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Walker KA, Rhodes ST, Liberman DA, Gore AC, Bell MR. Microglial responses to inflammatory challenge in adult rats altered by developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a sex-specific manner. Neurotoxicology 2024; 104:95-115. [PMID: 39038526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous environmental contaminants linkedc with peripheral immune and neural dysfunction. Neuroimmune signaling is critical to brain development and later health; however, effects of PCBs on neuroimmune processes are largely undescribed. This study extends our previous work in neonatal or adolescent rats by investigating longer-term effects of perinatal PCB exposure on later neuroimmune responses to an inflammatory challenge in adulthood. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a low-dose, environmentally relevant, mixture of PCBs (Aroclors 1242, 1248, and 1254, 1:1:1, 20 μg / kg dam BW per gestational day) or oil control during gestation and via lactation. Upon reaching adulthood, rats were given a mild inflammatory challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg / kg BW, ip) or saline control and then euthanized 3 hours later for gene expression analysis or 24 hours later for immunohistochemical labeling of Iba1+ microglia. PCB exposure did not alter gene expression or microglial morphology independently, but instead interacted with the LPS challenge in brain region- and sex-specific ways. In the female hypothalamus, PCB exposure blunted LPS responses of neuroimmune and neuromodulatory genes without changing microglial morphology. In the female prefrontal cortex, PCBs shifted Iba1+ cells from reactive to hyperramified morphology in response to LPS. Conversely, in the male hypothalamus, PCBs shifted cell phenotypes from hyperramified to reactive morphologies in response to LPS. The results highlight the potential for long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants that are differentially revealed over a lifetime, sometimes only after a secondary challenge. These neuroimmune endpoints are possible mechanisms for PCB effects on a range of neural dysfunction in adulthood, including mental health and neurodegenerative disorders. The findings suggest possible interactions with other environmental challenges that also influence neuroimmune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Walker
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Simone T Rhodes
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Deborah A Liberman
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Margaret R Bell
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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2
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Abomosallam M, Hendam BM, Abdallah AA, Refaat R, El-Hak HNG. Neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion against penconazole-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats via modulating TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1903-1928. [PMID: 38630361 PMCID: PMC11136823 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Penconazole (PEN) is a systemic triazole fungicide used to control various fungal diseases on grapes, stone fruits, cucurbits, and strawberries. Still, it leaves residues on treated crops after collection with many hazardous effects on population including neurotoxicity. Withania somnifera leaves extract (WSLE) is known for its memory and brain function enhancing ability. To evoke such action efficiently, WSLE bioactive metabolites are needed to cross the blood-brain barrier, that could limit the availability of such compounds to be localized within the brain. Therefore, in the present study, the association between PEN exposure and neurotoxicity was evaluated, and formulated WSLE nanoemulsion was investigated for improving the permeability of the plant extract across the blood-brain barrier. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was administered distilled water, group II was treated with W. somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion (WSLE NE), group III received PEN, group IV received PEN and WSLE, and group V received PEN and WSLE NE. All rats were gavaged daily for 6 weeks. Characterization of compounds in WSLE using LC-MS/MS analysis was estimated. Neurobehavioral disorders were evaluated in all groups. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in brain tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression patterns of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax were measured. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression in the peripheral sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex were evaluated. A total of 91 compounds of different chemo-types were detected and identified in WSLE in both ionization modes. Our data showed behavioral impairment in the PEN-treated group, with significant elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal damage, and apoptosis. In contrast, the PEN-treated group with WSLE NE showed marked improvement in behavioral performance and histopathological alteration with a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the group administered WSLE alone. The PEN-treated group with WSLE NE in turn significantly downregulated the expression levels of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax in brain tissue. In conclusion, WSLE NE markedly enhanced the permeability of plant extract constituents through the blood brain barrier to boost its neuroprotective effect against PEN-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abomosallam
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr A Abdallah
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Refaat
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Nageh Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 10, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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3
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You Y, Chen Z, Hu WW. The role of microglia heterogeneity in synaptic plasticity and brain disorders: Will sequencing shed light on the discovery of new therapeutic targets? Pharmacol Ther 2024; 255:108606. [PMID: 38346477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play a crucial role in interacting with neuronal synapses and modulating synaptic plasticity. This function is particularly significant during postnatal development, as microglia are responsible for removing excessive synapses to prevent neurodevelopmental deficits. Dysregulation of microglial synaptic function has been well-documented in various pathological conditions, notably Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The recent application of RNA sequencing has provided a powerful and unbiased means to decipher spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. By identifying microglia with varying gene expression profiles, researchers have defined multiple subgroups of microglia associated with specific pathological states, including disease-associated microglia, interferon-responsive microglia, proliferating microglia, and inflamed microglia in multiple sclerosis, among others. However, the functional roles of these distinct subgroups remain inadequately characterized. This review aims to refine our current understanding of the potential roles of heterogeneous microglia in regulating synaptic plasticity and their implications for various brain disorders, drawing from recent sequencing research and functional studies. This knowledge may aid in the identification of pathogenetic biomarkers and potential factors contributing to pathogenesis, shedding new light on the discovery of novel drug targets. The field of sequencing-based data mining is evolving toward a multi-omics approach. With advances in viral tools for precise microglial regulation and the development of brain organoid models, we are poised to elucidate the functional roles of microglial subgroups detected through sequencing analysis, ultimately identifying valuable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi You
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Akhmetzyanova ER, Rizvanov AA, Mukhamedshina YO. Current methods for the microglia isolation: Overview and comparative analysis of approaches. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:147-158. [PMID: 38099956 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia represent a distinct population of neuroglia, constituting ~ 10% of all CNS cells and exhibit high plasticity. Proper functioning of microglia is critical in the event of CNS damage due to the rapid modulation of their functions. Microglia are not only the first stage of immune defense against injury and infection, contributing to both the innate and adaptive local immune response, but also play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. For this reason, microglia deserve special attention in the study of neuropathological responses. Studying microglia behavior in various in vivo models of neuropathologies is certainly a priority, as it allows us to evaluate the behavior in the context of the changing microenvironment of nervous tissue. However, sometimes there are some technological problems that hinder the identification of the features of intercellular interactions, ensured cooperation between microglia and other cell types. In this regard, the use of in vitro models remains relevant today, contributing to a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of microglial involvement in neuropathology. The methods considered in this review for obtaining an isolated culture of microglia, along with their advantages and disadvantages, can help researchers in selecting the appropriate source and method for obtaining these cells, thereby opening up opportunities for gaining new neurobiological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Akhmetzyanova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia.
