1
|
Kim Y, Lim J, Oh J. Taming neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: The protective role of phytochemicals through the gut-brain axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117277. [PMID: 39126772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative neurological condition characterized by cognitive decline, primarily affecting memory and logical thinking, attributed to amyloid-β plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal loss and brain atrophy. Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of AD, involves the activation of microglia and astrocytes in response to pathological changes, potentially exacerbating neuronal damage. The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, crucial for maintaining brain health. Phytochemicals, natural compounds found in plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, such as flavonoids, curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin, have emerged as potential modulators of this axis, suggesting implications for AD prevention. Intake of phytochemicals influences the gut microbial composition and its metabolites, thereby impacting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Consumption of phytochemical-rich foods may promote a healthy gut microbiota, fostering the production of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective substances. Early dietary incorporation of phytochemicals offers a non-invasive strategy for modulating the gut-brain axis and potentially reducing AD risk or delaying its onset. The exploration of interventions targeting the gut-brain axis through phytochemical intake represents a promising avenue for the development of preventive or therapeutic strategies against AD initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Lim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisun Oh
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prajapati SK, Pathak A, Samaiya PK. Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6. [PMID: 39046584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Arjit Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet K Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ni W, Niu Y, Cao S, Fan C, Fan J, Zhu L, Wang X. Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates anxiety in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting TREM2-regulated IFNAR1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:166. [PMID: 38956653 PMCID: PMC11218348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are mutual risk factors, with both conditions inducing cognitive impairment and anxiety. However, whether OSA exacerbates cognitive impairment and anxiety in patients with T2DM remains unclear. Moreover, TREM2 upregulation has been suggested to play a protective role in attenuating microglia activation and improving synaptic function in T2DM mice. The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanisms of TREM2 and the cognitive and anxiety-like behavioral changes in mice with OSA combined with T2DM. METHODS A T2DM with OSA model was developed by treating mice with a 60% kcal high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intermittent hypoxia (IH). Spatial learning memory capacity and anxiety in mice were investigated. Neuronal damage in the brain was determined by the quantity of synapses density, the number and morphology of brain microglia, and pro-inflammatory factors. For mechanism exploration, an in vitro model of T2DM combined with OSA was generated by co-treating microglia with high glucose (HG) and IH. Regulation of TREM2 on IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway was determined by RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that HFD mice exhibited significant cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, accompanied by significant synaptic loss. Furthermore, significant activation of brain microglia and enhanced microglial phagocytosis of synapses were observed. Moreover, IH was found to significantly aggravate anxiety in the HFD mice. The mechanism of HG treatment may potentially involve the promotion of TREM2 upregulation, which in turn attenuates the proinflammatory microglia by inhibiting the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Conversely, a significant reduction in TREM2 in IH-co-treated HFD mice and HG-treated microglia resulted in the further activation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and consequently increased proinflammatory microglial activation. CONCLUSIONS HFD upregulated the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and induced proinflammatory microglia, leading to synaptic damage and causing anxiety and cognitive deficits. The upregulated TREM2 inT2DM mice brain exerted a negative regulation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Mice with T2DM combined with OSA exacerbated anxiety via the downregulation of TREM2, causing heightened IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway activation and consequently increasing proinflammatory microglia.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Anxiety/etiology
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/complications
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Microglia/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/metabolism
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/psychology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ni
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sitong Cao
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunsun Fan
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- Medical Research Center Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rezaul Islam M, Akash S, Murshedul Islam M, Sarkar N, Kumer A, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Ahmed Al-Shaeri M, Anwar Y, Wilairatana P, Rauf A, Halawani IF, Alzahrani FM, Khan H. Alkaloids as drug leads in Alzheimer's treatment: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148886. [PMID: 38582413 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few effective treatment options and continues to be a major global health concern. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects elderly people. Alkaloids have potential sources for novel drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids, natural products with heterocyclic nitrogen-containing structures, are considered potential treatments for AD. This review explores the neuroprotective properties of alkaloids in AD, focusing on their ability to regulate pathways such as amyloid-beta aggregation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. The FDA has approved alkaloids such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like galantamine and rivastigmine. This article explores AD's origins, current market medications, and clinical applications of alkaloids in AD therapy. This review explores the development of alkaloid-based drugs for AD, focusing on pharmacokinetics, blood-brain barrier penetration, and potential adverse effects. Future research should focus on the clinical evaluation of promising alkaloids, developing recently discovered alkaloids, and the ongoing search for novel alkaloids for medical treatment. A pharmaceutical option containing an alkaloid may potentially slow down the progression of AD while enhancing its symptoms. This review highlights the potential of alkaloids as valuable drug leads in treating AD, providing a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Murshedul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, 4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, ARDD, Abhoynagar, Agartala, West Tripura, Pin-799005, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim F Halawani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200 Mardan, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sepúlveda-Lara A, Sepúlveda P, Marzuca-Nassr GN. Resistance Exercise Training as a New Trend in Alzheimer's Disease Research: From Molecular Mechanisms to Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7084. [PMID: 39000191 PMCID: PMC11241132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a pathology characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal connections, which leads to gray matter atrophy in the brain. Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent type of dementia and has been classified into two types, early onset, which has been associated with genetic factors, and late onset, which has been associated with environmental factors. One of the greatest challenges regarding Alzheimer's disease is the high economic cost involved, which is why the number of studies aimed at prevention and treatment have increased. One possible approach is the use of resistance exercise training, given that it has been shown to have neuroprotective effects associated with Alzheimer's disease, such as increasing cortical and hippocampal volume, improving neuroplasticity, and promoting cognitive function throughout the life cycle. However, how resistance exercise training specifically prevents or ameliorates Alzheimer's disease has not been fully characterized. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify the molecular basis by which resistance exercise training could prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Sepúlveda-Lara
- Doctorado en Ciencias mención Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Paulina Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barber AJ, Del Genio CL, Swain AB, Pizzi EM, Watson SC, Tapiavala VN, Zanazzi GJ, Gaur AB. Age, sex and Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study of 3xTg-AD mice reveals sex-specific disease trajectories and inflammatory responses mirrored in postmortem brains from Alzheimer's patients. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:134. [PMID: 38909241 PMCID: PMC11193202 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and sex are major risk factors for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Compared to men, women experience worse neuropathological burden and cognitive decline despite living longer with the disease. Similarly, male 3xTg-AD mice, developed to model Alzheimer's disease, no longer consistently exhibit standard Alzheimer's neuropathology yet experience higher rates of mortality - providing a unique opportunity to further elucidate this dichotomy. We hypothesized that sex differences in the biological aging process yield distinct pathological and molecular Alzheimer's disease signatures in males and females, which could be harnessed for therapeutic and biomarker development. METHODS We aged male and female, 3xTg-AD and B6129 control mice across their respective lifespans (n = 3-8 mice per sex, strain, and age group) and longitudinally assessed neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, markers of hepatic inflammation, splenic mass and morphology, as well as plasma cytokine levels. We conducted RNA sequencing analysis on bulk brain tissue and examined differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 3xTg-AD and B6129 samples and across ages in each sex. We also examined DEGs between clinical Alzheimer's and control parahippocampal gyrus brain tissue samples from the Mount Sinai Brain Bank study in each sex. RESULTS 3xTg-AD females significantly outlived 3xTg-AD males and exhibited progressive Alzheimer's neuropathology, while 3xTg-AD males demonstrated progressive hepatic inflammation, splenomegaly, circulating inflammatory proteins, and minimal Alzheimer's neuropathological hallmarks. Instead, 3xTg-AD males experienced an accelerated upregulation of immune-related gene expression in the brain relative to females. Our clinical investigations revealed that individuals with Alzheimer's disease develop similar sex-specific alterations in neuronal and immune function. In diseased males of both species, we observed greater upregulation of complement-related gene expression, and lipopolysaccharide was predicted as the top upstream regulator of DEGs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that chronic inflammation and complement activation are associated with increased mortality, indicating that age-related changes in immune response contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer's disease trajectories. We provide evidence that aging and transgene-driven disease progression trigger a widespread inflammatory response in 3xTg-AD males, which mimics the impact of lipopolysaccharide stimulation despite the absence of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Barber
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Carmen L Del Genio
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth M Pizzi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - George J Zanazzi
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Arti B Gaur
