1
|
Golda A, Kosikowska-Adamus P, Wadowska M, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. Antiviral activity of temporin-1CEb analogues against gingival infection with herpes simplex virus type 1. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1430077. [PMID: 38953010 PMCID: PMC11215077 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1430077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral herpes infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are one of the most common in the human population. Recently, they have been classified as an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients and those suffering from chronic inflammation of the oral mucosa and gums. Treatment mainly involves nucleoside analogues, such as acyclovir and its derivatives, which reduce virus replication and shedding. As drug-resistant strains of herpes emerge rapidly, there is a need for the development of novel anti-herpes agents. The aim of the study was to design an antiviral peptide, based on natural compounds, non-toxic to the host, and efficient against drug-resistant HSV-1. Here, we designed a lysine-rich derivative of amphibian temporin-1CEb conjugated to peptides penetrating the host cell membrane and examined their activity against HSV-1 infection of oral mucosa. Methods We assessed the antiviral efficiency of the tested compound in simple 2D cell models (VeroE6 and TIGKs cells) and a 3D organotypic model of human gingiva (OTG) using titration assay, qPCR, and confocal imaging. To identify the molecular mechanism of antiviral activity, we applied the Azure A metachromatic test, and attachment assays techniques. Toxicity of the conjugates was examined using XTT and LDH assays. Results Our results showed that temporin-1CEb analogues significantly reduce viral replication in oral mucosa. The mechanism of peptide analogues is based on the interaction with heparan sulfate, leading to the reduce attachment of HSV-1 to the cell membrane. Moreover, temporin-1CEb conjugates effectively penetrate the gingival tissue being effective against acyclovir-resistant strains. Collectively, we showed that temporin-1CEb can be regarded as a novel, naturally derived antiviral compound for HSV-1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marta Wadowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang HW, Xie J, Peng HC, Lin YS, Song JQ. Use of antiviral drugs and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Taiwan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302383. [PMID: 38713724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with herpes zoster might be at risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, antiviral drugs may impede viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether the currently observed association between herpes zoster and PD is consistent with previous findings, and whether antiviral drug use is associated with PD. This retrospective cohort study used the Longitudinal Generation Tracking Database. We included patients aged 40 years and above and applied propensity score matching at 1:1 ratio for study comparability. PD risk was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression methods. A total of 234,730 people were analyzed. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for PD in patients with herpes zoster was 1.05. Furthermore, the overall incidence of PD was lower in those treated with antiviral drugs than in the untreated ones (3.17 vs. 3.76 per 1,000 person-years); the aHR was 0.84. After stratifying for sex or age, a similar result was observed. In conclusion, herpes zoster may increase the risk of PD, particularly among females, but receiving antiviral treatment reduces the risk by 16%. Therefore, using antiviral drugs may help prevent PD. However, additional research is required to determine the underlying mechanism(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Electrical Control Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hsiao-Ching Peng
- MetaTrial Research Center, Biomedica Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- MetaTrial Research Center, Biomedica Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Quan Song
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Subedi L, Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Crother TR. Chlamydia pneumoniae in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1393293. [PMID: 38770241 PMCID: PMC11102982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1393293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
While recent advances in diagnostics and therapeutics offer promising new approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and treatment, there is still an unmet need for an effective remedy, suggesting new avenues of research are required. Besides many plausible etiologies for AD pathogenesis, mounting evidence supports a possible role for microbial infections. Various microbes have been identified in the postmortem brain tissues of human AD patients. Among bacterial pathogens in AD, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) has been well characterized in human AD brains and is a leading candidate for an infectious involvement. However, no definitive studies have been performed proving or disproving Cp's role as a causative or accelerating agent in AD pathology and cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss recent updates for the role of Cp in human AD brains as well as experimental models of AD. Furthermore, based on the current literature, we have compiled a list of potential mechanistic pathways which may connect Cp with AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Guerin Children's at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eteleeb AM, Novotny BC, Tarraga CS, Sohn C, Dhungel E, Brase L, Nallapu A, Buss J, Farias F, Bergmann K, Bradley J, Norton J, Gentsch J, Wang F, Davis AA, Morris JC, Karch CM, Perrin RJ, Benitez BA, Harari O. Brain high-throughput multi-omics data reveal molecular heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002607. [PMID: 38687811 PMCID: PMC11086901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Unbiased data-driven omic approaches are revealing the molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer disease. Here, we used machine learning approaches to integrate high-throughput transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles with clinical and neuropathological data from multiple human AD cohorts. We discovered 4 unique multimodal molecular profiles, one of them showing signs of poor cognitive function, a faster pace of disease progression, shorter survival with the disease, severe neurodegeneration and astrogliosis, and reduced levels of metabolomic profiles. We found this molecular profile to be present in multiple affected cortical regions associated with higher Braak tau scores and significant dysregulation of synapse-related genes, endocytosis, phagosome, and mTOR signaling pathways altered in AD early and late stages. AD cross-omics data integration with transcriptomic data from an SNCA mouse model revealed an overlapping signature. Furthermore, we leveraged single-nuclei RNA-seq data to identify distinct cell-types that most likely mediate molecular profiles. Lastly, we identified that the multimodal clusters uncovered cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers poised to monitor AD progression and possibly cognition. Our cross-omics analyses provide novel critical molecular insights into AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M. Eteleeb
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna C. Novotny
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carolina Soriano Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eliza Dhungel
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aasritha Nallapu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jared Buss
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jen Gentsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sutter J, Brettschneider J, Wigdahl B, Bruggeman PJ, Krebs FC, Miller V. Non-Thermal Plasma Reduces HSV-1 Infection of and Replication in HaCaT Keratinocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3839. [PMID: 38612649 PMCID: PMC11011387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jascha Brettschneider
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Greenblatt CL, Lathe R. Vaccines and Dementia: Part II. Efficacy of BCG and Other Vaccines Against Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:361-372. [PMID: 38393913 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
There is growing awareness that infections may contribute to the development of senile dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and that immunopotentiation is therefore a legitimate target in the management of diseases of the elderly including AD. In Part I of this work, we provided a historical and molecular background to how vaccines, adjuvants, and their component molecules can elicit broad-spectrum protective effects against diverse agents, culminating in the development of the tuberculosis vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a treatment for some types of cancer as well as a prophylactic against infections of the elderly such as pneumonia. In Part II, we critically review studies that BCG and other vaccines may offer a measure of protection against dementia development. Five studies to date have determined that intravesicular BCG administration, the standard of care for bladder cancer, is followed by a mean ∼45% reduction in subsequent AD development in these patients. Although this could potentially be ascribed to confounding factors, the finding that other routine vaccines such as against shingles (herpes zoster virus) and influenza (influenza A virus), among others, also offer a degree of protection against AD (mean 29% over multiple studies) underlines the plausibility that the protective effects are real. We highlight clinical trials that are planned or underway and discuss whether BCG could be replaced by key components of the mycobacterial cell wall such as muramyl dipeptide. We conclude that BCG and similar agents merit far wider consideration as prophylactic agents against dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Greenblatt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A reappraisal on amyloid cascade hypothesis: the role of chronic infection in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1071-1089. [PMID: 35282779 