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Chodkiewicz J. The conceptual basis of addiction memory, allostasis and dual processes, and the classical therapy of addiction. POSTEPY PSYCHIATRII NEUROLOGII 2023; 32:156-161. [PMID: 38034509 PMCID: PMC10683052 DOI: 10.5114/ppn.2023.129065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, research has yielded new information regarding the impact of intense, long-term alcohol consumption on the development of permanent changes in the central nervous system. The present study examines the mechanisms related to the existence of addiction memory, sensitization and allostasis. A dual-process model was also created, which analyses the role of conscious and automatic mechanisms in the functioning of addicts. The aim of the article is to present these mechanisms and to consider the implications of their existence for the course of therapy. Views The mechanisms analysed shed new light on some of the negative phenomena occurring during and after therapy, such as frequent abstinence after treatment, switching addictions, and returning to drinking after a long period of abstinence. The existence of these mechanisms should also change the character of addiction therapy, which has so far focused mainly on conscious aspects and ignored the existence of automatic ones. Attempts are already being made to implement the dual-process model in addiction therapy. Conclusions A better understanding of the mechanisms resulting from the dual-process model can significantly influence perspectives regarding functioning in addiction and the course of therapy. These processes merit further research, as do possible therapeutic interventions based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chodkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Poland
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2
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Müller CP, Schumann G, Rehm J, Kornhuber J, Lenz B. Self-management with alcohol over lifespan: psychological mechanisms, neurobiological underpinnings, and risk assessment. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2683-2696. [PMID: 37117460 PMCID: PMC10615763 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-management includes all behavioural measures and cognitive activities aimed at coping with challenges arising throughout the lifespan. While virtually all of these challenges can be met without pharmacological means, alcohol consumption has long been instrumentalized as a supporting tool to help coping with problems arising selectively at adolescence, adulthood, and ageing. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first systematic review of alcohol instrumentalization throughout lifespan. We searched MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and CINAHL (from Jan, 1990, to Dec, 2022) and analysed consumption patterns, goals and potential neurobiological mechanisms. Evidence shows a regular non-addictive use of alcohol to self-manage developmental issues during adolescence, adulthood, and ageing. Alcohol is selectively used to overcome problems arising from dysfunctional personality traits, which manifest in adolescence. A large range of psychiatric disorders gives rise to alcohol use for the self-management of distinct symptoms starting mainly in adulthood. We identify those neuropharmacological effects of alcohol that selectively serve self-management under specific conditions. Finally, we discuss the adverse effects and associated risks that arise from the use of alcohol for self-management. Even well-controlled alcohol use adversely impacts health. Based on these findings, we suggest the implementation of an entirely new view. Health policy action may actively embrace both sides of the phenomenon through a personalized informed use that allows for harm-controlled self-management with alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Gunter Schumann
- The Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- PONS Centre, Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapie, CCM, Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Inhibitory Control of College Students with Smartphone Addiction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5530126. [PMID: 34394381 PMCID: PMC8360726 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5530126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Inhibitory control deficits may be one important cause for smartphone addiction. The available studies have shown that acute aerobic exercise may improve the inhibitory control. However, there is still lack of research on how regimens of an acute exercise affect this inhibitory control. The present study was to examine the effects of an acute aerobic exercise at three different exercise intensities on changes in the inhibitory control function including response inhibition and interference control in college students with smartphone addiction. Methods Participants (n = 30; age 20.03 ± 0.96 years) with smartphone addiction were identified by the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale for College Students and randomized to study 1 and study 2 with 15 individuals each. Fifteen participants in study 1 were tested by the Go/NoGo task to explore the response inhibition, while other fifteen in study 2 were tested by the Flanker task to examine the interference control. The participants in study 1 and 2 were randomly assigned to three groups (5 in each) with exercising at low, moderate, and high intensity. The individual response inhibition and interference control were measured before and after 30 minutes acute aerobic exercise, respectively. Results In study 1, the accuracy of NoGo stimulus after 30 minutes of acute aerobic exercise was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001) while the response time (RT) of Go stimulus was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001). The largest changes occurred in the moderate-intensity group for the accuracy of NoGo stimulus (p=0.012) and for the RT of Go stimulus (p ≤ 0.001). The results in study 2 showed no significant change in all three groups after exercise. Conclusions 30 minutes of acute aerobic exercise could effectively elicit changes of the response inhibition in college students with smartphone addiction. The largest improvement was observed in the moderate intensity of an acute aerobic exercise in college students with smartphone addiction.