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anwar MM, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Exploring the Significance of Microglial Phenotypes and Morphological Diversity in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets. Immunol Invest 2024:1-56. [PMID: 38836373 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2358446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Studying various microglial phenotypes and their functions in neurodegenerative diseases is crucial due to the intricate nature of their phenomics and their vital immunological role. Microglia undergo substantial phenomic changes, encompassing morphological, transcriptional, and functional aspects, resulting in distinct cell types with diverse structures, functions, properties, and implications. The traditional classification of microglia as ramified, M1 (proinflammatory), or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes is overly simplistic, failing to capture the wide range of recently identified microglial phenotypes in various brain regions affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Altered and activated microglial phenotypes deviating from the typical ramified structure are significant features of many neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding the precise role of each microglial phenotype is intricate and sometimes contradictory. This review specifically focuses on elucidating recent modifications in microglial phenotypes within neurodegenerative diseases. Recognizing the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in diseased states can unveil novel therapeutic strategies for targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the exploration of the use of healthy isolated microglia to mitigate disease progression has provided an innovative perspective. In conclusion, this review discusses the dynamic landscape of mysterious microglial phenotypes, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding to pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Neuroimmunobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Bioprocesses, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pereira-Santos AR, Candeias E, Magalhães JD, Empadinhas N, Esteves AR, Cardoso SM. Neuronal control of microglia through the mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167167. [PMID: 38626829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The microbial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), which is derived from cyanobacteria, targets neuronal mitochondria, leading to the activation of neuronal innate immunity and, consequently, neurodegeneration. Although known to modulate brain inflammation, the precise role of aberrant microglial function in the neurodegenerative process remains elusive. To determine if neurons signal microglial cells, we treated primary cortical neurons with BMAA and then co-cultured them with the N9 microglial cell line. Our observations indicate that microglial cell activation requires initial neuronal priming. Contrary to what was observed in cortical neurons, BMAA was not able to activate inflammatory pathways in N9 cells. We observed that microglial activation is dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction signaled by BMAA-treated neurons. In this scenario, the NLRP3 pro-inflammatory pathway is activated due to mitochondrial impairment in N9 cells. These results demonstrate that microglia activation in the presence of BMAA is dependent on neuronal signaling. This study provides evidence that neurons may trigger microglia activation and subsequent neuroinflammation. In addition, we demonstrate that microglial activation may have a protective role in ameliorating neuronal innate immune activation, at least in the initial phase. This work challenges the current understanding of neuroinflammation by assigning the primary role to neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Pereira-Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bašić J, Milošević V, Djordjević B, Stojiljković V, Živanović M, Stefanović N, Aracki Trenkić A, Stojanov D, Jevtović Stoimenov T, Stojanović I. Matrix Remodeling Enzymes as Potential Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5703. [PMID: 38891891 PMCID: PMC11171655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of plasma biomarkers-specifically, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), CD147, and the MMP-/TIMP-1 ratio in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. The research cohort comprised patients diagnosed with probable AD dementia and a control group of cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals. Neuroradiological assessments included brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following dementia protocols, with subsequent volumetric analysis. Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers were classified using the A/T/N system, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status was determined. Findings revealed elevated plasma levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in AD dementia patients compared to CU individuals. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated significant differences in the areas under the curve (AUC) for MMP-9 (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.001). Notably, plasma TIMP-1 levels were significantly lower in APOE ε4+ patients than in APOE ε4- patients (p = 0.041). Furthermore, APOE ε4+ patients exhibited reduced hippocampal volume, particularly in total, right, and left hippocampal measurements. TIMP-1 levels exhibited a positive correlation, while the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio showed a negative correlation with hippocampal volume parameters. This study sheds light on the potential use of TIMP-1 as a diagnostic marker and its association with hippocampal changes in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Bašić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (B.D.); (V.S.); (T.J.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Vuk Milošević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.A.T.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Branka Djordjević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (B.D.); (V.S.); (T.J.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Vladana Stojiljković
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (B.D.); (V.S.); (T.J.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Milica Živanović
- Center for Radiology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Nikola Stefanović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Aracki Trenkić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.A.T.); (D.S.)
- Center for Radiology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Dragan Stojanov
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.A.T.); (D.S.)
- Center for Radiology, University Clinical Center Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Tatjana Jevtović Stoimenov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (B.D.); (V.S.); (T.J.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ivana Stojanović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (B.D.); (V.S.); (T.J.S.); (I.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee C, Friedman A. Generating PET scan patterns in Alzheimer's by a mathematical model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299637. [PMID: 38625863 PMCID: PMC11020767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The cause of the disease is unknown, and it has no cure. Symptoms include cognitive decline, memory loss, and impairment of daily functioning. The pathological hallmarks of the disease are aggregation of plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins (τ), which can be detected in PET scans of the brain. The disease can remain asymptomatic for decades, while the densities of Aβ and τ continue to grow. Inflammation is considered an early event that drives the disease. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model that can produce simulated patterns of (Aβ,τ) seen in PET scans of AD patients. The model is based on the assumption that early inflammations, R and [Formula: see text], drive the growth of Aβ and τ, respectively. Recently approved drugs can slow the progression of AD in patients, provided treatment begins early, before significant damage to the brain has occurred. In line with current longitudinal studies, we used the model to demonstrate how to assess the efficacy of such drugs when given years before the disease becomes symptomatic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoung Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Avner Friedman
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reich N, Hölscher C. Cholecystokinin (CCK): a neuromodulator with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101122. [PMID: 38346453 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide modulating digestion, glucose levels, neurotransmitters and memory. Recent studies suggest that CCK exhibits neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, we review the physiological function and therapeutic potential of CCK. The neuropeptide facilitates hippocampal glutamate release and gates GABAergic basket cell activity, which improves declarative memory acquisition, but inhibits consolidation. Cortical CCK alters recognition memory and enhances audio-visual processing. By stimulating CCK-1 receptors (CCK-1Rs), sulphated CCK-8 elicits dopamine release in the substantia nigra and striatum. In the mesolimbic pathway, CCK release is triggered by dopamine and terminates reward responses via CCK-2Rs. Importantly, activation of hippocampal and nigral CCK-2Rs is neuroprotective by evoking AMPK activation, expression of mitochondrial fusion modulators and autophagy. Other benefits include vagus nerve/CCK-1R-mediated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, intestinal protection and suppression of inflammation. We also discuss caveats and the therapeutic combination of CCK with other peptide hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Second associated Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Neurodegeneration research group, Xinzhen, Henan province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeb Z, Sharif A, Akhtar B, Shahnaz. 3-Acetyl coumarin alleviate neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1371-1386. [PMID: 38448794 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impairs mental ability and interrupts cognitive function. Heavy metal exposure like aluminum chloride is associated with neurotoxicity linked to neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, accumulation of amyloid plaques, phosphorylation of tau proteins associated with AD like symptoms. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the effect 3-acetyl coumarin (3AC) in a rat model of AD. Preliminary screening was performed with SWISS ADME to check for the bioavailability of 3-AC and likeness score which proved favorable. 3-AC docked against Caspase 3, NF-κβ and tau protein kinase I exhibited good binding energies. Male rats were divided into six groups (n = 5). AlCl3 (100 mg/kg BW) was administered for 28 days before starting treatment to induce AD. Normal control rats received vehicle. Treatment groups received 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg 3-AC for 28 days. Rivastigmine (2 mg/kg) was the standard. Behavioral tests (EPM, MWM) were performed at 7-day intervals throughout study period. Rats showed improved spatial memory and learning in treatment groups during behavioral tests. Rats were euthanized on day 28. Inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-16 and TNFα) exhibited significant improvement (p < 0.001) in treated rats. Oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA) were restored. Caspase3 and NF-κβ quantified through qRT-PCR also decreased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to disease control group. Levels of acetyl cholinesterase, dopamine and noradrenaline were also restored in treated rats significantly (p < 0.001). 3-AC treatment restored neuroprotection probably because of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cholinesterase potential; hence, this can be considered a promising therapeutic potential alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakiah Zeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shahnaz
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chamberland É, Moravveji S, Doyon N, Duchesne S. A computational model of Alzheimer's disease at the nano, micro, and macroscales. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1348113. [PMID: 38586183 PMCID: PMC10995318 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1348113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical models play a crucial role in investigating complex biological systems, enabling a comprehensive understanding of interactions among various components and facilitating in silico testing of intervention strategies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by multifactorial causes and intricate interactions among biological entities, necessitating a personalized approach due to the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, mathematical models offer promise as indispensable tools in combating AD. However, existing models in this emerging field often suffer from limitations such as inadequate validation or a narrow focus on single proteins or pathways. Methods In this paper, we present a multiscale mathematical model that describes the progression of AD through a system of 19 ordinary differential equations. The equations describe the evolution of proteins (nanoscale), cell populations (microscale), and organ-level structures (macroscale) over a 50-year lifespan, as they relate to amyloid and tau accumulation, inflammation, and neuronal death. Results Distinguishing our model is a robust foundation in biological principles, ensuring improved justification for the included equations, and rigorous parameter justification derived from published experimental literature. Conclusion This model represents an essential initial step toward constructing a predictive framework, which holds significant potential for identifying effective therapeutic targets in the fight against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seyedadel Moravveji
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doyon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Duchesne