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2045290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that accounted for the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Lately, 'infection hypothesis' has been proposed where the infection of microbes can lead to the pathogenesis of AD. Among different types of microbes, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans are frequently detected in the brain of AD patients. Amyloid-beta protein has demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial properties upon encountering these pathogens. It can bind to microglial cells and astrocytes to activate immune response and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, HIV-1 and HSV-1 can develop into latency whereas Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans can cause chronic infections. At this stage, the DNA of microbes remains undetectable yet active. This can act as the prolonged pathogenic stimulus that over-triggers the expression of Aβ-related genes, which subsequently lead to overproduction and deposition of Aβ plaque. This review will highlight the pathogenesis of each of the stated microbial infection, their association in AD pathogenesis as well as the effect of chronic infection in AD progression. Potential therapies for AD by modulating the microbiome have also been suggested. This review will aid in understanding the infectious manifestations of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lathe R, Schultek NM, Balin BJ, Ehrlich GD, Auber LA, Perry G, Breitschwerdt EB, Corry DB, Doty RL, Rissman RA, Nara PL, Itzhaki R, Eimer WA, Tanzi RE. Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Research outline and call for collaboration. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5209-5231. [PMID: 37283269 PMCID: PMC10918877 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections of the brain can lead to dementia, and for many decades microbial infections have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, a causal role for infection in AD remains contentious, and the lack of standardized detection methodologies has led to inconsistent detection/identification of microbes in AD brains. There is a need for a consensus methodology; the Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative aims to perform comparative molecular analyses of microbes in post mortem brains versus cerebrospinal fluid, blood, olfactory neuroepithelium, oral/nasopharyngeal tissue, bronchoalveolar, urinary, and gut/stool samples. Diverse extraction methodologies, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques, and bioinformatic tools will be evaluated, in addition to direct microbial culture and metabolomic techniques. The goal is to provide a roadmap for detecting infectious agents in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. Positive findings would then prompt tailoring of antimicrobial treatments that might attenuate or remit mounting clinical deficits in a subset of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Brian J. Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard L. Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ruth Itzhaki
- Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William A. Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Intracell Research Group Consortium Collaborators
- David L. Hahn (Intracell Research Group, USA), Benedict C. Albensi (Nova Southeastern, USA), James St John (Griffith University, Australia), Jenny Ekberg (Griffith University, Australia), Mark L. Nelson (Intracell Research Group, USA), Gerald McLaughlin (National Institutes of Health, USA), Christine Hammond (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA), Judith Whittum-Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Alan P. Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Guillaume Sacco (Université Cote d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, CoBTek, France), Alexandra Konig (Université Cote d’Azur and CoBTek, France), Bruno Pietro Imbimbo (Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy), Nicklas Linz (Ki Elements Ltd, Saarbrücken, Germany), Nicole Danielle Bell (Author, 'What Lurks in the Woods'), Shima T. Moein (Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, USA), Jürgen G. Haas (Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Subedi S, Nag N, Shukla H, Padhi AK, Tripathi T. Comprehensive analysis of liquid-liquid phase separation propensities of HSV-1 proteins and their interaction with host factors. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37796176 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of virus proteins plays a crucial role in their life cycle. It promotes the formation of viral replication organelles, concentrating viral components for efficient replication and facilitates the assembly of viral particles. LLPS has emerged as a crucial process in the replication and assembly of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Recent studies have identified several HSV-1 proteins involved in LLPS, including the myristylated tegument protein UL11 and infected cell protein 4; however, a complete proteome-level understanding of the LLPS-prone HSV-1 proteins is not available. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the HSV-1 proteome and explore the potential of its proteins to undergo LLPS. By integrating sequence analysis, prediction algorithms and an array of tools and servers, we identified 10 HSV-1 proteins that exhibit high LLPS potential. By analysing the amino acid sequences of the LLPS-prone proteins, we identified specific sequence motifs and enriched amino acid residues commonly found in LLPS-prone regions. Our findings reveal a diverse range of LLPS-prone proteins within the HSV-1, which are involved in critical viral processes such as replication, transcriptional regulation and assembly of viral particles. This suggests that LLPS might play a crucial role in facilitating the formation of specialized viral replication compartments and the assembly of HSV-1 virion. The identification of LLPS-prone proteins in HSV-1 opens up new avenues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis. Our work provides valuable insights into the LLPS landscape of HSV-1, highlighting potential targets for further experimental validation and enhancing our understanding of viral replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Subedi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Niharika Nag
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| | - Aditya K Padhi
- Laboratory for Computational Biology & Biomolecular Design, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pauwels EK, Boer GJ. Friends and Foes in Alzheimer's Disease. Med Princ Pract 2023; 32:313-322. [PMID: 37788649 PMCID: PMC10727688 DOI: 10.1159/000534400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease. The prognosis is poor, and currently there are no proven effective therapies. Most likely, the etiology is related to cerebral inflammatory processes that cause neuronal damage, resulting in dysfunction and apoptosis of nerve cells. Pathogens that evoke a neuroinflammatory response, collectively activate astrocytes and microglia, which contributes to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This leads to the deposit of clustered fragments of beta-amyloid and misfolded tau proteins which do not elicit an adequate immune reaction. Apart from the function of astrocytes and microglia, molecular entities such as TREM2, SYK, C22, and C33 play a role in the physiopathology of AD. Furthermore, bacteria and viruses may trigger an overactive inflammatory response in the brain. Pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (known for low-grade infection in the oral cavity) can release gingipains, which are enzymes that can damage and destroy neurons. Chronic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) can co-localize with tau tangles and amyloid deposits. As for viral infections, herpes simplex virus 1, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus can play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Present investigations have resulted in the development of antibodies that can clear the brain of beta-amyloid plaques. Trials with humanized aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab revealed limited success in AD patients. However, AD should be considered as a continuum in which the initial preclinical phase may take 10 or even 20 years. It is generally thought that this phase offers a window for efficacious treatment. Therefore, research is also focused on the identification of biomarkers for early AD detection. In this respect, the plasma measurement of neurofilament light chain in patients treated with hydromethylthionine mesylate may well open a new way to prevent the formation of tau tangles and represents the first treatment for AD at its roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K.J. Pauwels
- Leiden University and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Boer
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Licht-Murava A, Meadows SM, Palaguachi F, Song SC, Jackvony S, Bram Y, Zhou C, Schwartz RE, Froemke RC, Orr AL, Orr AG. Astrocytic TDP-43 dysregulation impairs memory by modulating antiviral pathways and interferon-inducible chemokines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1282. [PMID: 37075107 PMCID: PMC10115456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transactivating response region DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology is prevalent in dementia, but the cell type-specific effects of TDP-43 pathology are not clear, and therapeutic strategies to alleviate TDP-43-linked cognitive decline are lacking. We found that patients with Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia have aberrant TDP-43 accumulation in hippocampal astrocytes. In mouse models, induction of widespread or hippocampus-targeted accumulation in astrocytic TDP-43 caused progressive memory loss and localized changes in antiviral gene expression. These changes were cell-autonomous and correlated with impaired astrocytic defense against infectious viruses. Among the changes, astrocytes had elevated levels of interferon-inducible chemokines, and neurons had elevated levels of the corresponding chemokine receptor CXCR3 in presynaptic terminals. CXCR3 stimulation altered presynaptic function and promoted neuronal hyperexcitability, akin to the effects of astrocytic TDP-43 dysregulation, and blockade of CXCR3 reduced this activity. Ablation of CXCR3 also prevented TDP-43-linked memory loss. Thus, astrocytic TDP-43 dysfunction contributes to cognitive impairment through aberrant chemokine-mediated astrocytic-neuronal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha M. Meadows