| | - A A Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Y O Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012, Kazan, Russia
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5
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Dadwal S, Heneka MT. Microglia heterogeneity in health and disease. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:217-229. [PMID: 37945346 PMCID: PMC10839410 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have received significant attention due to their critical roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and mediating cerebral immune responses. Understanding the origin of microglia has been a subject of great interest, and emerging evidence suggests that microglia consist of multiple subpopulations with unique molecular and functional characteristics. These subpopulations of microglia may exhibit specialized roles in response to different environmental cues as in disease conditions. The newfound understanding of microglial heterogeneity has significant implications for elucidating their roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. In the context of disease, microglia have been studied rigorously as they play a very important role in neuroinflammation. Dysregulated microglial activation and function contribute to chronic inflammation. Further exploration of microglial heterogeneity and their interactions with other cell types in the CNS will undoubtedly pave the way to novel therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-mediated pathologies. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the field of microglia research, focusing specifically on the origin and subpopulations of microglia, the populations of microglia types in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and how microglia are regulated in the healthy CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilauni Dadwal
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgBelvalLuxembourg
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgBelvalLuxembourg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
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6
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Kumar M, Keady J, Aryal SP, Hessing M, Richards CI, Turner JR. The Role of Microglia in Sex- and Region-Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity During Nicotine Withdrawal. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:182-193. [PMID: 38298802 PMCID: PMC10829673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States, with <5% of quit attempts being successful. Microglia activation and proinflammatory neuroimmune signaling in reward neurocircuitry are implicated in nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Microglia are integral regulators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) functionality as well; however, whether the effects of nicotine withdrawal on microglia function impact BBB integrity is unknown. Methods Mice were treated with chronic nicotine (12 mg/kg/day) and subjected to 48 hours nicotine withdrawal. Regional BBB permeability, together with messenger RNA and protein expression of tight junction proteins, were assessed. PLX5622 chow was used to deplete microglia to evaluate the role of microglia in regulating BBB integrity and nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Results Female mice had higher baseline BBB permeability in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus than males. Nicotine withdrawal further exacerbated the BBB permeability selectively in the prefrontal cortex of females. These effects were concurrent with prefrontal cortex alterations in a subset of tight junction proteins with increased proinflammatory responses following nicotine withdrawal in females. Depletion of microglia via PLX5622 treatment prevented all these molecular effects and attenuated withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice. Conclusions These results are the first to show sex differences in regional BBB permeability during nicotine withdrawal. This represents a possible link to both the reduced smoking cessation success seen in women and women's increased risk for smoking-related neurovascular disorders. Furthermore, these findings open an avenue for sex-specific therapeutics that target microglia and BBB dysfunction during nicotine withdrawal in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
- Food & Nutrition Biotechnology Division, Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Jack Keady
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Surya P. Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Marissa Hessing
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Jill R. Turner
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
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7
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Abomosallam M, Hendam BM, Abdallah AA, Refaat R, Elshatory A, Gad El Hak HN. Neuroprotective effect of piracetam-loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles against thiacloprid-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:943-965. [PMID: 36745244 PMCID: PMC10140136 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiacloprid (TH) is a neurotoxic agricultural insecticide and potential food contaminant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between TH exposure and memory dysfunction in rats, as well as the potential protective effect of piracetam and piracetam-loaded magnetic chitosan nanoparticles (PMC NPs). Rats were divided into five equal groups (six rats/group). The control group received saline. Group II was treated with PMC NPs at a dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight (Bwt); Group III was treated with 1/10 LD50 of TH (65 mg/kg Bwt); Group IV was treated with TH (65 mg/kg Bwt) and piracetam (200 mg/kg Bwt); Group V was co-treated with TH (65 mg/kg Bwt) and PMC NPs (200 mg/kg Bwt). All animal groups were dosed daily for 6 weeks by oral gavage. Footprint analysis, hanging wire test, open field test, and Y-maze test were employed to assess behavioral deficits. Animals were euthanized, and brain tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and gene expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3. Brain and sciatic nerve tissues were used for the evaluation of histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of tau protein and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), respectively. The results revealed that TH-treated rats suffered from oxidative damage and inflammatory effect on the central and peripheral nerves. The administration of PMC NPs considerably protected against TH-induced neuronal damage, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, decreased inflammatory markers, and improved behavioral performance than the group treated with piracetam. The neuroprotective effect of PMC NPs was mediated through the inhibition of GFAP, APP, caspase-3, Tau, and NF-κB gene expression with induction of Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, TH could induce oxidative stress, inflammatory and neurobehavior impairment in rats. However, PMC NPs administration markedly mitigated TH-induced brain toxicity, possibly via oxidative and inflammatory modulation rather than using piracetam alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abomosallam
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Amr A Abdallah
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Rasha Refaat
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshatory
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11865, Egypt
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8
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Salta E, Lazarov O, Fitzsimons CP, Tanzi R, Lucassen PJ, Choi SH. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: A roadmap to clinical relevance. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:120-136. [PMID: 36736288 PMCID: PMC10082636 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) drops sharply during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), via unknown mechanisms, and correlates with cognitive status in AD patients. Understanding AHN regulation in AD could provide a framework for innovative pharmacological interventions. We here combine molecular, behavioral, and clinical data and critically discuss the multicellular complexity of the AHN niche in relation to AD pathophysiology. We further present a roadmap toward a better understanding of the role of AHN in AD by probing the promises and caveats of the latest technological advancements in the field and addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 404, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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9
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Thau-Zuchman O, Pallier PN, Savelkoul PJM, Kuipers AAM, Verkuyl JM, Michael-Titus AT. High phenylalanine concentrations induce demyelination and microglial activation in mouse cerebellar organotypic slices. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:926023. [PMID: 36248632 PMCID: PMC9559601 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.926023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism. Mutations in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)-encoding gene lead to a decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe). The deficiency in PAH increases Phe levels in blood and brain. Accumulation of Phe can lead to delayed development, psychiatric problems and cognitive impairment. White matter (WM) damage is a neuropathological hallmark of PKU and can be seen even in early detected and treated PKU patients. The mechanisms linking high Phe concentrations to WM abnormalities remain unclear. We tested the effects of high Phe concentrations on myelin in three in vitro models of increasing complexity: two simple cell culture models and one model that preserves local brain tissue architecture, a cerebellar organotypic slice culture prepared from postnatal day (P) 8 CD-1 mice. Various Phe concentrations (0.1–10 mM) and durations of exposure were tested. We found no toxic effect of high Phe in the cell culture models. On the contrary, the treatment promoted the maturation of oligodendrocytes, particularly at the highest, non-physiological Phe concentrations. Exposure of cerebellar organotypic slices to 2.4 mM Phe for 21 days in vitro (DIV), but not 7 or 10 DIV, resulted in a significant decrease in myelin basic protein (MBP), calbindin-stained neurites, and neurites co-stained with MBP. Following exposure to a toxic concentration of Phe, a switch to the control medium for 7 days did not lead to remyelination, while very active remyelination was seen in slices following demyelination with lysolecithin. An enhanced number of microglia, displaying an activated type morphology, was seen after exposure of the slices to 2.4 mM Phe for 10 or 21 DIV. The results suggest that prolonged exposure to high Phe concentrations can induce microglial activation preceding significant disruption of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Thau-Zuchman
