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Sun ED, Zhou OY, Hauptschein M, Rappoport N, Xu L, Navarro Negredo P, Liu L, Rando TA, Zou J, Brunet A. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic profiling and modeling of mouse brain at single-cell resolution reveals cell proximity effects of aging and rejuvenation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.16.603809. [PMID: 39071282 PMCID: PMC11275735 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.16.603809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Old age is associated with a decline in cognitive function and an increase in neurodegenerative disease risk1. Brain aging is complex and accompanied by many cellular changes2-20. However, the influence that aged cells have on neighboring cells and how this contributes to tissue decline is unknown. More generally, the tools to systematically address this question in aging tissues have not yet been developed. Here, we generate spatiotemporal data at single-cell resolution for the mouse brain across lifespan, and we develop the first machine learning models based on spatial transcriptomics ('spatial aging clocks') to reveal cell proximity effects during brain aging and rejuvenation. We collect a single-cell spatial transcriptomics brain atlas of 4.2 million cells from 20 distinct ages and across two rejuvenating interventions-exercise and partial reprogramming. We identify spatial and cell type-specific transcriptomic fingerprints of aging, rejuvenation, and disease, including for rare cell types. Using spatial aging clocks and deep learning models, we find that T cells, which infiltrate the brain with age, have a striking pro-aging proximity effect on neighboring cells. Surprisingly, neural stem cells have a strong pro-rejuvenating effect on neighboring cells. By developing computational tools to identify mediators of these proximity effects, we find that pro-aging T cells trigger a local inflammatory response likely via interferon-γ whereas pro-rejuvenating neural stem cells impact the metabolism of neighboring cells possibly via growth factors (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor) and extracellular vesicles, and we experimentally validate some of these predictions. These results suggest that rare cells can have a drastic influence on their neighbors and could be targeted to counter tissue aging. We anticipate that these spatial aging clocks will not only allow scalable assessment of the efficacy of interventions for aging and disease but also represent a new tool for studying cell-cell interactions in many spatial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Sun
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Y. Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lucy Xu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: James Zou, Anne Brunet
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: James Zou, Anne Brunet
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2
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Del Moro L, Pirovano E, Rota E. Mind the Metabolic Gap: Bridging Migraine and Alzheimer's disease through Brain Insulin Resistance. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0351. [PMID: 38913047 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain insulin resistance has recently been described as a metabolic abnormality of brain glucose homeostasis that has been proven to downregulate insulin receptors, both in astrocytes and neurons, triggering a reduction in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. This condition may generate a mismatch between brain's energy reserve and expenditure, mainly during high metabolic demand, which could be involved in the chronification of migraine and, in the long run, at least in certain subsets of patients, in the prodromic phase of Alzheimer's disease, along a putative metabolic physiopathological continuum. Indeed, the persistent disruption of glucose homeostasis and energy supply to neurons may eventually impair protein folding, an energy-requiring process, promoting pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-β deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hopefully, the "neuroenergetic hypothesis" presented herein will provide further insight on there being a conceivable metabolic bridge between chronic migraine and Alzheimer's disease, elucidating novel potential targets for the prophylactic treatment of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Del Moro
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elenamaria Pirovano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rota
- Neurology Unit, San Giacomo Hospital, Novi Ligure, ASL AL, Italy
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3
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Cogut V, McNeely TL, Bussian TJ, Graves SI, Baker DJ. Caloric Restriction Improves Spatial Learning Deficits in Tau Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:925-940. [PMID: 38517786 PMCID: PMC11068089 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Caloric restriction (CR) has been recognized for its benefits in delaying age-related diseases and extending lifespan. While its effects on amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models are well-documented, its effects on tauopathy, another hallmark of AD, are less explored. Objective To assess the impact of a short-term 30% CR regimen on age-dependent spatial learning deficits and pathological features in a tauopathy mouse model. Methods We subjected male PS19 tau P301S (hereafter PS19) and age-matched wildtype mice from two age cohorts (4.5 and 7.5 months old) to a 6-week 30% CR regimen. Spatial learning performance was assessed using the Barnes Maze test. Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, hippocampal cell proliferation, and neurogenesis were evaluated in the older cohort by immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR. Results CR mitigated age-dependent spatial learning deficits in PS19 mice but exhibited limited effects on tau pathology and the associated neuroinflammation. Additionally, we found a decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation, predominantly of Iba1+ cells. Conclusions Our findings reinforce the cognitive benefits conferred by CR despite its limited modulation of disease pathology. Given the pivotal role of microglia in tau-driven pathology, the observed reduction in Iba1+ cells under CR suggests potential therapeutic implications, particularly if CR would be introduced early in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cogut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taylor L. McNeely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tyler J. Bussian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sara I. Graves
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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The Effects of Dietary Interventions on Brain Aging and Neurological Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235086. [PMID: 36501116 PMCID: PMC9740746 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions can ameliorate age-related neurological decline. Decades of research of in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials support their ability and efficacy to improve behavioral outcomes by inducing biochemical and physiological changes that lead to a more resilient brain. Dietary interventions including calorie restriction, alternate day fasting, time restricted feeding, and fasting mimicking diets not only improve normal brain aging but also slow down, or even reverse, the progression of neurological diseases. In this review, we focus on the effects of intermittent and periodic fasting on improving phenotypic outcomes, such as cognitive and motor-coordination decline, in the normal aging brain through an increase in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, and decrease in neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. We summarize the results of various dietary interventions in animal models of age-related neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and Multiple Sclerosis and discuss the results of clinical trials that explore the feasibility of dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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5
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Hunt NJ, Wahl D, Westwood LJ, Lockwood GP, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. Targeting the liver in dementia and cognitive impairment: Dietary macronutrients and diabetic therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114537. [PMID: 36115494 PMCID: PMC10125004 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many people living with dementia and cognitive impairment have dysfunctional mitochondrial and insulin-glucose metabolism resembling type 2 diabetes mellitus and old age. Evidence from human trials shows that nutritional interventions and anti-diabetic medicines that target nutrient-sensing pathways overcome these deficits in glucose and energy metabolism and can improve cognition and/or reduce symptoms of dementia. The liver is the main organ that mediates the systemic effects of diets and many diabetic medicines; therefore, it is an intermediate target for such dementia interventions. A challenge is the efficacy of these treatments in older age. Solutions include the targeted hepatic delivery of diabetic medicines using nanotechnologies and titration of macronutrients to optimize hepatic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Devin Wahl
- Department of Health and Exercise Science & Centre for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, CO 80523, United States
| | - Lara J Westwood
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Glen P Lockwood
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute & Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
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6
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Circadian clock controls rhythms in ketogenesis by interfering with PPARα transcriptional network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205755119. [PMID: 36161962 PMCID: PMC9546578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205755119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are energy-rich metabolites and signaling molecules whose production is mainly regulated by diet. Caloric restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that improves metabolism and extends longevity across the taxa. We found that CR induced high-amplitude daily rhythms in blood ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate [βOHB]) that correlated with liver βOHB level. Time-restricted feeding, another periodic fasting-based diet, also led to rhythmic βOHB but with reduced amplitude. CR induced strong circadian rhythms in the expression of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis genes in the liver. The transcriptional factor peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor α (PPARα) and its transcriptional target hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are primary regulators of ketogenesis. Fgf21 expression and the PPARα transcriptional network became highly rhythmic in the CR liver, which implicated the involvement of the circadian clock. Mechanistically, the circadian clock proteins CLOCK, BMAL1, and cryptochromes (CRYs) interfered with PPARα transcriptional activity. Daily rhythms in the blood βOHB level and in the expression of PPARα target genes were significantly impaired in circadian clock-deficient Cry1,2-/- mice. These data suggest that blood βOHB level is tightly controlled and that the circadian clock is a regulator of diet-induced ketogenesis.