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Palaguachi
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soomin C. Song
- Skirball Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Jackvony
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constance Zhou
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Rockefeller–Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert C. Froemke
- Skirball Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam L. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna G. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Rockefeller–Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Role of Innate Interferon Responses at the Ocular Surface in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030437. [PMID: 36986359 PMCID: PMC10058014 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that primarily infects epithelial cells of the orofacial mucosa. After initial lytic replication, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons and undergoes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs throughout the host’s life and is more common in people with a compromised immune system. HSV-1 causes various diseases depending on the site of lytic HSV-1 replication. These include herpes labialis, herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSK is an immunopathological condition and is usually the consequence of HSV-1 reactivation, anterograde transport to the corneal surface, lytic replication in the epithelial cells, and activation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses in the cornea. HSV-1 is recognized by cell surface, endosomal, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activates innate immune responses that include interferons (IFNs), chemokine and cytokine production, as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of replication. In the cornea, HSV-1 replication promotes type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFN production. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-1 recognition by PRRs and innate IFN-mediated antiviral immunity during HSV-1 infection of the cornea. We also discuss the immunopathogenesis of HSK, current HSK therapeutics and challenges, proposed experimental approaches, and benefits of promoting local IFN-λ responses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sutter J, Bruggeman PJ, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC, Miller V. Manipulation of Oxidative Stress Responses by Non-Thermal Plasma to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4673. [PMID: 36902102 PMCID: PMC10003306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a contagious pathogen with a large global footprint, due to its ability to cause lifelong infection in patients. Current antiviral therapies are effective in limiting viral replication in the epithelial cells to alleviate clinical symptoms, but ineffective in eliminating latent viral reservoirs in neurons. Much of HSV-1 pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to manipulate oxidative stress responses to craft a cellular environment that favors HSV-1 replication. However, to maintain redox homeostasis and to promote antiviral immune responses, the infected cell can upregulate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) while having a tight control on antioxidant concentrations to prevent cellular damage. Non-thermal plasma (NTP), which we propose as a potential therapy alternative directed against HSV-1 infection, is a means to deliver RONS that affect redox homeostasis in the infected cell. This review emphasizes how NTP can be an effective therapy for HSV-1 infections through the direct antiviral activity of RONS and via immunomodulatory changes in the infected cells that will stimulate anti-HSV-1 adaptive immune responses. Overall, NTP application can control HSV-1 replication and address the challenges of latency by decreasing the size of the viral reservoir in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raber J, Rhea EM, Banks WA. The Effects of Viruses on Insulin Sensitivity and Blood-Brain Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2377. [PMID: 36768699 PMCID: PMC9917142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review manuscript, we discuss the effects of select common viruses on insulin sensitivity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and the potential overlapping and distinct mechanisms involved in these effects. More specifically, we discuss the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes, hepatitis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 viruses on insulin sensitivity and BBB function and the proposed underlying mechanisms. These viruses differ in their ability to be transported across the BBB, disrupt the BBB, and/or alter the function of the BBB. For RSV and SARS-CoV-2, diabetes increases the risk of infection with the virus, in addition to viral infection increasing the risk for development of diabetes. For HIV and hepatitis C and E, enhanced TNF-a levels play a role in the detrimental effects. The winter of 2022-2023 has been labeled as a tridemic as influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 are all of concern during this flu season. There is an ongoing discussion about whether combined viral exposures of influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 have additive, synergistic, or interference effects. Therefore, increased efforts are warranted to determine how combined viral exposures affect insulin sensitivity and BBB function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology and Radiation Medicine; Affiliate Scientist, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang J. Investigating neurological symptoms of infectious diseases like COVID-19 leading to a deeper understanding of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:968193. [PMID: 36570463 PMCID: PMC9768197 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.968193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from common respiratory symptoms, neurological symptoms are prevalent among patients with COVID-19. Research has shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 accelerated alpha-synuclein aggregation, induced Lewy-body-like pathology, caused dopaminergic neuron senescence, and worsened symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce neuroinflammation and facilitate subsequent neurodegeneration in long COVID, and increase individual vulnerability to PD or parkinsonism. These findings suggest that a post-COVID-19 parkinsonism might follow the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to prevent a possible post-COVID-19 parkinsonism, this paper reviewed neurological symptoms and related findings of COVID-19 and related infectious diseases (influenza and prion disease) and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, PD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and discussed potential mechanisms underlying the neurological symptoms and the relationship between the infectious diseases and the neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the therapeutic and preventive implications in the neurodegenerative disorders. Infections with a relay of microbes (SARS-CoV-2, influenza A viruses, gut bacteria, etc.) and prion-like alpha-synuclein proteins over time may synergize to induce PD. Therefore, a systematic approach that targets these pathogens and the pathogen-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may provide cures for neurodegenerative disorders. Further, antiviral/antimicrobial drugs, vaccines, immunotherapies and new therapies (e.g., stem cell therapy) need to work together to treat, manage or prevent these disorders. As medical science and technology advances, it is anticipated that better vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 variants, new antiviral/antimicrobial drugs, effective immunotherapies (alpha-synuclein antibodies, vaccines for PD or parkinsonism, etc.), as well as new therapies will be developed and made available in the near future, which will help prevent a possible post-COVID-19 parkinsonism in the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hogestyn JM, Salois G, Xie L, Apa C, Youngyunpipatkul J, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Expression of the human herpesvirus 6A latency-associated transcript U94A impairs cytoskeletal functions in human neural cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103770. [PMID: 36055520 PMCID: PMC10124163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have a multifactorial etiology and variable course of progression that cannot be explained by current models. Neurotropic viruses have long been suggested to play a role in these diseases, although their exact contributions remain unclear. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is one of the most common viruses detected in the adult brain, and has been clinically associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), and, more recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD). HHV-6A is a ubiquitous viral pathogen capable of infecting glia and neurons. Primary infection in childhood is followed by the induction of latency, characterized by expression of the U94A viral transcript in the absence of viral replication. Here we examine the effects of U94A on cells of the central nervous system. We found that U94A expression inhibits the migration and impairs cytoplasmic maturation of human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) without affecting their viability, a phenotype that may contribute to the failure of remyelination seen in many patients with MS. A subsequent proteomics analysis of U94A expression OPCs revealed altered expression of genes involved in tubulin associated cytoskeletal regulation. As HHV-6A seems to significantly be associated with early AD pathology, we extended our initially analysis of the impact of U94A on human derived neurons. We found that U94A expression inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary human cortical neurons and impairs synapse maturation. Based on these data we suggest that U94A expression by latent HHV-6A in glial cells and neurons renders them susceptible to dysfunction and degeneration. Therefore, latent viral infections of the brain represent a unique pathological risk factor that may contribute to disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hogestyn
