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Halvorson CS, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Molecular Mechanisms of Reelin in the Enteric Nervous System and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Depression and Antidepressant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:814. [PMID: 38255890 PMCID: PMC10815176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments for depression fail to produce adequate remission in a significant proportion of patients. Increasingly, other systems, such as the microbiome-gut-brain axis, are being looked at as putative novel avenues for depression treatment. Dysbiosis and dysregulation along this axis are highly comorbid with the severity of depression symptoms. The endogenous extracellular matrix protein reelin is present in all intestinal layers as well as in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, and its receptors are also present in the gut. Reelin secretion from subepithelial myofibroblasts regulates cellular migration along the crypt-villus axis in the small intestine and colon. Reelin brain expression is downregulated in mood and psychotic disorders, and reelin injections have fast antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. This review seeks to discuss the roles of reelin in the gastrointestinal system and propose a putative role for reelin actions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, primarily reflecting on alterations in gut epithelial cell renewal and in the clustering of serotonin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara S. Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Carla Liria Sánchez-Lafuente
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Jenessa N. Johnston
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lisa E. Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Hector J. Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
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Ho CSH, Soh MWT, Tay GWN. The diagnostic utility of miRNA and elucidation of pathological mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 121:152363. [PMID: 36580691 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our study aims to explore how miRNAs can elucidate the molecular mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) by comparing the miRNA levels in the blood serum of patients with depression and healthy individuals. It also explores the potential of miRNAs to differentiate between depressed patients and healthy controls. METHODS 60 healthy controls (n = 45 females) were matched to 60 depressed patients (n = 10 unmedicated) for age (±7), sex, ethnicity, and years of education. Depression severity was measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and venous blood was collected using PAXgene Blood RNA tubes for miRNA profiling. To further identify the depression-related biological pathways that are influenced by differentially expressed miRNAs, networks were constructed using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were also conducted to examine the discriminative ability of miRNAs to distinguish between depressed and healthy individuals. RESULTS Six miRNAs (miR-542-3p, miR-181b-3p, miR-190a-5p, miR-33a-3p, miR-3690 and miR-6895-3p) showed to be considerably down-regulated in unmedicated depressed patients relative to healthy controls. miR-542-3p, in particular, also has experimentally verified mRNA targets that are predicted to be associated with MDD. ROC analyses found that a panel combining miR-542-3p, miR-181b-3p and miR-3690 produced an area under the curve value of 0.67 in distinguishing between depressed and healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs - most notably, miR-542-3p, miR-181b-3p and miR-3690 - may be biomarkers with targets that are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. They could also be used to distinguish between depressed and healthy individuals with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Michelle Wei Ting Soh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gabrielle Wann Nii Tay
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Allen J, Romay-Tallon R, Mitchell MA, Brymer KJ, Johnston J, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Pinna G, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Reelin has antidepressant-like effects after repeated or singular peripheral injections. Neuropharmacology 2022; 211:109043. [PMID: 35341790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a significant risk factor for depression onset. The effects of chronic stress can be studied preclinically using a corticosterone (CORT)-administration paradigm that results in a phenotype of depressive-like behavior associated with neurochemical abnormalities in brain regions like the hippocampus. We have recently shown that intrahippocampal infusions of Reelin have a fast effect in normalizing CORT-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations. Reelin is also expressed in multiple peripheral systems and is found in blood plasma which prompted us to investigate whether peripheral intravenous (i.v.) Reelin injections could also result in antidepressant (ATD)-like actions. Repeated i.v. injections of Reelin were effective in rescuing the CORT-induced increases in forced-swim-test immobility in male and female rats, decreases in Reelin-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone, and expression of hippocampal GABAAβ 2/3, GluA1, and GluN2B receptors. However, Reelin had only a partial effect on the number and maturation rate of dentate gyrus newborn cells. CORT and Reelin did not affect open field test behavior. After evaluating the effects of multiple Reelin injections, we demonstrated that a single Reelin injection administered at the end of CORT treatment could rescue in 24 h the behavioral (forced-swim-test and object-in-place test), as well as neurochemical effects of CORT. These findings show that i.v. injections of Reelin have fast ATD-like effects associated with the restoration of hippocampal neurochemical deficits. Although additional mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies are necessary, our data open the possibility to develop Reelin-based therapeutics with putative fast-ATD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Milann A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jenessa Johnston
