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He S, Bekhof ASMW, Popova EZ, van Merkerk R, Quax WJ. Improved taxadiene production by optimizing DXS expression and fusing short-chain prenyltransferases. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:66-73. [PMID: 38960021 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights the significance of overexpressing 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) from the MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, in addition to short-chain prenyltransferase fusions for the improved production of the diterpene, taxa-4,11-diene, the first committed intermediate in the production of anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The results showed that the strain which has (i) the taxadiene synthase (txs) gene integrated into the genome, (ii) the MEP pathway genes overexpressed, (iii) the fpps-crtE prenyltransferases fusion protein and (iv) additional expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), yielded the highest production of taxa-4,11-diene at 390 mg/L (26 mg/L/OD600). This represents a thirteen-fold increase compared to the highest reported concentration in B. subtilis. The focus on additional overexpression of DXS and utilizing short-chain prenyltransferase fusions underscores their pivotal role in achieving significant titer improvements in terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi He
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Sophie M W Bekhof
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Z Popova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Karaca H, Kaya M, Kapkac HA, Levent S, Ozkay Y, Ozan SD, Nielsen J, Krivoruchko A. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced taxadiene production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:241. [PMID: 39242505 PMCID: PMC11380192 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic engineering enables the sustainable and cost-efficient production of complex chemicals. Efficient production of terpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be achieved by recruiting an intermediate of the mevalonate pathway. The present study aimed to evaluate the engineering strategies of S. cerevisiae for the production of taxadiene, a precursor of taxol, an antineoplastic drug. RESULT SCIGS22a, a previously engineered strain with modifications in the mevalonate pathway (MVA), was used as a background strain. This strain was engineered to enable a high flux towards farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and the availability of NADPH. The strain MVA was generated from SCIGS22a by overexpressing all mevalonate pathway genes. Combining the background strains with 16 different episomal plasmids, which included the combination of 4 genes: tHMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase), ERG20 (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase), GGPPS (geranyl diphosphate synthase) and TS (taxadiene synthase) resulted in the highest taxadiene production in S. cerevisiae of 528 mg/L. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the critical role of pathway balance in metabolic engineering, mainly when dealing with toxic molecules like taxadiene. We achieved significant improvements in taxadiene production by employing a combinatorial approach and focusing on balancing the downstream and upstream pathways. These findings emphasize the importance of minor gene expression modification levels to achieve a well-balanced pathway, ultimately leading to enhanced taxadiene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Karaca
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey
| | - Handan Açelya Kapkac
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey
| | - Secil Deniz Ozan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, 26471, Turkey
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Krivoruchko
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, SE, Sweden
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Put H, Gerstmans H, Vande Capelle H, Fauvart M, Michiels J, Masschelein J. Bacillus subtilis as a host for natural product discovery and engineering of biosynthetic gene clusters. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1113-1151. [PMID: 38465694 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2023Many bioactive natural products are synthesized by microorganisms that are either difficult or impossible to cultivate under laboratory conditions, or that produce only small amounts of the desired compound. By transferring biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) into alternative host organisms that are more easily cultured and engineered, larger quantities can be obtained and new analogues with potentially improved biological activity or other desirable properties can be generated. Moreover, expression of cryptic BGCs in a suitable host can facilitate the identification and characterization of novel natural products. Heterologous expression therefore represents a valuable tool for natural product discovery and engineering as it allows the study and manipulation of their biosynthetic pathways in a controlled setting, enabling innovative applications. Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that is widely used in industrial biotechnology as a host for the production of proteins from diverse origins, including enzymes and vaccines. However, despite numerous successful examples, Bacillus species remain underexploited as heterologous hosts for the expression of natural product BGCs. Here, we review important advantages that Bacillus species offer as expression hosts, such as high secretion capacity, natural competence for DNA uptake, and the increasing availability of a wide range of genetic tools for gene expression and strain engineering. We evaluate different strain optimization strategies and other critical factors that have improved the success and efficiency of heterologous natural product biosynthesis in B. subtilis. Finally, future perspectives for using B. subtilis as a heterologous host are discussed, identifying research gaps and promising areas that require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Put
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vande Capelle
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Prashant SP, Bhawana M. An update on biotechnological intervention mediated by plant tissue culture to boost secondary metabolite production in medicinal and aromatic plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14400. [PMID: 38945697 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Since prehistoric times, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been employed for various therapeutic purposes due to their varied array of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive compounds, i.e. secondary metabolites. However, when secondary metabolites are isolated directly from MAPs, there is occasionally very poor yield and limited synthesis of secondary metabolites from particular tissues and certain developmental stages. Moreover, many MAPs species are in danger of extinction, especially those used in pharmaceuticals, as their natural populations are under pressure from overharvesting due to the excess demand for plant-based herbal remedies. The extensive use of these metabolites in a number of industrial and pharmaceutical industries has prompted a call for more research into increasing the output via optimization of large-scale production using plant tissue culture techniques. The potential of plant cells as sources of secondary metabolites can be exploited through a combination of product recovery technology research, targeted metabolite production, and in vitro culture establishment. The plant tissue culture approach provides low-cost, sustainable, continuous, and viable secondary metabolite production that is not affected by geographic or climatic factors. This study covers recent advancements in the induction of medicinally relevant metabolites, as well as the conservation and propagation of plants by advanced tissue culture technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shera Pandit Prashant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