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Connor Apa
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Justin Youngyunpipatkul
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evans AK, Defensor E, Shamloo M. Selective Vulnerability of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System and its Role in Modulation of Neuroinflammation, Cognition, and Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1030609. [PMID: 36532725 PMCID: PMC9748190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NE) neurons supply the main adrenergic input to the forebrain. NE is a dual modulator of cognition and neuroinflammation. NE neurons of the LC are particularly vulnerable to degeneration both with normal aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Consequences of this vulnerability can be observed in both cognitive impairment and dysregulation of neuroinflammation. LC NE neurons are pacemaker neurons that are active during waking and arousal and are responsive to stressors in the environment. Chronic overactivation is thought to be a major contributor to the vulnerability of these neurons. Here we review what is known about the mechanisms underlying this neuronal vulnerability and combinations of environmental and genetic factors that contribute to confer risk to these important brainstem neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory neurons. Finally, we discuss proposed and potential interventions that may reduce the overall risk for LC NE neuronal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Evans
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sabbagh MN, Decourt B. COR388 (atuzaginstat): an investigational gingipain inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:987-993. [PMID: 36003033 PMCID: PMC10275298 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers have potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties created by fibrils that entrap pathogens and disrupt their membranes. Data suggest that Aβ may play a protective role in the innate immune response to microbial infections and that Aβ in the brain plays a damaging role when the inflammatory response is not well controlled. AREAS COVERED This paper describes the relationship between periodontal disease and Alzheimer disease (AD), the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its secreted gingipains in AD, and the potential of the gingipain inhibitor atuzaginstat (COR388) to modulate AD neuropathologies. EXPERT OPINION P. gingivalis is opsonized by Aβ42, is capable of entering the brain, and is an accelerant of neuropathologies in rodent models of AD. Thus, in our opinion, this bacteria is highly likely to be a pathogen capable of initiating or precipitating the progression of AD, which agrees with the pathogen hypothesis of clinical AD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix Arizona, USA
| | - Boris Decourt
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Implications of Microorganisms in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4584-4615. [PMID: 36286029 PMCID: PMC9600878 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a deadly brain degenerative disorder that leads to brain shrinkage and dementia. AD is manifested with hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide buildup in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain. The nervous tissue of AD patients also contains fungal proteins and DNA which are linked to bacterial infections, suggesting that polymicrobial infections also occur in the brains of those with AD. Both immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were employed to assess fungal and bacterial infections in the brain tissue of AD patients and non-AD controls, with the most prevalent fungus genera detected in AD patients being Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, and Malassezia. Interestingly, Fusarium was the most common genus detected in the control group. Both AD patients and controls were also detectable for Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides for bacterial infection. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae and Staphylococcaceae exhibited higher levels in the brains of those with AD than the brains of the control group. Accordingly, there is thought to be a viscous cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain, caused by agents such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Chlamydophilapneumonia, and Spirochetes, and the presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), which is associated with an increased proinflammatory response in the immune system. Systemic proinflammatory cytokines are produced by microorganisms such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and those related to periodontal infections. These can then cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to the onset of dementia. Here, we reviewed the relationship between the etiology of AD and microorganisms (such as bacterial pathogens, Herpesviridae viruses, and periodontal pathogens) according to the evidence available to understand the pathogenesis of AD. These findings might guide a targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to AD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb Extract Inhibits HSV-1 Infection by Regulating ER Stress and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091773. [PMID: 36139847 PMCID: PMC9495922 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex Type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that infects the peripheral and central nervous system. Usually, after primary infection in epithelial cells, HSV-1 migrates retrograde to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), where it establishes a latent infection. HSV-1 can remain latent in the nervous system, and its reactivation in the brain can rarely cause acute HSV-1 encephalitis, often a life-threatening condition, or asymptomatic reactivations that could lead to neuronal damage and ultimately neurodegenerative disorders. Acyclovir and related nucleoside analogs have been used as therapeutic agents for HSV-1 infection, but resistance to the drug can arise, and the protective effect of HSV-1 on brain cells is limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research into safe and effective new antiviral agents that can protect brain cells from the damage that is caused by HSV-1 infection. Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. (VBT) is widely distributed in Korea and China, and has pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity. Studies on the antiviral effect of VBT on HSV-1 infection have not been reported so far. Therefore, we sought to determine the HSV-1 antiviral effect and molecular mechanism of VBT at the cellular level. We confirmed that VBT repressed the VP16 and IE genes in both Vero and SK-N-SH cells. We also found that the generation of HSV-1 virions was inhibited by VBT treatment. VBT inhibited the activities of the HSV-1-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors PERK, ATF4, and CHOP. We confirmed that VBT inhibited the activity of apoptosis factors by regulating the expression of death receptor (DR) after HSV-1 infection. As HSV-1 is closely associated with brain diseases, the study of the antiviral drug effects and mechanism of VBT is meaningful. Further studies using animal models of infection will also be performed to determine the potential of VBT as an antiviral agent.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ashraf H, Solla P, Sechi LA. Current Advancement of Immunomodulatory Drugs as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Autoimmunity Based Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091077. [PMID: 36145298 PMCID: PMC9504155 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic advancement has been made in recent decades to understand the basis of autoimmunity-mediated neurological diseases. These diseases create a strong influence on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to various clinical manifestations and numerous symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune neurological disease while NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is less common. Furthermore, evidence supports the presence of autoimmune mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons. Additionally, autoimmunity is believed to be involved in the basis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. In recent years, the prevalence of autoimmune-based neurological disorders has been elevated and current findings strongly suggest the role of pharmacotherapies in controlling the progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, this review focused on the current advancement of immunomodulatory drugs as novel approaches in the management of autoimmune neurological diseases and their future outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajra Ashraf