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Mañas‐Padilla MC, Gil‐Rodríguez S, Sampedro‐Piquero P, Ávila‐Gámiz F, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla‐Ortega E. Remote memory of drug experiences coexists with cognitive decline and abnormal adult neurogenesis in an animal model of cocaine-altered cognition. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12886. [PMID: 32090424 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic disorder in which the person loses control over drug use. The past memories of the stimuli associated with the drug are a relevant clinical problem, since they trigger compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking habits. Furthermore, these persistent drug-related memories seemingly coexist with cognitive decline that predicts worse therapeutic output. Here, we use a new animal model of cocaine-altered cognition that allowed to observe these events in the same individual and study their relationship. Mice were chronically administered cocaine in a conditioned place preference (CPP) apparatus for 14 days, and control mice received saline. After 28 days of cocaine withdrawal, animals were tested for retrieval of remote drug-associated memory as well as for cognitive performance in a battery of tests, including novel object and place recognition and spatial memory. The cocaine-withdrawn mice showed persistent CPP memory while impaired in the cognitive tasks, displaying deficits in reference memory acquisition and working memory. However, the CPP expression was not associated with the defective cognitive performance, indicating that they were concomitant but independent occurrences. After completion of the experiment, adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) was studied as a relevant neurobiological correlate due to its potential role in both learning and drug addiction. Results suggested a preserved basal AHN in the cocaine-withdrawn mice but an aberrant learning-induced regulation of these neurons. This paradigm may be useful to investigate maladaptive cognition in drug addiction as well as related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Mañas‐Padilla
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Sara Gil‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Patricia Sampedro‐Piquero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Fabiola Ávila‐Gámiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Luis J. Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Estela Castilla‐Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA Málaga Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
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Duan S, Xie L, Zheng L, Huang J, Guo R, Sun Z, Xie Y, Lv J, Lin Z, Ma S. Long-term exposure to ephedrine leads to neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral disorders accompanied by up-regulation of CRF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rhesus macaques. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112796. [PMID: 32634541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction continues to threaten the health and welfare of people worldwide, and ephedrine abuse is a serious drug problem in many areas of the world. Ephedrine toxicity is thought to induce behavioral effects primarily through actions on the central nervous system. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system plays an important role in regulating behavioral effects induced by addictive drugs, but whether CRF is related to ephedrine toxicity remains unclear. This study seeks to examine whether there is a correlation between the CRF and chronic ephedrine neurotoxicity. To this end, we established a chronic ephedrine (0.4-1.6 mg/kg/d) exposure model in rhesus macaques, assessed its effects on body weight and behavior, examined neuronal changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and measured the CRF expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. After 8-weeks of exposure to ephedrine, the toxic effects of ephedrine included significant weight loss and induction of behavioral changes in rhesus macaques. In particular, in the modeling group, the abnormal behavioral changes mainly manifested as irritability and behavioral sensitization. Meanwhile, the histological abnormalities included neuronal morphological changes, pyknosis and irregular shapes of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, the expression levels of CRF mRNA and protein were increased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of ephedrine-treated animals. In summary, the finding of this study indicated that ephedrine neurotoxicity can cause neuronal damage in cerebral cortex, which in turn can result in certain neurobehavioral abnormalities, and that CRF expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is elevated in response to ephedrine exposure. These observations suggested that long-term exposure to ephedrine might be causing neurotoxicity and leading to neurobehavioral disorders accompanied by up-regulation of CRF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - JinZhuang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - RuiWei Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - ZongBo Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - JunYao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - ZhiRong Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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König L, Kalinichenko LS, Huber SE, Voll AM, Bauder M, Kornhuber J, Hausch F, Müller CP. The selective FKBP51 inhibitor SAFit2 reduces alcohol consumption and reinstatement of conditioned alcohol effects in mice. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12758. [PMID: 31173432 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is still no widely effective pharmacotherapy for alcohol addiction available in the clinic. FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway that regulates the stress-induced glucocorticoid feedback circuit. Here we asked whether selective inhibitors of FKBP51, exemplified by SAFit2, may serve as a new pharmacological strategy to reduce alcohol consumption and conditioned alcohol effects in a mouse model. We report that a relatively short treatment with SAFit2 (20 mg/kg, ip) reduces ongoing 16 vol% alcohol consumption when administered during free access to alcohol in a two-bottle free-choice test. SAFit2 was also able to reduce alcohol consumption when given during an abstinence period immediately before relapse. In contrast, SAFit2 did not affect alcohol consumption when given during a relapse period after repeated withdrawal from alcohol. SAFit2 (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) showed no effects when used in an intermittent drinking schedule. When 20 vol% alcohol was only available every other day, SAFit2 had no effect on drinking, no matter whether given during a drinking episode or the day before. SAFit2 (2 and 20 mg/kg, ip) did not affect the expression of an alcohol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). However, SAFit2 was able to inhibit alcohol-induced reinstatement of an extinguished CPP in a dose-dependent way. Altogether, these data may suggest pharmacological inhibition of FKBP51 as a viable strategy to reduce alcohol seeking and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta König