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick N. Pallier
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patrick N. Pallier,
| | | | | | | | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Gabrielli M, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Verderio C. The multiple faces of extracellular vesicles released by microglia: Where are we 10 years after? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:984690. [PMID: 36176630 PMCID: PMC9514840 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.984690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As resident component of the innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are key players in pathology. However, they also exert fundamental roles in brain development and homeostasis maintenance. They are extremely sensitive and plastic, as they assiduously monitor the environment, adapting their function in response to stimuli. On consequence, microglia may be defined a heterogeneous community of cells in a dynamic equilibrium. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by microglia mirror the dynamic nature of their donor cells, exerting important and versatile functions in the CNS as unbounded conveyors of bioactive signals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs released by microglia, highlighting their heterogeneous properties and multifaceted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gabrielli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Martina Gabrielli,
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Claudia Verderio,
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11
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Wang YY, Deng YS, Dai SK, Mi TW, Li RY, Liu PP, Liu C, He BD, He XC, Du HZ, Yang HC, Tang Y, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. Loss of microglial EED impairs synapse density, learning, and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2999-3009. [PMID: 35484239 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic ectoderm development (EED) is a core component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) whose mutations are linked to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and neurodegeneration. Although EED has been extensively studied in neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes, its role in microglia is incompletely understood. Here, we show that microglial EED is essential for synaptic pruning during the postnatal stage of brain development. The absence of microglial EED at early postnatal stages resulted in reduced spines and impaired synapse density in the hippocampus at adulthood, accompanied by upregulated expression of phagocytosis-related genes in microglia. As a result, deletion of microglial Eed impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mice. These results suggest that microglial EED is critical for normal synaptic and cognitive functions during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu-Sen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shang-Kun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting-Wei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rui-Yang Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bao-Dong He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Han-Chen Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
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12
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Starovoytova IA, Dominova IN. An in vitro Study of the Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on Transcription Levels of SLC Family Transporter Genes in Microglia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Cheiran Pereira G, Piton E, Moreira Dos Santos B, Ramanzini LG, Muniz Camargo LF, Menezes da Silva R, Bochi GV. Microglia and HPA axis in depression: An overview of participation and relationship. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:165-182. [PMID: 34100334 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1939154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This narrative review article provides an overview on the involvement of microglia and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathophysiology of depression, as well investigates the mutual relationship between these two entities: how microglial activation can contribute to the dysregulation of the HPA axis, and vice versa.Methods: Relevant studies and reviews already published in the Pubmed electronic database involving the themes microglia, HPA axis and depression were used to meet the objectives.Results: Exposition to stressful events is considered a common factor in the mechanisms proposed to explain the depressive disorder. Stress can activate microglial cells, important immune components of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, another system involved in the physiological response to stressors is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the main stress response system responsible for the production of the glucocorticoid hormone (GC). Also, mediators released after microglial activation can stimulate the HPA axis, inducing production of GC. Likewise, high levels of GCs are also capable of activating microglia, generating a vicious cycle.Conclusion: Immune and neuroendocrine systems seems to work in a coordinated manner and that their dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression since neuroinflammation and hypercortisolism are often observed in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cheiran Pereira
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Elisa Piton
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Brenda Moreira Dos Santos
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme Ramanzini
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Muniz Camargo
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rossano Menezes da Silva
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vargas Bochi
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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14
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Hosang L, Canals RC, van der Flier FJ, Hollensteiner J, Daniel R, Flügel A, Odoardi F. The lung microbiome regulates brain autoimmunity. Nature 2022; 603:138-144. [PMID: 35197636 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung infections and smoking are risk factors for multiple sclerosis, a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system1. In addition, the lung serves as a niche for the disease-inducing T cells for long-term survival and for maturation into migration-competent effector T cells2. Why the lung tissue in particular has such an important role in an autoimmune disease of the brain is not yet known. Here we detected a tight interconnection between the lung microbiota and the immune reactivity of the brain. A dysregulation in the lung microbiome significantly influenced the susceptibility of rats to developing autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Shifting the microbiota towards lipopolysaccharide-enriched phyla by local treatment with neomycin induced a type-I-interferon-primed state in brain-resident microglial cells. Their responsiveness towards autoimmune-dominated stimulation by type II interferons was impaired, which led to decreased proinflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and clinical signs. Suppressing lipopolysaccharide-producing lung phyla with polymyxin B led to disease aggravation, whereas addition of lipopolysaccharide-enriched phyla or lipopolysaccharide recapitulated the neomycin effect. Our data demonstrate the existence of a lung-brain axis in which the pulmonary microbiome regulates the immune reactivity of the central nervous tissue and thereby influences its susceptibility to autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roger Cugota Canals
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Joy van der Flier
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Cuadros MA, Sepulveda MR, Martin-Oliva D, Marín-Teva JL, Neubrand VE. Microglia and Microglia-Like Cells: Similar but Different. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:816439. [PMID: 35197828 PMCID: PMC8859783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.816439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous parenchyma. In mammals, microglia are thought to originate from yolk sac precursors and posteriorly maintained through the entire life of the organism. However, the contribution of microglial cells from other sources should also be considered. In addition to “true” or “bona-fide” microglia, which are of embryonic origin, the so-called “microglia-like cells” are hematopoietic cells of bone marrow origin that can engraft the mature brain mainly under pathological conditions. These cells implement great parts of the microglial immune phenotype, but they do not completely adopt the “true microglia” features. Because of their pronounced similarity, true microglia and microglia-like cells are usually considered together as one population. In this review, we discuss the origin and development of these two distinct cell types and their differences. We will also review the factors determining the appearance and presence of microglia-like cells, which can vary among species. This knowledge might contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies aiming at microglial cells for the treatment of diseases in which they are involved, for example neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cuadros
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Rosario Sepulveda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Martin-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Marín-Teva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Veronika E Neubrand