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7
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Can dietary patterns prevent cognitive impairment and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk: exploring the underlying mechanisms of effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104556. [PMID: 35122783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the fastest growing cognitive decline-related neurological diseases. To date, effective curative strategies have remained elusive. A growing body of evidence indicates that dietary patterns have significant effects on cognitive function and the risk of developing AD. Previous studies on the association between diet and AD risk have mainly focused on individual food components and specific nutrients, and the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of dietary patterns on AD are not well understood. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, Mediterranean-DASH diet intervention for neurological delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, methionine restriction, and low-protein and high-carbohydrate diet, on cognitive impairment and summarizes the underlying mechanisms by which dietary patterns attenuate cognitive impairment, especially highlighting the modulation of dietary patterns on cognitive impairment through gut microbiota. Furthermore, considering the variability in individual metabolic responses to dietary intake, we put forward a framework to develop personalized dietary patterns for people with cognitive disorders or AD based on individual gut microbiome compositions.
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8
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Kim CK, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Recent Neurotherapeutic Strategies to Promote Healthy Brain Aging: Are we there yet? Aging Dis 2022; 13:175-214. [PMID: 35111369 PMCID: PMC8782556 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the global exponential increase in population ageing, there is an urgent unmet need to develop reliable strategies to slow down and delay the ageing process. Age-related neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in our contemporary society and represent a major socio-economic burden. There are several controversial factors that are thought to play a causal role in brain ageing which are continuously being examined in experimental models. Among them are oxidative stress and brain inflammation which are empirical to brain ageing. Although some candidate drugs have been developed which reduce the ageing phenotype, their clinical translation is limited. There are several strategies currently in development to improve brain ageing. These include strategies such as caloric restriction, ketogenic diet, promotion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, removal of senescent cells, 'young blood' transfusions, enhancement of adult neurogenesis, stem cell therapy, vascular risk reduction, and non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies. Several studies have shown that these strategies can not only improve brain ageing by attenuating age-related neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, but also maintain cognitive function in a variety of pre-clinical experimental murine models. However, clinical evidence is limited and many of these strategies are awaiting findings from large-scale clinical trials which are nascent in the current literature. Further studies are needed to determine their long-term efficacy and lack of adverse effects in various tissues and organs to gain a greater understanding of their potential beneficial effects on brain ageing and health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Kyu Kim
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Hernandez AR, Hoffman JM, Hernandez CM, Cortes CJ, Jumbo-Lucioni P, Baxter MG, Esser KA, Liu AC, McMahon LL, Bizon JL, Burke SN, Buford TW, Carter CS. Reuniting the Body "Neck Up and Neck Down" to Understand Cognitive Aging: The Nexus of Geroscience and Neuroscience. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:e1-e9. [PMID: 34309630 PMCID: PMC8751793 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abbi R Hernandez
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), USA
| | | | - Caesar M Hernandez
- Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Constanza J Cortes
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Patricia Jumbo-Lucioni
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Pharmaceutical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama,USA
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Lori L McMahon
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christy S Carter
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.,UAB Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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10
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Yanckello LM, Fanelli B, McCulloch S, Xing X, Sun M, Hammond TC, Colwell R, Gu Z, Ericsson AC, Chang YH, Bachstetter AD, Lin AL. Inulin Supplementation Mitigates Gut Dysbiosis and Brain Impairment Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury during Chronic Phase. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 4:50-64. [PMID: 35611116 PMCID: PMC9126115 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been shown to acutely alter the gut microbiome diversity and composition, known as dysbiosis, which can further exacerbate metabolic and vascular changes in the brain in both humans and rodents. However, it remains unknown how mTBI affects the gut microbiome in the chronic phase recovery (past one week post injury). It is also unknown if injury recovery can be improved by mitigating dysbiosis. The goal of the study is to fill the knowledge gap. First, we aim to understand how mTBI alters the gut microbiome through the chronic period of recovery (3 months post injury). In addition, as the gut microbiome can be modulated by diet, we also investigated if prebiotic inulin, a fermentable fiber that promotes growth of beneficial bacteria and metabolites, would mitigate dysbiosis, improve systemic metabolism, and protect brain structural and vascular integrity when administered after 3 months post closed head injury (CHI). We found that CHI given to male mice at 4 months of age induced gut dysbiosis which peaked at 1.5 months post injury, reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and altered brain white matter integrity. Interestingly, we also found that Sham mice had transient dysbiosis, which peaked 24 hours after injury and then normalized. After 8 weeks of inulin feeding, CHI mice had increased abundance of beneficial/anti-inflammatory bacteria, reduced abundance of pathogenic bacteria, enriched levels of short-chain fatty acids, and restored CBF in both hippocampi and left thalamus, compared to the CHI-control fed and Sham groups. Using machine learning, we further identified top bacterial species that separate Sham and CHI mice with and without the diet. Our results indicate that there is an injury- and time-dependent dysbiosis between CHI and Sham mice; inulin is effective to mitigate dysbiosis and improve brain injury recovery in the CHI mice. As there are currently no effective treatments for mTBI, the study may have profound implications for developing therapeutics or preventive interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille M. Yanckello
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Brian Fanelli
- CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Xin Xing
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - McKenna Sun
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Tyler C. Hammond
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Rita Colwell
- CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chang
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, United States of America
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
- Institute for Data Science &Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO United States of America
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11
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Immune Memory in Aging: a Wide Perspective Covering Microbiota, Brain, Metabolism, and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 63:499-529. [PMID: 34910283 PMCID: PMC8671603 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.