| | - Mishra Bhawana
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
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Niu T, Huang C, Wang R, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. Combinatorial metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis enables the efficient biosynthesis of isoquercitrin from quercetin. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:114. [PMID: 38641799 PMCID: PMC11031953 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) has exhibited promising therapeutic potentials as cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-viral agents. However, its structural complexity and limited natural abundance make both bulk chemical synthesis and extraction from medical plants difficult. Microbial biotransformation through heterologous expression of glycosyltransferases offers a safe and sustainable route for its production. Despite several attempts reported in microbial hosts, the current production levels of isoquercitrin still lag behind industrial standards. RESULTS Herein, the heterologous expression of glycosyltransferase UGT78D2 gene in Bacillus subtilis 168 and reconstruction of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) synthesis pathway led to the synthesis of isoquercitrin from quercetin with titers of 0.37 g/L and 0.42 g/L, respectively. Subsequently, the quercetin catabolism blocked by disruption of a quercetin dioxygenase, three ring-cleavage dioxygenases, and seven oxidoreductases increased the isoquercitrin titer to 1.64 g/L. And the hydrolysis of isoquercitrin was eliminated by three β-glucosidase genes disruption, thereby affording 3.58 g/L isoquercitrin. Furthermore, UDP-Glc pool boosted by pgi (encoding glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) disruption increased the isoquercitrin titer to 10.6 g/L with the yield on quercetin of 72% and to 35.6 g/L with the yield on quercetin of 77.2% in a 1.3-L fermentor. CONCLUSION The engineered B. subtilis strain developed here holds great potential for initiating the sustainable and large-scale industrial production of isoquercitrin. The strategies proposed in this study provides a reference to improve the production of other flavonoid glycosides by engineered B. subtilis cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Niu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chaokang Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhang MF, Xie WL, Chen C, Li CX, Xu JH. Computational redesign of taxane-10β-hydroxylase for de novo biosynthesis of a key paclitaxel intermediate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7105-7117. [PMID: 37736790 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol®) is the most popular anticancer diterpenoid predominantly present in Taxus. The core skeleton of paclitaxel is highly modified, but researches on the cytochrome P450s involved in post-modification process remain exceedingly limited. Herein, the taxane-10β-hydroxylase (T10βH) from Taxus cuspidata, which is the third post-modification enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of taxadiene-5α-yl-acetate (T5OAc) to taxadiene-5α-yl-acetoxy-10β-ol (T10OH), was investigated in Escherichia coli by combining computation-assisted protein engineering and metabolic engineering. The variant of T10βH, M3 (I75F/L226K/S345V), exhibited a remarkable 9.5-fold increase in protein expression, accompanied by respective 1.3-fold and 2.1-fold improvements in turnover frequency (TOF) and total turnover number (TTN). Upon integration into the engineered strain, the variant M3 resulted in a substantial enhancement in T10OH production from 0.97 to 2.23 mg/L. Ultimately, the titer of T10OH reached 3.89 mg/L by fed-batch culture in a 5-L bioreactor, representing the highest level reported so far for the microbial de novo synthesis of this key paclitaxel intermediate. This study can serve as a valuable reference for further investigation of other P450s associated with the artificial biosynthesis of paclitaxel and other terpenoids. KEY POINTS: • The T10βH from T. cuspidata was expressed and engineered in E. coli unprecedentedly. • The expression and activity of T10βH were improved through protein engineering. • De novo biosynthesis of T10OH was achieved in E. coli with a titer of 3.89 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Li C, Qi Y, Sun Z, Jiang M, Li C. Way to efficient microbial paclitaxel mass production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:673-681. [PMID: 37954482 PMCID: PMC10632112 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial synthesis of paclitaxel is attractive for its short-cycle, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. However, low paclitaxel productivity, depleted capacity during subculture and storage, and unclear biosynthesis mechanisms restrain industrial microbial synthesis. Along with the isolation of various paclitaxel-producing microorganisms and the development of versatile molecular tools, tremendous promises for microbial paclitaxel synthesis have become increasingly prominent. In this review, we summarize the progress of microbial synthesis of paclitaxel in recent years, focusing on paclitaxel-producing endophytes and representative engineering microorganism hosts that were used as chassis for paclitaxel precursor synthesis. Numerous wide-type microbes can manufacture paclitaxel, and fermentation process optimization and strain improvement can greatly enhance the productivity. Engineered microbes can efficiently synthesize precursors of paclitaxel by introducing exogenous synthetic pathway. Mining paclitaxel synthetic pathways and genetic manipulation of endophytes will accelerate the construction of microbial cell factories, indefinitely contributing to paclitaxel mass production by microbes. This review emphasizes the potential and provides solutions for efficient microbial paclitaxel mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanli Qi
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Nanyang Institute of Medical Plant Technology and Industry, Nanyang, 473005, China
| | - Mengwan Jiang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Wang Q, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Jin B, Wang L. Functions of Representative Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Medicinal Plants. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1725. [PMID: 38136596 PMCID: PMC10741589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the broadest and richest group of chemicals obtained from plants. These plant-derived terpenoids have been extensively utilized in various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Several specific terpenoids have been identified and isolated from medicinal plants, emphasizing the diversity of biosynthesis and specific functionality of terpenoids. With advances in the technology of sequencing, the genomes of certain important medicinal plants have been assembled. This has improved our knowledge of the biosynthesis and regulatory molecular functions of terpenoids with medicinal functions. In this review, we introduce several notable medicinal plants that produce distinct terpenoids (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Artemisia annua, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginkgo biloba, and Taxus media). We summarize the specialized roles of these terpenoids in plant-environment interactions as well as their significance in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Additionally, we highlight recent findings in the fields of molecular regulation mechanisms involved in these distinct terpenoids biosynthesis, and propose future opportunities in terpenoid research, including biology seeding, and genetic engineering in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (B.J.)