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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VanRyzin JW. Phagocytic microglia in development: Are they what they eat? Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100373. [PMID: 34761244 PMCID: PMC8566956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are indispensable for proper brain development. As professional phagocytes, microglia engulf other cells within distinct developmental niches to sculpt the architecture of the brain. Here, I highlight the age-, brain region-, and substrate-dependent diversity of developmental phagocytosis, and pose the idea that phagocytosis may, in turn, drive changes in microglia phenotype. Ultimately, phagocytosis might be just as important for shaping microglia function as it is for shaping the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Velásquez E, Szeitz B, Gil J, Rodriguez J, Palkovits M, Renner É, Hortobágyi T, Döme P, Nogueira FC, Marko-Varga G, Domont GB, Rezeli M. Topological Dissection of Proteomic Changes Linked to the Limbic Stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750665. [PMID: 34712240 PMCID: PMC8546208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. In AD, neurodegeneration spreads throughout different areas of the central nervous system (CNS) in a gradual and predictable pattern, causing progressive memory decline and cognitive impairment. Deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific CNS regions correlates with the severity of AD and constitutes the basis for disease classification into different Braak stages (I-VI). Early clinical symptoms are typically associated with stages III-IV (i.e., limbic stages) when the involvement of the hippocampus begins. Histopathological changes in AD have been linked to brain proteome alterations, including aberrant posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as the hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Most proteomic studies to date have focused on AD progression across different stages of the disease, by targeting one specific brain area at a time. However, in AD vulnerable regions, stage-specific proteomic alterations, including changes in PTM status occur in parallel and remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and acetylomic analyses of human postmortem tissue samples from AD (Braak stage III-IV, n=11) and control brains (n=12), covering all anatomical areas affected during the limbic stage of the disease (total hippocampus, CA1, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices). Overall, ~6000 proteins, ~9000 unique phosphopeptides and 221 acetylated peptides were accurately quantified across all tissues. Our results reveal significant proteome changes in AD brains compared to controls. Among others, we have observed the dysregulation of pathways related to the adaptive and innate immune responses, including several altered antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Notably, some of these changes were restricted to specific anatomical areas, while others altered according to disease progression across the regions studied. Our data highlights the molecular heterogeneity of AD and the relevance of neuroinflammation as a major player in AD pathology. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027173.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Velásquez
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Renner
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,ELKH-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Döme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fábio Cs Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Laboratório de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (LADETEC), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Division of Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Division of Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Delage CI, Tremblay MÈ, Crespo-Lopez ME, Verkhratsky A. Plasticity of microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:217-250. [PMID: 34549510 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic metamorphosis of foetal macrophages into idiosyncratic surveilling microglia, which are generally characterised by a small cell body and highly ramified motile processes that constantly scan the nervous tissue for signs of changes in homeostasis and allow microglia to perform crucial homeostatic functions. The surveilling microglial phenotype is evolutionarily conserved from early invertebrates to humans. Despite this evolutionary conservation, microglia show substantial heterogeneity in their gene and protein expression, as well as morphological appearance. These differences are age, region and context specific and reflect a high degree of plasticity underlying the life-long adaptation of microglia, supporting the exceptional adaptive capacity of the central nervous system. Microgliocytes are essential elements of cellular network formation and refinement in the developing nervous tissue. Several distinct patrolling modes of microglial processes contribute to the formation, modification, and pruning of synapses; to the support and protection of neurones through microglial-somatic junctions; and to the control of neuronal and axonal excitability by specific microglia-axonal contacts. In pathology, microglia undergo proliferation and reactive remodelling known as microgliosis, which is context dependent, yet represents an evolutionarily conserved defence response. Microgliosis results in the emergence of multiple disease and context-specific reactive states; in addition, neuropathology is associated with the appearance of specific protective or recovery microglial forms. In summary, the plasticity of microglia supports the development and functional activity of healthy nervous tissue and provides highly sophisticated defences against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Isabelle Delage
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Bureau 4835, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
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19
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Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050658. [PMID: 34070012 PMCID: PMC8157831 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate. In this review, we demonstrate that certain pools of microglia are determinant cells in different phases of the generation of new neurons. This sheds light on how cells cooperate in order to fine tune brain organization. It also provides us with a better understanding of distinct neuronal pathologies.
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21
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Sanguino‐Gómez J, Buurstede JC, Abiega O, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ, Eggen BJL, Lesuis SL, Meijer OC, Krugers HJ. An emerging role for microglia in stress‐effects on memory. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2491-2518. [PMID: 33724565 PMCID: PMC9373920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences evoke, among others, a rapid increase in brain (nor)epinephrine (NE) levels and a slower increase in glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in the brain. Microglia are key regulators of neuronal function and contain receptors for NE and GCs. These brain cells may therefore potentially be involved in modulating stress effects on neuronal function and learning and memory. In this review, we discuss that stress induces (1) an increase in microglial numbers as well as (2) a shift toward a pro‐inflammatory profile. These microglia have (3) impaired crosstalk with neurons and (4) disrupted glutamate signaling. Moreover, microglial immune responses after stress (5) alter the kynurenine pathway through metabolites that impair glutamatergic transmission. All these effects could be involved in the impairments in memory and in synaptic plasticity caused by (prolonged) stress, implicating microglia as a potential novel target in stress‐related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems Section Molecular Neurobiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie L. Lesuis
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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22
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Ross JL, Vega JV, Plant A, MacDonald TJ, Becher OJ, Hambardzumyan D. Tumor immune landscape of paediatric high-grade gliomas. Brain 2021; 144:2594-2609. [PMID: 33856022 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made towards elucidating the origin and genomic landscape of childhood high-grade brain tumors. It has become evident that pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) differ from adult HGGs with respect to multiple defining aspects including: DNA copy number, gene expression profiles, tumor locations within the central nervous system, and genetic alterations such as somatic histone mutations. Despite these advances, clinical trials for children with glioma have historically been based on ineffective adult regimens that fail to take into consideration the fundamental biological differences between the two. Additionally, although our knowledge of the intrinsic cellular mechanisms driving tumor progression has considerably expanded, little is known concerning the dynamic tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in pHGGs. In this review, we explore the genetic and epigenetic landscape of pHGGs and how this drives the creation of specific tumor sub-groups with meaningful survival outcomes. Further, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the pHGG TIME and discuss emerging therapeutic efforts aimed at exploiting the immune functions of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jose Velazquez Vega
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Plant
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Oren J Becher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Uriarte Huarte O, Richart L, Mittelbronn M, Michelucci A. Microglia in Health and Disease: The Strength to Be Diverse and Reactive. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:660523. [PMID: 33867943 PMCID: PMC8044310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.660523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune effector cells of the central nervous system (CNS) rapidly reacting to any perturbation in order to maintain CNS homeostasis. Although their outstanding reactive properties have been elucidated over the last decades, their heterogeneity in healthy tissue, such as across brain regions, as well as their diversity in the development and progression of brain diseases, are currently opening new avenues to understand the cellular and functional states of microglia subsets in a context-dependent manner. Here, we review the main breakthrough studies that helped in elucidating microglia heterogeneity in the healthy and diseased brain and might pave the way to critical functional screenings of the inferred cellular diversity. We suggest that unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying specific functionalities of microglial subpopulations, which may ultimately support or harm the neuronal network in neurodegenerative diseases, or may acquire pro- or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes in brain tumors, will possibly uncover new therapeutic avenues for to date non-curable neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Lorraine Richart
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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24