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Liubov S. Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Sabine E. Huber
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
- Institute of Physiology IWestfälische Wilhelms‐University Münster Germany
| | - Andreas M. Voll
- Department of Translational Research in PsychiatryMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Bauder
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Translational Research in PsychiatryMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Clemens‐Schöpf‐Institut for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnical University Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christian P. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Clinic, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Germany
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7
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Duan S, Ma Y, Xie L, Zheng L, Huang J, Guo R, Sun Z, Xie Y, Lv J, Lin Z, Ma S. Effects of Chronic Ephedrine Toxicity on Functional Connections, Cell Apoptosis, and CREB-Related Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rhesus Monkeys. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:602-615. [PMID: 31858422 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine abuse has spread in many parts of the world, severely threatening human health. The mechanism of ephedrine toxicity is still unclear. To explore the possible neural mechanisms of ephedrine toxicity, this study established a non-human primate model of ephedrine exposure, analyzed the functional connectivity changes in its prefrontal cortex through resting state BOLD-fMRI, and then inspected the pathophysiological changes as well as the expression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB), and CREB target proteins (c-fos and fosB) in the prefrontal cortex. After ephedrine toxicity, we found that the prefrontal cortex of monkeys strengthened its functional connectivity with the brain regions that perform motivation, drive, reward, and learning and memory functions and weakened its functional connectivity with the brain regions that perform cognitive control. These results suggest that ephedrine toxicity causes abnormal neural circuits that lead to the amplification and enhancement of drug-related cues and the weakening and damage of cognitive control function. Histology showed that the neurocytotoxicity of ephedrine can cause neuronal degeneration and apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blot showed increased expression of CREB mRNA and CREB/P-CREB/c-fos/fosB protein in the prefrontal cortex after ephedrine toxicity. Collectively, the present study indicates that the enhancement of drug-related cues and the weakening of cognitive control caused by abnormal neural circuits after drug exposure may be a major mechanism of brain function changes caused by ephedrine. These histological and molecular changes may be the pathophysiological basis of brain function changes caused by ephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxing Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Linguistics & Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhuang Huang
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiwei Guo
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongbo Sun
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xie
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyao Lv
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Ahmed SH, Badiani A, Miczek KA, Müller CP. Non-pharmacological factors that determine drug use and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:3-27. [PMID: 30179633 PMCID: PMC6395570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption. However, psychoactive drugs are not used in an arbitrary way as pure pharmacological reinforcement would suggest, but rather in a highly specific manner depending on non-pharmacological factors. While pharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs are well studied, neurobiological mechanisms of non-pharmacological factors are less well understood. Here we review the emerging neurobiological mechanisms beyond pharmacological reinforcement which determine drug effects and use frequency. Important progress was made on the understanding of how the character of an environment and social stress determine drug self-administration. This is expanded by new evidence on how behavioral alternatives and opportunities for drug instrumentalization generate different patterns of drug choice. Emerging evidence suggests that the neurobiology of non-pharmacological factors strongly determines pharmacological and behavioral drug action and may, thus, give rise for an expanded system's approach of psychoactive drug use and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH Brighton, UK
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Psychology Department, Tufts University, Bacon Hall, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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van Minnen M, Markus W, Blaauw E. Addiction-Focused EMDR Therapy in Gambling Disorder: A Multiple Baseline Study. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preliminary findings suggest the application of an adapted, addiction-focused EMDR procedure, AF-EMDR therapy, may also be helpful in treating addictions, such as gambling disorder (GD). In this study eight participants with GD received AF-EMDR therapy, using modules from Markus and Hornsveld's Palette of EMDR Interventions in Addiction (PEIA). A multiple baseline design was used to investigate whether AF-EMDR therapy reduced gambling urge and increased experienced self-control. Six weekly AF-EMDR sessions (treatment phase) were preceded by a 3- to 7-week non-treatment baseline phase. During both phases, participants kept a daily diary. Visual inspection as well as an interrupted time series analysis demonstrated mixed findings. Results showed that three participants experienced spontaneous recovery during the baseline period, two did not respond to treatment, and three others showed improvements during the EMDR phase. No adverse effects were noted. In sum, AF-EMDR therapy may have potential in the treatment of gambling addiction. However, more research is needed regarding the efficacy, contra-indications, focus, and application as well as the optimal dose of AF-EMDR therapy using the PEIA modules.