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12
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Ikeda Y, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs via the modulation of AKT-signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:104-113. [PMID: 34904048 PMCID: PMC8637616 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly. It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are related to the AD. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate, which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment. Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD. The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit. They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes. Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, being currently used for DM therapy, may also be effective for AD treatment. The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models. Although further studies for mTOR, GLP1, and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required, they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments. We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis, the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/ or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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13
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Wardzinski EK, Hyzy C, Duysen KU, Melchert UH, Jauch-Chara K, Oltmanns KM. Hypocaloric Dieting Unsettles the Neuroenergetic Homeostasis in Humans. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103433. [PMID: 34684431 PMCID: PMC8541113 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effects of low-calorie dieting in obesity are disappointing in the long run. The brain’s energy homeostasis plays a key role in the regulation of body weight. We hypothesized that the cerebral energy status underlies an adaptation process upon body weight loss due to hypocaloric dieting in humans. Objective: We instructed 26 healthy obese participants to reduce body weight via replacement of meals by a commercial diet product for two weeks. The cerebral energy status was assessed by 31 phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 PMRS) before and after low-caloric dieting as well as at follow-up. A standardized test buffet was quantified after body weight loss and at follow-up. Blood glucose metabolism and neurohormonal stress axis activity were monitored. Results: Weight loss induced a decline in blood concentrations of insulin (p = 0.002), C-peptide (p = 0.005), ACTH (p = 0.006), and norepinephrine (p = 0.012). ATP/Pi (p = 0.003) and PCr/Pi ratios (p = 0.012) were increased and NADH levels reduced (p = 0.041) after hypocaloric dieting. At follow-up, weight loss persisted (p < 0.001), while insulin, C-peptide, and ACTH increased (p < 0.005 for all) corresponding to baseline levels again. Despite repealed hormonal alterations, ratios of PCr/Pi remained higher (p = 0.039) and NADH levels lower (p = 0.007) 6 weeks after ending the diet. ATP/Pi ratios returned to baseline levels again (p = 0.168). Conclusion: Low-calorie dieting reduces neurohormonal stress axis activity and increases the neuroenergetic status in obesity. This effect was of a transient nature in terms of stress hormonal measures. In contrast, PCr/Pi ratios remained increased after dieting and at follow-up while NADH levels were still reduced, which indicates a persistently unsettled neuroenergetic homeostasis upon diet-induced rapid body weight loss.
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14
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Barone E, Butterfield DA. mTOR in Alzheimer disease and its earlier stages: Links to oxidative damage in the progression of this dementing disorder. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:382-396. [PMID: 33933601 PMCID: PMC8145782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population and has worldwide impact. The etiology of the disease is complex and results from the confluence of multiple mechanisms ultimately leading to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Among risk factors, aging is the most relevant and accounts for several pathogenic events that contribute to disease-specific toxic mechanisms. Accumulating evidence linked the alterations of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase playing a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and degradation, to age-dependent cognitive decline and pathogenesis of AD. To date, growing studies demonstrated that aberrant mTOR signaling in the brain affects several pathways involved in energy metabolism, cell growth, mitochondrial function and proteostasis. Recent advances associated alterations of the mTOR pathway with the increased oxidative stress. Disruption of all these events strongly contribute to age-related cognitive decline including AD. The current review discusses the main regulatory roles of mTOR signaling network in the brain, focusing on its role in autophagy, oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Collectively, experimental data suggest that targeting mTOR in the CNS can be a valuable strategy to prevent/slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - E Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D A Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA.
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15
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Maissan P, Mooij EJ, Barberis M. Sirtuins-Mediated System-Level Regulation of Mammalian Tissues at the Interface between Metabolism and Cell Cycle: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:194. [PMID: 33806509 PMCID: PMC7999230 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved NAD+-dependent proteins and this dependency links Sirtuins directly to metabolism. Sirtuins' activity has been shown to extend the lifespan of several organisms and mainly through the post-translational modification of their many target proteins, with deacetylation being the most common modification. The seven mammalian Sirtuins, SIRT1 through SIRT7, have been implicated in regulating physiological responses to metabolism and stress by acting as nutrient sensors, linking environmental and nutrient signals to mammalian metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, mammalian Sirtuins have been implicated in playing major roles in mammalian pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, obesity and cancer. Mammalian Sirtuins are expressed heterogeneously among different organs and tissues, and the same holds true for their substrates. Thus, the function of mammalian Sirtuins together with their substrates is expected to vary among tissues. Any therapy depending on Sirtuins could therefore have different local as well as systemic effects. Here, an introduction to processes relevant for the actions of Sirtuins, such as metabolism and cell cycle, will be followed by reasoning on the system-level function of Sirtuins and their substrates in different mammalian tissues. Their involvement in the healthy metabolism and metabolic disorders will be reviewed and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parcival Maissan
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eva J. Mooij
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK;
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
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16
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Abstract
Life expectancy in most developed countries has been rising over the past century. In the UK alone, there are about 12 million people over 65 years old and centenarians have increased by 85% in the past 15 years. As a result of the ageing population, which is due mainly to improvements in medical treatments, public health, improved housing and lifestyle choices, there is an associated increase in the prevalence of pathological conditions, such as metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, many types of cancer and others. Statistics suggest that nearly 54% of elderly people in the UK live with at least two chronic conditions, revealing the urgency for identifying interventions that can prevent and/or treat such disorders. Non-pharmacological, dietary interventions such as energetic restriction (ER) and methionine restriction (MR) have revealed promising outcomes in increasing longevity and preventing and/or reversing the development of ageing-associated disorders. In this review, we discuss the evidence and mechanisms that are involved in these processes. Fibroblast growth factor 1 and hydrogen sulphide are important molecules involved in the effects of ER and MR in the extension of life span. Their role is also associated with the prevention of metabolic and cognitive disorders, highlighting these interventions as promising modulators for improvement of health span.