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Uriarte Huarte O, Kyriakis D, Heurtaux T, Pires-Afonso Y, Grzyb K, Halder R, Buttini M, Skupin A, Mittelbronn M, Michelucci A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics and In Situ Morphological Analyses Reveal Microglia Heterogeneity Across the Nigrostriatal Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639613. [PMID: 33854507 PMCID: PMC8039119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune effector cells of the central nervous system (CNS) rapidly reacting to various pathological stimuli to maintain CNS homeostasis. However, microglial reactions in the CNS may also worsen neurological disorders. Hence, the phenotypic analysis of microglia in healthy tissue may identify specific poised subsets ultimately supporting or harming the neuronal network. This is all the more important for the understanding of CNS disorders exhibiting regional-specific and cellular pathological hallmarks, such as many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this context, we aimed to address the heterogeneity of microglial cells in susceptible brain regions for PD, such as the nigrostriatal pathway. Here, we combined single-cell RNA-sequencing with immunofluorescence analyses of the murine nigrostriatal pathway, the most affected brain region in PD. We uncovered a microglia subset, mainly present in the midbrain, displaying an intrinsic transcriptional immune alerted signature sharing features of inflammation-induced microglia. Further, an in situ morphological screening of inferred cellular diversity showed a decreased microglia complexity in the midbrain when compared to striatum. Our study provides a resource for the identification of specific microglia phenotypes within the nigrostriatal pathway, which may be relevant in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Yolanda Pires-Afonso
- Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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25
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Masuda T, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, Prinz M. Microglia Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1271-1281. [PMID: 32023447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that are capable of carrying out prominent and various functions during development and adulthood under both homeostatic and disease conditions. Although microglia are traditionally thought to be heterogeneous populations, which potentially allows them to achieve a wide range of responses to environmental changes for the maintenance of CNS homeostasis, a lack of unbiased and high-throughput methods to assess microglia heterogeneity has prevented the study of spatially and temporally distributed microglia subsets. The recent emergence of novel single-cell techniques, such as cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CyTOF) and single-cell RNA sequencing, enabled scientists to overcome such limitations and reveal the surprising context-dependent heterogeneity of microglia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the spatial, temporal, and functional diversity of microglia during development, homeostasis, and disease in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ori Staszewski
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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26
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Song L, Pan S, Zhang Z, Jia L, Chen WH, Zhao XM. STAB: a spatio-temporal cell atlas of the human brain. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D1029-D1037. [PMID: 32976581 PMCID: PMC7778989 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is the most complex organ consisting of billions of neuronal and non-neuronal cells that are organized into distinct anatomical and functional regions. Elucidating the cellular and transcriptome architecture underlying the brain is crucial for understanding brain functions and brain disorders. Thanks to the single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, it is becoming possible to dissect the cellular compositions of the brain. Although great effort has been made to explore the transcriptome architecture of the human brain, a comprehensive database with dynamic cellular compositions and molecular characteristics of the human brain during the lifespan is still not available. Here, we present STAB (a Spatio-Temporal cell Atlas of the human Brain), a database consists of single-cell transcriptomes across multiple brain regions and developmental periods. Right now, STAB contains single-cell gene expression profiling of 42 cell subtypes across 20 brain regions and 11 developmental periods. With STAB, the landscape of cell types and their regional heterogeneity and temporal dynamics across the human brain can be clearly seen, which can help to understand both the development of the normal human brain and the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. STAB is available at http://stab.comp-sysbio.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Song
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaojun Pan
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zichao Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longhao Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Butler MJ, Cole RM, Deems NP, Belury MA, Barrientos RM. Fatty food, fatty acids, and microglial priming in the adult and aged hippocampus and amygdala. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:145-158. [PMID: 32544595 PMCID: PMC7572563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term (3-day) consumption of a high fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fats is associated with a neuroinflammatory response and subsequent cognitive impairment in aged, but not young adult, male rats. This exaggerated effect in aged rats could be due to a "primed" microglial phenotype observed in the normal aging process in rodents in which aged microglia display a potentiated response to immune challenge. Here, we investigated the impact of HFD on microglial priming and lipid composition in the hippocampus and amygdala of young and aged rats. Furthermore, we investigated the microglial response to palmitate, the main saturated fatty acid (SFA) found in HFD that is proinflammatory. Our results indicate that HFD increased gene expression of microglial markers of activation indicative of microglial priming, including CD11b, MHCII, CX3CR1, and NLRP3, as well as the pro-inflammatory marker IL-1β in both hippocampus and amygdala-derived microglia. Furthermore, HFD increased the concentration of SFAs and decreased the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the hippocampus. We also observed a specific decrease in the anti-inflammatory PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the hippocampus and amygdala of aged rats. In a separate cohort of young and aged animals, isolated microglia from the hippocampus and amygdala exposed to palmitate in vitro induced an inflammatory gene expression profile mimicking the effects of HFD in vivo. These data suggest that palmitate may be a critical nutritional signal from the HFD that is directly involved in hippocampal and amygdalar inflammation. Interestingly, microglial activation markers were increased in response to HFD or palmitate in an age-independent manner, suggesting that HFD sensitivity of microglia, under these experimental conditions, is not the sole mediator of the exaggerated inflammatory response observed in whole tissue extracts from aged HFD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Butler
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel M. Cole
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Deems
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Martha A. Belury
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M. Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Chronic Brain Injury Program, Discovery Themes Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Ruth M. Barrientos, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, Tel.: 614-293-6591,
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28
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Chen WT, Lu A, Craessaerts K, Pavie B, Sala Frigerio C, Corthout N, Qian X, Laláková J, Kühnemund M, Voytyuk I, Wolfs L, Mancuso R, Salta E, Balusu S, Snellinx A, Munck S, Jurek A, Fernandez Navarro J, Saido TC, Huitinga I, Lundeberg J, Fiers M, De Strooper B. Spatial Transcriptomics and In Situ Sequencing to Study Alzheimer's Disease. Cell 2020; 182:976-991.e19. [PMID: 32702314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although complex inflammatory-like alterations are observed around the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about the molecular changes and cellular interactions that characterize this response. We investigate here, in an AD mouse model, the transcriptional changes occurring in tissue domains in a 100-μm diameter around amyloid plaques using spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrate early alterations in a gene co-expression network enriched for myelin and oligodendrocyte genes (OLIGs), whereas a multicellular gene co-expression network of plaque-induced genes (PIGs) involving the complement system, oxidative stress, lysosomes, and inflammation is prominent in the later phase of the disease. We confirm the majority of the observed alterations at the cellular level using in situ sequencing on mouse and human brain sections. Genome-wide spatial transcriptomics analysis provides an unprecedented approach to untangle the dysregulated cellular network in the vicinity of pathogenic hallmarks of AD and other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chen
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ashley Lu
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Pavie
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Carlo Sala Frigerio
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nikky Corthout
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Iryna Voytyuk
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Leen Wolfs
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - An Snellinx
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Jurek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Jose Fernandez Navarro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105BA, the Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, the Netherlands
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Mark Fiers
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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29
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Abstract
Microglia are the major immune cells in the central nervous system and play a key role in the normal function of the brain. Microglia exhibit functional diversity, and they control the inflammation in central nervous system through releasing inflammatory cytokine, clearing apoptotic cells via phagocytosis, regulating synaptic plasticity and the formation of neural network by synapse pruning. Recent studies have strongly indicated that the microglial dysfunction is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression, which have been termed as "microgliopathy". The emergency of advanced technologies and tools has enabled us to comprehensively understand the role of microglia in physiology and pathology, and growing studies have targetted microglia to explore the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we describe the key progress of microglia research, and review the recent developments in the understanding of the role of microglia in physiology and etiology of depression.