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Atonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Complex Structure of Microbology and Virology, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ganz T, Fainstein N, Ben-Hur T. When the infectious environment meets the AD brain. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35986296 PMCID: PMC9388962 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggests that the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a chain of events, involving the deposition of phosphorylated Tau and other misfolded proteins, leading to neurodegeneration via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurovascular factors. The infectious theory linked various infectious agents with the development of AD, raising the possibility that they serve as etiological causes of the disease. Are these theories mutually exclusive, or do they coincide? Main body In this review, we will discuss how the two theories converge. We present a model by which (1) the systemic infectious burden accelerates the development of AD brain pathology via bacterial Amyloids and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and (2) the developing AD brain pathology increases its susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of infectious agents -derived PAMPs, which drive neurodegeneration via activated microglia. Conclusions The reciprocal effects of amyloid deposition and systemic infectious burden may lead to a vicious cycle fueling Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dochnal S, Merchant HY, Schinlever AR, Babnis A, Depledge DP, Wilson AC, Cliffe AR. DLK-Dependent Biphasic Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency Established in the Absence of Antivirals. J Virol 2022; 96:e0050822. [PMID: 35608347 PMCID: PMC9215246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latent infection and reactivation in neurons requires the use of in vitro model systems. Establishing a quiescent infection in cultured neurons is problematic, as any infectious virus released can superinfect the cultures. Previous studies have used the viral DNA replication inhibitor acyclovir to prevent superinfection and promote latency establishment. Data from these previous models have shown that reactivation is biphasic, with an initial phase I expression of all classes of lytic genes, which occurs independently of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication but is dependent on the cell stress protein DLK. Here, we describe a new model system using HSV-1 Stayput-GFP, a reporter virus that is defective for cell-to-cell spread and establishes latent infections without the need for acyclovir. The establishment of a latent state requires a longer time frame than previous models using DNA replication inhibitors. This results in a decreased ability of the virus to reactivate using established inducers, and as such, a combination of reactivation triggers is required. Using this system, we demonstrate that biphasic reactivation occurs even when latency is established in the absence of acyclovir. Importantly, phase I lytic gene expression still occurs in a histone demethylase and viral DNA replication-independent manner and requires DLK activity. These data demonstrate that the two waves of viral gene expression following HSV-1 reactivation are independent of secondary infection and not unique to systems that require acyclovir to promote latency establishment. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) enters a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates. Reactivation manifests as a variety of clinical symptoms. Studying latency and reactivation in vitro is invaluable, allowing the molecular mechanisms behind both processes to be targeted by therapeutics that reduce the clinical consequences. Here, we describe a novel in vitro model system using a cell-to-cell spread-defective HSV-1, known as Stayput-GFP, which allows for the study of latency and reactivation at the single neuron level. We anticipate this new model system will be an incredibly valuable tool for studying the establishment and reactivation of HSV-1 latent infection in vitro. Using this model, we find that initial reactivation events are dependent on cellular stress kinase DLK but independent of histone demethylase activity and viral DNA replication. Our data therefore further validate the essential role of DLK in mediating a wave of lytic gene expression unique to reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Husain Y. Merchant
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Austin R. Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babnis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angus C. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The potential contribution of pathogenic microbes to dementia-inducing disease is a subject of considerable importance. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurocognitive disease that slowly destroys brain function, leading to cognitive decline and behavioral and psychiatric disorders. The histopathology of AD is associated with neuronal loss and progressive synaptic dysfunction, accompanied by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the form of parenchymal plaques and abnormal aggregated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Observational, epidemiological, experimental, and pathological studies have generated evidence for the complexity and possible polymicrobial causality in dementia-inducing diseases. The AD pathogen hypothesis states that pathogens and microbes act as triggers, interacting with genetic factors to initiate the accumulation of Aβ, hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau), and inflammation in the brain. Evidence indicates that Borrelia sp., HSV-1, VZV (HHV-2), HHV-6/7, oral pathogens, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Candida albicans can infect the central nervous system (CNS), evade the immune system, and consequently prevail in the AD brain. Researchers have made significant progress in understanding the multifactorial and overlapping factors that are thought to take part in the etiopathogenesis of dementia; however, the cause of AD remains unclear.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shahzad S, Willcox M. The Possible Role of Prion-Like Viral Protein Domains on the Emergence of Novel Viruses as SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Evol 2022; 90:227-230. [PMID: 35362781 PMCID: PMC8972983 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Self-replicating proteins or prions deviate from the central dogma of replication. The discovery of prion-like domains in coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 suggests their possible role in viral evolution. Here, we have outlined the possible role of self-replicating protein-like domains in the emergence of novel viruses. Further studies are needed to understand the function of these viral self-replicating protein-like domains and whether they could be antiviral target(s) for the development of effective antiviral agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Shahzad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xie J, Tian S, Liu J, Cao R, Yue P, Cai X, Shang Q, Yang M, Han L, Zhang DK. Dual role of the nasal microbiota in neurological diseases—An unignorable risk factor or a potential therapy carrier. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Tettevi EJ, Maina M, Simpong DL, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Ocloo A. A Review of African Medicinal Plants and Functional Foods for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease-related Phenotypes, Treatment of HSV-1 Infection and/or Improvement of Gut Microbiota. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X221114657. [PMID: 35866220 PMCID: PMC9310297 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x221114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder is the most common form of dementia globally. Several studies have suggested alteration in the gut microbiota and HSV-1 infection as contributing factors to the development of the disease. As at now, there are no AD attenuating agents and AD pharmacotherapy is focused on managing symptoms while plants used in ethnomedicine remain potential sources of drugs for the treatment of the condition. Here, we reviewed published databases for African ethnomedicinal plants and functional foods of African origin that are used in the management of AD-related phenotypes, treatment of herpes simplex virus −1 (HSV-1) and/or improvement of gut microbiota. A total of 101 unique plant species and 24 different types of traditionally prepared African functional foodstuff were identified. Of the 101 identified plant species, 50 species serve as functional foodstuffs. Twenty-three (23) of the ethnomedicinal plant families were successfully identified for the treatment and management of AD-related phenotypes and age-related dementia. Eighteen (18) African plant species from 15 families were also identified as potent remedies for HSV-1; while many African wild fruits (3 species), roots and tubers (7 species), leafy vegetables (14 species), and seaweeds (26 species) were functional foods for modifying AD-related phenotypes. It was concluded that African medicinal plants are potential sources of both AD attenuating agents and phytocompounds that may be used against HSV-1 infection and alteration of gut microbiota. Additionally, a number of African functional foods are important sources of prebiotics and probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenner Tettevi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mahmoud Maina
- Serpell Laboratory, Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
- Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, College of Medical Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria
| | - David Larbi Simpong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mike Y. Osei-Atweneboana
- Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
- CSIR-College of Science and Technology, 2nd CSIR Close, Airport Residential Area, Behind Golden Tulip Hotel, Accra, Ghana
| | - Augustine Ocloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Augustine Ocloo, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Science, University of Ghana, Volta Road, Legon LG54, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Association and interaction of TOMM40 and PVRL2 with plasma amyloid-β and Alzheimer's disease among Chinese older adults: a population-based study. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 113:143-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
31
|
Mielcarska MB, Skowrońska K, Wyżewski Z, Toka FN. Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain-The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010242. [PMID: 35008671 PMCID: PMC8745046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data strongly suggest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consequences of HSV-1 brain infection are multilateral, not only are neurons and glial cells damaged, but modifications also occur in their environment, preventing the transmission of signals and fulfillment of homeostatic and immune functions, which can greatly contribute to the development of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) cells that occur, following HSV-1 infection. We describe the changes in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes related to the production of inflammatory factors, transition of glial cells into a reactive state, oxidative damage, Aβ secretion, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Further, HSV-1 infection can affect processes observed during brain aging, and advanced age favors HSV-1 reactivation as well as the entry of the virus into the brain. The host activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for an effective antiviral response during HSV-1 brain infection, which primarily engages type I interferons (IFNs). Future studies regarding the influence of innate immune deficits on AD development, as well as supporting the neuroprotective properties of glial cells, would reveal valuable information on how to harness cytotoxic inflammatory milieu to counter AD initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-36063