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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A Famous Chinese Medicine Formula: Yinhuo Decoction Antagonizes the Damage of Corticosterone to PC12 Cells and Improves Depression by Regulating the SIRT1/PGC-1α Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3714857. [PMID: 35281603 PMCID: PMC8916861 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3714857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of Yinhuo Decoction and further to explore its underlying molecular mechanism acting on depressant. Here, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to the composition analysis. Postmenopausal depression (PMD) model and corticosterone (CORT)-induced cell model were constructed. Adrenal coefficient and hematoxylin and eosin staining were applied to assess changes in the adrenal glands. MTT staining, Hoechst 33342 staining, and JC-1 fluorescence staining were used to detect the PC12 activity and apoptosis. CORT and oxidative stress indicators were measured using commercial kits. Western blot and immunohistochemical were used to detect the protein expression of GCR. In addition, genes related to SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway were also tested. In PMD model mice, Yinhuo Decoction evidently increased adrenal coefficient and relieved adrenal lesions. Meanwhile, we observed that Yinhuo Decoction reduced the CORT and GCR levels. In CORT-treated PC12 cells, Yinhuo Decoction remarkably reduced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Besides, Yinhuo Decoction attenuated the oxidative stress response. Mechanically, we confirmed that Yinhuo Decoction reduced CORT-induced PC12 damage by regulating SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. Thus, we concluded that Yinhuo Decoction antagonized CORT-induced injury in PC12 cells and improved depression in PMD mice. This provided a new direction for the treatment of depression.
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Liu Y, Ouyang P, Zheng Y, Mi L, Zhao J, Ning Y, Guo W. A Selective Review of the Excitatory-Inhibitory Imbalance in Schizophrenia: Underlying Biology, Genetics, Microcircuits, and Symptoms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664535. [PMID: 34746116 PMCID: PMC8567014 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder characterized by specific positive and negative primary symptoms, social behavior disturbances and cognitive deficits (e.g., impairment in working memory and cognitive flexibility). Mounting evidence suggests that altered excitability and inhibition at the molecular, cellular, circuit and network level might be the basis for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. In the past decades, human and animal studies have identified that glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmissions are critically involved in several cognitive progresses, including learning and memory. The purpose of this review is, by analyzing emerging findings relating to the balance of excitatory and inhibitory, ranging from animal models of schizophrenia to clinical studies in patients with early onset, first-episode or chronic schizophrenia, to discuss how the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance may relate to the pathophysiology of disease phenotypes such as cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, and highlight directions for appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Ouyang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingjun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Kadriu B, Musazzi L, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ, Popoli M, Zarate CA. Positive AMPA receptor modulation in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: A long and winding road. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2816-2838. [PMID: 34358693 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic transmission is widely implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the discovery that ketamine elicits rapid-acting antidepressant effects by modulating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) signaling has spurred a resurgence of interest in the field. This review explores agents in various stages of development for neuropsychiatric disorders that positively modulate AMPARs, both directly and indirectly. Despite promising preclinical research, few direct and indirect AMPAR positive modulators have progressed past early clinical development. Challenges such as low potency have created barriers to effective implementation. Nevertheless, the functional complexity of AMPARs sets them apart from other drug targets and allows for specificity in drug discovery. Additional effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders that work through positive AMPAR modulation may eventually be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Laura Musazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Brymer KJ, Kulhaway EY, Howland JG, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Altered acoustic startle, prepulse facilitation, and object recognition memory produced by corticosterone withdrawal in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113291. [PMID: 33836169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The symptoms of human depression often include cognitive deficits. However, cognition is not frequently included in the behavioral assessments conducted in preclinical models of depression. For example, it is well known that repeated corticosterone (CORT) injections in rodents produce depression-like behavior as measured by the forced swim test, sucrose preference test, and tail suspension test, but the cognitive impairments produced by repeated CORT have not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the effect of repeated CORT injections on several versions of object recognition memory and modulation of the acoustic startle response by relatively low intensity prepulses, along with the more traditional assessment of depression-like behavior using the forced swim test. Rats received 21 days of CORT (40 mg/kg) or vehicle injections followed by a battery of behavioral tests. Importantly, during behavioral testing CORT treatment did not occur (CORT withdrawal). Corticosterone decreased body weight, increased immobility in the forced swim test, lowered startle amplitudes, and facilitated responding to trials with a short interval (30 ms) between the prepulse and pulse. Corticosterone also impaired both object location and object-in-place recognition memory, while sparing performance on object recognition memory. Collectively, our data suggest that CORT produces selective disruptions in prepulse facilitation, object location, and object-in-place recognition memory, and that these impairments should be considered as part of the phenotype produced by repeated CORT, and perhaps chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
| | - Erin Y Kulhaway