- Centre de Recherche CERVO, Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Radiologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao R. Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:40. [PMID: 38308368 PMCID: PMC10837901 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the stimulation of resident immune cells of the brain and the penetration of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory processes facilitate the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Managing neuroinflammation to restore immune homeostasis and decrease neuronal damage is a therapeutic approach for AD. One way to achieve this is through exercise, which can improve brain function and protect against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction in AD models. The neuroprotective impact of exercise is regulated by various molecular factors that can be activated in the same way as exercise by the administration of their mimetics. Recent evidence has proven some exercise mimetics effective in alleviating neuroinflammation and AD, and, additionally, they are a helpful alternative option for patients who are unable to perform regular physical exercise to manage neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on exercise mimetics, including their efficacy, regulatory mechanisms, progress, challenges, limitations, and future guidance for their application in AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Naeem A, Prakash R, Kumari N, Ali Khan M, Quaiyoom Khan A, Uddin S, Verma S, Ab Robertson A, Boltze J, Shadab Raza S. MCC950 reduces autophagy and improves cognitive function by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:70-84. [PMID: 38040385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the seventh most common cause of mortality and one of the major causes of disability and vulnerability in the elderly. AD is characterized by gradual cognitive deterioration, the buildup of misfolded amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, and the generation of neurofibrillary tangles. Despite enormous scientific progress, there is no effective cure for AD. Thus, exploring new treatment options to stop AD or at least slow down its progress is important. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of MCC950 on NLRP3-mediated inflammasome-driven inflammation and autophagy in AD. Rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) exhibited simultaneous activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy, as confirmed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. MCC950, a specific NLRP3 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered (50 mg/kg body weight) to rats with AD-like symptoms induced by intracerebroventricular STZ injections (3 mg/kg body weight). MCC950 effectively suppressed STZ-induced cognitive impairment and anxiety by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation. Moreover, our findings indicate that MCC950 exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating autophagy in neuronal cells. The inhibiting effects of MCC950 on inflammasome activation and autophagy were reproduced in vitro, provding further mechansistic insights into MCC950 therapeutic action. Our findings suggest that MCC950 impedes the progression of AD and may also improve cognitive function through the mitigation of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Naeem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Ravi Prakash
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | | | - Abdul Quaiyoom Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Avril Ab Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karnik SJ, Margetts TJ, Wang HS, Movila A, Oblak AL, Fehrenbacher JC, Kacena MA, Plotkin LI. Mind the Gap: Unraveling the Intricate Dance Between Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias and Bone Health. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:165-176. [PMID: 38285083 PMCID: PMC10912190 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the linked pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease/related dementia (AD/ADRD) and bone disorders like osteoporosis. The emphasis is on "inflammaging"-a low-level inflammation common to both, and its implications in an aging population. RECENT FINDINGS Aging intensifies both ADRD and bone deterioration. Notably, ADRD patients have a heightened fracture risk, impacting morbidity and mortality, though it is uncertain if fractures worsen ADRD. Therapeutically, agents targeting inflammation pathways, especially Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and TNF-α, appear beneficial for both conditions. Additionally, treatments like Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), known for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, are gaining attention. The interconnectedness of AD/ADRD and bone health necessitates a unified treatment approach. By addressing shared mechanisms, we can potentially transform therapeutic strategies, enriching our understanding and refining care in our aging society. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali J Karnik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tyler J Margetts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah S Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Albaik M, Sheikh Saleh D, Kauther D, Mohammed H, Alfarra S, Alghamdi A, Ghaboura N, Sindi IA. Bridging the gap: glucose transporters, Alzheimer's, and future therapeutic prospects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1344039. [PMID: 38298219 PMCID: PMC10824951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1344039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the major source of chemical energy for cell functions in living organisms. The aim of this mini-review is to provide a clearer and simpler picture of the fundamentals of glucose transporters as well as the relationship of these transporters to Alzheimer's disease. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Electronic databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) were used to search for relevant studies mainly published during the period 2018-2023. This mini-review covers the two main types of glucose transporters, facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs) and sodium-glucose linked transporters (SGLTs). The main difference between these two types is that the first type works through passive transport across the glucose concentration gradient. The second type works through active co-transportation to transport glucose against its chemical gradient. Fluctuation in glucose transporters translates into a disturbance of normal functioning, such as Alzheimer's disease, which may be caused by a significant downregulation of GLUTs most closely associated with insulin resistance in the brain. The first sign of Alzheimer's is a lack of GLUT4 translocation. The second sign is tau hyperphosphorylation, which is caused by GLUT1 and 3 being strongly upregulated. The current study focuses on the use of glucose transporters in treating diseases because of their proven therapeutic potential. Despite this, studies remain insufficient and inconclusive due to the complex and intertwined nature of glucose transport processes. This study recommends further understanding of the mechanisms related to these vectors for promising future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Albaik
- Department of Chemistry Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dana Kauther
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajira Mohammed
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shurouq Alfarra
- Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alghamdi
- Department of Biology Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehmat Ghaboura
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikhlas A. Sindi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian Y, Wang S, Tong W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Teng B. Pseudoginsenoside GQ mitigates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive damage by modulating microglia polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111234. [PMID: 37977071 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a state of sleep disruption, is characterized by recurrent apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and hypercapnia. Previous studies have showed that CIH-induced neuroinflammatory plays a crucial role in cognitive deficits. Pseudoginsenoside GQ (PGQ) is a new oxytetracycline-type saponin formed by the oxidation and cyclization of the 20(S) Rg3 side chain. Rg3 has been found to afford anti-inflammatory effects, while whether PGQ plays a role of anti-neuroinflammatory remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PGQ attenuates CIH-induced neuroinflammatory and cognitive impairment and the possible mechanism it involves. We found that PGQ significantly ameliorated CIH-induced spatial learning deficits, and inhibited microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of CIH mice. In addition, PGQ pretreatment promoted microglial M1 to M2 phenotypic transition in IH-induced BV-2 microglial, as well as indirectly inhibited IH-induced neuronal injury via modulation of microglia polarization. Furthermore, we noted that activation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway induced by IH was inhibited by PGQ. Molecular docking results revealed that PGQ could bind to the active sites of HMGB1 and TLR4. Taken together, this work supports that PGQ inhibits M1 microglial polarization via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and indirectly exerts neuroprotective effects, suggesting that PGQ may be a potential therapeutic strategy for cognitive impairment accompanied OSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sanchun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weifang Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Teng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saleh O, Albakri K, Altiti A, Abutair I, Shalan S, Mohd OB, Negida A, Mushtaq G, Kamal MA. The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis, Novel Biomarkers, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:731-745. [PMID: 37211844 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230519113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) are regulatory RNA transcripts that have recently been associated with the onset of many neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several IncRNAs have been found to be associated with AD pathophysiology, each with a distinct mechanism. In this review, we focused on the role of IncRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD and their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Searching for relevant articles was done using the PubMed and Cochrane library databases. Studies had to be published in full text in English in order to be considered. Some IncRNAs were found to be upregulated, while others were downregulated. Dysregulation of IncRNAs expression may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Their effects manifest as the synthesis of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques increases, thereby altering neuronal plasticity, inducing inflammation, and promoting apoptosis. Despite the need for more investigations, IncRNAs could potentially increase the sensitivity of early detection of AD. Until now, there has been no effective treatment for AD. Hence, InRNAs are promising molecules and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Although several dysregulated AD-associated lncRNAs have been discovered, the functional characterization of most lncRNAs is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Othman Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Khaled Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Iser Abutair
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Suhaib Shalan
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Center for Scientific Research, Faculty of Medicine, Idlib University, Idlib, Syria
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia 1216, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Neațu M, Covaliu A, Ioniță I, Jugurt A, Davidescu EI, Popescu BO. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:60. [PMID: 38258071 PMCID: PMC11154277 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities, memory impairment, and the accumulation of abnormal proteins, specifically beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, within the brain. Despite extensive research efforts, Alzheimer's disease remains without a cure, presenting a significant global healthcare challenge. Recently, there has been an increased focus on antibody-based treatments as a potentially effective method for dealing with Alzheimer's disease. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the current status of research on antibody-based molecules as therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We will briefly mention their mechanisms of action, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles while addressing the challenges and limitations encountered during their development. We also highlight some crucial considerations in antibody-based treatment development, including patient selection criteria, dosing regimens, or safety concerns. In conclusion, antibody-based therapies present a hopeful outlook for addressing Alzheimer's disease. While challenges remain, the accumulating evidence suggests that these therapies may offer substantial promise in ameliorating or preventing the progression of this debilitating condition, thus potentially enhancing the quality of life for the millions of individuals and families affected by Alzheimer's disease worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neațu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Covaliu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Ioniță
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Jugurt
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Irene Davidescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (A.C.); (I.I.); (A.J.); (B.O.P.)