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30
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Kane JR, Zhao J, Tsujiuchi T, Laffleur B, Arrieta VA, Mahajan A, Rao G, Mela A, Dmello C, Chen L, Zhang DY, González-Buendia E, Lee-Chang C, Xiao T, Rothschild G, Basu U, Horbinski C, Lesniak MS, Heimberger AB, Rabadan R, Canoll P, Sonabend AM. CD8 + T-cell-Mediated Immunoediting Influences Genomic Evolution and Immune Evasion in Murine Gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4390-4401. [PMID: 32430477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer immunoediting shapes tumor progression by the selection of tumor cell variants that can evade immune recognition. Given the immune evasion and intratumor heterogeneity characteristic of gliomas, we hypothesized that CD8+ T cells mediate immunoediting in these tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed retrovirus-induced PDGF+ Pten -/- murine gliomas and evaluated glioma progression and tumor immunogenicity in the absence of CD8+ T cells by depleting this immune cell population. Furthermore, we characterized the genomic alterations present in gliomas that developed in the presence and absence of CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Upon transplantation, gliomas that developed in the absence of CD8+ T cells engrafted poorly in recipients with intact immunity but engrafted well in those with CD8+ T-cell depletion. In contrast, gliomas that developed under pressure from CD8+ T cells were able to fully engraft in both CD8+ T-cell-depleted mice and immunocompetent mice. Remarkably, gliomas developed in the absence of CD8+ T cells exhibited increased aneuploidy, MAPK pathway signaling, gene fusions, and macrophage/microglial infiltration, and showed a proinflammatory phenotype. MAPK activation correlated with macrophage/microglia recruitment in this model and in the human disease. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that, in these tumor models, CD8+ T cells influence glioma oncogenic pathways, tumor genotype, and immunogenicity. This suggests immunoediting of immunogenic tumor clones through their negative selection by CD8+ T cells during glioma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Kane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Takashi Tsujiuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Víctor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aayushi Mahajan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angeliki Mela
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Y Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edgar González-Buendia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gerson Rothschild
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York City, New York.,Department of Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Adam M Sonabend
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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31
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Kuter KZ, Cenci MA, Carta AR. The role of glia in Parkinson's disease: Emerging concepts and therapeutic applications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:131-168. [PMID: 32247363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally believed to primarily affect neurons, Parkinson's disease (PD) has recently been recognized to also affect the functions and integrity of microglia and astroglia, two cell categories of fundamental importance to brain tissue homeostasis, defense, and repair. Both a loss of glial supportive-defensive functions and a toxic gain of glial functions are implicated in the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, the chronic treatment with L-DOPA may cause maladaptive glial plasticity favoring a development of therapy complications. This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of PD from a glial point of view, presenting this rapidly growing field from the first discoveries made to the most recent developments. We report and compare histopathological and molecular findings from experimental models of PD and human studies. We moreover discuss the important role played by astrocytes in compensatory adaptations taking place during presymptomatic disease stages. We finally describe examples of potential therapeutic applications stemming from an increased understanding of the important roles of glia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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32
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Hashemiaghdam A, Mroczek M. Microglia heterogeneity and neurodegeneration: The emerging paradigm of the role of immunity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577185. [PMID: 32045774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia type affecting nearly 44 million people worldwide. Recent findings point to microglia as a significant contributor to neural development, neuroinflammation, and degeneration. Dysregulated immunoactivity in AD has been broadly studied, and current research on animal models enabled us to identify a new cluster of microglia (disease-associated microglia) alongside previously detected glial populations (e.g., plaque-associated microglia, dark microglia, Human Alzheimer's microglia) associated with neuroinflammation and with macrophagic activity. These distinct populations of glia show a spatial distribution within plaques with unique imaging features and distinct gene expression profile. Novel genetic approaches using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (sn-RNA seq) allowed researchers to identify gene expression profiles from fixed human samples. Recent studies, exposing transcriptomic clusters of disease-related cells and analyzing sequenced RNA from sorted myeloid cells, seem to confirm the hypothesis of the central role of glia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. These discoveries may shed light on the effects of microglial activation and differences in gene expression profiles, furthering research towards the development of a cell-specific therapy. In this review, we examine recent studies that guide us towards recognizing the role of diverse populations of glial cells and their possible heterogeneous functional states in the pathogenesis of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mroczek
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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33
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Tan YL, Yuan Y, Tian L. Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:351-367. [PMID: 31772305 PMCID: PMC6974435 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia have been recently shown to manifest a very interesting phenotypical heterogeneity across different regions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism and functional meaning of this phenomenon are currently unclear. Baseline diversities of adult microglia in their cell number, cellular and subcellular structures, molecular signature as well as relevant functions have been discovered. But recent transcriptomic studies using bulk RNAseq and single-cell RNAseq have produced conflicting results on region-specific signatures of microglia. It is highly speculative whether such spatial heterogeneity contributes to varying sensitivities of individual microglia to the same physiological and pathological signals in different CNS regions, and hence underlie their functional relevance for CNS disease development. This review aims to thoroughly summarize up-to-date knowledge on this specific topic and provide some insights on the potential underlying mechanisms, starting from microgliogenesis. Understanding regional heterogeneity of microglia in the context of their diverse neighboring neurons and other glia may provide an important clue for future development of innovative therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Tan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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34
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Serhan A, Aerts JL, Boddeke EW, Kooijman R. Neuroprotection by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Rats with Ischemic Stroke is Associated with Microglial Changes and a Reduction in Neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2020; 426:101-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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35
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van Wageningen TA, Vlaar E, Kooij G, Jongenelen CAM, Geurts JJG, van Dam AM. Regulation of microglial TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis white and grey matter lesions is dependent on their inflammatory environment. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:206. [PMID: 31829283 PMCID: PMC6907356 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of acquired neurological disability in young adults, pathologically characterized by leukocyte infiltration of the central nervous system, demyelination of the white and grey matter, and subsequent axonal loss. Microglia are proposed to play a role in MS lesion formation, however previous literature has not been able to distinguish infiltrated macrophages from microglia. Therefore, in this study we utilize the microglia-specific, homeostatic markers TMEM119 and P2RY12 to characterize their immunoreactivity in MS grey matter lesions in comparison to white matter lesions. Furthermore, we assessed the immunological status of the white and grey matter lesions, as well as the responsivity of human white and grey matter derived microglia to inflammatory mediators. We are the first to show that white and grey matter lesions in post-mortem human material differ in their immunoreactivity for the homeostatic microglia-specific markers TMEM119 and P2RY12. In particular, whereas immunoreactivity for TMEM119 and P2RY12 is decreased in the center of WMLs, immunoreactivity for both markers is not altered in GMLs. Based on data from post-mortem human microglia cultures, treated with IL-4 or IFNγ+LPS and on counts of CD3+ or CD20+ lymphocytes in lesions, we show that downregulation of TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in MS lesions corresponds with the presence of lymphocytes and lymphocyte-derived cytokines within the parenchyma but not in the meninges. Furthermore, the presence of TMEM119+ and partly P2RY12+ microglia in pre-active lesions as well as in the rim of active white and grey matter lesions, in addition to TMEM119+ and P2RY12+ rod-like microglia in subpial grey matter lesions suggest that blocking the entrance of lymphocytes into the CNS of MS patients may not interfere with all possible effects of TMEM119+ and P2RY12+ microglia in both white and grey matter MS lesions.