- Research Excellence and Innovation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Zhu X, Wu Y, Pan J, Li C, Huang J, Cui E, Chen Z, Zhou W, Chai X, Zhao S. Neuroinflammation Induction and Alteration of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Following Developmental Exposure to Gossypol. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:419-433. [PMID: 33283869 PMCID: PMC8130202 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenesis in the neonatal period involves the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells and the establishment of synaptic connections. This process plays a critical role in determining the normal development and maturation of the brain throughout life. Exposure to certain physical or chemical factors during the perinatal period can lead to many neuropathological defects that cause high cognitive dysfunction and are accompanied by abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity. As an endocrine disruptor, gossypol is generally known to exert detrimental effects in animals exposed under experimental conditions. However, it is unclear whether gossypol affects neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus during early developmental stages. METHODS Pregnant Institute of Cancer Research mice were treated with gossypol at a daily dose of 0, 20, and 50 mg/kg body weight from embryonic day 6.5 to postnatal day (P) 21. The changes of hippocampal neurogenesis as well as potential mechanisms were investigated by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling, behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western-blot analyses. RESULTS At P8, maternal gossypol exposure impaired neural stem cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus and decreased the number of newborn cells as a result of reduced proliferation of BLBP+ radial glial cells and Tbr2+ intermediate progenitor cells. At P21, the numbers of NeuN+ neurons and parvalbumin+ γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons were increased following 50 mg/kg gossypol exposure. In addition, gossypol induced hippocampal neuroinflammation, which may contribute to behavioral abnormalities and cognitive deficits and decrease synaptic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that developmental gossypol exposure affects hippocampal neurogenesis by targeting the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells, cognitive functions, and neuroinflammation. The present data provide novel insights into the neurotoxic effects of gossypol on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China,Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhu, PhD, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China ()
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiarong Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Cixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Enhui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ziluo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wentai Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi’An Medical University, Xi’An, PR China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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Allen J, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Severe life stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and depressive behavior: A pathophysiological and therapeutic perspective. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:111-117. [PMID: 33220501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for providing our cells with energy, as well as regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis, and considerable evidence demonstrates that mitochondria-related alterations are prevalent during chronic stress and depression. Here, we discuss how chronic stress may induce depressive behavior by potentiating mitochondrial allostatic load, which ultimately decreases energy production, elevates the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species, damages mitochondrial DNA and increases membrane permeability and pro-apoptotic factor release. We also discuss how mitochondrial insults can exacerbate the immune response, contributing to depressive symptomology. Furthermore, we illustrate how depression symptoms are associated with specific mitochondrial defects, and how targeting of these defects with pharmacological agents may be a promising avenue for the development of novel, more efficacious antidepressants. In summary, this review supports the notion that severe psychosocial stress induces mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby increasing the vulnerability to developing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Lebedeva KA, Allen J, Kulhawy EY, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Cyclical administration of corticosterone results in aggravation of depression-like behaviors and accompanying downregulations in reelin in an animal model of chronic stress relevant to human recurrent depression. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Secreted Glycoprotein Reelin Suppresses the Proliferation and Regulates the Distribution of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Embryonic Neocortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7625-7636. [PMID: 32913108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0125-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) are generated, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate in the developing brain. Although the development of OPCs is prerequisite for normal brain function, the molecular mechanisms regulating their development in the neocortex are not fully understood. Several molecules regulate the tangential distribution of OPCs in the developing neocortex, but the cue molecule(s) that regulate their radial distribution remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the secreted glycoprotein Reelin suppresses the proliferation of OPCs and acts as a repellent for their migration in vitro These functions rely on the binding of Reelin to its receptors and on the signal transduction involving the intracellular protein Dab1. In the late embryonic neocortex of mice with attenuated Reelin signaling [i.e., Reelin heterozygote-deficient, Dab1 heterozygote-deficient mutant, or very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR)-deficient mice], the number of OPCs increased and their distribution shifted toward the superficial layers. In contrast, the number of OPCs decreased and they tended to distribute in the deep layers in the neocortex of mice with abrogated inactivation of Reelin by proteolytic cleavage, namely a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs 3 (ADAMTS-3)-deficient mice and cleavage-resistant Reelin knock-in mice. Both male and female animals were used. These data indicate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex and that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is required for the normal development of OPCs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic mouse neocortex. Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) express Reelin signaling molecules and respond to Reelin stimulation. Reelin-Dab1 signaling suppresses the proliferation of OPCs both in vitro and in vivo Reelin repels OPCs in vitro, and the radial distribution of OPCs is altered in mice with either attenuated or augmented Reelin-Dab1 signaling. This is the first report identifying the secreted molecule that plays a role in the radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex. Our results also show that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is important for the normal development of OPCs.