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qu C, Xu QQ, Yang W, Zhong M, Yuan Q, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Gut dysbiosis aggravates cognitive deficits, amyloid pathology and lipid metabolism dysregulation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1526-1547. [PMID: 38223452 PMCID: PMC10785152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, a well-known risk factor to triggers the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), produced in the dietary choline metabolism, has been found to accelerate neurodegeneration in AD pathology. In this study, the cognitive function and gut microbiota of TgCRND8 (Tg) mice of different ages were evaluated by Morris water maze task (MWMT) and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. Young pseudo germ-free (PGF) Tg mice that received faecal microbiota transplants from aged Tg mice and wild-type (WT) mice were selected to determine the role of the gut microbiota in the process of neuropathology. Excessive choline treatment for Tg mice was used to investigate the role of abnormal choline metabolism on the cognitive functions. Our results showed that gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation response, Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, TMAO overproduction and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)/transcription 3 (STAT3) activation occurred in Tg mice age-dependently. Disordered microbiota of aged Tg mice accelerated AD pathology in young Tg mice, with the activation of CDK5/STAT3 signaling in the brains. On the contrary, faecal microbiota transplantation from WT mice alleviated the cognitive deficits, attenuated neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, TMAO overproduction and suppressed CDK5/STAT3 pathway activation in Tg mice. Moreover, excessive choline treatment was also shown to aggravate the cognitive deficits, Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation and CDK5/STAT3 pathway activation. These findings provide a novel insight into the interaction between gut dysbiosis and AD progression, clarifying the important roles of gut microbiota-derived substances such as TMAO in AD neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qing-Qing Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei Zhong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Y, Zou J, Wang Y, Wang J, Ji X, Zhang T, Chu Y, Cui R, Zhang G, Shi G, Wu Y, Kang Y. Hydralazine inhibits neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice via TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109706. [PMID: 37661037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and curative treatment has not been developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects of hydralazine (Hyd, a hypertension treatment drug) on the development process of AD and its mechanisms. We treated 6-month-old male APP/PS1 mice with Hyd for 5 weeks, measured changes in behavior and pathological status, and analyzed differences in gene expression by RNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that Hyd improved cognitive deficits and decreased amyloid beta protein deposition in the cortex and hippocampus, while RNA sequencing analysis suggested that the regulation of neuroinflammation and energy metabolism might play pivotal roles for Hyd's beneficial effects. Therefore, we further investigated inflammatory response, redox state, and mitochondrial function, as well as the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent neuroinflammation gene and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant gene in AD mice. The results showed that Hyd reduced the damage of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial dysfunction, downregulated pro-inflammation gene expression, and upregulated antioxidant gene expression. The results in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cell model demonstrated that Hyd suppressed pro-inflammatory response via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, by silencing the Nrf2 gene expression, it was found that Hyd can reduce LPS-induced reactive oxygen species production by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, administration of Hyd in the early stage of AD might be beneficial in delaying the pathological development of AD via inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jiayang Zou
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jinyang Wang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Rui Cui
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Geming Shi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| | - Yunxiao Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang Y, Seok MJ, Kim YE, Choi Y, Song JJ, Sulistio YA, Kim SH, Chang MY, Oh SJ, Nam MH, Kim YK, Kim TG, Im HI, Koh SH, Lee SH. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 ameliorates symptoms and pathologies of Alzheimer disease model mice by suppressing neuro-inflammation and glial pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5359-5374. [PMID: 35902630 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need to develop disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neuro-degenerative disorder. Together with recent progress in vector development for efficiently targeting the central nervous system, gene therapy has been suggested as a potential therapeutic modality to overcome the limited delivery of conventional types of drugs to and within the damaged brain. In addition, given increasing evidence of the strong link between glia and AD pathophysiology, therapeutic targets have been moving toward those addressing glial cell pathology. Nurr1 and Foxa2 are transcription/epigenetic regulators that have been reported to cooperatively regulate inflammatory and neurotrophic response in glial cells. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene delivery to treat AD symptoms and pathologies. A series of functional, histologic, and transcriptome analyses revealed that the combined expression of Nurr1 and Foxa2 substantially ameliorated AD-associated amyloid β and Tau proteinopathy, cell senescence, synaptic loss, and neuro-inflammation in multiple in vitro and in vivo AD models. Intra-cranial delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 genes using adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 improved the memory and cognitive function of AD model mice. The therapeutic benefits of gene delivery were attained mainly by correcting pathologic glial function. These findings collectively indicate that AAV9-mediated Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene transfer could be an effective disease-modifying therapy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunseon Yang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jong Seok
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Innopeutics Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao C, Kuraji R, Ye C, Gao L, Radaic A, Kamarajan P, Taketani Y, Kapila YL. Nisin a probiotic bacteriocin mitigates brain microbiome dysbiosis and Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation triggered by periodontal disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:228. [PMID: 37803465 PMCID: PMC10557354 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis-related oral microbial dysbiosis is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuroinflammation and brain amyloid production. Since probiotics can modulate periodontitis/oral dysbiosis, this study examined the effects of a probiotic/lantibiotic, nisin, in modulating brain pathology triggered by periodontitis. METHODS A polymicrobial mouse model of periodontal disease was used to evaluate the effects of this disease on brain microbiome dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's-related changes, and nisin's therapeutic potential in this context. RESULTS 16S sequencing and real-time PCR data revealed that Nisin treatment mitigated the changes in the brain microbiome composition, diversity, and community structure, and reduced the levels of periodontal pathogen DNA in the brain induced by periodontal disease. Nisin treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1β/IL-1 β, Interleukin 6/IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor α/TNF-α) in the brain that were elevated by periodontal infection. In addition, the concentrations of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total Tau, and Tau (pS199) (445.69 ± 120.03, 1420.85 ± 331.40, 137.20 ± 36.01) were significantly higher in the infection group compared to the control group (193.01 ± 31.82, 384.27 ± 363.93, 6.09 ± 10.85), respectively. Nisin treatment markedly reduced the Aβ42 (261.80 ± 52.50), total Tau (865.37 ± 304.93), and phosphorylated Tau (82.53 ± 15.77) deposition in the brain of the infection group. DISCUSSION Nisin abrogation of brain microbiome dysbiosis induces beneficial effects on AD-like pathogenic changes and neuroinflammation, and thereby may serve as a potential therapeutic for periodontal-dysbiosis-related AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Zhao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
| | - Ryutaro Kuraji
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Changchang Ye
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610093, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Taketani
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
- Section of Biosystems and Function, Section of Periodontology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cutuli D, Decandia D, Giacovazzo G, Coccurello R. Physical Exercise as Disease-Modifying Alternative against Alzheimer's Disease: A Gut-Muscle-Brain Partnership. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14686. [PMID: 37834132 PMCID: PMC10572207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia characterized by neurodegenerative dysregulations, cognitive impairments, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Physical exercise (PE) has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing chronic inflammation, improving overall health, and preventing cognitive decline. The connection between the immune system, gut microbiota (GM), and neuroinflammation highlights the role of the gut-brain axis in maintaining brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Neglected so far, PE has beneficial effects on microbial composition and diversity, thus providing the potential to alleviate neurological symptoms. There is bidirectional communication between the gut and muscle, with GM diversity modulation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production affecting muscle metabolism and preservation, and muscle activity/exercise in turn inducing significant changes in GM composition, functionality, diversity, and SCFA production. This gut-muscle and muscle-gut interplay can then modulate cognition. For instance, irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, promotes neuroplasticity and cognitive function through BDNF signaling. Irisin and muscle-generated BDNF may mediate the positive effects of physical activity against some aspects of AD pathophysiology through the interaction of exercise with the gut microbial ecosystem, neural plasticity, anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, and neurogenesis. Understanding gut-muscle-brain interconnections hold promise for developing strategies to promote brain health, fight age-associated cognitive decline, and improve muscle health and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Decandia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo (UniTE), 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Council of Research (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yao J. Global trends and prospects about synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease: a