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Markus W, Hornsveld HK, Burk WJ, de Weert-van Oene GH, Becker ES, DeJong CAJ. Addiction-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy as an Adjunct to Regular Outpatient Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:272-283. [PMID: 31758556 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of addiction-focused eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (AF-EMDR) treatment, as an add-on intervention to treatment as usual (TAU). METHODS Adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) (N = 109) who already received or had just started with TAU (Community Reinforcement Approach) were recruited at 6 outpatient addiction care facilities. They were randomly assigned to either TAU + 7 weekly 90-minute sessions of AF-EMDR (N = 55) or TAU-only (N = 54). Assessments were made at baseline, after AF-EMDR therapy (+ 8 weeks in the TAU-only group), and at 1- and 6-month follow-up. The primary outcomes were changes in drinking behavior as reported by the participant and biomarker indices. RESULTS Data were analyzed as intent-to-treat with linear mixed models. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed. No group or interaction effects were found for any of the outcome variables. Only limited change over time was seen with regard to indices of personal and societal recovery and in some secondary indices of clinical recovery (craving, desire thinking, and rumination). Reliable Change Index calculations showed that more TAU-only participants showed clinical improvement with regard to alcohol consumption while a somewhat higher proportion of participants in the TAU + AF-EMDR group experienced less craving. The acceptability, safety, and feasibility of the treatments received in both groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS There was no add-on effect of AF-EMDR on TAU with regard to drinking behavior in outpatients with an AUD. Possible explanations are discussed. Future studies should first establish proof of principle regarding the potential of AF-EMDR therapy to disrupt operant learning and habits relevant in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebren Markus
- IrisZorg, Institute for Addiction Care and Sheltered Housing, Arnhem, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - William J Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A J DeJong
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Müller CP, Chu C, Qin L, Liu C, Xu B, Gao H, Ruggeri B, Hieber S, Schneider J, Jia T, Tay N, Akira S, Satoh T, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Bakalkin G, Liu Y, Desrivières S, Elliott P, Eulenburg V, Levy D, Crews F, Schumann G. The Cortical Neuroimmune Regulator TANK Affects Emotional Processing and Enhances Alcohol Drinking: A Translational Study. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1736-1751. [PMID: 30721969 PMCID: PMC6430980 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a major public health problem worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control regular drinking may help to reduce hazards of alcohol consumption. While immunological mechanisms have been related to alcohol drinking, most studies reported changes in immune function that are secondary to alcohol use. In this report, we analyse how the gene "TRAF family member-associated NF-κB activator" (TANK) affects alcohol drinking behavior. Based on our recent discovery in a large GWAS dataset that suggested an association of TANK, SNP rs197273, with alcohol drinking, we report that SNP rs197273 in TANK is associated both with gene expression (P = 1.16 × 10-19) and regional methylation (P = 5.90 × 10-25). A tank knock out mouse model suggests a role of TANK in alcohol drinking, anxiety-related behavior, as well as alcohol exposure induced activation of insular cortex NF-κB. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies among up to 1896 adolescents reveal that TANK is involved in the control of brain activity in areas of aversive interoceptive processing, including the insular cortex, but not in areas related to reinforcement, reward processing or impulsiveness. Our findings suggest that the cortical neuroimmune regulator TANK is associated with enhanced aversive emotional processing that better protects from the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Congying Chu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston MA, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - He Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Saskia Hieber
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tianye Jia
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Nicole Tay
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier International Immunology Frontiern Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, James's Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany [ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2—12, Berlin, Germany]
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Rue Noetzlin, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud—University Paris Saclay, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette; and Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
| | - Herve Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris-Sud Medical School, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Aras an Phiarsaigh Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical, Biosciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham MA, USA
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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12