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Brymer KJ, Johnston J, Botterill JJ, Romay-Tallon R, Mitchell MA, Allen J, Pinna G, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Fast-acting antidepressant-like effects of Reelin evaluated in the repeated-corticosterone chronic stress paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1707-1716. [PMID: 31926481 PMCID: PMC7419539 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present report examines the effects of repeated or single intrahippocampal Reelin infusions on measures of depressive-like behavior, cognition, and hippocampal neurogenesis in the repeated-corticosterone (CORT) paradigm. Rats received subcutaneous injections of CORT for 3 weeks and Reelin was infused through an inserted canula in the left hippocampus on days 7, 14, and 21, or only on day 21 of CORT injections. CORT increased immobility in the forced-swim test and impaired object-location memory. Notably, these effects were reversed by both repeated and single-Reelin infusions. CORT decreased both the number and complexity of doublecortin-labeled maturing newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone, and a single-Reelin infusion increased the number but not complexity of newborn neurons, while repeated Reelin infusions restored both. Injection of the AMPA antagonist CNQX blocked the rescue of the behavioral phenotype by Reelin but did completely block the effects of Reelin on hippocampal neurogenesis. Reelin is able to rescue the deficits in AMPA, NMDA, GABAA receptors, mTOR and p-mTOR induced by CORT. These novel results demonstrate that a single intrahippocampal Reelin infusion into the dorsal hippocampus has fast-acting antidepressant-like effects, and that some of these effects may be at least partially independent of Reelin actions on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Jenessa Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Justin J Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | | | - Milann A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Chan ST, McCarthy MJ, Vawter MP. Psychiatric drugs impact mitochondrial function in brain and other tissues. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:136-147. [PMID: 31744750 PMCID: PMC7228833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, studies of mitochondria in SZ might be confounded by the effects of pharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and other common medications. This review summarizes findings on relevant mitochondria mechanisms underlying SZ, and the potential impact of psychoactive drugs including primarily APDs, but also antidepressants and anxiolytics. The summarized data suggest that APDs impair mitochondria function by decreasing Complex I activity and ATP production and dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential. At the same time, in the brains of patients with SZ, antipsychotic drug treatment normalizes gene expression modules enriched in mitochondrial genes that are decreased in SZ. This indicates that APDs may have both positive and negative effects on mitochondria. The available evidence suggests three conclusions i) alterations in mitochondria functions in SZ exist prior to APD treatment, ii) mitochondria alterations in SZ can be reversed by APD treatment, and iii) APDs directly cause impairment of mitochondria function. Overall, the mechanisms of action of psychiatric drugs on mitochondria are both direct and indirect; we conclude the effects of APDs on mitochondria may contribute to both their therapeutic and metabolic side effects. These studies support the hypothesis that neuronal mitochondria are an etiological factor in SZ. Moreover, APDs and other drugs must be considered in the evaluation of this pathophysiological role of mitochondria in SZ. Considering these effects, pharmacological actions on mitochondria may be a worthwhile target for further APD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna T Chan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA; School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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14
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Abbott LC, Nigussie F. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian dentate gyrus. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:3-16. [PMID: 31568602 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Earlier observations in neuroscience suggested that no new neurons form in the mature central nervous system. Evidence now indicates that new neurons do form in the adult mammalian brain. Two regions of the mature mammalian brain generate new neurons: (a) the border of the lateral ventricles of the brain (subventricular zone) and (b) the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This review focuses only on new neuron formation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. During normal prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to differentiated neurons. NSCs persist in the dentate gyrus SGZ, undergoing cell division, with some daughter cells differentiating into functional neurons that participate in learning and memory and general cognition through integration into pre-existing neural networks. Axons, which emanate from neurons in the entorhinal cortex, synapse with dendrites of the granule cells (small neurons) of the dentate gyrus. Axons from granule cells synapse with pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA3 region, which send axons to synapse with CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells that send their axons out of the hippocampus proper. Adult neurogenesis includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, the death of some newly formed cells and final integration of surviving cells into neural networks. We summarise these processes in adult mammalian hippocampal neurogenesis and discuss the roles of major signalling molecules that influence neurogenesis, including neurotransmitters and some hormones. The recent controversy raised concerning whether or not adult neurogenesis occurs in humans also is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fikru Nigussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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15