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17
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Ekstrand B, Scheers N, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Ross AB, Landberg R. Brain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:693-708. [PMID: 32989449 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, including diet. Food and nutrition, essential in maintenance of brain performance, also aid in prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Both the overall composition of the human diet and specific dietary components have been shown to have an impact on brain function in various experimental models and epidemiological studies. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of diet in 5 key areas of brain function related to mental health and performance, including: (1) brain development, (2) signaling networks and neurotransmitters in the brain, (3) cognition and memory, (4) the balance between protein formation and degradation, and (5) deteriorative effects due to chronic inflammatory processes. Finally, the role of diet in epigenetic regulation of brain physiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ekstrand
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Scheers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Xie K, Kapetanou M, Sidiropoulou K, Bano D, Gonos ES, Djordjevic AM, Ehninger D. Signaling pathways of dietary energy restriction and metabolism on brain physiology and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111364. [PMID: 32991920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratory animal models have shown that dietary energy restriction (ER) can promote longevity and improve various health aspects in old age. However, whether the entire spectrum of ER-induced short- and long-term physiological and metabolic adaptions is translatable to humans remains to be determined. In this review article, we present recent evidence towards the elucidation of the impact of ER on brain physiology and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss modulatory influences of ER on metabolism and overall on human health, limitations of current experimental designs as well as future perspectives for ER trials in humans. Finally, we summarize signaling pathways and processes known to be affected by both aging and ER with a special emphasis on the link between ER and cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xie
- Molecular and Cellular Cognition Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | | | - Daniele Bano
- Aging and Neurodegeneration Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic Djordjevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Boulevard Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dan Ehninger
- Molecular and Cellular Cognition Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression contribute significantly to global disability and possess high social and health burden. Management is dominated by pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy; nevertheless, such treatments prevent or treat less than half of the patients, suggesting that alternative approaches are required. Emerging data suggest that diet may be an adjustable risk factor for psychiatric disorders. Caloric restriction (CR) possesses protective effects in almost all organs including the brain. However, the precise molecular pathways of these effects remain uncertain. In this review, we will discuss the putative neurobiological mechanisms of CR on the brain. The article will address also the molecular basis of the antidepressant effects of CR, primarily including ghrelin signaling, CREB neurotropic effects and ketone bodies production. Then we will highlight the probable effect of CR on the neuroinflammation, which emerges as a key pathogenetic factor for the majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss the so called caloric restriction mimetics, compounds that reproduce properties of CR. Further research will be required to verify the safety and efficacy of CR before a general approval can be proposed to introduce it and its mimetics in clinical practice for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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20
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Yu Q, Zou L, Kong Z, Yang L. Cognitive Impact of Calorie Restriction: A Narrative Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21:1394-1401. [PMID: 32693996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The impairment of cognitive function can cause substantial emotional and financial burdens. A recent global increasing trend in cognitive impairment and associated disorders has been observed, which will continue to grow as the population ages rapidly. As a nonpharmaceutical approach, calorie restriction (CR) has received extensive research interests due to its health benefits, including maintaining cognitive function. In this narrative review, we first briefly introduce the role of cognitive function in activities of daily living and CR as a part of healthy lifestyle behaviors to protect against cognitive decline. Second, we present results from human studies demonstrating that CR might be beneficial for improving age-related cognitive decline and cognitive impairment in the clinical population such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Third, the potential mechanisms regarding the protective effects of CR on cognition are discussed. Fourth, specific suggestions are highlighted to be considered in future human studies. Overall, although there are few data available from human studies, CR appears to be beneficial for cognitive protection for both healthy and clinical populations. Further scientific investigations are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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21
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Lin AL, Parikh I, Yanckello LM, White RS, Hartz AMS, Taylor CE, McCulloch SD, Thalman SW, Xia M, McCarty K, Ubele M, Head E, Hyder F, Sanganahalli BG. APOE genotype-dependent pharmacogenetic responses to rapamycin for preventing Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104834. [PMID: 32173556 PMCID: PMC7486698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Cognitively normal APOE4 carriers have developed amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and cerebrovascular, metabolic and structural deficits decades before showing the cognitive impairment. Interventions that can inhibit Aβ retention and restore the brain functions to normal would be critical to prevent AD for the asymptomatic APOE4 carriers. A major goal of the study was to identify the potential usefulness of rapamycin (Rapa), a pharmacological intervention for extending longevity, for preventing AD in the mice that express human APOE4 gene and overexpress Aβ (the E4FAD mice). Another goal of the study was to identify the potential pharmacogenetic differences in response to rapamycin between the E4FAD and E3FAD mice, the mice with human APOE ε3 allele. We used multi-modal MRI to measure in vivo cerebral blood flow (CBF), neurotransmitter levels, white matter integrity, water content, cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and somatosensory response; used behavioral assessments to determine cognitive function; used biochemistry assays to determine Aβ retention and blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions; and used metabolomics to identify brain metabolic changes. We found that in the E4FAD mice, rapamycin normalized bodyweight, restored CBF (especially in female), BBB activity for Aβ transport, neurotransmitter levels, neuronal integrity and free fatty acid level, and reduced Aβ retention, which were not observe in the E3FAD-Rapa mice. In contrast, E3FAD-Rapa mice had lower CVR responses, lower anxiety and reduced glycolysis in the brain, which were not seen in the E4FAD-Rapa mice. Further, rapamycin appeared to normalize lipid-associated metabolism in the E4FAD mice, while slowed overall glucose-associated metabolism in the E3FAD mice. Finally, rapamycin enhanced overall water content, water diffusion in white matter, and spatial memory in both E3FAD and E4FAD mice, but did not impact the somatosensory responses under hindpaw stimulation. Our findings indicated that rapamycin was able to restore brain functions and reduce AD risk for young, asymptomatic E4FAD mice, and there were pharmacogenetic differences between the E3FAD and E4FAD mice. As the multi-modal MRI methods used in the study are readily to be used in humans and rapamycin is FDA-approved, our results may pave a way for future clinical testing of the pharmacogenetic responses in humans with different APOE alleles, and potentially using rapamycin to prevent AD for asymptomatic APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; F. Joseph Halcomb III, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Lucille M Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Renee S White
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Georgetown College, Georgetown, KY, United States of America
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chase E Taylor
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | | | - Scott W Thalman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; F. Joseph Halcomb III, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Mengfan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Katie McCarty
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Margo Ubele
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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22
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Chakraborty A, Banerjee S, Mukherjee B, Poddar MK. Calorie restriction improves aging-induced impairment of cognitive function in relation to deregulation of corticosterone status and brain regional GABA system. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 189:111248. [PMID: 32339520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is known to affect adversely the corticosterone status and the brain function including cognition. Calorie restricted (CR) diet has been found to improve brain aging. The objective of the present investigation is to study the effect of short-term CR diet without any food deprivation on aging-induced impairment of cognitive function in relation to the corticosterone status and the brain regional GABA system. The result showed that aging-induced deregulation of the brain regional GABA system, increase in plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels and cognitive impairment were attenuated with short-term CR diet supplementation for consecutive 1 and 2 months to the aged (18 and 24 months) rats. But in young rats (4 months) consumption of the same CR diet under similar conditions reversibly affected those above-mentioned parameters. These results, thus suggest that (a) aging down-regulates brain regional GABA system with an up-regulation of corticosterone status and impairment of cognitive function, (b) CR diet consumption improves this aging-induced deregulation of brain regional GABA system, corticosterone status, and cognitive function, (c) these attenuating effects of CR diet are greater with a longer period of consumption but (d) CR diet consumption is harmful to young rats as observed in those parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apala Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Soumyabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Mrinal Kanti Poddar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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23
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Pifferi F, Aujard F. Caloric restriction, longevity and aging: Recent contributions from human and non-human primate studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109702. [PMID: 31325469 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of chronic caloric restriction (CR) resulting in lifespan extension are well established in many species and has been recently demonstrated also in non-human primates, but its effects in humans remain to be proven on a long-term basis. CR might be a very efficient anti-aging strategy but its definition and limits must be well understood before envisaging to apply it to human. In this review, we first report and compare the recently issued CR studies in non-human primates and humans and then try to understand what an optimal caloric intake is. In a last part, we will discuss the pertinence of using CR as an anti-aging strategy with respect to the risks of frailty and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pifferi
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France.