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Chen JY, Cao JP, Wang YC, Li SQ, Wang ZZ. A New Measure for Assessing the Intensity of Addiction Memory in Illicit Drug Users: The Addiction Memory Intensity Scale. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120467. [PMID: 30469500 PMCID: PMC6306924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupting the process of memory reconsolidation could be a promising treatment for addiction. However, its application may be constrained by the intensity of addiction memory. This study aimed to develop and initially validate a new measure, the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS), for assessing the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users. Two studies were conducted in China for item analysis (n = 345) and initial validation (n = 1550) of the AMIS. The nine-item AMIS was found to have two factors (labelled Visual Clarity and Other Sensory Intensity), which accounted for 64.11% of the total variance. The two-factor structure provided a reasonable fit for sample data and was invariant across groups of different genders and different primary drugs of use. Significant correlations were found between scores on the AMIS and the measures of craving. The AMIS and its factors showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.72⁻0.89) and test-retest reliability (r: 0.72⁻0.80). These results suggest that the AMIS, which demonstrates an advantage as it is brief and easy to administer, is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users, and has the potential to be useful in future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jie-Pin Cao
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Yun-Cui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Shuai-Qi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Zeng-Zhen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
- Tongji Research Centre of Mental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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13
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Animal models of psychoactive drug use and addiction – Present problems and future needs for translational approaches. Behav Brain Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Hippocampal granule cell loss in human chronic alcohol abusers. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:63-75. [PMID: 30189262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse causes cognitive impairments associated with neurodegeneration and volume loss in the human hippocampus. Here, we hypothesize that alcohol reduces the number of granule cells in the human dentate gyrus and consequently contribute to the observed volume loss. Hippocampal samples were isolated from deceased donors with a history of chronic alcohol abuse and from controls with no alcohol overconsumption. From each case, a sample from the mid-portion of hippocampus was sectioned, immunostained for the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN, and counter stained with hematoxylin. Granule cell number and volume of granular cell layer in the dentate gyrus were estimated using stereology. We found a substantial reduction in granule cell number and also a significantly reduced volume of the granular cell layer of chronic alcohol abusers as compared to controls. In controls there was a slight age-related decline in the number of granule cells and volume of granular cell layer in line with previous studies. This was not observed among the alcoholics, possibly due to a larger impact of alcohol abuse than age on the degenerative changes in the dentate gyrus. Loss of neurons in the alcoholic group could either be explained by an increase of cell death or a reduced number of new cells added to the granular cell layer. However, there is no firm evidence for an increased neuronal death by chronic alcohol exposure, whereas a growing body of experimental data indicates that neurogenesis is impaired by alcohol. In a recent study, we reported that alcoholics show a reduced number of stem/progenitor cells and immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, hence that alcohol negatively affects hippocampal neurogenesis. The present results further suggest that such impairment of neurogenesis by chronic alcohol abuse also results in a net loss of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus.
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15
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EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 is a common genetic determinator for sensation-seeking/low anxiety and alcohol addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 28397836 PMCID: PMC5984092 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In many societies, the majority of adults regularly consume alcohol. However, only a small proportion develops alcohol addiction. Individuals at risk often show a high sensation-seeking/low-anxiety behavioural phenotype. Here we asked which role EF hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2; Swiprosin-1) plays in the control of alcohol addiction-associated behaviours. EFhd2 knockout (KO) mice drink more alcohol than controls and spontaneously escalate their consumption. This coincided with a sensation-seeking and low-anxiety phenotype. A reversal of the behavioural phenotype with β-carboline, an anxiogenic inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist, normalized alcohol preference in EFhd2 KO mice, demonstrating an EFhd2-driven relationship between personality traits and alcohol preference. These findings were confirmed in a human sample where we observed a positive association of the EFhd2 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs112146896 with lifetime drinking and a negative association with anxiety in healthy adolescents. The lack of EFhd2 reduced extracellular dopamine levels in the brain, but enhanced responses to alcohol. In confirmation, gene expression analysis revealed reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression and the regulation of genes involved in cortex development, Eomes and Pax6, in EFhd2 KO cortices. These findings were corroborated in Xenopus tadpoles by EFhd2 knockdown. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mice showed that a lack of EFhd2 reduces cortical volume in adults. Moreover, human MRI confirmed the negative association between lifetime alcohol drinking and superior frontal gyrus volume. We propose that EFhd2 is a conserved resilience factor against alcohol consumption and its escalation, working through Pax6/Eomes. Reduced EFhd2 function induces high-risk personality traits of sensation-seeking/low anxiety associated with enhanced alcohol consumption, which may be related to cortex function.
