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Prat R, Puig-Ribera A, Pagerols M, Español-Martín G, Rivas C, Autet A, Tàpies P, Martín AC, Casas M, Bosch R. Patterns of Physical Activity of Adolescents With ADHD in the School Context: A Cross-Sectional Study for Clinical Practice. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:1210-1224. [PMID: 38622866 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241246688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the daily Physical Activity (PA) patterns of adolescents with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to analyze the differences in terms of PA patterns between adolescents with ADHD and those without ADHD, and to study the factors associated with achieving the daily PA recommendations. METHODS The sample was composed of 778 adolescents who provided complete information on their PA patterns through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Of these, 97 had ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria. RESULTS The results show that being a girl or being of foreign origin and having ADHD have an impact on the achievement of the recommended amount of daily PA. CONCLUSIONS When promoting PA in adolescents with ADHD within the school environment, it is necessary to consider different domains and specific contexts of a school day, paying special attention to girls and adolescents with ADHD of immigrant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Prat
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, IRIS-CC, Vic, Spain
| | - Anna Puig-Ribera
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, IRIS-CC, Vic, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Rivas
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pere Tàpies
- Consorci Hospitalari de Vic, Catalunya, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Casas
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Hjuler TF, Rask CU, Kallesøe KH. For better or for worse? Memories and mental health related to COVID-19 lockdowns in adolescents with Attention Deficit Disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:255-263. [PMID: 38368509 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2024.2313563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD, ICD-10 defined) we examined self-reported well-being, depressive symptoms and autobiographical memories from the first COVID-19 lockdown in Denmark in comparison to adolescents without an ADHD diagnosis. METHODS Data from 16 adolescents with ADHD and 16 non-ADHD age and gender matched controls were collected between September 2020 and April 2021. Questionnaires included the World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5), the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ), and an autobiographical memory survey assessing a lockdown memory, a memory not related to lockdown and a future projection. Mixed design ANOVAs were used to compare within subject differences in memory types across groups and independent sample t-tests were used to compare group differences. RESULTS Three adolescents with ADHD scored below the WHO-5 cut-off (< 50) and above the SMFQ cut-off (> 8) indicating risk of depression, compared to two in the control group. Both groups rated lockdown memories as less positive and more negative and reported feeling more sad and worried when reminiscing about lockdown experiences compared to 'other personal memories' and 'future projections'. Compared to the non-ADHD controls, adolescents with ADHD reported more sadness, t(30) = -0.2.45, p < .05 and worries t(30) = -3.84, p < .001 when reminiscing about the lockdown. CONCLUSIONS Even though there were no striking differences between groups in the assessments on risk of depression, the findings suggest that adolescents diagnosed with ADHD were more negatively affected when recalling memories about the lockdown compared to their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirill F Hjuler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte U Rask
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen H Kallesøe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Qiu H, Liang X, Wang P, Zhang H, Shum DHK. Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 87:103692. [PMID: 37450981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although front-line doctors recommend medications, this kind of treatment has limited efficacy in improving executive functions (EFs) in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study explored the effects of non-pharmacological intervention on EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, we searched seven electronic databases: APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, EMBASE, ERIC, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science, from inception to March 2022. Two authors independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, and assessed bias risk using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Our analyses included randomized controlled trials and non-randomized comparison studies of non-pharmacological interventions and assessed EFs through neurocognitive tasks in children and adolescents between 5 and 18 years. RESULTS Sixty-seven studies with 3147 participants met the inclusion criteria. The final meta-analysis included 74 independent interventions categorized into six categories: cognitive training, EF-specific curriculum, game-based training, mindfulness practice, neurofeedback training, and physical exercise. Overall, non-pharmacological interventions (combined) produced significant moderate to large effects on overall EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD (g=0.673). Physical exercise had a large positive effect on domain-specific EFs, including inhibitory control (g=0.900) and cognitive flexibility (g=1.377). Cognitive training had a large training effect on working memory (g=0.907), and an EF-specific curriculum had a small to moderate beneficial effect on planning performance (g=0.532). CONCLUSION Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly physical exercise, cognitive training, and an EF-specific curriculum, appear to have beneficial effects on EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Department of Educational Administration and Policy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Center for Lifestyle Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical, Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Lee CSC. Relationship Between Inhibitory Control and Arithmetic in Elementary School Children With ADHD: The Mediating Role of Working Memory. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:899-911. [PMID: 36915040 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231161527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test if inhibitory control was a significant predictor for arithmetic in children with ADHD and if the relationship between inhibitory control and arithmetic was mediated by working memory. METHODS Eighty-four children (ADHD, n = 54; Non-ADHD, n = 30) were tested on their interference control, behavioral inhibition, working memory, and arithmetic. Regression analysis was used to test the predictive role of inhibitory control in arithmetic. Moreover, mediation analysis was done to test whether working memory mediated the relationship between inhibitory control and arithmetic memory. RESULTS Interference control but not behavioral inhibition was a significant predictor for arithmetic. In addition, interference control had direct and indirect effects via working memory on arithmetic. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that inhibitory control contributed to arithmetic in children with ADHD. Furthermore, interference control had direct and indirect effects via working memory on arithmetic, suggesting interventions for arithmetic difficulties should involve training on both inhibition and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara S C Lee