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France
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24
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Fasting as a Therapy in Neurological Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102501. [PMID: 31627405 PMCID: PMC6836141 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is deeply entrenched in evolution, yet its potential applications to today’s most common, disabling neurological diseases remain relatively unexplored. Fasting induces an altered metabolic state that optimizes neuron bioenergetics, plasticity, and resilience in a way that may counteract a broad array of neurological disorders. In both animals and humans, fasting prevents and treats the metabolic syndrome, a major risk factor for many neurological diseases. In animals, fasting probably prevents the formation of tumors, possibly treats established tumors, and improves tumor responses to chemotherapy. In human cancers, including cancers that involve the brain, fasting ameliorates chemotherapy-related adverse effects and may protect normal cells from chemotherapy. Fasting improves cognition, stalls age-related cognitive decline, usually slows neurodegeneration, reduces brain damage and enhances functional recovery after stroke, and mitigates the pathological and clinical features of epilepsy and multiple sclerosis in animal models. Primarily due to a lack of research, the evidence supporting fasting as a treatment in human neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, is indirect or non-existent. Given the strength of the animal evidence, many exciting discoveries may lie ahead, awaiting future investigations into the viability of fasting as a therapy in neurological disease.
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25
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Hoffman JD, Yanckello LM, Chlipala G, Hammond TC, McCulloch SD, Parikh I, Sun S, Morganti JM, Green SJ, Lin AL. Dietary inulin alters the gut microbiome, enhances systemic metabolism and reduces neuroinflammation in an APOE4 mouse model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221828. [PMID: 31461505 PMCID: PMC6713395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 carriers develop systemic metabolic dysfunction decades before showing AD symptoms. Accumulating evidence shows that the metabolic dysfunction accelerates AD development, including exacerbated amyloid-beta (Aβ) retention, neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Therefore, preserving metabolic function early on may be critical to reducing the risk for AD. Here, we show that inulin increases beneficial microbiota and decreases harmful microbiota in the feces of young, asymptomatic APOE4 transgenic (E4FAD) mice and enhances metabolism in the cecum, periphery and brain, as demonstrated by increases in the levels of SCFAs, tryptophan-derived metabolites, bile acids, glycolytic metabolites and scyllo-inositol. We show that inulin also reduces inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. This knowledge can be utilized to design early precision nutrition intervention strategies that use a prebiotic diet to enhance systemic metabolism and may be useful for reducing AD risk in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D. Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lucille M. Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - George Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tyler C. Hammond
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sydney Sun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Circulating factors in young blood as potential therapeutic agents for age-related neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:15-23. [PMID: 31400495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent animal studies on heterochronic parabiosis (a technique combining the blood circulation of two animals) have revealed that young blood has a powerful rejuvenating effect on brain aging. Circulating factors, especially growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11), may play a key role in this effect, which inspires hope for novel approaches to treating age-related cerebral diseases in humans, such as neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Recently, attempts have begun to translate these astonishing and exciting findings from mice to humans and from bench to bedside. However, increasing reports have shown contradictory data, questioning the capacity of these circulating factors to reverse age-related brain dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current research on the role of young blood, as well as the circulating factors GDF11 and CCL11, in the aging brain and age-related cerebral diseases. We highlight recent controversies, discuss related challenges and provide a future outlook.