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Mallei A, Ieraci A, Corna S, Tardito D, Lee FS, Popoli M. Global epigenetic analysis of BDNF Val66Met mice hippocampus reveals changes in dendrite and spine remodeling genes. Hippocampus 2019; 28:783-795. [PMID: 30067287 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin highly expressed in the hippocampus, plays crucial roles in cognition, neuroplasticity, synaptic function, and dendritic remodeling. The common human Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, and in the outcome of pro-adaptive and therapeutic treatments. Altered gene-expression profile has been previously shown in BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice, which recapitulate the phenotypic hallmarks of individuals carrying the BDNF Met allele. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in the knock-in mouse model on two hippocampal epigenetic marks for transcriptional repression and activation, respectively: trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) and acetylation of histone H3 (AcH3), using a genome-wide approach. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing of immunoprecipitated DNA (ChIP-Seq) was carried out with specific antibodies for H3K27me3 and AcH3. Our results revealed broad alteration of H3K27me3 and AcH3 marks association profiles in BDNFMet/Met , compared to BDNFVal/Val mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed changes in several biological functions and related pathways, affected by the presence of the polymorphism. In particular, a number of networks of functional interaction contained BDNF as central node. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed epigenetically related significant changes in the expression of five genes: Dvl1, Nos3, Reln, Lypd6, and Sh3gl2. The first three are involved in dendrite and spine remodeling, morphological features altered in BDNFMet/Met mice. This work in homozygous knock-in mice shows that the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism induces an array of histone H3 epigenetic modifications, in turn altering the expression of select genes crucial for structural and functional neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Corna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Tardito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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16
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Coppola G, Rurak GM, Simard S, Salmaso N. A Further Analysis and Commentary on: Profiling Changes in Cortical Astroglial Cells Following Chronic Stress. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519870182. [PMID: 31452604 PMCID: PMC6698990 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519870182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression proposes that major
depressive disorders are related to decreased hippocampal and cortical
neural plasticity, which is reversed by antidepressant treatment.
Astroglial cells have emerged as key mediators of neural plasticity
and are involved in the cause and treatment of depression and
anxiety-like behaviors. One of the ways that astroglia modulate
neuroplasticity is through the formation and maintenance of
perineuronal nets (PNNs). Perineuronal nets are important
extracellular matrix components that respond to stress and are
implicated in anxiety-like behaviors. Normally, astroglial cells
continuously turnover PNNs by degrading and donating PNN proteins;
however, chronic stress slows PNN protein degradation and increases
cortical PNN expression overall. In this report, we used weighted gene
co-expression network analysis and eigengene analysis to further
delineate the pathways and key regulators involved in the
astroglial-PNN relationship following chronic stress. Our analyses
indicate that chronic variable stress induces the expression of PNNs
through inhibition of trophic pathways and key transcription factors
in astroglial cells. These data further support the integral role of
astroglial cells in the neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression
through their modulation of anxiety-like behaviors and PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth M Rurak
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Simard
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natalina Salmaso
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
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18
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Machado RA, Benjumea-Cuartas V, Zapata Berruecos JF, Agudelo-Flóres PM, Salazar-Peláez LM. Reelin, tau phosphorylation and psychiatric complications in patients with hippocampal sclerosis and structural abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 96:192-199. [PMID: 31150999 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common adult epileptic syndrome. About 30-70% of those cases have neuropsychiatric complications. More than 10% of patients have TLE because of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIIa. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to review the evidence of reelin (RELN) deficiency and tau phosphorylation role in the histopathological, neuropsychiatric, and hyperexcitability features in TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa. METHODS The current literature was reviewed using Cochrane, EMBASE, PROSPERO, MEDLINE, and PubMed from 1995 to July 2018. Articles of interest were reviewed by one investigator (RAM). RESULTS Reelin deficit is related to an abnormal migration of neurons in dentate gyrus, and its deficit causes dentate gyrus abnormalities, which in turn has been associated with memory deficits in patients with TLE. A decreased in the expression of RELN ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in patients with TLE and dysplasia type IIIa compared with patients with TLE and isolated hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Reelin might affect the distribution and dynamic instability of microtubules within neurons in the cerebral cortex and their phosphorylation. Amyloid pathology, tauopathy, or phosphorylated tau (p-tau) overexpression has been reported in epileptic human brain and in animal models of epilepsy. CONCLUSION Reelin deficit may determine an abnormal cortical lamination and dentate gyrus dispersion and might be associated with an abnormal tau phosphorylation. These processes can be associated with an abnormal hyperexcitability, neuropsychiatric complications, and a myriad of typical histopathological features seen in patients with TLE because of dysplasia type IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanesa Benjumea-Cuartas