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Zhang S, Ye T, Liu Y, Hou G, Wang Q, Zhao F, Li F, Meng Q. Research Advances in Clinical Applications, Anticancer Mechanism, Total Chemical Synthesis, Semi-Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Paclitaxel. Molecules 2023; 28:7517. [PMID: 38005238 PMCID: PMC10673093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a natural secondary metabolite isolated and purified from the bark of the Taxus tree, is considered one of the most successful natural anticancer drugs due to its low toxicity, high potency and broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Taxus trees are scarce and slow-growing, and with extremely low paclitaxel content, the contradiction between supply and demand in the market is becoming more and more intense. Therefore, researchers have tried to obtain paclitaxel by various methods such as chemical synthesis, artificial culture, microbial fermentation and tissue cell culture to meet the clinical demand for this drug. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of paclitaxel extraction, combination therapy, total synthesis, semi-synthesis and biosynthesis in recent years and provides an outlook, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further research on the production and application of paclitaxel in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Taiqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Qibao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276800, China;
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
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Liu L, Li J, Gai Y, Tian Z, Wang Y, Wang T, Liu P, Yuan Q, Ma H, Lee SY, Zhang D. Protein engineering and iterative multimodule optimization for vitamin B 6 production in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5304. [PMID: 37652926 PMCID: PMC10471632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient with extensive applications in the medicine, food, animal feed, and cosmetics industries. Pyridoxine (PN), the most common commercial form of vitamin B6, is currently chemically synthesized using expensive and toxic chemicals. However, the low catalytic efficiencies of natural enzymes and the tight regulation of the metabolic pathway have hindered PN production by the microbial fermentation process. Here, we report an engineered Escherichia coli strain for PN production. Parallel pathway engineering is performed to decouple PN production and cell growth. Further, protein engineering is rationally designed including the inefficient enzymes PdxA, PdxJ, and the initial enzymes Epd and Dxs. By the iterative multimodule optimization strategy, the final strain produces 1.4 g/L of PN with productivity of 29.16 mg/L/h by fed-batch fermentation. The strategies reported here will be useful for developing microbial strains for the production of vitamins and other bioproducts having inherently low metabolic fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Gai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhizhong Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tenghe Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Liu Y, Cheng H, Li H, Zhang Y, Wang M. A Programmable CRISPR/Cas9 Toolkit Improves Lycopene Production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0023023. [PMID: 37272803 PMCID: PMC10305015 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00230-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has been widely used and generally recognized as a safe host for the production of recombinant proteins, high-value chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Thus, its metabolic engineering attracts significant attention. Nevertheless, the limited availability of selective markers makes this process difficult and time-consuming, especially in the case of multistep biosynthetic pathways. Here, we employ CRISPR/Cas9 technology to build an easy cloning toolkit that addresses commonly encountered obstacles in the metabolic engineering of B. subtilis, including the chromosomal integration locus, promoter, terminator, and guide RNA (gRNA) target. Six promoters were characterized, and the promoter strengths ranged from 0.9- to 23-fold that of the commonly used strong promoter P43. We characterized seven terminators in B. subtilis, and the termination efficiencies (TEs) of the seven terminators are all more than 90%. Six gRNA targets were designed upstream of the promoter and downstream of the terminator. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter, we confirmed integration efficiency with the single-locus integration site is up to 100%. We demonstrated the applicability of this toolkit by optimizing the expression of a challenging but industrially important product, lycopene. By heterologous expression of the essential genes for lycopene synthesis on the B. subtilis genome, a total of 13 key genes involved in the lycopene biosynthetic pathway were manipulated. Moreover, our findings showed that the gene cluster ispG-idi-dxs-ispD could positively affect the production of lycopene, while the cluster dxr-ispE-ispF-ispH had a negative effect on lycopene production. Hence, our multilocus integration strategy can facilitate the pathway assembly for production of complex chemicals and pharmaceuticals in B. subtilis. IMPORTANCE We present a toolkit that allows for rapid cloning procedures and one-step subcloning to move from plasmid-based expression to stable chromosome integration and expression in a production strain in less than a week. The utility of the customized tool was demonstrated by integrating the MEP (2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate) pathway, part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the hetero-lycopene biosynthesis genes by stable expression in the genome. The tool could be useful to engineer B. subtilis strains through diverse recombination events and ultimately improve its potential and scope of industrial application as biological chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoni Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingzhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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12
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Perez-Matas E, Hidalgo-Martinez D, Escrich A, Alcalde MA, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Palazon J. Genetic approaches in improving biotechnological production of taxanes: An update. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1100228. [PMID: 36778697 PMCID: PMC9909606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) and its derivatives are diterpene alkaloids widely used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various types of cancer. Due to the scarcity of PTX in nature, its production in cell cultures and plant organs is a major challenge for plant biotechnology. Although significant advances have been made in this field through the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques, production levels remain insufficient to meet the current market demand for these powerful anticancer drugs. A key stumbling block is the difficulty of genetically transforming the gymnosperm Taxus spp. This review focuses on the progress made in improving taxane production through genetic engineering techniques. These include the overexpression of limiting genes in the taxane biosynthetic pathway and transcription factors involved in its regulation in Taxus spp. cell cultures and transformed roots, as well as the development and optimization of transformation techniques. Attempts to produce taxanes in heterologous organisms such as bacteria and yeasts are also described. Although promising results have been reported, the transfer of the entire PTX metabolic route has not been possible to date, and taxane biosynthesis is still restricted to Taxus cells and some endophytic fungi. The development of a synthetic organism other than Taxus cells capable of biotechnologically producing PTX will probably have to wait until the complete elucidation of its metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Perez-Matas
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Hidalgo-Martinez
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainoa Escrich
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Alcalde
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Han N, Geng WJ, Li J, Liu ST, Zhang J, Wen YJ, Xu HH, Li MY, Li YR, Han PP. Transcription level differences in Taxus wallichiana var. mairei elicited by Ce 3+, Ce 4+ and methyl jasmonate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040596. [PMID: 36438113 PMCID: PMC9685566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Taxol is a precious and effective anticancer drug. Cerium and methyl jasmonate (MJ) have been shown to increase the yield of taxol in taxus cells. However, the mechanisms of cerium-mediated and MJ-mediated taxol biosynthesis remain unknown. RNA-Seq was applied to study the overall regulation mechanism of cerium and MJ on taxol biosynthesis and analyze the differences among T. mairei cells elicited by Ce3+, Ce4+ and MJ on transcriptional level . Using sequence homology, 179 unigenes were identified as taxol synthesis genes. Under the condition of 100 μM MJ, taxol synthesis genes were up-regulated. Notably, taxol synthesis genes were down-regulated expression at 1 mM Ce3+ and 1 mM Ce4+. Differential expression genes involved in some related functions were analyzed, such as MAPK signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of nine differentially expressed WRKYs in our data were carried out.