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36
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VanRyzin JW, Marquardt AE, Pickett LA, McCarthy MM. Microglia and sexual differentiation of the developing brain: A focus on extrinsic factors. Glia 2019; 68:1100-1113. [PMID: 31691400 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been removed from the position of mere sentinels and promoted to the role of active sculptors of developing circuits and cells. Alongside their functions in normal brain development, microglia coordinate sexual differentiation of the brain, a set of processes which vary by region and endpoint like that of microglia function itself. In this review, we highlight the ways microglia are both targets and drivers of brain sexual differentiation. We examine the factors that may drive sex differences in microglia, with a special focus on how changing microenvironments in the developing brain dictate microglia phenotypes and discuss how their diverse functions sculpt lasting sex-specific changes in the brain. Finally, we consider how sex-specific early life environments contribute to epigenetic programming and lasting sex differences in microglia identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley E Marquardt
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lindsay A Pickett
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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37
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Stratoulias V, Venero JL, Tremblay MÈ, Joseph B. Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community. EMBO J 2019. [PMID: 31373067 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019a101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Stratoulias
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Stratoulias V, Venero JL, Tremblay M, Joseph B. Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101997. [PMID: 31373067 PMCID: PMC6717890 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Stratoulias
- Toxicology UnitInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología MolecularFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla‐Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Marie‐Ève Tremblay
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversité LavalQuebecQCCanada
- Axe NeurosciencesCentre de Recherche du CHU de Québec‐Université LavalQuebecQCCanada
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology UnitInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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39
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Jacobs AJ, Castillo‐Ruiz A, Cisternas CD, Forger NG. Microglial Depletion Causes Region‐Specific Changes to Developmental Neuronal Cell Death in the Mouse Brain. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:769-779. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Jacobs
- Neuroscience Institute Georgia State University P.O. Box 5030 Atlanta Georgia30302‐5030
| | | | - Carla D. Cisternas
- Neuroscience Institute Georgia State University P.O. Box 5030 Atlanta Georgia30302‐5030
| | - Nancy G. Forger
- Neuroscience Institute Georgia State University P.O. Box 5030 Atlanta Georgia30302‐5030
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40
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The orphan nuclear receptor TLX: an emerging master regulator of cross-talk between microglia and neural precursor cells. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20180208. [PMID: 32271856 PMCID: PMC7104320 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and neurogenesis have both been the subject of intensive investigation over the past 20 years. The sheer complexity of their regulation and their ubiquity in various states of health and disease have sometimes obscured the progress that has been made in unraveling their mechanisms and regulation. A recent study by Kozareva et al. (Neuronal Signaling (2019) 3), provides evidence that the orphan nuclear receptor TLX is central to communication between microglia and neural precursor cells and could help us understand how inflammation, mediated by microglia, influences the development of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Here, we put recent studies on TLX into the context of what is known about adult neurogenesis and microglial activation in the brain, along with the many hints that these processes must be inter-related.
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41
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Glotfelty EJ, Delgado TE, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Karlsson TE, Mattson MP, Harvey BK, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Incretin Mimetics as Rational Candidates for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:66-91. [PMID: 31396586 PMCID: PMC6687335 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming an increasing public health issue. With an annually estimated 1.7 million TBIs in the United States (U.S) and nearly 70 million worldwide, the injury, isolated or compounded with others, is a major cause of short- and long-term disability and mortality. This, along with no specific treatment, has made exploration of TBI therapies a priority of the health system. Age and sex differences create a spectrum of vulnerability to TBI, with highest prevalence among younger and older populations. Increased public interest in the long-term effects and prevention of TBI have recently reached peaks, with media attention bringing heightened awareness to sport and war related head injuries. Along with short-term issues, TBI can increase the likelihood for development of long-term neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of literature supports the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon (Gcg) receptor (R) agonists, along with unimolecular combinations of these therapies, for their potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a variety of cellular and animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and acute cerebrovascular disorders (stroke). Mild or moderate TBI shares many of the hallmarks of these conditions; recent work provides evidence that use of these compounds is an effective strategy for its treatment. Safety and efficacy of many incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP) have been demonstrated in humans for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), making these compounds ideal for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of mild and moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E. Delgado
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Division
of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yu Luo
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lars Olson
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular
Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience
Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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42
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Lodygin D, Hermann M, Schweingruber N, Flügel-Koch C, Watanabe T, Schlosser C, Merlini A, Körner H, Chang HF, Fischer HJ, Reichardt HM, Zagrebelsky M, Mollenhauer B, Kügler S, Fitzner D, Frahm J, Stadelmann C, Haberl M, Odoardi F, Flügel A. β-Synuclein-reactive T cells induce autoimmune CNS grey matter degeneration. Nature 2019; 566:503-508. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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43
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Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution. Nature 2019; 566:388-392. [PMID: 30760929 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have critical roles not only in neural development and homeostasis, but also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system1-4. These highly diverse and specialized functions may be executed by subsets of microglia that already exist in situ, or by specific subsets of microglia that develop from a homogeneous pool of cells on demand. However, little is known about the presence of spatially and temporally restricted subclasses of microglia in the central nervous system during development or disease. Here we combine massively parallel single-cell analysis, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, advanced immunohistochemistry and computational modelling to comprehensively characterize subclasses of microglia in multiple regions of the central nervous system during development and disease. Single-cell analysis of tissues of the central nervous system during homeostasis in mice revealed specific time- and region-dependent subtypes of microglia. Demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases evoked context-dependent subtypes of microglia with distinct molecular hallmarks and diverse cellular kinetics. Corresponding clusters of microglia were also identified in healthy human brains, and the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis. Our data provide insights into the endogenous immune system of the central nervous system during development, homeostasis and disease, and may also provide new targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies.