- Neurologist-epileptologist at Neurology Institute of Colombia. Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
| | - José Fernando Zapata Berruecos
- Neurology at Neurology Institute of Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Graduados, Universidad CES
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19
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Roberts BL, Bennett BJ, Bennett CM, Carroll JM, Dalbøge LS, Hall C, Hassouneh W, Heppner KM, Kirigiti MA, Lindsley SR, Tennant KG, True CA, Whittle A, Wolf AC, Roberts CT, Tang-Christensen M, Sleeman MW, Cowley MA, Grove KL, Kievit P. Reelin is modulated by diet-induced obesity and has direct actions on arcuate proopiomelanocortin neurons. Mol Metab 2019; 26:18-29. [PMID: 31230943 PMCID: PMC6667498 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Reelin (RELN) is a large glycoprotein involved in synapse maturation and neuronal organization throughout development. Deficits in RELN signaling contribute to multiple psychological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Nutritional stress alters RELN expression in brain regions associated with these disorders; however, the involvement of RELN in the neural circuits involved in energy metabolism is unknown. The RELN receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) are involved in lipid metabolism and expressed in the hypothalamus. Here we explored the involvement of RELN in hypothalamic signaling and the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on this system. Methods Adult male mice were fed a chow diet or maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12–16 weeks. HFD-fed DIO mice exhibited decreased ApoER2 and VLDLR expression and increased RELN protein in the hypothalamus. Electrophysiology was used to determine the mechanism by which the central fragment of RELN (CF-RELN) acts on arcuate nucleus (ARH) satiety-promoting proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and the impact of DIO on this circuitry. Results CF-RELN exhibited heterogeneous presynaptic actions on inhibitory inputs onto ARH-POMC-EGFP neurons and consistent postsynaptic actions. Additionally, central administration of CF-RELN caused a significant increase in ARH c-Fos expression and an acute decrease in food intake and body weight. Conclusions We conclude that RELN signaling is modulated by diet, that RELN is involved in synaptic signaling onto ARH-POMC neurons, and that altering central CF-RELN levels can impact food intake and body weight. Diet-induced obesity alters reelin protein levels and expression of ApoER2 and VLDLR. Reelin has direct, but divergent actions on GABAergic inputs onto POMC neurons. Central administration of reelin protein decreases food intake and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Baylin J Bennett
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Camdin M Bennett
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Julie M Carroll
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | | | - Colin Hall
- Obesity Research Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Wafa Hassouneh
- Obesity Research Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Kirigiti
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Sarah R Lindsley
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Katherine G Tennant
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Cadence A True
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Andrew Whittle
- Obesity Research Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anitra C Wolf
- Obesity Research Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | | | - Mark W Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Obesity Research Center, Novo Nordisk, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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20
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Kolaka R, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Chutabhakdikul N. Fetal exposure to high levels of maternal glucocorticoids alters reelin signaling in the prefrontal cortex of rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 78:185-190. [PMID: 31014819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress (MS) is associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in the offspring. However, it is unclear how early life stress alters the pup's brain development and how it contributes to the pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays essential roles in early brain development such as neural migration, synaptic development, and maturation. Dysregulation of reelin and its signaling proteins is associated with the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. This study examined the effect of repeated maternal Carbenoxolone (CBX) injection during late gestation on reelin signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rat pups. CBX is a selective 11β-HSD2 enzyme inhibitor that promotes the direct transfer of maternal corticosteroids (CORT) to the fetus. Therefore, treatment with CBX can mimic the animal model of early life exposure to high levels of maternal stress hormone. In this study, pregnant rats were injected daily with either saline or CBX during gestation day (GD) 14-21, and the levels of reelin and its signaling proteins were examined in the PFC of rat pups at different postnatal age from P0-P21. The main result of this study is the repeated maternal CBX injections during GD14-21 acutely increase reln mRNA and protein expression in the PFC of rat pups at birth (P0) and follow by a significant decrease during P7-P14. The treatment also causes long term decreases in the amount of VLDLR and Dab1 which are the downstream signaling proteins for the reelin pathway, at least until P21. Our results indicated that fetal exposure to high levels of maternal CORT interferes with reelin signaling which might have profound effects on cortical development associated with neuropsychiatric disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratirat Kolaka