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Cherbuin N, Walsh EI. Sugar in mind: Untangling a sweet and sour relationship beyond type 2 diabetes. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100769. [PMID: 31176793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major disease burden but it is only recently that its role in neurodegeneration has attracted more attention. This research has shown that T2D is associated with impaired cerebral health, cognitive decline and dementia. However, the impact on the brain of progressive metabolic changes associated with the pre-clinical development of the disease is less clear. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarise how the emergence of risk factors and co-morbid conditions linked to the development of T2D impact cerebral health. Particular attention is directed at characterising how normal but elevated blood glucose levels in individuals without T2D contribute to neurodegenerative processes, and how the main risk factors for T2D including obesity, physical activity and diet modulate these effects. Where available, evidence from the animal and human literature is contrasted, and sex differences in risk and outcomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Erin I Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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28
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Zhang J, Zhang W, Gao X, Zhao Y, Chen D, Xu N, Pu H, Stetler RA, Gao Y. Preconditioning with partial caloric restriction confers long-term protection against grey and white matter injury after transient focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1394-1409. [PMID: 29972653 PMCID: PMC6668518 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18785480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been extensively examined as a preventative strategy against aging and various diseases, but CR effects on cerebral ischemia are largely unknown. We subjected C57BL6/J mice to ad libitum food access (LF) or a diet restricted to 70% of ad libitum food access (RF) for two to four weeks followed by 60 min of transient focal ischemia (tFCI). RF for four weeks protected against subsequent tFCI-induced infarct. RF improved sensorimotor function after stroke in the foot fault and corner tests, as well as performance in the Morris water maze test. In addition, RF preserved ischemic white matter tract integrity assessed by histology and compound action potential. Sirt1 and Sirt3 were both upregulated in RF ischemic brain, but heterozygous deletion of Sirt1 or knockout of Sirt3 did not alter the protection induced by RF against ischemic injury. RF induced significant release of adiponectin, a hormone related to glucose metabolism. Knockout of adiponectin decreased RF-induced protection after tFCI. These data demonstrate the novel finding that white matter, as well as neurons, benefit from CR prior to cerebral ischemic injury, and that adiponectin may contribute to these protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuguang Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Xu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Pittsburgh Institute for Brain Disease and Recovery (PIBDR) and the Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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29
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Yanckello LM, Young LEA, Hoffman JD, Mohney RP, Keaton MA, Abner E, Lin AL. Caloric Restriction Alters Postprandial Responses of Essential Brain Metabolites in Young Adult Mice. Front Nutr 2019; 6:90. [PMID: 31249833 PMCID: PMC6582370 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend longevity and protect brain function in aging. However, the effects of CR in young adult mice remain largely unexplored. In addition to the fundamental, long-term changes, recent studies demonstrate that CR has a significant impact on transient, postprandial metabolic flexibility and turnover compared to control groups. The goal of this study was to identify the brain metabolic changes at a transient (2 h) and steady (6 h) postprandial state in young mice (5–6 months of age) fed with CR or ad libitum (AL; free eating). Using metabolomics profiling, we show that CR mice had significantly higher levels of neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, N-acetylglutamate), neuronal integrity markers (e.g., NAA and NAAG), essential fatty acids (e.g., DHA and DPA), and biochemicals associated carnitine metabolism (related to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 2-h. These biochemicals remained at high levels at the 6-h postprandial time-point. The AL mice did not show the similar increases in essential fatty acid and carnitine metabolism until the 6-h time-point, and failed to show increases in neurotransmitters and neuronal integrity markers at any time-point. On the other hand, metabolites related to glucose utilization—glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)—were low in the CR mice throughout the 6-h period and significantly increased at the 6-h time-point in the AL mice. Our findings suggest that CR induces distinct postprandial responses in metabolites that are essential to maintain brain functions. CR mice produced higher levels of essential brain metabolites in a shorter period after a meal and sustained the levels for an extended period, while maintaining a lower level of glucose utilization. These early brain metabolism changes in the CR mice might play a critical role for neuroprotection in aging. Understanding the interplay between dietary intervention and postprandial metabolic responses from an early age may have profound implications for impeding brain aging and reducing risk for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille M Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jared D Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | | | - Erin Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,F. Joseph Halcomb III, M. D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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30
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Lee J, Yanckello LM, Ma D, Hoffman JD, Parikh I, Thalman S, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Hyder F, Lin AL. Neuroimaging Biomarkers of mTOR Inhibition on Vascular and Metabolic Functions in Aging Brain and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:225. [PMID: 30140223 PMCID: PMC6094969 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a nutrient sensor of eukaryotic cells. Inhibition of mechanistic mTOR signaling can increase life and health span in various species via interventions that include rapamycin and caloric restriction (CR). In the central nervous system, mTOR inhibition demonstrates neuroprotective patterns in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) by preserving mitochondrial function and reducing amyloid beta retention. However, the effects of mTOR inhibition for in vivo brain physiology remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent findings of in vivo metabolic and vascular measures using non-invasive, multimodal neuroimaging methods in rodent models for brain aging and AD. Specifically, we focus on pharmacological treatment (e.g., rapamycin) for restoring brain functions in animals modeling human AD; nutritional interventions (e.g., CR and ketogenic diet) for enhancing brain vascular and metabolic functions in rodents at young age (5-6 months of age) and preserving those functions in aging (18-20 months of age). Various magnetic resonance (MR) methods [i.e., imaging (MRI), angiography (MRA), and spectroscopy (MRS)], confocal microscopic imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) provided in vivo metabolic and vascular measures. We also discuss the translational potential of mTOR interventions. Since PET and various MR neuroimaging methods, as well as the different interventions (e.g., rapamycin, CR, and ketogenic diet) are also available for humans, these findings may have tremendous implications in future clinical trials of neurological disorders in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lucille M. Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David Ma
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jared D. Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Scott Thalman
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Anika M. S. Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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31
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Lyons DN, Vekaria H, Macheda T, Bakshi V, Powell DK, Gold BT, Lin AL, Sullivan PG, Bachstetter AD. A Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Produces Lasting Deficits in Brain Metabolism. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2435-2447. [PMID: 29808778 PMCID: PMC6196750 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic uncoupling has been well-characterized during the first minutes-to-days after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet mitochondrial bioenergetics during the weeks-to-months after a brain injury is poorly defined, particularly after a mild TBI. We hypothesized that a closed head injury (CHI) would be associated with deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics at one month after the injury. A significant decrease in state-III (adenosine triphosphate production) and state-V (complex-I) driven mitochondrial respiration was found at one month post-injury in adult C57Bl/6J mice. Isolation of synaptic mitochondria demonstrated that the deficit in state-III and state-V was primarily neuronal. Injured mice had a temporally consistent deficit in memory recall at one month post-injury. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 7-Tesla, we found significant decreases in phosphocreatine, N-Acetylaspartic acid, and total choline. We also found regional variations in cerebral blood flow, including both hypo- and hyperperfusion, as measured by a pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MR sequence. Our results highlight a chronic deficit in mitochondrial bioenergetics associated with a CHI that may lead toward a novel approach for neurorestoration after a mild TBI. MRS provides a potential biomarker for assessing the efficacy of candidate treatments targeted at improving mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Lyons
- 1 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- 1 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Teresa Macheda
- 1 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Vikas Bakshi
- 4 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,5 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - David K Powell
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Brian T Gold
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- 4 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,5 Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- 1 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- 1 Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky.,2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington Kentucky
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32
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Ketogenic diet enhances neurovascular function with altered gut microbiome in young healthy mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6670. [PMID: 29703936 PMCID: PMC5923270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular integrity, including cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, plays a major role in determining cognitive capability. Recent studies suggest that neurovascular integrity could be regulated by the gut microbiome. The purpose of the study was to identify if ketogenic diet (KD) intervention would alter gut microbiome and enhance neurovascular functions, and thus reduce risk for neurodegeneration in young healthy mice (12–14 weeks old). Here we show that with 16 weeks of KD, mice had significant increases in CBF and P-glycoprotein transports on BBB to facilitate clearance of amyloid-beta, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These neurovascular enhancements were associated with reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expressions. KD also increased the relative abundance of putatively beneficial gut microbiota (Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus), and reduced that of putatively pro-inflammatory taxa (Desulfovibrio and Turicibacter). We also observed that KD reduced blood glucose levels and body weight, and increased blood ketone levels, which might be associated with gut microbiome alteration. Our findings suggest that KD intervention started in the early stage may enhance brain vascular function, increase beneficial gut microbiota, improve metabolic profile, and reduce risk for AD.