bibliometric analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1234719. [PMID: 37731952 PMCID: PMC10508060 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1234719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose In recent years, synaptic plasticity disorders have been identified as one of the key pathogenic factors and the early pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we tried to use bibliometric analysis to gain a systematic understanding about synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease. Methods We extracted relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) on August 29th, 2022. Then, we used CiteSpace, VOSviewer and other online bibliometric platforms to further analyze the obtained data. Results A total of 2,348 published articles and reviews about synaptic plasticity in AD from 2002 to 2022 were identified. During the past two decades, the overall trends of the numbers and citations of manuscripts were on the rise. The United States was the leading country with the largest number of publications which showed its crucial role in this field. The collaboration network analysis showed that the United States and China had the most frequent collaboration. In addition, Harvard University was the institution with the greatest number of publications and cited times. Among all authors, Selkoe DJ was the most influential author with the greatest cited times. The journal of Alzheimer's disease published the maximum number of documents in the field of synaptic plasticity in AD within 20 years. Furthermore, the results of keywords burst detection showed that the hot topics have shifted from the synaptic transmission, precursor protein and plaque formation to neuroinflammation, microglia and alpha synuclein. Conclusion This study analyzed 2,348 publications with 82,025 references covering the topic of synaptic plasticity in AD and presented the research trends. The results indicated that neuroinflammation, microglia and alpha synuclein were the current research hotspots, which implied the potential clinical applications to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Y, Xu H, Wang H, Yang K, Luan J, Wang S. TREM2: Potential therapeutic targeting of microglia for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115218. [PMID: 37517293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, resulting in the loss of cognitive ability and memory. However, there is no specific treatment to mechanistically inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and most drugs only provide symptom relief and do not fundamentally reverse AD. Current studies show that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is predominantly expressed in microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in microglia proliferation, survival, migration and phagocytosis. The current academic view suggests that TREM2 and its ligands have CNS protective effects in AD. Specifically, TREM2 acts by regulating the function of microglia and promoting the clearance of neuronal toxic substances and abnormal proteins by microglia. In addition, TREM2 is also involved in regulating inflammatory response and cell signaling pathways, affecting the immune response and regulatory role of microglia. Although the relationship between TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease has been extensively studied, its specific mechanism of action is not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research of TREM2, including its regulation of the inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and phagocytosis in microglia of CNS in AD, and to explore the potential application prospects as well as limitations of targeting TREM2 for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim A, Lee J, Moon H, Kim C, Yoo MY, Park WY, Kim WD, Seo YS. The effects of low-dose radiation therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's dementia: an interim analysis of a pilot study. Radiat Oncol J 2023; 41:89-97. [PMID: 37403351 PMCID: PMC10326509 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2023.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine whether low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) is effective in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included patients according to the following criteria: probable Alzheimer's dementia according to the New Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer's Disease; confirmation of amyloid plaque deposits on baseline amyloid positron emission tomography (PET); a Korean Mini-Mental State Examination 2nd edition (K-MMSE-2) score of 13-26; and a Global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0.5-2 points. LDRT was performed six times at 0.5 Gy each. Post-treatment cognitive function tests and PET-CT examinations were performed to evaluate efficacy. The medication for AD treatment was maintained throughout the study period. RESULTS At 6 months after LDRT, neurological improvement was seen in 20% of patients. Patient #2 showed improvement in all domains of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery II (SNSB-II). Moreover, the K-MMSE-2 and Geriatric Depression Score-Short Form scores improved from 20 to 23 and from 8 to 2, respectively. For patient #3, the CDR score (sum of box score) improved from 1 (4.0) to 1 (3.5) at 3 months follow-up. Moreover, the Z scores for language and related functions, memory, and frontal executive function improved to -2.56, -1.86, and -1.32, respectively at the 6-month follow-up. Two patients complained of mild nausea and mild hair loss during LDRT, which improved after treatment. CONCLUSION One of the five patients with AD treated with LDRT experienced a temporary improvement in SNSB-II. LDRT is tolerable in patients with AD. We are currently under follow-up and will conduct cognitive function tests after 12 months after LDRT. A large-scale randomized controlled trial with a longer follow-up period is warranted to determine the effect of LDRT on patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hansol Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chulhan Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min Young Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won Dong Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Seok Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lantz MJ, Roberts AM, Delgado DD, Nichols RA. The neuroprotective N-terminal amyloid-β core hexapeptide reverses reactive gliosis and gliotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease pathology models. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:129. [PMID: 37245024 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, leading to chronic activation of astrocytes and microglia and persistent neuroinflammation. Aβ-linked activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to increased intracellular calcium and production of proinflammatory cytokines, impacting the progression of neurodegeneration. An N-terminal Aβ fragment (Aβ1-15) and a shorter hexapeptide core sequence within the N-Aβ fragment (N-Aβcore: Aβ10-15) have previously been shown to protect against Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis in neurons and rescue synaptic and spatial memory deficits in an APP/PSEN1 mouse model. Here, we hypothesized that the N-Aβ fragment and N-Aβcore are protective against Aβ-induced gliotoxicity, promoting a neuroprotective environment and potentially alleviating the characteristically persistent neuroinflammation present in AD. METHODS We treated ex vivo organotypic brain slice cultures from an aged familial AD mouse model, 5xFAD, with the N-Aβcore and used immunocytochemistry to assess the impact on astrogliosis and microgliosis and alterations in synaptophysin-positive puncta engulfed by microglia. Isolated neuron/glia cultures, mixed glial cultures or a microglial cell line were treated with oligomeric human Aβ at concentrations mimicking the pathogenic concentrations (μM) observed in AD in the absence or presence of the non-toxic N-terminal Aβ fragments. Resultant changes in synaptic density, gliosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and the expression and release of proinflammatory markers were then determined. RESULTS We demonstrate that the N-terminal Aβ fragments mitigated the phenotypic switch leading to astrogliosis and microgliosis induced by pathological concentrations of Aβ in mixed glial cultures and organotypic brain slice cultures from the transgenic 5xFAD mouse model, while protecting against Aβ-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in isolated astrocytes and microglia. Moreover, the addition of the N-Aβcore attenuated the expression and release of proinflammatory mediators in microglial cells activated by Aβ and rescued microglia-mediated loss of synaptic elements induced by pathological levels of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings indicate the protective functions of the N-terminal Aβ fragments extend to reactive gliosis and gliotoxicity induced by Aβ, by preventing or reversing glial reactive states indicative of neuroinflammation and synaptic loss central to AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Lantz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alyssa M Roberts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Donovan D Delgado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert A Nichols
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shabbir S, Hu Y, He X, Huang K, Xu W. Toxicity and Impact of Silica Nanoparticles on the Configuration of Gut Microbiota in Immunodeficient Mice. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1183. [PMID: 37317157 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs), having exceptional physicochemical and electrical characteristics with lower toxicity, have evolved as dynamic drug delivery carriers in living organisms. Potentially, the intragastric gavage of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) affects gut microbiota profiles in immunodeficient mice. In this study, the impact of SiNPs of variable size and dosage was investigated in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunodeficient mice, specifically on their immune functions and gut microbiota, through physicochemical and metagenomic analysis. SiNPs of different sizes and doses were gavaged to Cy-induced immunodeficient mice for 12 days at an interval of 24 h to investigate their effects on immunological functions and the gut microbiome of mice. Our results showed that SiNPs had no significant toxicological effects on the cellular and hematological activities of immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, after the administration of different levels of SiNPs, no immune dysfunction was found in the immunosuppressed mice groups. However, gut-microbial studies and comparisons of characteristic bacterial diversity and compositions demonstrated that SiNPs significantly affect the abundance of different bacterial communities. LEfSe analysis revealed that SiNPs significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Sutterella, Akkermansia, and Prevotella, and potentially reduced Ruminococcus and Allobaculum. Thus, SiNPs significantly regulate and modify the configuration of the gut microbiota in immunodeficient mice. These dynamic variations in the intestinal bacterial community, abundance, and diversity provide new insight into the regulation and administration of silica-based NPs. This would be helpful for the further demonstration of the mechanism of action and prediction of the potential effects of SiNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Shabbir