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14
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Song Y, He S, Jopkiewicz A, Setroikromo R, van Merkerk R, Quax WJ. Development and application of CRISPR-based genetic tools in Bacillus species and Bacillus phages. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2280-2298. [PMID: 35797344 PMCID: PMC9796756 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system has been developed into a precise and efficient genome editing tool. Since its discovery as an adaptive immune system in prokaryotes, it has been applied in many different research fields including biotechnology and medical sciences. The high demand for rapid, highly efficient and versatile genetic tools to thrive in bacteria-based cell factories accelerates this process. This review mainly focuses on significant advancements of the CRISPR system in Bacillus subtilis, including the achievements in gene editing, and on problems still remaining. Next, we comprehensively summarize this genetic tool's up-to-date development and utilization in other Bacillus species, including B. licheniformis, B. methanolicus, B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. smithii and B. thuringiensis. Furthermore, we describe the current application of CRISPR tools in phages to increase Bacillus hosts' resistance to virulent phages and phage genetic modification. Finally, we suggest potential strategies to further improve this advanced technique and provide insights into future directions of CRISPR technologies for rendering Bacillus species cell factories more effective and more powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Acadamy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Siqi He
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Anita Jopkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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15
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Nowrouzi B, Lungang L, Rios-Solis L. Exploring optimal Taxol® CYP725A4 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:197. [PMID: 36123694 PMCID: PMC9484169 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP725A4 catalyses the conversion of the first Taxol® precursor, taxadiene, to taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol) and a range of other mono- and di-hydroxylated side products (oxygenated taxanes). Initially known to undergo a radical rebound mechanism, the recent studies have revealed that an intermediate epoxide mediates the formation of the main characterised products of the enzyme, being T5α-ol, 5(12)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (OCT) and its isomer, 5(11)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (iso-OCT) as well as taxadienediols. Besides the high side product: main product ratio and the low main product titre, CYP725A4 is also known for its slow enzymatic activity, massively hindering further progress in heterologous production of Taxol® precursors. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically explore the key parameters for improving the regioselectivity and activity of eukaryotic CYP725A4 enzyme in a whole-cell eukaryotic biocatalyst, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results Investigating the impact of CYP725A4 and reductase gene dosages along with construction of self-sufficient proteins with strong prokaryotic reductases showed that a potential uncoupling event accelerates the formation of oxygenated taxane products of this enzyme, particularly the side products OCT and iso-OCT. Due to the harmful effect of uncoupling products and the reactive metabolites on the enzyme, the impact of flavins and irons, existing as prosthetic groups in CYP725A4 and reductase, were examined in both their precursor and ready forms, and to investigate the changes in product distribution. We observed that the flavin adenine dinucleotide improved the diterpenoids titres and biomass accumulation. Hemin was found to decrease the titre of iso-OCT and T5α-ol, without impacting the side product OCT, suggesting the latter being the major product of CYP725A4. The interaction between this iron and the iron precursor, δ-Aminolevulinic acid, seemed to improve the production of these diterpenoids, further denoting that iso-OCT and T5α-ol were the later products. While no direct correlation between cellular-level oxidative stress and oxygenated taxanes was observed, investigating the impact of salt and antioxidant on CYP725A4 further showed the significant drop in OCT titre, highlighting the possibility of enzymatic-level uncoupling event and reactivity as the major mechanism behind the enzyme activity. To characterise the product spectrum and production capacity of CYP725A4 in the absence of cell growth, resting cell assays with optimal neutral pH revealed an array of novel diterpenoids along with higher quantities of characterised diterpenoids and independence of the oxygenated product spectra from the acidity effect. Besides reporting on the full product ranges of CYP725A4 in yeast for the first time, the highest total taxanes of around 361.4 ± 52.4 mg/L including 38.1 ± 8.4 mg/L of T5α-ol was produced herein at a small, 10-mL scale by resting cell assay, where the formation of some novel diterpenoids relied on the prior existence of other diterpenes/diterpenoids as shown by statistical analyses. Conclusions This study shows how rational strain engineering combined with an efficient design of experiment approach systematically uncovered the promoting effect of uncoupling for optimising the formation of the early oxygenated taxane precursors of Taxol®. The provided strategies can effectively accelerate the design of more efficient Taxol®-producing yeast strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Liang Lungang
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK. .,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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16
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Rautela A, Kumar S. Engineering plant family TPS into cyanobacterial host for terpenoids production. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1791-1803. [PMID: 35789422 PMCID: PMC9253243 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are synthesized naturally by plants as secondary metabolites, and are diverse and complex in structure with multiple applications in bioenergy, food, cosmetics, and medicine. This makes the production of terpenoids such as isoprene, β-phellandrene, farnesene, amorphadiene, and squalene valuable, owing to which their industrial demand cannot be fulfilled exclusively by plant sources. They are synthesized via the Methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) and the Mevalonate pathway (MVA), both existing in plants. The advent of genetic engineering and the latest accomplishments in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering allow microbial synthesis of terpenoids. Cyanobacteria manifest to be the promising hosts for this, utilizing sunlight and CO2. Cyanobacteria possess MEP pathway to generate precursors for terpenoid synthesis. The terpenoid synthesis can be amplified by overexpressing the MEP pathway and engineering MVA pathway genes. According to the desired terpenoid, terpene synthases unique to the plant kingdom must be incorporated in cyanobacteria. Engineering an organism to be used as a cell factory comes with drawbacks such as hampered cell growth and disturbance in metabolic flux. This review set forth a comparison between MEP and MVA pathways, strategies to overexpress these pathways with their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Grinanda D, Hirasawa T. Effectiveness of the Bacillus subtilis genome-reduced strain as an ethanol production host. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:543-551. [PMID: 35102407 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the performance of a genome-reduced strain of Bacillus subtilis MGB874, whose 0.87 Mbp of genomic DNA was cumulatively deleted, as an ethanol production host. A recombinant strain A267_EtOH was constructed by introducing the pdc and adhB genes from Zymomonas mobilis, both of which were expressed from an isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible spac promoter, into the A267 strain, a tryptophan prototrophic derivative of the MGB874 with disruption of metabolic pathways for producing lactic acid, acetic acid, and acetoin. Focusing on the stationary phase in fed-batch fermentation, 1.6 g L-1 ethanol was produced by the A267_EtOH strain after 144 h. Moreover, its ethanol production further increased by approximately 3.7-fold (5.9 g L-1) at 80 h through replacing the spac promoter for expressing pdc and adhB genes with the lytR promoter and the yield was about 112%. These results indicate that the MGB874 is an effective host for ethanol production during the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Grinanda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Fidan O, Zhan J, Ren J. Engineered production of bioactive natural products from medicinal plants. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_66_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Fidan O, Zhan J, Ren J. Engineered production of bioactive natural products from medicinal plants. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.336839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Carruthers DN, Lee TS. Diversifying Isoprenoid Platforms via Atypical Carbon Substrates and Non-model Microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791089. [PMID: 34925299 PMCID: PMC8677530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoid compounds are biologically ubiquitous, and their characteristic modularity has afforded products ranging from pharmaceuticals to biofuels. Isoprenoid production has been largely successful in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with metabolic engineering of the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways coupled with the expression of heterologous terpene synthases. Yet conventional microbial chassis pose several major obstacles to successful commercialization including the affordability of sugar substrates at scale, precursor flux limitations, and intermediate feedback-inhibition. Now, recent studies have challenged typical isoprenoid paradigms by expanding the boundaries of terpene biosynthesis and using non-model organisms including those capable of metabolizing atypical C1 substrates. Conversely, investigations of non-model organisms have historically informed optimization in conventional microbes by tuning heterologous gene expression. Here, we review advances in isoprenoid biosynthesis with specific focus on the synergy between model and non-model organisms that may elevate the commercial viability of isoprenoid platforms by addressing the dichotomy between high titer production and inexpensive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Carruthers
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Taxadiene Synthase from Bacillus koreensis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxadiene synthase (TDS) is the rate-limiting enzyme of Taxol biosynthesis that cyclizes the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate into taxadiene. Attenuating Taxol productivity by fungi is the main challenge impeding its industrial application; it is possible that silencing the expression of TDS is the most noticeable genomic feature associated with Taxol-biosynthetic abolishing in fungi. As such, the characterization of TDS with unique biochemical properties and autonomous expression that is independent of transcriptional factors from the host is the main challenge. Thus, the objective of this study was to kinetically characterize TDS from endophytic bacteria isolated from different plants harboring Taxol-producing endophytic fungi. Among the recovered 23 isolates, Bacillus koreensis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia achieved the highest TDS activity. Upon using the Plackett–Burman design, the TDS productivity achieved by B. koreensis (18.1 µmol/mg/min) and S. maltophilia (14.6 µmol/mg/min) increased by ~2.2-fold over the control. The enzyme was purified by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography with ~15 overall folds and with molecular subunit structure 65 and 80 kDa from B. koreensis and S. maltophilia, respectively. The chemical identity of taxadiene was authenticated from the GC-MS analyses, which provided the same mass fragmentation pattern of authentic taxadiene. The tds gene was screened by PCR with nested primers of the conservative active site domains, and the amplicons were sequenced, displaying a higher similarity with tds from T. baccata and T. brevifolia. The highest TDS activity by both bacterial isolates was recorded at 37–40 °C. The Apo-TDSs retained ~50% of its initial holoenzyme activities, ensuring their metalloproteinic identity. The activity of purified TDS was completely restored upon the addition of Mg2+, confirming the identity of Mg2+ as a cofactor. The TDS activity was dramatically reduced upon the addition of DTNB and MBTH, ensuring the implementation of cysteine-reactive thiols and ammonia groups on their active site domains. This is the first report exploring the autonomous robust expression TDS from B. koreensis and S. maltophilia with a higher affinity to cyclize GGPP into taxadiene, which could be a novel platform for taxadiene production as intermediary metabolites of Taxol biosynthesis.
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22
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Appelbaum M, Schweder T. Metabolic Engineering of
Bacillus
– New Tools, Strains, and Concepts. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Shukla V, Runthala A, Rajput VS, Chandrasai PD, Tripathi A, Phulara SC. Computational and synthetic biology approaches for the biosynthesis of antiviral and anticancer terpenoids from Bacillus subtilis. Med Chem 2021; 18:307-322. [PMID: 34254925 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210712211557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in medicinal research have identified several antiviral and anticancer terpenoids that are usually deployed as a source of flavor, fragrances and pharmaceuticals. Under the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions, natural therapeutics with least side effects are the need of the hour to save the patients, especially, which are pre-affected with other medical complications. Although, plants are the major sources of terpenoids; however, for the environmental concerns, the global interest has shifted to the biocatalytic production of molecules from microbial sources. The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a suitable host in this regard due to its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, ease in genetic manipulations and wide industrial acceptability. The B. subtilis synthesizes its terpenoid molecules from 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) pathway, a common route in almost all microbial strains. Here, we summarize the computational and synthetic biology approaches to improve the production of terpenoid-based therapeutics from B. subtilis by utilizing DXP pathway. We focus on the in-silico approaches for screening the functionally improved enzyme-variants of the two crucial enzymes namely, the DXP synthase (DXS) and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS). The approaches for engineering the active sites are subsequently explained. It will be helpful to construct the functionally improved enzymes for the high-yield production of terpenoid-based anticancer and antiviral metabolites, which would help to reduce the cost and improve the availability of such therapeutics for the humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ashish Runthala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Potla Durthi Chandrasai
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal-506004, Telangana, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Phulara
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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24
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Production of proteins and commodity chemicals using engineered Bacillus subtilis platform strain. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:173-185. [PMID: 34028523 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, increasing demand of biochemicals produced from renewable resources has motivated researchers to seek microbial production strategies instead of traditional chemical methods. As a microbial platform, Bacillus subtilis possesses many advantages including the generally recognized safe status, clear metabolic networks, short growth cycle, mature genetic editing methods and efficient protein secretion systems. Engineered B. subtilis strains are being increasingly used in laboratory research and in industry for the production of valuable proteins and other chemicals. In this review, we first describe the recent advances of bioinformatics strategies during the research and applications of B. subtilis. Secondly, the applications of B. subtilis in enzymes and recombinant proteins production are summarized. Further, the recent progress in employing metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies in B. subtilis platform strain to produce commodity chemicals is systematically introduced and compared. Finally, the major limitations for the further development of B. subtilis platform strain and possible future directions for its research are also discussed.