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33
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Caloric restriction increases lifespan but affects brain integrity in grey mouse lemur primates. Commun Biol 2018; 1:30. [PMID: 30271916 PMCID: PMC6123706 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of chronic caloric restriction resulting in lifespan extension are well established in many short-lived species, but the effects in humans and other primates remain controversial. Here we report the most advanced survival data and the associated follow-up to our knowledge of age-related alterations in a cohort of grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus, lemurid primate) exposed to a chronic moderate (30%) caloric restriction. Compared to control animals, caloric restriction extended lifespan by 50% (from 6.4 to 9.6 years, median survival), reduced aging-associated diseases and preserved loss of brain white matter in several brain regions. However, caloric restriction accelerated loss of grey matter throughout much of the cerebrum. Cognitive and behavioural performances were, however, not modulated by caloric restriction. Thus chronic moderate caloric restriction can extend lifespan and enhance health of a primate, but it affects brain grey matter integrity without affecting cognitive performances. Fabien Pifferi et al. report survival and age-related brain atrophy data in grey mouse lemurs fed either a normal diet or a diet restricted in calories by 30%. They find that caloric restriction extended life span by 50% and decelerated brain white matter atrophy, but accelerated the loss of grey matter, in most of the cerebrum.
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34
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Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee S, Mainous AG, Leeuwenburgh C, Mattson MP. Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:254-268. [PMID: 29086496 PMCID: PMC5783752 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - William T. Donahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Arch G. Mainous
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy; Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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35
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Parikh I, Guo J, Chuang KH, Zhong Y, Rempe RG, Hoffman JD, Armstrong R, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Lin AL. Caloric restriction preserves memory and reduces anxiety of aging mice with early enhancement of neurovascular functions. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2814-2826. [PMID: 27829242 PMCID: PMC5191872 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular integrity plays an important role in protecting cognitive and mental health in aging. Lifestyle interventions that sustain neurovascular integrity may thus be critical on preserving brain functions in aging and reducing the risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here we show that caloric restriction (CR) had an early effect on neurovascular enhancements, and played a critical role in preserving vascular, cognitive and mental health in aging. In particular, we found that CR significantly enhanced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood-brain barrier function in young mice at 5-6 months of age. The neurovascular enhancements were associated with reduced mammalian target of rapamycin expression, elevated endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling, and increased ketone bodies utilization. With age, CR decelerated the rate of decline in CBF. The preserved CBF in hippocampus and frontal cortex were highly correlated with preserved memory and learning, and reduced anxiety, of the aging mice treated with CR (18-20 months of age). Our results suggest that dietary intervention started in the early stage (e.g., young adults) may benefit cognitive and mental reserve in aging. Understanding nutritional effects on neurovascular functions may have profound implications in human brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Janet Guo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yu Zhong
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ralf G Rempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jared D Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rachel Armstrong
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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36
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Hadem IKH, Majaw T, Kharbuli B, Sharma R. Beneficial effects of dietary restriction in aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 95:123-133. [PMID: 29031555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial complex process that leads to the deterioration of biological functions wherein its underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. It affects the organism at the molecular and cellular level that contributes to the deterioration of structural integrity of the organs. The central nervous system is the most vulnerable organ affected by aging and its effect is highly heterogeneous. Aging causes alteration in the structure, metabolism and physiology of the brain leading to impaired cognitive and motor-neural functions. Dietary restriction (DR), a robust mechanism that extends lifespan in various organisms, ameliorates brain aging by reducing oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial function, activating anti-inflammatory responses, promoting neurogenesis and increasing synaptic plasticity. It also protects and prevents age-related structural changes. DR alleviates many age-associated diseases including neurodegeneration and improves cognitive functions. DR inhibits/activates nutrient signaling cascades such as insulin/IGF-1, mTOR, AMPK and sirtuins. Because of its sensitivity to energy status and hormones, AMPK is considered as the global nutrient sensor. This review will present an elucidative potential role of dietary restriction in the prevention of phenotypic features during aging in brain and its diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teikur Majaw
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Babiangshisha Kharbuli
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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Hoffman JD, Parikh I, Green SJ, Chlipala G, Mohney RP, Keaton M, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Lin AL. Age Drives Distortion of Brain Metabolic, Vascular and Cognitive Functions, and the Gut Microbiome. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:298. [PMID: 28993728 PMCID: PMC5622159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is the top risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of aging processes to AD etiology remains unclear. Emerging evidence shows that reduced brain metabolic and vascular functions occur decades before the onset of cognitive impairments, and these reductions are highly associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation developed in the brain over time. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the gut microbiota may also play a critical role in modulating immune responses in the brain via the brain-gut axis. In this study, our goal was to identify associations between deleterious changes in brain metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), gut microbiome and cognition in aging, and potential implications for AD development. We conducted our study with a group of young mice (5-6 months of age) and compared those to old mice (18-20 months of age) by utilizing metabolic profiling, neuroimaging, gut microbiome analysis, behavioral assessments and biochemical assays. We found that compared to young mice, old mice had significantly increased levels of numerous amino acids and fatty acids that are highly associated with inflammation and AD biomarkers. In the gut microbiome analyses, we found that old mice had increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and alpha diversity. We also found impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and reduced CBF as well as compromised learning and memory and increased anxiety, clinical symptoms often seen in AD patients, in old mice. Our study suggests that the aging process involves deleterious changes in brain metabolic, vascular and cognitive functions, and gut microbiome structure and diversity, all which may lead to inflammation and thus increase the risk for AD. Future studies conducting comprehensive and integrative characterization of brain aging, including crosstalk with peripheral systems and factors, will be necessary to define the mechanisms underlying the shift from normal aging to pathological processes in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Stefan J Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, United States
| | - George Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Depatment of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States.,Department of Engineering, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, United States