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanzhou Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety) (MOA), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kopp KO, Greer ME, Glotfelty EJ, Hsueh SC, Tweedie D, Kim DS, Reale M, Vargesson N, Greig NH. A New Generation of IMiDs as Treatments for Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050747. [PMID: 37238617 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) class, which includes the founding drug member thalidomide and later generation drugs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has dramatically improved the clinical treatment of specific cancers, such as multiple myeloma, and it combines potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions. These actions, in large part, are mediated by IMiD binding to the human protein cereblon that forms a critical component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This complex ubiquitinates and thereby regulates the levels of multiple endogenous proteins. However, IMiD-cereblon binding modifies cereblon's normal targeted protein degradation towards a new set of neosubstrates that underlies the favorable pharmacological action of classical IMiDs, but also their adverse actions-in particular, their teratogenicity. The ability of classical IMiDs to reduce the synthesis of key proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α levels, makes them potentially valuable to reposition as drugs to mitigate inflammatory-associated conditions and, particularly, neurological disorders driven by an excessive neuroinflammatory element, as occurs in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and ischemic stroke. The teratogenic and anticancer actions of classical IMiDs are substantial liabilities for effective drugs in these disorders and can theoretically be dialed out of the drug class. We review a select series of novel IMiDs designed to avoid binding with human cereblon and/or evade degradation of downstream neosubstrates considered to underpin the adverse actions of thalidomide-like drugs. These novel non-classical IMiDs hold potential as new medications for erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful inflammatory skin condition associated with Hansen's disease for which thalidomide remains widely used, and, in particular, as a new treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disorders in which neuroinflammation is a key component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Kopp
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Margaret E Greer
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Aevisbio Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Esteves AR, Silva DF, Banha D, Candeias E, Guedes B, Cardoso SM. LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction regulates innate immunity activation and α-synuclein oligomerization in Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102714. [PMID: 37120929 PMCID: PMC10172719 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) is a complex multifactorial disorder which etiology remains elusive. Several mechanisms have been described to contribute to PD development namely mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of inflammatory pathways and the deposition of unfolded proteins such as α-synuclein. Our work shows for the first time that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of innate immunity requires a functional mitochondria and mimics PD pathology in cells. We found in primary mesencephalic neurons that LPS targeted the mitochondria and activated neuronal innate immune responses, which culminated with α-synuclein oligomerization. Moreover, in cybrid cell lines repopulated with mtDNA from sPD subjects with inherent mitochondrial dysfunction and NT2-Rho0 obtained by long-term ethidium bromide exposure, and so without a functional mitochondrial, LPS was not able to further activate innate immunity or increase α-synuclein aggregation. Herein, we showed that mesencephalic neurons are able to activate innate immunity after LPS exposure and this pathway is dependent on mitochondria. Moreover, we disclose that α-synuclein over production is an innate immune response. Our data indicate that mitochondria provide the base for innate immunity activation in idiopathic PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Banha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Guedes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Afsar A, Chacon Castro MDC, Soladogun AS, Zhang L. Recent Development in the Understanding of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087258. [PMID: 37108421 PMCID: PMC10138573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to dementia and patient death. AD is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposition, and neurodegeneration. Diverse alterations have been associated with AD progression, including genetic mutations, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metal ion imbalance.Additionally, recent studies have shown an association between altered heme metabolism and AD. Unfortunately, decades of research and drug development have not produced any effective treatments for AD. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for AD drug development. This review discusses the most common alterations associated with AD and promising therapeutic targets for AD drug discovery. Furthermore, it highlights the role of heme in AD development and summarizes mathematical models of AD, including a stochastic mathematical model of AD and mathematical models of the effect of Aβ on AD. We also summarize the potential treatment strategies that these models can offer in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afsar
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li B, Ma Z, Li Z. A novel regulator in Alzheimer's disease progression: The astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101871. [PMID: 36736378 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as an age-related irreversible neurodegenerative disease. AD seriously endangers the health of the elderly, but there is still no effective treatment. In the past several decades, the significant role of astrocytes in the process of AD has been universally acknowledged. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as an essential mediator in intercellular communication and participate in various pathophysiological processes by carrying and transporting diverse cargoes. Moreover, specific conditions and stimuli can modulate the amount and properties of astrocyte-derived EVs (ADEVs) to affect AD progression. Thus, recent studies focused on the involvement of ADEVs in the pathogenesis of AD and the potential application of ADEVs in the diagnosis and treatment of AD, which provides a new direction and possibility for revealing the mystery of AD. Interestingly, it can be concluded that ADEVs have both pathogenic and protective effects in the process of AD through a comprehensive generalization. In this review, we aim to summarize the multi-faces of ADEVs effects on AD development, which can provide a novel strategy to investigate the underlying mechanism in AD. We also summarize the current ADEVs clinically relevant studies to raise the potential use of ADEVs in the discovery of novel biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.; School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China..
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang M, Zhang H, Liang J, Huang J, Chen N. Exercise suppresses neuroinflammation for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 36935511 PMCID: PMC10026496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, with the characteristics of neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and senile plaque (SP) formation. Although great progresses have been made in clinical trials based on relevant hypotheses, these studies are also accompanied by the emergence of toxic and side effects, and it is an urgent task to explore the underlying mechanisms for the benefits to prevent and treat AD. Herein, based on animal experiments and a few clinical trials, neuroinflammation in AD is characterized by long-term activation of pro-inflammatory microglia and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Damaged signals from the periphery and within the brain continuously activate microglia, thus resulting in a constant source of inflammatory responses. The long-term chronic inflammatory response also exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in microglia, which triggers microglia-dependent immune responses, ultimately leading to the occurrence and deterioration of AD. In this review, we systematically summarized and sorted out that exercise ameliorates AD by directly and indirectly regulating immune response of the central nervous system and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis to provide a new direction for exploring the neuroinflammation activity in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiling Liang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jielun Huang
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Long-Term Administration of Vespa velutina nigrithorax Venom Ameliorates Alzheimer’s Phenotypes in 5xFAD Transgenic Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030203. [PMID: 36977094 PMCID: PMC10057037 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by progressive and irreversible impairment of cognitive functions. However, its etiology is poorly understood, and therapeutic interventions are limited. Our preliminary study revealed that wasp venom (WV) from Vespa velutina nigrithorax can prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory signaling, which is strongly implicated in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, we examined whether WV administration can ameliorate major AD phenotypes in the 5xFAD transgenic mouse model. Adult 5xFAD transgenic mice (6.5 months of age) were treated with WV by intraperitoneal injection at 250 or 400 μg/kg body weight once weekly for 14 consecutive weeks. This administration regimen improved procedural, spatial, and working memory deficits as assessed by the passive avoidance, Morris water maze, and Y-maze tasks, respectively. It also attenuated histological damage and amyloid-beta plaque formation in the hippocampal region and decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors in the hippocampus and cerebrum, while it reduced oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde in the brain and liver and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in the plasma). Overall, these findings suggest that long-term administration of WV may alleviate AD-related symptoms and pathological phenotypes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Neurotransmitters in Type 2 Diabetes and the Control of Systemic and Central Energy Balance. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030384. [PMID: 36984824 PMCID: PMC10058084 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient signal transduction is important in maintaining the function of the nervous system across tissues. An intact neurotransmission process can regulate energy balance through proper communication between neurons and peripheral organs. This ensures that the right neural circuits are activated in the brain to modulate cellular energy homeostasis and systemic metabolic function. Alterations in neurotransmitters secretion can lead to imbalances in appetite, glucose metabolism, sleep, and thermogenesis. Dysregulation in dietary intake is also associated with disruption in neurotransmission and can trigger the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. In this review, we highlight the various roles of neurotransmitters in regulating energy balance at the systemic level and in the central nervous system. We also address the link between neurotransmission imbalance and the development of T2D as well as perspectives across the fields of neuroscience and metabolism research.