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25
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Song Y, He S, Abdallah II, Jopkiewicz A, Setroikromo R, van Merkerk R, Tepper PG, Quax WJ. Engineering of Multiple Modules to Improve Amorphadiene Production in Bacillus subtilis Using CRISPR-Cas9. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4785-4794. [PMID: 33877851 PMCID: PMC8154554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering strategies to improve terpenoids' production in Bacillus subtilis mainly focus on 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway overexpression. To systematically engineer the chassis strain for higher amorphadiene (precursor of artemisinin) production, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system was established in B. subtilis to facilitate precise and efficient genome editing. Then, this system was employed to engineer three more modules to improve amorphadiene production, including the terpene synthase module, the branch pathway module, and the central metabolic pathway module. Finally, our combination of all of the useful strategies within one strain significantly increased extracellular amorphadiene production from 81 to 116 mg/L after 48 h flask fermentation without medium optimization. For the first time, we attenuated the FPP-derived competing pathway to improve amorphadiene biosynthesis and investigated how the TCA cycle affects amorphadiene production in B. subtilis. Overall, this study provides a universal strategy for further increasing terpenoids' production in B. subtilis by comprehensive and systematic metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siqi He
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingy I. Abdallah
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Anita Jopkiewicz
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Tepper
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Zhu L, Li Y, Xu S, Jiang W, Liang C, Fang Y, Chu A, Zhang L, Ding Z, Shi G. Enhancing Geranylgeraniol Production by Metabolic Engineering and Utilization of Isoprenol as a Substrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4480-4489. [PMID: 33823596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The amount of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is vital for microbial production of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a GGPP synthase with stronger catalytic ability was used to increase the supply of GGPP, and an engineered strain producing 374.02 mg/L GGOH at the shake flask level was constructed. Then, by increasing the metabolic flux of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the supply of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), the titer was further increased to 772.98 mg/L at the shake flask level, and we achieved the highest GGOH titer to date of 5.07 g/L in a 5 L bioreactor. This is the first report on the utilization of isoprenol for increasing the amount of IPP and enhancing GGOH production in S. cerevisiae. In the future, these strategies and engineered strains can be used to enhance the production of other terpenoids in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojuan Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Chu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Fu J, Xu W, Huang W, Wang B, Li S, Zhang J, Chang L. Importation of taxadiene synthase into chloroplast improves taxadiene production in tobacco. PLANTA 2021; 253:107. [PMID: 33866441 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Importation of taxadiene synthase into chloroplasts is important for the efficient heterologous production of taxadiene. Taxadiene, the first committed precursor to taxol, is synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) by action of taxadiene synthase (TS). Heterologous production of taxadiene could potentially rely on both cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. We suggest the compartmentalized engineering in chloroplast as an efficient approach for taxadiene production. In this study, we directly introduced the TS gene from Taxus brevifolia into the tobacco chloroplast genome and found that the transplastomic plants accumulated a low content of taxadiene, ~ 5.6 μg/g dry weight (DW). Moreover, we tried a combination of MEP and MVA pathways for taxadiene synthesis by nuclear transformation with a truncated version of TS (without encoding a transit peptide) into the transplastomic plants. However, this did not further improve the taxadiene production. In contrast, we found that taxadiene could be produced up to 87.8 μg/g DW in leaves of transgenic plants expressing TS with a chloroplast transit peptide, which was significantly higher than that in leaves of transplastomic plants. Thus, this study highlights the importance of TS importation into chloroplast for production of taxadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Bipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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28
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Shukla V, Phulara SC. Impact of culture condition modulation on the high-yield, high-specificity and cost-effective production of terpenoids from microbial sources: A review. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02369-20. [PMID: 33257314 PMCID: PMC7851692 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02369-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a remarkable increase in the non-natural production of terpenoids from microbial route. This is due to the advancements in synthetic biology tools and techniques, which have overcome the challenges associated with the non-native production of terpenoids from microbial hosts. Although, microbes in their native form have ability to grow in wide range of physicochemical parameters such as, pH, temperature, agitation, aeration etc; however, after genetic modifications, culture conditions need to be optimized in order to achieve improved titers of desired terpenoids from engineered microbes. The physicochemical parameters together with medium supplements, such as, inducer, carbon and nitrogen source, and cofactor supply not only play an important role in high-yield production of target terpenoids from engineered host, but also reduce the accumulation of undesired metabolites in fermentation medium, thus facilitate product recovery. Further, for the economic production of terpenoids, the biomass derived sugars can be utilized together with the optimized culture conditions. In the present mini-review, we have highlighted the impact of culture conditions modulation on the high-yield and high-specificity production of terpenoids from engineered microbes. Lastly, utilization of economic feedstock has also been discussed for the cost-effective and sustainable production of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Phulara
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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29
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Mutanda I, Li J, Xu F, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering, Protein Engineering, and Transcriptome-Guided Insights Toward Synthetic Production of Taxol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:632269. [PMID: 33614616 PMCID: PMC7892896 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.632269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The diterpenoid paclitaxel (Taxol®) is a blockbuster anticancer agent that was originally isolated from the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) five decades ago. Despite the wealth of information gained over the years on Taxol research, there still remains supply issues to meet increasing clinical demand. Although alternative Taxol production methods have been developed, they still face several drawbacks that cause supply shortages and high production costs. It is highly desired to develop biotechnological production platforms for Taxol, however, there are still gaps in our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway, catalytic enzymes, regulatory and control mechanisms that hamper production of this critical drug by synthetic biology approaches. Over the past 5 years, significant advances were made in metabolic engineering and optimization of the Taxol pathway in different hosts, leading to accumulation of taxane intermediates. Computational and experimental approaches were leveraged to gain mechanistic insights into the catalytic cycle of pathway enzymes and guide rational protein engineering efforts to improve catalytic fitness and substrate/product specificity, especially of the cytochrome P450s (CYP450s). Notable breakthroughs were also realized in engineering the pathway in plant hosts that are more promising in addressing the challenging CYP450 chemistry. Here, we review these recent advances and in addition, we summarize recent transcriptomic data sets of Taxus species and elicited culture cells, and give a bird's-eye view of the information that can be gleaned from these publicly available resources. Recent mining of transcriptome data sets led to discovery of two putative pathway enzymes, provided many lead candidates for the missing steps and provided new insights on the regulatory mechanisms governing Taxol biosynthesis. All these inferences are relevant to future biotechnological production of Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Mutanda
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, He’nan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Engineering Bacillus subtilis Cells as Factories: Enzyme Secretion and Value-added Chemical Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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A Compressive Review about Taxol ®: History and Future Challenges. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245986. [PMID: 33348838 PMCID: PMC7767101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol®, which is also known as paclitaxel, is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different cancers. Since the discovery of its antitumoral activity, Taxol® has been used to treat over one million patients, making it one of the most widely employed antitumoral drugs. Taxol® was the first microtubule targeting agent described in the literature, with its main mechanism of action consisting of the disruption of microtubule dynamics, thus inducing mitotic arrest and cell death. However, secondary mechanisms for achieving apoptosis have also been demonstrated. Despite its wide use, Taxol® has certain disadvantages. The main challenges facing Taxol® are the need to find an environmentally sustainable production method based on the use of microorganisms, increase its bioavailability without exerting adverse effects on the health of patients and minimize the resistance presented by a high percentage of cells treated with paclitaxel. This review details, in a succinct manner, the main aspects of this important drug, from its discovery to the present day. We highlight the main challenges that must be faced in the coming years, in order to increase the effectiveness of Taxol® as an anticancer agent.