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16
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Rich MT, Torregrossa MM. Molecular and synaptic mechanisms regulating drug-associated memories: Towards a bidirectional treatment strategy. Brain Res Bull 2017; 141:58-71. [PMID: 28916448 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of substance use disorders is dependent on the establishment of a long-term abstinent state. Relapse can be suppressed by interfering with memories of drug use that are evoked by re-exposure to drug-associated contexts and cues. Two strategies for accomplishing this goal are either to prevent drug-memory reconsolidation or to induce the formation of a competing, extinction memory. However, clinical attempts to prolong abstinence by behavioral modification of drug-related memories have had limited success. One approach to improve behavioral treatment strategies is to identify the molecular mechanisms that regulate these memory processes and then use pharmacological tools as supplements to improve efficacy. Still, due to the involvement of several overlapping signaling cascades in both reconsolidation and extinction, it is difficult to specifically modify one of the two processes. For example, attempting to elicit extinction may instead initiate reconsolidation, resulting in the unintentional strengthening of drug-related memories. A better approach is to identify diverging components of the two processes, whereby a single medication would simultaneously weaken reconsolidation and enhance extinction. This review will provide an overview of the neural substrates that are involved in the regulation of drug-associated memories, and will discuss emerging approaches to pharmacologically weaken these memories, including recent efforts to precisely and bidirectionally target reconsolidation and extinction. Ultimately, pharmacologically-enhanced memory-based approaches have the potential to produce more informed relapse-prevention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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Paradoxical antidepressant effects of alcohol are related to acid sphingomyelinase and its control of sphingolipid homeostasis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:463-483. [PMID: 28000031 PMCID: PMC5325869 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is a widely consumed drug that can lead to addiction and severe brain damage. However, alcohol is also used as self-medication for psychiatric problems, such as depression, frequently resulting in depression-alcoholism comorbidity. Here, we identify the first molecular mechanism for alcohol use with the goal to self-medicate and ameliorate the behavioral symptoms of a genetically induced innate depression. An induced over-expression of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), as was observed in depressed patients, enhanced the consumption of alcohol in a mouse model of depression. ASM hyperactivity facilitates the establishment of the conditioned behavioral effects of alcohol, and thus drug memories. Opposite effects on drinking and alcohol reward learning were observed in animals with reduced ASM function. Importantly, free-choice alcohol drinking—but not forced alcohol exposure—reduces depression-like behavior selectively in depressed animals through the normalization of brain ASM activity. No such effects were observed in normal mice. ASM hyperactivity caused sphingolipid and subsequent monoamine transmitter hypo-activity in the brain. Free-choice alcohol drinking restores nucleus accumbens sphingolipid- and monoamine homeostasis selectively in depressed mice. A gene expression analysis suggested strong control of ASM on the expression of genes related to the regulation of pH, ion transmembrane transport, behavioral fear response, neuroprotection and neuropeptide signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the paradoxical antidepressant effects of alcohol in depressed organisms are mediated by ASM and its control of sphingolipid homeostasis. Both emerge as a new treatment target specifically for depression-induced alcoholism.