Collapse
|
38
|
Neha, Parvez S. Emerging therapeutics agents and recent advances in drug repurposing for Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101815. [PMID: 36529440 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multivariate and diversified disease and affects the most sensitive areas of the brain, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus. AD is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease most often associated with memory deficits and cognition that get more worsen over time. The central theory on the pathophysiological hallmark features of AD is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, also associated with tau proteins (τ) dysfunctioning which leads to distorted microtubular structure, affects the cholinergic system, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This review emphasizes how simple it is to find novel treatments for AD and focuses on several recently developed medications through repurposing that can speed up traditional drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cassano T, Giamogante F, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Lavecchia AM, Inglese F, Paglia G, Bukke VN, Romano AD, Friuli M, Altieri F, Gaetani S. PDIA3 Expression Is Altered in the Limbic Brain Regions of Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033005. [PMID: 36769334 PMCID: PMC9918299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (3×Tg-AD mice) to longitudinally analyse the expression level of PDIA3, a protein disulfide isomerase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, in selected brain limbic areas strongly affected by AD-pathology (amygdala, entorhinal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus). Our results suggest that, while in Non-Tg mice PDIA3 levels gradually reduce with aging in all brain regions analyzed, 3×Tg-AD mice showed an age-dependent increase in PDIA3 levels in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and ventral hippocampus. A significant reduction of PDIA3 was observed in 3×Tg-AD mice already at 6 months of age, as compared to age-matched Non-Tg mice. A comparative immunohistochemistry analysis performed on 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 (mild AD-like pathology) and 18 (severe AD-like pathology) months of age showed a direct correlation between the cellular level of Aβ and PDIA3 proteins in all the brain regions analysed, even if with different magnitudes. Additionally, an immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of PDIA3 in all post-mitotic neurons and astrocytes. Overall, altered PDIA3 levels appear to be age- and/or pathology-dependent, corroborating the ER chaperone's involvement in AD pathology, and supporting the PDIA3 protein as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Flavia Giamogante
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Inglese
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Paglia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jia TT, Zhang Y, Hou JT, Niu H, Wang S. H 2S-based fluorescent imaging for pathophysiological processes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1126309. [PMID: 36778034 PMCID: PMC9911449 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1126309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an important endogenous signaling molecule, plays a vital role in many physiological processes. The abnormal behaviors of hydrogen sulfide in organisms may lead to various pathophysiological processes. Monitoring the changes in hydrogen sulfide is helpful for pre-warning and treating these pathophysiological processes. Fluorescence imaging techniques can be used to observe changes in the concentration of analytes in organisms in real-time. Therefore, employing fluorescent probes imaging to investigate the behaviors of hydrogen sulfide in pathophysiological processes is vital. This paper reviews the design strategy and sensing mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide-based fluorescent probes, focusing on imaging applications in various pathophysiological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, organ injury, and diabetes. This review not only demonstrates the specific value of hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probes in preclinical studies but also illuminates the potential application in clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ji-Ting Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huawei Niu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China,*Correspondence: Huawei Niu, ; Shan Wang,
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Treatment and Life Support for Critical Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,*Correspondence: Huawei Niu, ; Shan Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim S, Sharma C, Shin M, Kim HJ, Kim J, Kim SR. pKr-2 induces neurodegeneration via upregulation of microglial TLR4 in the hippocampus of AD brain. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100593. [PMID: 36798617 PMCID: PMC9926212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2) derived from blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption could induce hippocampal neurodegeneration and object recognition impairment through neurotoxic inflammatory responses in the five familial Alzheimer's disease mutation (5XFAD) mice. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether pKr-2 induces microglial activation by stimulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) upregulation and examine whether this response contributes to pKr-2-induced neuroinflammatory damage in the hippocampi of mice models. We observed that inflammatory responses induced by pKr-2 administration in the hippocampi of wild-type mice were significantly abrogated in TLR4-deficient mice (TLR4-/-), and caffeine supply or rivaroxaban treatment that inhibits the overexpression of hippocampal pKr-2 reduced TLR4 upregulation in 5XFAD mice, resulting in the inhibition of neuroinflammatory responses. Similar to the expression patterns of pKr-2, TLR4, and the TLR4 transcription factors, PU.1 and p-c-Jun, seen in the postmortem hippocampal tissues of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, our results additionally showed the influence of transcriptional regulation on TLR4 expression following pKr-2 expression in triggering the production of neurotoxic inflammatory mediators. Therefore, we conclude that pKr-2 may play a role in initiating upregulation of microglial TLR4, consequently inducing hippocampal neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the control of pKr-2-induced microglial TLR4 could be a useful therapeutic strategy against hippocampal neurodegeneration in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Corresponding author. School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Y, Chang D, Liu T, Zhou X. Natural product-based bioactive agents in combination attenuate neuroinflammation in a tri-culture model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135934. [PMID: 36873986 PMCID: PMC9979791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation is an important pathological event contributing to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The hyperactivation of microglia triggers the release of excessive proinflammatory mediators that lead to the leaky blood-brain barrier and impaired neuronal survival. Andrographolide (AN), baicalein (BA) and 6-shogaol (6-SG) possess anti-neuroinflammatory properties through diverse mechanisms of action. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the pair-combinations of these bioactive compounds in attenuating neuroinflammation. Methods: A tri-culture model with microglial N11 cells, microvascular endothelial MVEC(B3) cells, and neuroblastoma N2A cells was established in a transwell system. AN, BA and 6-SG used alone (25 µM) or in pair-wised combinations (12.5 + 12.5 µM) were subjected to the tri-culture system. Upon the stimulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at 1 μg/mL, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were determined by ELISA assays. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to investigate the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) on N11 cells, expressions of protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) on MVEC cells and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) on N2A cells, respectively. The endothelial barrier permeability of MVEC cells was assessed by the Evans blue dye, and the resistance from the endothelial barrier was measured by transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value. Neuronal survival of N2A cells was determined by Alamar blue and MTT assays. Results: Combinations of AN-SG and BA-SG synergistically lowered the TNF and IL-6 levels in LPS-induced N11 cells. Remarkably, the combined anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AN-SG and BA-SG remained significantly greater compared to their individual components at the same concentration level. The molecular mechanism of the attenuated neuroinflammation was likely to be mediated by downregulation of NF-κB p65 translocation (p < 0.0001 vs. LPS stimulation) in N11 cells. In the MVEC cells, both AN-SG and BA-SG restored TEER values, ZO-1 expression and reduced permeability. Furthermore, AN-SG and BA-SG significantly improved neuronal survival and reduced expressions of p-tau on N2A cells. Discussion: The AN-SG and BA-SG combinations showed greater anti-neuroinflammatory potential than those used alone in mono- and tri-cultured N11 cells, thereby further protecting endothelial tight junction and neuronal survival. Taken together, AN-SG and BA-SG may provide improved anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lewis JE, Reginald McDaniel H, Woolger JM, Khan SA. The Characterization of the Th1/Th2 Ratio in Moderate-Severe Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Its Response to an Aloe Polymannose-Based Dietary Supplement. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1723-1737. [PMID: 38007658 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading killer of Americans, imparting a tremendous societal toll. Relationships between immune function and inflammation with cognition are well-established in AD, but the Th1/Th2 ratio of immune function is unknown. Describing the Th1/Th2 ratio and its relationship with cognition may shed light on the disease's clinical context. How the Th1/Th2 ratio responds to dietary supplementation is another unknown question in this population. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to: 1) characterize the Th1/Th2 ratio according to IL-2/IL-10, IFN-γ/IL-10, IL-2/IL-4, IFN-γ/IL-4, IL-2/TNF-α, and IFN-γ/TNF-α in subjects with moderate-to-severe AD and in comparison to healthy adults; 2) investigate the effect of an aloe polymannose multinutrient complex (APMC) dietary supplement on the Th1/Th2 ratios over 12 months; and 3) compare the changes in the Th1/Th2 ratios with the changes in cognition from baseline to 12 months. METHODS Subjects consumed 2.5 g of the APMC four times per day for 12 months, and they were assessed on cognition and cytokines at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS The Th1/Th2 ratios in AD patients were significantly higher than the healthy controls, and five of the six ratios decreased from baseline to 12 months follow-up (other than IL-2/TNF-α). Several significant relationships were noted between the changes in Th1/Th2 ratios with cognitive assessments. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed an overall rebalancing of the Th1/Th2 ratio in response to APMC, these changes were related to improved cognition in subjects with moderate-to-severe AD, and the APMC supplement was safely tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Judi M Woolger
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sher Ali Khan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kabir ER, Chowdhury NM, Yasmin H, Kabir MT, Akter R, Perveen A, Ashraf GM, Akter S, Rahman MH, Sweilam SH. Unveiling the Potential of Polyphenols as Anti-Amyloid Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:787-807. [PMID: 36221865 PMCID: PMC10227919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666221010113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that mostly affects the elderly population. Mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis are yet to be fully revealed, but there are several hypotheses regarding AD. Even though free radicals and inflammation are likely to be linked with AD pathogenesis, still amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade is the dominant hypothesis. According to the Aβ hypothesis, a progressive buildup of extracellular and intracellular Aβ aggregates has a significant contribution to the AD-linked neurodegeneration process. Since Aβ plays an important role in the etiology of AD, therefore Aβ-linked pathways are mainly targeted in order to develop potential AD therapies. Accumulation of Aβ plaques in the brains of AD individuals is an important hallmark of AD. These plaques are mainly composed of Aβ (a peptide of 39-42 amino acids) aggregates produced via the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various polyphenols (PPHs), including cyanidins, anthocyanins, curcumin, catechins and their gallate esters were found to markedly suppress Aβ aggregation and prevent the formation of Aβ oligomers and toxicity, which is further suggesting that these PPHs might be regarded as effective therapeutic agents for the AD treatment. This review summarizes the roles of Aβ in AD pathogenesis, the Aβ aggregation pathway, types of PPHs, and distribution of PPHs in dietary sources. Furthermore, we have predominantly focused on the potential of food-derived PPHs as putative anti-amyloid drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hasina Yasmin