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32
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Pramastya H, Song Y, Elfahmi EY, Sukrasno S, Quax WJ. Positioning Bacillus subtilis as terpenoid cell factory. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1839-1856. [PMID: 33098223 PMCID: PMC8247319 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for bioactive compounds have motivated researchers to employ micro‐organisms to produce complex natural products. Currently, Bacillus subtilis has been attracting lots of attention to be developed into terpenoids cell factories due to its generally recognized safe status and high isoprene precursor biosynthesis capacity by endogenous methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. In this review, we describe the up‐to‐date knowledge of each enzyme in MEP pathway and the subsequent steps of isomerization and condensation of C5 isoprene precursors. In addition, several representative terpene synthases expressed in B. subtilis and the engineering steps to improve corresponding terpenoids production are systematically discussed. Furthermore, the current available genetic tools are mentioned as along with promising strategies to improve terpenoids in B. subtilis, hoping to inspire future directions in metabolic engineering of B. subtilis for further terpenoid cell factory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pramastya
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Song
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Y Elfahmi
- Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - S Sukrasno
- Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - W J Quax
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Nowrouzi B, Li RA, Walls LE, d'Espaux L, Malcı K, Liang L, Jonguitud-Borrego N, Lerma-Escalera AI, Morones-Ramirez JR, Keasling JD, Rios-Solis L. Enhanced production of taxadiene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:200. [PMID: 33138820 PMCID: PMC7607689 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cost-effective production of the highly effective anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel (Taxol®), remains limited despite growing global demands. Low yields of the critical taxadiene precursor remains a key bottleneck in microbial production. In this study, the key challenge of poor taxadiene synthase (TASY) solubility in S. cerevisiae was revealed, and the strains were strategically engineered to relieve this bottleneck. Results Multi-copy chromosomal integration of TASY harbouring a selection of fusion solubility tags improved taxadiene titres 22-fold, up to 57 ± 3 mg/L at 30 °C at microscale, compared to expressing a single episomal copy of TASY. The scalability of the process was highlighted through achieving similar titres during scale up to 25 mL and 250 mL in shake flask and bioreactor cultivations, respectively at 20 and 30 °C. Maximum taxadiene titres of 129 ± 15 mg/L and 127 mg/L were achieved through shake flask and bioreactor cultivations, respectively, of the optimal strain at a reduced temperature of 20 °C. Conclusions The results of this study highlight the benefit of employing a combination of molecular biology and bioprocess tools during synthetic pathway development, with which TASY activity was successfully improved by 6.5-fold compared to the highest literature titre in S. cerevisiae cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Li
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Laura E Walls
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
| | - Leo d'Espaux
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
| | - Lungang Liang
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nestor Jonguitud-Borrego
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
| | - Albert I Lerma-Escalera
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Jose R Morones-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apodaca, Mexico
| | - Jay D Keasling
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Center for Biosustainability, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom.