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sun X, Zhang H, Yao D, Xu Y, Jing Q, Cao S, Tian L, Li C. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Hub Genes Associated with Viral Infection and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1053-1061. [PMID: 34924389 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, the etiology of which is unclear. Previous studies have suggested that some viruses are neurotropic and associated with AD. OBJECTIVE By using bioinformatics analysis, we investigated the potential association between viral infection and AD. METHODS A total of 5,066 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the temporal cortex between AD and control samples were identified. These DEGs were then examined via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and clustered into modules of genes with similar expression patterns. Of identified modules, module turquoise had the highest correlation with AD. The module turquoise was further characterized using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enrichment analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that the KEGG pathways of the module turquoise were mainly associated with viral infection signaling, specifically Herpes simplex virus, Human papillomavirus, and Epstein-Barr virus infections. A total of 126 genes were enriched in viral infection signaling pathways. In addition, based on values of module membership and gene significance, a total of 508 genes within the module were selected for further analysis. By intersecting these 508 genes with those 126 genes enriched in viral infection pathways, we identified 4 hub genes that were associated with both viral infection and AD: TLR2, COL1A2, NOTCH3, and ZNF132. CONCLUSION Through bioinformatics analysis, we demonstrated a potential link between viral infection and AD. These findings may provide a platform to further our understanding of AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Sun
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaru Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qi Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Silu Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li Tian
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Antequera D, Moneo D, Carrero L, Bartolome F, Ferrer I, Proctor G, Carro E. Salivary Lactoferrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749468. [PMID: 34659251 PMCID: PMC8514982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, microbial infection and innate immune theories have been proposed as an alternative approach explaining the etiopathogenesis and origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lactoferrin, one of the main antimicrobial proteins in saliva, is an important modulator of immune response and inflammation, and represents an important defensive element by inducing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects against microbial infections. We demonstrated that lactoferrin levels in saliva are decreased in prodromal and dementia stages of AD compared with healthy subjects. That finding seems to be specific to cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) load as such observation was not observed in healthy elderly controls or those subjects with frontotemporal dementia. In the present study, we analysed salivary lactoferrin levels in a mouse model of AD. We observed robust and early reduction of lactoferrin levels in saliva from 6- and 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Because saliva is secreted by salivary glands, we presume that deregulation in salivary glands resulting in reduced salivary lactoferrin levels may occur in AD. To test this hypothesis, we collected submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice, as well as submandibular gland tissue from AD patients and we analysed the expression levels of key components of the salivary protein signalling pathway. A significant reduction in M3 receptor levels was found along with decreased acetylcholine (Ach) levels in submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, a reduction in M3 receptor levels was observed in human submandibular glands from AD patients but in that case, the Ach levels were found increased. Our data suggest that the ACh-mediated M3 signalling pathway is impaired in salivary glands in AD, resulting in salivary gland dysfunction and reduced salivary lactoferrin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carrero
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duggan MR, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K. Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:855-869. [PMID: 33074235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Across the fields of virology and neuroscience, the role of neurotropic viruses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has received renewed enthusiasm, with a particular focus on human herpesviruses (HHVs). Recent genomic analyses of brain tissue collections and investigations of the antimicrobial responses of amyloid-β do not exclude a role of HHVs in contributing to or accelerating AD pathogenesis. Due to continued expansion in our aging cohort and the lack of effective treatments for AD, this composition examines a potential neuroviral theory of AD in light of these recent data. Consideration reveals a possible viral "Hit-and-Run" scenario of AD, as well as neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., neuroinflammation, protein quality control, oxidative stress) that may increase risk for AD following neurotropic infection. Although limitations exist, this theoretical framework reveals several novel therapeutic targets that may prove efficacious in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, consisting of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among the known NK cell receptors, the family of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory receptors that interact with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells. In particular, the expression of peculiar KIRs have been reported to be associated to viral infection susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant association between the development and onset of different human pathologies, such as tumors, neurodegeneration and infertility, and a clonal KIRs expression on NK cells has been described in presence of viral infections, supporting the crucial role of KIRs in defining the effect of viral infections in different tissues and organs. This review aims to report the state of art about the role of KIRs receptors in NK cell activation and viral infection control.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang Q, Davis PB, Gurney ME, Xu R. COVID-19 and dementia: Analyses of risk, disparity, and outcomes from electronic health records in the US. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1297-1306. [PMID: 33559975 PMCID: PMC8014535 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At present, there is limited data on the risks, disparity, and outcomes for COVID-19 in patients with dementia in the United States. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control analysis of patient electronic health records (EHRs) of 61.9 million adult and senior patients (age ≥ 18 years) in the United States up to August 21, 2020. RESULTS Patients with dementia were at increased risk for COVID-19 compared to patients without dementia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.00 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.94-2.06], P < .001), with the strongest effect for vascular dementia (AOR: 3.17 [95% CI, 2.97-3.37], P < .001), followed by presenile dementia (AOR: 2.62 [95% CI, 2.28-3.00], P < .001), Alzheimer's disease (AOR: 1.86 [95% CI, 1.77-1.96], P < .001), senile dementia (AOR: 1.99 [95% CI, 1.86-2.13], P < .001) and post-traumatic dementia (AOR: 1.67 [95% CI, 1.51-1.86] P < .001). Blacks with dementia had higher risk of COVID-19 than Whites (AOR: 2.86 [95% CI, 2.67-3.06], P < .001). The 6-month mortality and hospitalization risks in patients with dementia and COVID-19 were 20.99% and 59.26%, respectively. DISCUSSION These findings highlight the need to protect patients with dementia as part of the strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- QuanQiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug DiscoverySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Pamela B. Davis
- Center for Clinical InvestigationSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug DiscoverySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The Influence of Virus Infection on Microglia and Accelerated Brain Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071836. [PMID: 34360004 PMCID: PMC8303900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system contributing substantially to health and disease. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory microglia may induce or accelerate brain aging, by interfering with physiological repair and remodeling processes. Many viral infections affect the brain and interfere with microglia functions, including human immune deficiency virus, flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and human herpes viruses. Especially chronic viral infections causing low-grade neuroinflammation may contribute to brain aging. This review elucidates the potential role of various neurotropic viruses in microglia-driven neurocognitive deficiencies and possibly accelerated brain aging.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Hennessy E, Murray CL, Nazmi A, Delaney HJ, Healy D, Fagan SG, Rooney M, Stewart E, Lewis A, de Barra N, Scarry P, Riggs-Miller L, Boche D, Cunningham MO, Cunningham C. Acute systemic inflammation exacerbates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: IL-1β drives amplified responses in primed astrocytes and neuronal network dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1735-1755. [PMID: 34080771 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Secondary inflammatory insults trigger delirium and can accelerate cognitive decline. Individual cellular contributors to this vulnerability require elucidation. Using APP/PS1 mice and AD brain, we studied secondary inflammatory insults to investigate hypersensitive responses in microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and human brain tissue. The NLRP3 inflammasome was assembled surrounding amyloid beta, and microglia were primed, facilitating exaggerated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses to subsequent LPS stimulation. Astrocytes were primed to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to intrahippocampal IL-1β. Systemic LPS triggered microglial IL-1β, astrocytic chemokines, IL-6, and acute cognitive dysfunction, whereas IL-1β disrupted hippocampal gamma rhythm, all selectively in APP/PS1 mice. Brains from AD patients with infection showed elevated IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Therefore, amyloid leaves the brain vulnerable to secondary inflammation at microglial, astrocytic, neuronal, and cognitive levels, and infection amplifies neuroinflammatory cytokine synthesis in humans. Exacerbation of neuroinflammation to produce deleterious outcomes like delirium and accelerated disease progression merits careful investigation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Arshed Nazmi
