition to the defective anmK allele, we also show that the Tn5 insertion in gacA exerts a polar effect on uvrC, a downstream gene encoding a regulator of DNA damage repair. Expression of the wild-type anmK allele together with increased expression of uvrC fully restored the virulence of AC811 during infection of Arabidopsis. These results demonstrate that defects in anmK and uvrC are together sufficient to account for the decreased virulence of AC811, and suggest caution is warranted in assigning phenotypes to GacA function based on insertional mutagenesis of the gacA-uvrC locus.
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Stonehuerner J, Tong H, Richards J, Gilmour MI, Madden MC, Shen Z, Kantrow SP. Quartz Disrupts Iron Homeostasis in Alveolar Macrophages To Impact a Pro-Inflammatory Effect. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1737-1747. [PMID: 31407890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological response of bronchial epithelial cells to particles is associated with a sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface and a subsequent disruption in host iron homeostasis. The macrophage is the cell type resident in the respiratory tract that is most likely to make initial contact with inhaled particles. We tested the postulates that (1) silica, a prototypical particle, disrupts iron homeostasis in alveolar macrophages (AMs); and (2) the altered iron homeostasis results in both an oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects. Human AMs (1.0 × 106/mL) demonstrated an increased import of iron following particle exposure with nonheme iron concentrations of 0.57 ± 0.03, 1.72 ± 0.09, 0.88 ± 0.09, and 3.21 ± 0.11 ppm in cells exposed for 4 h to media, 500 μM ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), 100 μg/mL silica, and both silica and FAC, respectively. Intracellular ferritin concentrations and iron release were similarly increased after AM exposure to FAC and silica. Silica increased oxidant generation by AMs measured using both dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium salt. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophage supernatant increased following 100 μg/mL silica exposure for 24 h. Treatment of AMs with 500 μM FAC decreased both oxidant generation and cytokine release associated with silica exposure, supporting a dependence of these effects on sequestration of cell metal by the particle surface. We conclude that (1) silica exposure disrupts iron homeostasis resulting in increased import, accumulation, and release of the metal; and (2) the altered iron homeostasis following silica exposure impacts oxidant generation and pro-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Jacqueline Stonehuerner
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Haiyan Tong
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Judy Richards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Michael C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Stephen P Kantrow
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
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