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18
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Hassan Z, Bosch OG, Singh D, Narayanan S, Kasinather BV, Seifritz E, Kornhuber J, Quednow BB, Müller CP. Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:152. [PMID: 28868040 PMCID: PMC5563308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A feature of human culture is that we can learn to consume chemical compounds, derived from natural plants or synthetic fabrication, for their psychoactive effects. These drugs change the mental state and/or the behavioral performance of an individual and can be instrumentalized for various purposes. After the emergence of a novel psychoactive substance (NPS) and a period of experimental consumption, personal and medical benefits and harm potential of the NPS can be estimated on evidence base. This may lead to a legal classification of the NPS, which may range from limited medical use, controlled availability up to a complete ban of the drug form publically accepted use. With these measures, however, a drug does not disappear, but frequently continues to be used, which eventually allows an even better estimate of the drug's properties. Thus, only in rare cases, there is a final verdict that is no more questioned. Instead, the view on a drug can change from tolerable to harmful but may also involve the new establishment of a desired medical application to a previously harmful drug. Here, we provide a summary review on a number of NPS for which the neuropharmacological evaluation has made important progress in recent years. They include mitragynine ("Kratom"), synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., "Spice"), dimethyltryptamine and novel serotonergic hallucinogens, the cathinones mephedrone and methylone, ketamine and novel dissociative drugs, γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol. This review shows not only emerging harm potentials but also some potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Oliver G Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darshan Singh
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Littel M, van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM. Desensitizing Addiction: Using Eye Movements to Reduce the Intensity of Substance-Related Mental Imagery and Craving. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 26903888 PMCID: PMC4745337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. During this treatment, patients recall traumatic memories while making horizontal eye movements (EM). Studies have shown that EM not only desensitize negative memories but also positive memories and imagined events. Substance use behavior and craving are maintained by maladaptive memory associations and visual imagery. Preliminary findings have indicated that these mental images can be desensitized by EMDR techniques. We conducted two proof-of-principle studies to investigate whether EM can reduce the sensory richness of substance-related mental representations and accompanying craving levels. We investigated the effects of EM on (1) vividness of food-related mental imagery and food craving in dieting and non-dieting students and (2) vividness of recent smoking-related memories and cigarette craving in daily smokers. In both experiments, participants recalled the images while making EM or keeping eyes stationary. Image vividness and emotionality, image-specific craving and general craving were measured before and after the intervention. As a behavioral outcome measure, participants in study 1 were offered a snack choice at the end of the experiment. Results of both experiments showed that image vividness and craving increased in the control condition but remained stable or decreased after the EM intervention. EM additionally reduced image emotionality (experiment 2) and affected behavior (experiment 1): participants in the EM condition were more inclined to choose healthy over unhealthy snack options. In conclusion, these data suggest that EM can be used to reduce intensity of substance-related imagery and craving. Although long-term effects are yet to be demonstrated, the current studies suggest that EM might be a useful technique in addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Littel
- Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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CaM Kinases: From Memories to Addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:153-166. [PMID: 26674562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a major psychiatric disorder with a neurobiological basis that is still insufficiently understood. Initially, non-addicted, controlled drug consumption and drug instrumentalization are established. They comprise highly systematic behaviours acquired by learning and the establishment of drug memories. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are important Ca(2+) sensors translating glutamatergic activation into synaptic plasticity during learning and memory formation. Here we review the role of CaMKs in the establishment of drug-related behaviours in animal models and in humans. Converging evidence now shows that CaMKs are a crucial mechanism of how addictive drugs induce synaptic plasticity and establish various types of drug memories. Thereby, CaMKs are not only molecular relays for glutamatergic activity but they also directly control dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in the mesolimbic reward system. They can now be considered as major molecular pathways translating normal memory formation into establishment of drug memories and possibly transition to drug addiction.