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Regional elevations in microglial activation and cerebral glucose utilization in frontal white matter tracts of rhesus monkeys following prolonged cocaine self-administration. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1417-1428. [PMID: 30747315 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that exposure to cocaine can result in neuroinflammatory responses. Microglia, the resident CNS immune cells, undergo a transition to an activated state when challenged. In rodents, and possibly humans, cocaine exposure activates microglia. The goal of this study was to assess the extent and magnitude of microglial activation in rhesus monkeys with an extensive history of cocaine self-administration. Male rhesus monkeys (N = 4/group) were trained to respond on a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food or 0.3 mg/kg/injection cocaine presentation (30 reinforcers/session) for 300 sessions. At the end of the final session, monkeys were administered 2-[14C]deoxyglucose intravenously and 45 min later euthanized. Brain sections were used for autoradiographic assessments of glucose utilization and for microglia activation with [3H]PK11195, a marker for the microglial 18-kDa translocator protein. There were no group differences in gray matter [3H]PK11195 binding, while binding was significantly greater in cocaine self-administration animals as compared to food controls in 8 of the 11 white matter tracts measured at the striatal level. Binding did not differ from control at other levels. There were also significant increases in white matter local cerebral glucose utilization at the striatal level, which were positively correlated with [3H]PK11195 binding. The present findings demonstrate an elevation in [3H]PK11195 binding in forebrain white matter tracts of nonhuman primates with a prolonged history of cocaine self-administration. These elevations were also associated with greater cerebral metabolic rates. These data suggest that white matter deficits may contribute to behavioral, motivational, and cognitive impairments observed in cocaine abusers.
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45
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Cengiz P, Zafer D, Chandrashekhar JH, Chanana V, Bogost J, Waldman A, Novak B, Kintner DB, Ferrazzano PA. Developmental differences in microglia morphology and gene expression during normal brain development and in response to hypoxia-ischemia. Neurochem Int 2019; 127:137-147. [PMID: 30639264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic brain injury and recovery, however the interplay between brain development and the neuroinflammatory response is poorly understood. We previously described age-dependent differences in the microglial response and the effect of microglial inhibition. Here we investigate whether age-dependent microglial responses may be related to pre-injury developmental differences in microglial phenotype. METHODS Measures of microglia morphology were quantified using semi-automated software analysis of immunostained sections from postnatal day 2 (P2), P9, P30 and P60 mice using IMARIS. Microglia were isolated from P2, P9, P30 and P60 mice, and expression of markers of classical and alternative microglial activation was assessed, as well as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor, Serpine1, Mer Tyrosine Kinase (MerTK), and the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3). Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) was induced in P9 and P30 mice using unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to 10% oxygen for 50 min. Microglia morphology and microglial expression of genes in the TGF-β and MerTK pathways were determined in ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. RESULTS A progressive and significant increase in microglia branching morphology was seen in all brain regions from P2 to P30. No consistent classical or alternative activation profile was seen in isolated microglia. A clear transition to increased expression of TGF-β and its downstream effector serpine1 was seen between P9 and P30. A similar increase in expression was seen in MerTK and its downstream effector SOCS3. HI resulted in a significant decrease in branching morphology only in the P9 mice, and expression of TGF-β receptor, Serpine1, MerTK, and SOCS3 were elevated in P30 mice compared to P9 post-HI. CONCLUSION Microglia maturation is associated with changes in morphology and gene expression, and microglial responses to ischemia in the developing brain differ based on the age at which injury occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Cengiz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Dila Zafer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jayadevi H Chandrashekhar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Vishal Chanana
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacob Bogost
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alex Waldman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Becca Novak
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas B Kintner
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter A Ferrazzano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Tay TL, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ. Physiology of Microglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:129-148. [PMID: 31583587 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia constitute the major immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS) alongside neurons and other glial cells. These resident immune cells are critical for proper brain development, actively maintain brain health throughout the lifespan and rapidly adapt their function to the physiological or pathophysiological needs of the organism. Cutting-edge fate mapping and imaging techniques applied to animal models enabled a revolution in our understanding of their roles during normal physiological conditions. Here, we highlight studies that demonstrate the embryonic yolk sac origin of microglia and describe factors, including crosstalk with the periphery and external environment, that regulate their differentiation, homeostasis and function in the context of healthy CNS. The diversity of microglial phenotypes observed across the lifespan, between brain compartments and between sexes is also discussed. Understanding what defines specific microglial phenotypes is critical for the development of innovative therapies to modulate their effector functions and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Leng Tay
- Institute of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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47
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Lee SH, Suk K. Kinase-Based Taming of Brain Microglia Toward Disease-Modifying Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:474. [PMID: 30568577 PMCID: PMC6289980 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells residing in the central nervous system (CNS), where they play essential roles in the health and disease. Depending on the CNS inflammatory milieu, they exist in either resting or activated states. Chronic neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia is now considered to be a common characteristic shared by many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which currently pose a significant socioeconomic burden to the global healthcare system. Accumulating evidence has indicated protein kinases (PKs) as important drug targets for therapeutic interventions of these detrimental diseases. Here, we review recent findings suggesting that selected PKs potentially participate in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Taming microglial phenotypes by modulating the activity of these PKs holds great promise for the development of disease-modifying therapies for many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Basilico B, Pagani F, Grimaldi A, Cortese B, Di Angelantonio S, Weinhard L, Gross C, Limatola C, Maggi L, Ragozzino D. Microglia shape presynaptic properties at developing glutamatergic synapses. Glia 2018; 67:53-67. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Cortese
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Dept of Physics; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Limatola
- Pasteur Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED; Via Atinese Pozzilli Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University; Rome Italy
- IRCCS NEUROMED; Via Atinese Pozzilli Italy
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Morris G, Fernandes BS, Puri BK, Walker AJ, Carvalho AF, Berk M. Leaky brain in neurological and psychiatric disorders: Drivers and consequences. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:924-948. [PMID: 30231628 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418796955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier acts as a highly regulated interface; its dysfunction may exacerbate, and perhaps initiate, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS In this narrative review, focussing on redox, inflammatory and mitochondrial pathways and their effects on the blood-brain barrier, a model is proposed detailing mechanisms which might explain how increases in blood-brain barrier permeability occur and can be maintained with increasing inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress being the initial drivers. RESULTS Peripheral inflammation, which is causatively implicated in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, is associated with elevated peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn cause increased blood-brain barrier permeability. Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, play essential roles in normal brain capillary endothelial cell functioning; however, chronically elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to the blood-brain barrier. Activated microglia, redox control of which is mediated by nitric oxide synthases and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, secrete neurotoxic molecules such as reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, prostaglandin, cyclooxygenase-2, quinolinic acid, several chemokines (including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 [CXCL-1] and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α [MIP-1α]) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, which can exert a detrimental effect on blood-brain barrier integrity and function. Similarly, reactive astrocytes produce neurotoxic molecules such as prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can cause a 'leaky brain'. CONCLUSION Chronic inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress is associated with the development of a 'leaky gut'. The following evidence-based approaches, which address the leaky gut and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, are suggested as potential therapeutic interventions for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: melatonin, statins, probiotics containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, N-acetylcysteine, and prebiotics containing fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,2 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Basant K Puri
- 3 Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam J Walker
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- 2 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- 1 IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, and Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,4 Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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50
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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