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Horowitz AM, Villeda SA. Therapeutic potential of systemic brain rejuvenation strategies for neurodegenerative disease. F1000Res 2017; 6:1291. [PMID: 28815019 PMCID: PMC5539850 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11437.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a devastating group of conditions that cause progressive loss of neuronal integrity, affecting cognitive and motor functioning in an ever-increasing number of older individuals. Attempts to slow neurodegenerative disease advancement have met with little success in the clinic; however, a new therapeutic approach may stem from classic interventions, such as caloric restriction, exercise, and parabiosis. For decades, researchers have reported that these systemic-level manipulations can promote major functional changes that extend organismal lifespan and healthspan. Only recently, however, have the functional effects of these interventions on the brain begun to be appreciated at a molecular and cellular level. The potential to counteract the effects of aging in the brain, in effect rejuvenating the aged brain, could offer broad therapeutic potential to combat dementia-related neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. In particular, results from heterochronic parabiosis and young plasma administration studies indicate that pro-aging and rejuvenating factors exist in the circulation that can independently promote or reverse age-related phenotypes. The recent demonstration that human umbilical cord blood similarly functions to rejuvenate the aged brain further advances this work to clinical translation. In this review, we focus on these blood-based rejuvenation strategies and their capacity to delay age-related molecular and functional decline in the aging brain. We discuss new findings that extend the beneficial effects of young blood to neurodegenerative disease models. Lastly, we explore the translational potential of blood-based interventions, highlighting current clinical trials aimed at addressing therapeutic applications for the treatment of dementia-related neurodegenerative disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M. Horowitz
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Saul A. Villeda
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Niedernhofer LJ, Kirkland JL, Ladiges W. Molecular pathology endpoints useful for aging studies. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:241-249. [PMID: 27721062 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical trial aimed at targeting fundamental processes of aging will soon be launched (TAME: Targeting Aging with Metformin). In its wake is a robust pipeline of therapeutic interventions that have been demonstrated to extend lifespan or healthspan of preclinical models, including rapalogs, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and senolytics. This ensures that if the TAME trial is successful, numerous additional clinical trials are apt to follow. But a significant impediment to these trials remains the question of what endpoints should be measured? The design of the TAME trial very cleverly skirts around this based on the fact that there are decades of data on metformin in humans, providing unequaled clarity of what endpoints are most likely to yield a positive outcome. But for a new chemical entity, knowing what endpoints to measure remains a formidable challenge. For economy's sake, and to achieve results in a reasonable time frame, surrogate markers of lifespan and healthy aging are desperately needed. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular endpoints that are currently being used as indices of age-related phenomena (e.g., morbidity, frailty, mortality) and proposes an approach for validating and prioritizing these endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Niedernhofer
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - J L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - W Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-invasive neuroimaging methods have been developed as powerful tools for identifying in vivo brain functions for studies in humans and animals. Here we review the imaging biomarkers that are being used to determine the changes within brain metabolic and vascular functions induced by caloric restriction (CR), and their potential usefulness for future studies with dietary interventions in humans. RECENT FINDINGS CR causes an early shift in brain metabolism of glucose to ketone bodies, and enhances ATP production, neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF). With age, CR preserves mitochondrial activity, neurotransmission, CBF, and spatial memory. CR also reduces anxiety in aging mice. Neuroimaging studies in humans show that CR restores abnormal brain activity in the amygdala of women with obesity and enhances brain connectivity in old adults. SUMMARY Neuroimaging methods have excellent translational values and can be widely applied in future studies to identify dietary effects on brain functions in humans.
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An Overview of Multimodal Neuroimaging Using Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020311. [PMID: 28157157 PMCID: PMC5343847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained tremendous significance as contrast agents for both anatomical and functional preclinical bio-imaging. Contrary to conventional medical practices, molecular imaging plays an important role in exploring the affected cells, thus providing precision medical solutions. It has been observed that incorporating nanoprobes improves the overall efficacy of the diagnosis and treatment processes. These nano-agents and tracers are therefore often incorporated into preclinical therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Multimodal imaging approaches are well equipped with nanoprobes to explore neurological disorders, as they can display more than one type of characteristic in molecular imaging. Multimodal imaging systems are explored by researchers as they can provide both anatomical and functional details of tumors and affected tissues. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art research concerning multimodal imaging systems and nanoprobes for neuroimaging applications.
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Febo M, Foster TC. Preclinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of Memory, Aging, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:158. [PMID: 27468264 PMCID: PMC4942756 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging provides for non-invasive evaluation of brain structure and activity and has been employed to suggest possible mechanisms for cognitive aging in humans. However, these imaging procedures have limits in terms of defining cellular and molecular mechanisms. In contrast, investigations of cognitive aging in animal models have mostly utilized techniques that have offered insight on synaptic, cellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms affecting memory. Studies employing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI and MRS, respectively) in animal models have emerged as an integrative set of techniques bridging localized cellular/molecular phenomenon and broader in vivo neural network alterations. MRI methods are remarkably suited to longitudinal tracking of cognitive function over extended periods permitting examination of the trajectory of structural or activity related changes. Combined with molecular and electrophysiological tools to selectively drive activity within specific brain regions, recent studies have begun to unlock the meaning of fMRI signals in terms of the role of neural plasticity and types of neural activity that generate the signals. The techniques provide a unique opportunity to causally determine how memory-relevant synaptic activity is processed and how memories may be distributed or reconsolidated over time. The present review summarizes research employing animal MRI and MRS in the study of brain function, structure, and biochemistry, with a particular focus on age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, William L. and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Hullinger R, Puglielli L. Molecular and cellular aspects of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 322:191-205. [PMID: 27163751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As the population of people aged 60 or older continues to rise, it has become increasingly important to understand the molecular basis underlying age-related cognitive decline. In fact, a better understanding of aging biology will help us identify ways to maintain high levels of cognitive functioning throughout the aging process. Many cellular and molecular aspects of brain aging are shared with other organ systems; however, certain age-related changes are unique to the nervous system due to its structural, cellular and molecular complexity. Importantly, the brain appears to show differential changes throughout the aging process, with certain regions (e.g. frontal and temporal regions) being more vulnerable than others (e.g. brain stem). Within the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus is especially susceptible to age-related changes. The important role of the hippocampus in age-related cognitive decline and in vulnerability to disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease has prompted this review, which will focus on the complexity of changes that characterize aging, and on the molecular connections that exist between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, it will discuss behavioral interventions and emerging insights for promoting healthy cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Hullinger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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