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Adinoff B, Gu H, Merrick C, McHugh M, Jeon-Slaughter H, Lu H, Yang Y, Stein EA. Basal Hippocampal Activity and Its Functional Connectivity Predicts Cocaine Relapse. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:496-504. [PMID: 25749098 PMCID: PMC5671769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine-induced neuroplastic changes may result in a heightened propensity for relapse. Using regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a marker of basal neuronal activity, this study assessed alterations in rCBF and related resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) to prospectively predict relapse in patients following treatment for cocaine use disorder (CUD). METHODS Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling functional magnetic resonance imaging and resting blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in the same scan session in abstinent participants with CUD before residential treatment discharge and in 20 healthy matched control subjects. Substance use was assessed twice weekly following discharge. Relapsed participants were defined as those who used stimulants within 30 days following treatment discharge (n = 22); early remission participants (n = 18) did not. RESULTS Voxel-wise, whole-brain analysis revealed enhanced rCBF only in the left posterior hippocampus (pHp) in the relapsed group compared with the early remission and control groups. Using this pHp as a seed, increased rsFC strength with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus was seen in the relapsed versus early remission subgroups. Together, both increased pHp rCBF and strengthened pHp-PCC rsFC predicted relapse with 75% accuracy at 30, 60, and 90 days following treatment. CONCLUSIONS In CUD participants at risk of early relapse, increased pHp basal activity and pHp-PCC circuit strength may reflect the propensity for heightened reactivity to cocaine cues and persistent cocaine-related ruminations. Mechanisms to mute hyperactivated brain regions and delink dysregulated neural circuits may prove useful to prevent relapse in patients with CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Adinoff
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Hong Gu
- Intramural Research Program-Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carmen Merrick
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Meredith McHugh
- Intramural Research Program-Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yihong Yang
- Intramural Research Program-Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Intramural Research Program-Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhai TY, Shao YC, Xie CM, Ye EM, Zou F, Fu LP, Li WJ, Chen G, Chen GY, Zhang ZG, Li SJ, Yang Z. Altered intrinsic hippocmapus declarative memory network and its association with impulsivity in abstinent heroin dependent subjects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:209-17. [PMID: 25008351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that addiction can be considered a disease of aberrant learning and memory with impulsive decision-making. In the past decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that drug addiction is involved in multiple memory systems such as classical conditioned drug memory, instrumental learning memory and the habitual learning memory. However, most of these studies have focused on the contributions of non-declarative memory, and declarative memory has largely been neglected in the research of addiction. Based on a recent finding that hippocampus, as a core functioning region of declarative memory, was proved biased the decision-making process based on past experiences by spreading associated reward values throughout memory. Our present study focused on the hippocampus. By utilizing seed-based network analysis on the resting-state functional MRI datasets with the seed hippocampus we tested how the intrinsic hippocampal memory network altered toward drug addiction, and examined how the functional connectivity strength within the altered hippocampal network correlated with behavioral index 'impulsivity'. Our results demonstrated that HD group showed enhanced coherence between hippocampus which represents declarative memory system and non-declarative reward-guided learning memory system, and also showed attenuated intrinsic functional link between hippocampus and top-down control system, compared to the CN group. This alteration was furthered found to have behavioral significance over the behavioral index 'impulsivity' measured with Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). These results provide insights into the mechanism of declarative memory underlying the impulsive behavior in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ye Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yong-Cong Shao
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ming Xie
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - En-Mao Ye
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Zou
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Fu
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zheng-Guo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shi-Jiang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Abstract
Here we argue that the selfish goal concept may well be suitable to explain inconsistencies not only in micro-behaviors, but also in the gross behavioral repertoire of an individual, which is often associated with psychopathologies, such as addiction. Neurophysiological evidence for pathological conditions like addiction emerged, and this evidence may also serve as an explanatory model for normal behaviors.
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Weafer J, Gallo DA, de Wit H. Amphetamine fails to alter cued recollection of emotional images: study of encoding, retrieval, and state-dependency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90423. [PMID: 24587355 PMCID: PMC3937372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulant drugs facilitate both encoding and retrieval of salient information in laboratory animals, but less is known about their effects on memory for emotionally salient visual images in humans. The current study investigated dextroamphetamine (AMP) effects on memory for emotional pictures in healthy humans, by administering the drug only at encoding, only at retrieval, or at both encoding and retrieval. During the encoding session, all participants viewed standardized positive, neutral, and negative pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). 48 hours later they attended a retrieval session testing their cued recollection of these stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (N = 20 each): condition AP (20 mg AMP at encoding and placebo (PL) at retrieval); condition PA (PL at encoding and AMP at retrieval); condition AA (AMP at encoding and retrieval); or condition PP (PL at encoding and retrieval). Amphetamine produced its expected effects on physiological and subjective measures, and negative pictures were recollected more frequently than neutral pictures. However, contrary to hypotheses, AMP did not affect recollection for positive, negative, or neutral stimuli, whether it was administered at encoding, retrieval, or at both encoding and retrieval. Moreover, recollection accuracy was not state-dependent. Considered in light of other recent drug studies in humans, this study highlights the sensitivity of drug effects to memory testing conditions and suggests future strategies for translating preclinical findings to human behavioral laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Gallo
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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