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34
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Combinatorial engineering for improved menaquinone-4 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Pramastya H, Xue D, Abdallah II, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. High level production of amorphadiene using Bacillus subtilis as an optimized terpenoid cell factory. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:159-167. [PMID: 33148534 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-malarial drug artemisinin, produced naturally in the plant Artemisia annua, experiences unstable and insufficient supply as its production relies heavily on the plant source. To meet the massive demand for this compound, metabolic engineering of microbes has been studied extensively. In this study, we focus on improving the production of amorphadiene, a crucial artemisinin precursor, in Bacillus subtilis. The expression level of the plant-derived amorphadiene synthase (ADS) was upregulated by fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Furthermore, a co-expression system of ADS and a synthetic operon carrying the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway genes was established. Subsequently, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme in formation of the sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), was expressed to supply sufficient substrate for ADS. The consecutive combination of these features yielded a B. subtilis strain expressing chromosomally integrated GFP-ADS followed by FPPS and a plasmid encoded synthetic operon showing a stepwise increased production of amorphadiene. An experimental design-aided systematic medium optimization was used to maximize the production level for the most promising engineered B. subtilis strain, resulting in an amorphadiene yield of 416 ± 15 mg/L, which is 20-fold higher than that previously reported in B. subtilis and more than double the production in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a shake flask fermentation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegar Pramastya
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; Pharmaceutical Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingy I Abdallah
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Chen T, Xia H, Cui S, Lv X, Li X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Combinatorial Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway Engineering and Process Optimization for Increased Menaquinone-7 Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:762-769. [PMID: 32482943 PMCID: PMC9745656 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is an essential vitamin existing in the daily diet, and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important form of it. In a recent work, we engineered the synthesis modules of MK-7 in Bacillus subtilis, and the strain BS20 could produce 360 mg/l MK-7 in shake flasks, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which provides the precursor isopentenyl diphosphate for MK-7 synthesis, was not engineered. In this study, we overexpressed five genes of the MEP pathway in BS20 and finally obtained a strain (BS20DFHG) with MK-7 titer of 415 mg/l in shake flasks. Next, we optimized the fermentation process parameters (initial pH, temperature and aeration) in an 8-unit parallel bioreactor system consisting of 300-ml glass vessels. Based on this, we scaled up the MK-7 production by the strain BS20DFHG in a 50-l bioreactor, and the highest MK-7 titer reached 242 mg/l. Here, we show that the engineered strain BS20DFHG may be used for the industrial production of MK-7 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Xia
- Richen Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
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37
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Sabzehzari M, Zeinali M, Naghavi MR. Alternative sources and metabolic engineering of Taxol: Advances and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107569. [PMID: 32446923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is one of the strong plant-derived anti-cancer drugs that was first isolated from the Pacific yew. Despite many paclitaxel's clinical successes, the limited accessibility of paclitaxel for clinical trials is recognized as the most important challenge. Thus, researchers are continuously trying to find the innovative ways to meet the community's need for this medicine. In the first step, the alternative sources for Taxol supply were recognized, such as Taxus genus, other plant genera, and endophytic fungi. In the next step, the biosynthetic pathways of Taxol or related metabolites were manipulated in the original organisms, or introduced to heterologous systems and then were manipulated in them. Here, a range of metabolic manipulating approaches have been successfully developed to redirect the metabolic flux toward Taxol, including promoter engineering, enzyme engineering, overexpressing the bottleneck enzymes, over- or down-regulation of transcription factors, activation of the cryptic genes, removing/minimizing the flux for competing pathways, tunable regulation of the metabolic pathway, and increasing the supplies of precursors. In this review, we discuss research progress on the alternative Taxol sources and its metabolic manipulating, and we suggest recent challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabzehzari
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Zeinali
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Plant Molecular Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
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Song Y, Guan Z, van Merkerk R, Pramastya H, Abdallah II, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ. Production of Squalene in Bacillus subtilis by Squalene Synthase Screening and Metabolic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4447-4455. [PMID: 32208656 PMCID: PMC7168599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) catalyzes the conversion of two farnesyl pyrophosphates to squalene, an important intermediate in between isoprene and valuable triterpenoids. In this study, we have constructed a novel biosynthesis pathway for squalene in Bacillus subtilis and performed metabolic engineering aiming at facilitating further exploitation and production of squalene-derived triterpenoids. Therefore, systematic studies and analysis were performed including selection of multiple SQS candidates from various organisms, comparison of expression vectors, optimization of cultivation temperatures, and examination of rate-limiting factors within the synthetic pathway. We were, for the first time, able to obtain squalene synthesis in B. subtilis. Furthermore, we achieved a 29-fold increase of squalene yield (0.26-7.5 mg/L) by expressing SQS from Bacillus megaterium and eliminating bottlenecks within the upstream methylerythritol-phosphate pathway. Moreover, our findings showed that also ispA could positively affect the production of squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zheng Guan
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hegar Pramastya
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutical
Biology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132 Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ingy I. Abdallah
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Quax
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Lautié E, Russo O, Ducrot P, Boutin JA. Unraveling Plant Natural Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery Purposes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:397. [PMID: 32317969 PMCID: PMC7154113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening and testing of extracts against a variety of pharmacological targets in order to benefit from the immense natural chemical diversity is a concern in many laboratories worldwide. And several successes have been recorded in finding new actives in natural products, some of which have become new drugs or new sources of inspiration for drugs. But in view of the vast amount of research on the subject, it is surprising that not more drug candidates were found. In our view, it is fundamental to reflect upon the approaches of such drug discovery programs and the technical processes that are used, along with their inherent difficulties and biases. Based on an extensive survey of recent publications, we discuss the origin and the variety of natural chemical diversity as well as the strategies to having the potential to embrace this diversity. It seemed to us that some of the difficulties of the area could be related with the technical approaches that are used, so the present review begins with synthetizing some of the more used discovery strategies, exemplifying some key points, in order to address some of their limitations. It appears that one of the challenges of natural product-based drug discovery programs should be an easier access to renewable sources of plant-derived products. Maximizing the use of the data together with the exploration of chemical diversity while working on reasonable supply of natural product-based entities could be a way to answer this challenge. We suggested alternative ways to access and explore part of this chemical diversity with in vitro cultures. We also reinforced how important it was organizing and making available this worldwide knowledge in an "inventory" of natural products and their sources. And finally, we focused on strategies based on synthetic biology and syntheses that allow reaching industrial scale supply. Approaches based on the opportunities lying in untapped natural plant chemical diversity are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lautié
- Centro de Valorização de Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia (CVACBA)-Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Olivier Russo
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Pierre Ducrot
- Molecular Modelling Department, 'PEX Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
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Ma Y, McClure DD, Somerville MV, Proschogo NW, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM, Coleman NV. Metabolic Engineering of the MEP Pathway in Bacillus subtilis for Increased Biosynthesis of Menaquinone-7. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1620-1630. [PMID: 31250633 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and plays important roles in bone and cardiovascular health. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is one form of vitamin K that is especially useful due to its long half-life in the circulation. MK-7 is difficult to make via organic synthesis, and is thus commonly produced by fermentation. This study aimed to genetically modify Bacillus subtilis cultures to increase their MK-7 yield and reduce production costs. We constructed 12 different strains of B. subtilis 168 by overexpressing different combinations of the rate-limiting enzymes Dxs, Dxr, Idi, and MenA. We observed an 11-fold enhancement of production in the best-performing strain, resulting in 50 mg/L MK-7. Metabolite analysis revealed new bottlenecks in the pathway at IspG and IspH, which suggest avenues for further optimization. This work highlights the usefulness of Bacillus subtilis for industrial production of high value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Ma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dale D. McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark V. Somerville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John M. Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas V. Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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