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | | | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bhatt S, Dhar AK, Samanta MK, Suttee A. Effects of Current Psychotropic Drugs on Inflammation and Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:407-434. [PMID: 36949320 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The immune system and inflammation are involved in the pathological progression of various psychiatric disorders such as depression or major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or anxiety, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington's disease. It is observed that levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and other markers are highly increased in the abovementioned disorders. The inflammation and immune component also lead to enhance the oxidative stress. The oxidative stress and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as important factors that are involved in pathological progression of psychiatric disorders. Increase production of ROS is associated with excessive inflammation followed by cell necrosis and death. The psychotropic drugs are mainly work through modulations of neurotransmitter system. However, it is evident that inflammation and immune modulation are also having important role in the progression of psychiatric disorders. Rationale of the use of current psychotropic drugs is modulation of immune system by them. However, the effects of psychotropic drugs on the immune system and how these might contribute to their efficacy remain largely unclear. The drugs may act through modification of inflammation and related markers. The main purpose of this book chapter is to address the role of current psychotropic drugs on inflammation and immune system. Moreover, it will also address the role of inflammation in the progression of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shvetank Bhatt
- School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India
| | | | | | - Ashish Suttee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang L, Nao J. Ferroptosis: a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2022:revneuro-2022-0121. [PMID: 36514247 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent dementia-causing neurodegenerative condition is Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aberrant buildup of amyloid β and tau hyperphosphorylation are the two most well-known theories about the mechanisms underlying AD development. However, a significant number of pharmacological clinical studies conducted around the world based on the two aforementioned theories have not shown promising outcomes, and AD is still not effectively treated. Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic programmed cell death defined by the buildup of deadly amounts of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has received more attention in recent years. A wealth of data is emerging to support the role of iron in the pathophysiology of AD. Cell line and animal studies applying ferroptosis modulators to the treatment of AD have shown encouraging results. Based on these studies, we describe in this review the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis; the role that ferroptosis plays in AD pathology; and summarise some of the research advances in the treatment of AD with ferroptosis modulators. We hope to contribute to the clinical management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pandey SN, Singh G, Semwal BC, Gupta G, Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Albratty M, Najmi A, Meraya AM. Therapeutic approaches of nutraceuticals in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14426. [PMID: 36169224 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological illness that causes memory loss over time. Currently, available pharmaceutical medicines and products are limited, and they have side effects at a higher price. Researchers and scientists have observed significant effects of nutraceuticals. Various preclinical and clinical studies were investigated for the Anti-Alzheimer's activity of nutraceuticals. The increasing ability of the pathogenesis of AD has led to the analysis of novel therapeutic targets, including the pathophysiological mechanisms and distinct cascades. So, current improvement will show the most adequate and prominent nutraceuticals and suggested concise mechanisms involving autophagy regulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mitochondrial homeostasis, and others. The effects of nutraceuticals cannot be ignored; it is important to investigate high-quality clinical trials. Given the potential of nutraceuticals to battle AD as multi-targeted therapies, it's vital to evaluate them as viable lead compounds for drug discovery and development. To the best of the authors 'knowledge, modification of blood-brain barrier permeability, bioavailability, and aspects of randomized clinical trials should be considered in prospective investigations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Advancements in molecular diagnostic and fundamentals have implemented particular usefulness for drug evaluation. An excess of experimental knowledge occurs regarding the effect of nutraceuticals on AD. There are various preclinical and clinical studies that have been done on nutraceuticals. In addition, various substitute inhibit and enhance some pathophysiological levels associated with AD. Nutraceuticals are easily available and have fewer side effects with cost-effective advantages. However, further investigations and clinical trials are required to encourage its effect on disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Nath Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India
| | - Gurfateh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupesh Chander Semwal
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rostami F, Abbasi Z, Fereidoni M. Long-term follow-up of intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin-inducing pain sensitization. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:542-550. [PMID: 36256700 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age is known to be the major risk factor for both pain sensation and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Pain management in AD is a critical health condition. However, assessing pain in sAD patients is challenging. The intracerebroventricularly injected streptozotocin (icv-STZ) rat model of sAD has been brought to the fore as a hopefully suitable model that could mimic some features of sAD. However, the exact mechanism by which this agent may induce AD-like pathology is largely unknown. In some studies, analgesic drugs have been suggested as possible prevention of AD and icv-STZ-induced AD-like pathology. Therefore, this study used formalin and tail-flick tests to investigate whether different doses of icv-STZ injections could affect acute and inflammatory pain sensation and edema volume over time. Behavioral responses were observed at four testing time points (1, 2.5, 3.5, and 6 months postinjection). The results indicate that icv-STZ was able to significantly decrease the animals' formalin pain threshold in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Formalin-induced acute and chronic pain scores of animals treated with streptozotocin 3 mg/kg (STZ3) increased dramatically 2.5 months after injection and persisted thereafter. The augmentation in pain score induced by streptozotocin 1 mg/kg (STZ1) was observed from 3.5 months after STZ injection. However, the effect of streptozotocin 0.5 mg/kg (STZ0.5) was NS until 6 months after injection. However, formalin-induced paw edema occurred with a longer delay and was not detectable in STZ0.5-treated animals. In addition, only STZ3-treated animals significantly reduced the thermal pain threshold of animals 6 months after injection. These observations indicate that icv-STZ can sensitize central and/or peripheral receptors to pain. The effect of STZ is dose- and time-dependent. AD-like pathology induced by icv-STZ could be partially activated via pain processing pathways. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents could alleviate AD-like symptoms via pain treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
He YJ, Cong L, Liang SL, Ma X, Tian JN, Li H, Wu Y. Discovery and validation of Ferroptosis-related molecular patterns and immune characteristics in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1056312. [PMID: 36506471 PMCID: PMC9727409 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1056312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is still not fully elucidated. Much evidence suggests that Ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD, but little is known about its molecular immunological mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively analyse and explore the molecular mechanisms and immunological features of Ferroptosis-related genes in the pathogenesis of AD. Materials and methods We obtained the brain tissue dataset for AD from the GEO database and downloaded the Ferroptosis-related gene set from FerrDb for analysis. The most relevant Hub genes for AD were obtained using two machine learning algorithms (Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multiple support vector machine recursive feature elimination (mSVM-RFE)). The study of the Hub gene was divided into two parts. In the first part, AD patients were genotyped by unsupervised cluster analysis, and the different clusters' immune characteristics were analysed. A PCA approach was used to quantify the FRGscore. In the second part: we elucidate the biological functions involved in the Hub genes and their role in the immune microenvironment by integrating algorithms (GSEA, GSVA and CIBERSORT). Analysis of Hub gene-based drug regulatory networks and mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks using Cytoscape. Hub genes were further analysed using logistic regression models. Results Based on two machine learning algorithms, we obtained a total of 10 Hub genes. Unsupervised clustering successfully identified two different clusters, and immune infiltration analysis showed a significantly higher degree of immune infiltration in type A than in type B, indicating that type A may be at the peak of AD neuroinflammation. Secondly, a Hub gene-based Gene-Drug regulatory network and a ceRNA regulatory network were successfully constructed. Finally, a logistic regression algorithm-based AD diagnosis model and Nomogram diagram were developed. Conclusion Our study provides new insights into the role of Ferroptosis-related molecular patterns and immune mechanisms in AD, as well as providing a theoretical basis for the addition of diagnostic markers for AD.
Collapse
|
50
|
Liang Y, Wang L. Carthamus tinctorius L.: A natural neuroprotective source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115656. [PMID: 36041691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multicausal neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by generalized dementia. The pathogenic process of AD not only is progressive and complex but also involves multiple factors and mechanisms, including β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As the first-line treatment for AD, cholinesterase inhibitors can, to a certain extent, relieve AD symptoms and delay AD progression. Nonetheless, the current treatment strategies for AD are far from meeting clinical expectations, and more options for AD treatment should be applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, PubMed, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were "Honghua" or "Carthamus tinctorius L." or "safflower" in conjunction with "(native weeds OR alien invasive)"AND "Chinese herbal medicine". RESULTS A total of 47 literatures about C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through signaling pathways, immune cells, and disease-related mediators and systematically elucidates potential mechanisms from the point of anti-Aβ aggregation, suppressing tau protein hyperphosphorylation, increasing cholinergic neurotransmitters levels, inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation, ameliorating synaptic plasticity, and anti-apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is a treasure endowed by nature to mankind. Emerging studies have confirmed that CHM and its active constituents play a positive role in AD treatment. Carthamus tinctorius L., the most commonly used CHM, can be used with medicine and food, with the effect of activating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis. In the paper, we have concluded that the existing therapeutic mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and summarized the potential mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|