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
| | | | - Nuanchan Chutabhakdikul
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
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21
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Caruncho HJ, Rivera-Baltanas T, Romay-Tallon R, Kalynchuk LE, Olivares JM. Patterns of Membrane Protein Clustering in Peripheral Lymphocytes as Predictors of Therapeutic Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:190. [PMID: 30930773 PMCID: PMC6423346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an utmost necessity of developing novel biomarkers of depression that result in a more efficacious use of current antidepressant drugs. The present report reviews and discusses a recent series of experiments that focused on analysis of membrane protein clustering in peripheral lymphocytes as putative biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy for major depressive disorder. This review recapitulates how the ideas were originated, and the main findings demonstrated that analysis of serotonin transporter and serotonin 2 A receptor clustering in peripheral lymphocytes of naïve depression patients resulted in a discrimination of two subpopulations of depressed patients that showed a differential response upon 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. The paper also reviews the usefulness of animal models of depression for an initial evaluation of membrane protein clustering in lymphocytes, which provides a screening tool to determine additional proteins to be further evaluated in depression patients. Finally, the present review provides a brief discussion of the general field of biomarkers of depression in relation to therapeutic outcomes and suggests additional ideas to provide extra value to the reviewed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanas
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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22
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Brymer KJ, Romay-Tallon R, Allen J, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Exploring the Potential Antidepressant Mechanisms of TNFα Antagonists. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:98. [PMID: 30804748 PMCID: PMC6378555 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies suggest an intriguing relationship between the immune system and the development of depression. Some peripherally produced cytokines, such as TNF-α, can cross the blood brain barrier and result in activation of brain microglia which produces additional TNF-α and fosters a cascade of events including decreases in markers of synaptic plasticity and increases in neurodegenerative events. This is exemplified by preclinical studies, which show that peripheral administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines can elicit depression-like behavior. Importantly, this depression-like behavior can be ameliorated by anti-cytokine therapies. Work in our laboratory suggests that TNF-α is particularly important for the development of a depressive phenotype and that TNF-α antagonists might have promise as novel antidepressant drugs. Future research should examine rates of inflammation at baseline in depressed patients and whether anti-inflammatory agents could be included as part of the treatment regimen for depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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23
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Romay-Tallon R, Kulhawy E, Brymer KJ, Allen J, Rivera-Baltanas T, Olivares JM, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Changes in Membrane Protein Clustering in Peripheral Lymphocytes in an Animal Model of Depression Parallel Those Observed in Naïve Depression Patients: Implications for the Development of Novel Biomarkers of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1149. [PMID: 30374301 PMCID: PMC6196231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve depression patients show alterations in serotonin transporter (SERT) and serotonin 2A (5HT2A) receptor clustering in peripheral lymphocytes, and these alterations have been proposed as a biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in major depression. Repeated corticosterone (CORT) induces a consistent depression-like phenotype and has been widely used as an animal model to study neurobiological alterations underlying the depressive symptoms. In this experiment, we used the CORT paradigm to evaluate whether depression-like behavior is associated with similar changes in the pattern of SERT and 5HT2A membrane protein clustering as those observed in depression patients. We also analyzed the clustering of other proteins expressed in lipid rafts in lymphocytes. Rats received daily CORT or vehicle injections for 21 consecutive days. Afterward they underwent the forced swim test to evaluate depression-like behavior, and isolated lymphocytes were analyzed by immunocytochemistry coupled to image-analysis to study clustering parameters of the SERT, 5HT2A receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT), Beta2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), NMDA 2B receptor (NR2B), Pannexin 1 (Pnx1), and prion cellular protein (PrPc). Our results showed that CORT increases the size of protein clusters for all proteins with the exception of β 2AR, which is decreased. CORT also increased the number of clusters for Pnx1 and PrPc only. Overall, these results indicate that alterations in SERT and 5HT2A protein clustering in naïve depression patients are paralleled by changes seen in an animal model of depression. The CORT paradigm may be a useful screen for examining additional proteins in lymphocytes as a preliminary step prior to their analysis as biomarkers of depression in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Kulhawy
- Innovate-Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jose M Olivares