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Hugh J Delaney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Dáire Healy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Steven G Fagan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Michael Rooney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Erika Stewart
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Anouchka Lewis
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Niamh de Barra
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Philip Scarry
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Louise Riggs-Miller
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Herpes simplex virus 1 and the risk of dementia: a population-based study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8691. [PMID: 33888766 PMCID: PMC8062537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a neuroinvasive virus capable of entering the brain which makes it a candidate pathogen for increasing risk of dementia. Previous studies are inconsistent in their findings regarding the link between HSV1 and dementia, therefore, we investigated how HSV1 relates to cognitive decline and dementia risk using data from a population-based study. We measured HSV1 immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in serum collected between 2002 and 2005 from participants of the Rotterdam Study. We used linear regression to determine HSV1 in relation to change in cognitive performance during 2 consecutive examination rounds on average 6.5 years apart. Next, we determined the association of HSV1 with risk of dementia (until 2016) using a Cox regression model. We repeated analyses for Alzheimer’s disease. All models were adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Of 1915 non-demented participants (mean age 71.3 years, 56.7% women), with an average follow-up time of 9.1 years, 244 participants developed dementia (of whom 203 Alzheimer’s disease). HSV1 seropositivity was associated with decline in global cognition (mean difference of HSV1 seropositive vs seronegative per standard deviation decrease in global cognition − 0.16; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), − 0.26; − 0.07), as well as separate cognitive domains, namely memory, information processing, and executive function, but not motor function. Finally, HSV1 seropositivity was not associated with risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 0.83; 1.68), similar for Alzheimer’s disease. HSV1 is associated with cognitive decline but not with incident dementia in the general population. These data suggest HSV1 to be associated only with subtle cognitive disturbances but not with greater cognitive disorders that result in dementia.
Collapse
|
41
|
Sait A, Angeli C, Doig AJ, Day PJR. Viral Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1049-1060. [PMID: 33687205 PMCID: PMC8033564 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The prevalence of the disease is increasing and is expected to reach 141 million cases by 2050. Despite the risk factors associated with the disease, there is no known causative agent for AD. Clinical trials with many drugs have failed over the years, and no therapeutic has been approved for AD. There is increasing evidence that pathogens are found in the brains of AD patients and controls, such as human herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Given the lack of a human model, the route for pathogen entry into the brain remains open for scrutiny and may include entry via a disturbed blood-brain barrier or the olfactory nasal route. Many factors can contribute to the pathogenicity of HSV-1, such as the ability of HSV-1 to remain latent, tau protein phosphorylation, increased accumulation of Aβ invivo and in vitro, and repeated cycle of reactivation if immunocompromised. Intriguingly, valacyclovir, a widely used drug for the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, has shown patient improvement in cognition compared to controls in AD clinical studies. We discuss the potential role of HSV-1 in AD pathogenesis and argue for further studies to investigate this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sait
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Faculty
of Applied Medical Science, Medical Laboratory Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristian Angeli
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Doig
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Philip J. R. Day
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Laval K, Enquist LW. The Potential Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:658695. [PMID: 33889129 PMCID: PMC8055853 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.658695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting ~50 million people worldwide. To date, there is no cure and current therapies have not been effective in delaying disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and to rethink possible therapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) has recently received growing attention for its potential role in sporadic AD. The virus is a ubiquitous human pathogen that infects mucosal epithelia and invades the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host to establish a reactivable, latent infection. Upon reactivation, HSV1 spreads back to the epithelium and initiates a new infection, causing epithelial lesions. Occasionally, the virus spreads from the PNS to the brain after reactivation. In this review, we discuss current work on the pathogenesis of AD and summarize research results that support a potential role for HSV1 in the infectious hypothesis of AD. We also highlight recent findings on the neuroinflammatory response, which has been proposed to be the main driving force of AD, starting early in the course of the disease. Relevant rodent models to study neuroinflammation in AD and novel therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Throughout this review, we focus on several aspects of HSV1 pathogenesis, including its primary role as an invader of the PNS, that should be considered in the etiology of AD. We also point out some of the contradictory data and remaining knowledge gaps that require further research to finally fully understand the cause of AD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Campos EMN, Rodrigues LD, Oliveira LF, Dos Santos JCC. Dementia and cognitive impairment in adults as sequels of HSV-1-related encephalitis: a review. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:164-172. [PMID: 34345357 PMCID: PMC8283880 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the variety of mechanisms of Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) contamination and its broad invasive potential of the nervous system, a life-long latent infection is established. Infected adult individuals may be susceptible to viral reactivation when under the influence of multiple stressors, especially regarding immunocompromised patients. This guides a series of neuroinflammatory events on the cerebral cortex, culminating, rarely, in encephalitis and cytotoxic / vasogenic brain edema. A sum of studies of such processes provides an explanation, even though not yet completely clarified, on how the clinical evolution to cognitive impairment and dementia might be enabled. In addition, it is of extreme importance to recognize the current dementia and cognitive deficit worldwide panorama. The aim of this literature review is to elucidate the available data upon the pathophysiology of HSV-1 infection as well as to describe the clinical panorama of the referred afflictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Damasceno Rodrigues
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas Oliveira
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Christus University Center, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
LAMP2 deficiency attenuates the neurodegeneration markers induced by HSV-1 infection. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105032. [PMID: 33781848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests a major role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among them, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has emerged as a major factor in the etiology of AD. HSV-1 is able to induce some of the main alterations of the disease such as hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide. Functional genomic analysis of a cell model of HSV-1 infection and oxidative stress developed in our laboratory revealed lysosomal system to be the main pathway altered, and the lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) gene one of the most strongly modulated genes. The aim of this work is to study LAMP2 as an AD candidate gene and to investigate its role in the neurodegeneration induced by HSV-1 using a LAMP2 knockdown cell model. LAMP2 deficiency led to a significant reduction of viral DNA replication and formation of infectious particles. In addition, tau hyperphosphorylation and inhibition of Aβ secretion induced by the virus were attenuated by the absence of LAMP2. Finally, genetic association studies revealed LAMP2 genetic variants to be associated with AD risk. In summary, our data indicate that LAMP2 could be a suitable candidate to mediate the AD-like phenotype caused by HSV-1.