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wu Y, Xu L, Wu Z, Cao X, Xue G, Wang Y, Yang B. Computer-based multiple component cognitive training in children with ADHD: a pilot study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:9. [PMID: 36647166 PMCID: PMC9843988 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD is associated with deficits in executive functions. Cognitive training is a promising nonpharmacological intervention for ADHD, however, there is insufficient evidence to guide the selection of training for individuals with ADHD. This pilot study aims to investigate the efficacy of executive function training targeting key executive dysfunctions in ADHD, compared with general executive function training which targets other executive functions. METHODS A total of 127 subjects (6-12 years) diagnosed with ADHD were allocated to receive one of two different cognitive trainings. ADHD symptoms and cognitive functions were evaluated using parent-rated scales and CANTAB cognitive assessments. All participants were required to complete 48 training sessions within a two-month period. RESULTS 94 out of 127 children completed the required training and assessments. Both ADHD executive function training group and general executive function training group showed significant improvement in ADHD symptoms on the ADHD Rating Scale and in executive function on the assessment of CANTAB. There was no significant difference in improvements between the two groups. Subgroup analysis suggested that children who had ADHD-RS total scores less than or equal to 28 at baseline showed greater improvement following ADHD executive function training. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that cognitive training can improve ADHD symptoms and executive function, with no difference in efficacy between targeted and generalized cognitive training. In addition, individuals with lower symptom severity may benefit more from training targeting key ADHD executive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No.7019, Yitian Rd, Shenzhen, 518000 Futian District China
| | - Lingzi Xu
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No.7019, Yitian Rd, Shenzhen, 518000 Futian District China
| | - Zhaomin Wu
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No.7019, Yitian Rd, Shenzhen, 518000 Futian District China
| | - Xiaolan Cao
- grid.452787.b0000 0004 1806 5224Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, No.7019, Yitian Rd, Shenzhen, 518000 Futian District China
| | - Gui Xue
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Binrang Yang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, No.7019, Yitian Rd, Shenzhen, 518000, Futian District, China.
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Nori R, Zucchelli MM, Piccardi L, Palmiero M, Bocchi A, Guariglia P. The Contribution of Cognitive Factors to Compulsive Buying Behaviour: Insights from Shopping Habit Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080260. [PMID: 36004831 PMCID: PMC9405148 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increase in compulsive behaviours among young adults worldwide, particularly in 2020, during restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, even if shopping is an ordinary activity in everyday life, it can become a compulsive behaviour for certain individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of working memory and decision-making style in compulsive behaviour. A total of 105 participants (65 F, 40 M) were recruited online from May 2020 to December 2020. They completed a series of questionnaires to measure shopping compulsive behaviour, decision-making styles, deficits in working memory and online shopping habits. The results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, people spent much more time shopping online, made more purchases and spent more money than prior to the pandemic. Moreover, both higher working memory deficits and spontaneous decision-making style predicted a greater tendency to engage in compulsive buying. These results suggest the need to develop specific training programs to improve cognitive aspects related to compulsive shopping behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0512091827
| | | | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Palmiero
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L’Aquila University, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Alessia Bocchi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Paola Guariglia
- Department of Human and Society Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
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Soares PSM, de Oliveira PD, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AMB, Rohde LA, Gonçalves H. Does IQ Influence Association Between Working Memory and ADHD Symptoms in Young Adults? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1097-1105. [PMID: 34779307 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211058813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between WM and ADHD symptoms in young adults and whether IQ-score influenced this association. METHOD Data from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study were analyzed (N = 2,845). Working memory and ADHD symptoms were collected at 22 years. IQ was examined at age 18. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to assess the associations between working memory and ADHD symptoms. We also evaluated whether IQ modified associations between working memory and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Working memory was negatively associated with Inattention symptoms of ADHD. The association between working memory and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms of ADHD varied by IQ. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights to theories about the relationship between WM and ADHD symptoms as well as the development of interventions aimed at improving the performance of WM in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Trapp W, Heid A, Röder S, Wimmer F, Hajak G. Cognitive Remediation in Psychiatric Disorders: State of the Evidence, Future Perspectives, and Some Bold Ideas. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060683. [PMID: 35741569 PMCID: PMC9221116 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people with psychiatric disorders experience impairments in cognition. These deficits have a significant impact on daily functioning and sometimes even on the further course of their disease. Cognitive remediation (CR) is used as an umbrella term for behavioral training interventions to ameliorate these deficits. In most but not all studies, CR has proven effective in improving cognition and enhancing everyday functional outcomes. In this paper, after quickly summarizing the empirical evidence, practical advice to optimize the effects of CR interventions is provided. We advocate that CR interventions should be as fun and motivating as possible, and therapists should at least consider using positively toned emotional stimuli instead of neutral stimuli. Participants should be screened for basic processing deficits, which should be trained before CR of higher-order cognitive domains. CR should stimulate metacognition and utilize natural settings to invoke social cognition. Wherever possible, CR tasks should link to tasks that participants face in their everyday life. Therapists should consider that participants might also benefit from positive side effects on symptomatology. Finally, the CR approach might even be utilized in settings where the treatment of cognitive impairments is not a primary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Foundation Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany; (A.H.); (S.R.); (F.W.); (G.H.)
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstands, Department of Psychology, University of Applied Sciences, 96050 Bamberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Heid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Foundation Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany; (A.H.); (S.R.); (F.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Susanne Röder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Foundation Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany; (A.H.); (S.R.); (F.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Franziska Wimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Foundation Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany; (A.H.); (S.R.); (F.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Göran Hajak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Foundation Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany; (A.H.); (S.R.); (F.W.); (G.H.)
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