Collapse
|
45
|
Michiels E, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of interactions between human amyloids and viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2485-2501. [PMID: 33244624 PMCID: PMC7690653 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins and their amyloid deposition in affected tissue in disease has been studied for decades assuming a sole pathogenic role of amyloids. It is now clear that amyloids can also encode important cellular functions, one of which involves the interaction potential of amyloids with microbial pathogens, including viruses. Human expressed amyloids have been shown to act both as innate restriction molecules against viruses as well as promoting agents for viral infectivity. The underlying molecular driving forces of such amyloid-virus interactions are not completely understood. Starting from the well-described molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid formation, we here summarize three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that have been proposed to drive amyloid-virus interactions. Viruses can indirectly drive amyloid depositions by affecting upstream molecular pathways or induce amyloid formation by a direct interaction with the viral surface or specific viral proteins. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic interventions using the sequence specificity of amyloid interactions to drive viral interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Michiels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ni J, Wu Z. Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638686. [PMID: 33716675 PMCID: PMC7947253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ling Z, Zhu M, Yan X, Cheng Y, Shao L, Liu X, Jiang R, Wu S. Structural and Functional Dysbiosis of Fecal Microbiota in Chinese Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:634069. [PMID: 33614635 PMCID: PMC7889981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.634069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis plays vital roles in a variety of gut–brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, alterations of the gut microbiota as well as their correlations with cognitive scores and host immunity have remained unclear in well-controlled trials on Chinese AD patients. In this study, samples from 100 AD patients, and 71 age- and gender-matched, cognitively normal controls were obtained to explore the structural and functional alterations of the fecal microbiota targeting the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene by MiSeq sequencing, and to analyze their associations with clinical characteristics. Our data demonstrated a remarkably reduction in the bacterial diversity and alterations in the taxonomic composition of the fecal microbiota of the AD patients. Interestingly, the abundant butyrate-producing genera such as Faecalibacterium decreased significantly, where this was positively correlated with such clinical indicators as the MMSE, WAIS, and Barthel scores in the AD patients. On the contrary, abundant lactate-producing genera, such as Bifidobacterium, increased prominently, and were inversely correlated with these indicators. This shift in the gut dysbiosis of the microbiota, from being butyrate producers to lactate producers, contributed to immune disturbances in the host that could be used as non-invasive biomarkers to distinguish the controls from the AD patients. Moreover, several predicted functional modules, including the biosynthesis and the metabolism of fatty acids, that were altered in the microbiota of the AD patients could be utilized by the bacteria to produce immunomodulatory metabolites. Our study established the structural and functional dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in AD patients, and the results suggest the potential for use of gut bacteria for the early, non-invasive diagnosis of AD, personalized treatment, and the development of tailor-made probiotics designed for Chinese AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manlian Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Shao
- Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Liver Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilai Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Shaochang Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Govindarajulu M, Ramesh S, Neel L, Fabbrini M, Buabeid M, Fujihashi A, Dwyer D, Lynd T, Shah K, Mohanakumar KP, Smith F, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Nutraceutical based SIRT3 activators as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104958. [PMID: 33444675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence is increasing worldwide with increased lifespan. Currently, there is no effective treatment to cure or prevent the progression of AD, which indicates the need to develop novel therapeutic targets and agents. Sirtuins, especially SIRT3, a mitochondrial deacetylase, are NAD-dependent histone deacetylases involved in aging and longevity. Accumulating evidence indicates that SIRT3 dysfunction is strongly associated with pathologies of AD, hence, therapeutic modulation of SIRT3 activity may be a novel application to ameliorate the pathologies of AD. Natural products commonly used in traditional medicine have wide utility and appear to have therapeutic benefits for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. The present review summarizes the currently available natural SIRT3 activators and their potentially neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of action that make them a promising agent in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mary Fabbrini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayaka Fujihashi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Darby Dwyer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tyler Lynd
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Karishma Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, D.Y. Patil Medical College and Research Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis-A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010047. [PMID: 33401749 PMCID: PMC7823793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections may cause neurological disorders by directly inducing oxidative stress and interrupting immune system function, both of which contribute to neuronal death. Several reports have described the neurological manifestations in Covid-19 patients where, in severe cases of the infection, brain inflammation and encephalitis are common. Recently, extensive research-based studies have revealed and acknowledged the clinical and preventive roles of melatonin in some viral diseases. Melatonin has been shown to have antiviral properties against several viral infections which are accompanied by neurological symptoms. The beneficial properties of melatonin relate to its properties as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory molecule and its neuroprotective effects. In this review, what is known about the therapeutic role of melatonin in virus-induced neuropathogenesis is summarized and discussed.
Collapse
|
50
|
Komaroff AL, Pellett PE, Jacobson S. Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00143-20. [PMID: 33177186 PMCID: PMC7667666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile seizures (including febrile status epilepticus) in immunocompetent infants and children, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, multiple sclerosis (MS), and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. We propose criteria for linking ubiquitous infectious agents capable of producing lifelong infection to any neurologic disease, and then we examine to what extent these criteria have been met for these viruses and these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Komaroff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Virology/Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|