- Division of Psychiatry, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, CHUVI, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Shehabeldin R, Lutz D, Karsak M, Frotscher M, Krieglstein K, Sharaf A. Reelin controls the positioning of brainstem serotonergic raphe neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200268. [PMID: 30001399 PMCID: PMC6042745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) acts as both a morphogenetic factor during early embryonic development and a neuromodulator of circuit plasticity in the mature brain. Dysregulation of serotonin signaling during critical periods is involved in developmental neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism. In this study we focused on the consequences of defect reelin signaling for the development of the brainstem serotonergic raphe system. We observed that reelin signaling components are expressed by serotonergic neurons during the critical period of their lateral migration. Further, we found that reelin signaling is important for the normal migration of rostral, but not caudal hindbrain raphe nuclei and that reelin deficiency results in the malformation of the paramedian raphe nucleus and the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nuclei. Additionally, we showed that serotonergic neurons projections to laminated brain structures were severely altered. With this study, we propose that the perturbation of canonical reelin signaling interferes with the orientation of tangentially, but not radially, migrating brainstem 5-HT neurons. Our results open the window for further studies on the interaction of reelin and serotonin and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Shehabeldin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meliha Karsak
- Research Group Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
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25
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Brietzke E, Trevizol AP, Fries GR, Subramaniapillai M, Kapczinski F, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB. The impact of body mass index in gene expression of reelin pathway mediators in individuals with schizophrenia and mood disorders: A post-mortem study. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:186-191. [PMID: 29680575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the expression of genes involved in the reelin pathway, in the post-mortem brain of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and mood disorders (MD) with a healthy control (HC) group; and to investigate the role f body mass index (BMI) as a potential mediator. The "Gene Expression in Postmortem dlPFC and Hippocampus from Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders" study holds microarray data on individuals with SZ, MD and HCs (from whom 849 specimens are from the dlPFC and 579 from the hippocampus). mRNA data was obtained using HumanHT-12 v4 BeadChip arrays (Illumina). Multivariate analysis of covariance were used to investigate the main effects of group and relevant covariates on RELNm, NOTCH1, GRIN1m, GRIN3A, CAMK2Gm, CAMK2A, CAMK2Bm, CAMK2N2, GRIN2Bm, GRIN2A, CREBBPm, APOE, LDLR and DAB1 gene expression. In the dlPFC, individuals with SZ had higher expression, relative to HCs, of APOE. Individuals with MD had higher expression, relative to HCs, of CAMK2A, CAMK2N2, and GRIN2Bm. Moreover, individuals with MD had higher expression, relative to SZ patients, of CAMK2N2. There were significant group by BMI effects for expression of RELN, CAMK2A, CAMK2N2, and GRIN2A. In the hippocampus, individuals with MD had lower expression, relative to HCs, of APOE. The results of this study suggest that the expression of genes related to the reelin pathway could be different between individuals with SZ and MD and healthy controls, with a greater vulnerability associated with greater BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group in Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alisson P Trevizol
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriel R Fries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Mehala Subramaniapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Mcmaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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26
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Allen J, Romay-Tallon R, Brymer KJ, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:386. [PMID: 29928190 PMCID: PMC5997778 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial diseases and depression. Although depression has historically been linked to alterations in monoaminergic pharmacology and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new data increasingly implicate broader forms of dampened plasticity, including plasticity within the cell. Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, and they also regulate brain function through oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this paper, we make the case that mitochondrial dysfunction could play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Alterations in mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and membrane polarity, which increase oxidative stress and apoptosis, may precede the development of depressive symptoms. However, the data in relation to antidepressant drug effects are contradictory: some studies reveal they have no effect on mitochondrial function or even potentiate dysfunction, whereas other studies show more beneficial effects. Overall, the data suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial function and depression that warrants further investigation. Mitochondria could be targeted in the development of novel antidepressant drugs, and specific forms of mitochondrial dysfunction could be identified as biomarkers to personalize treatment and aid in early diagnosis by differentiating between disorders with overlapping symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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27
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Brymer KJ, Fenton EY, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Peripheral Etanercept Administration Normalizes Behavior, Hippocampal Neurogenesis, and Hippocampal Reelin and GABA A Receptor Expression in a Preclinical Model of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29515447 PMCID: PMC5826281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder frequently comorbid with autoimmune disorders. Previous work in our lab has demonstrated that repeated corticosterone (CORT) injections in rats reliably increase depressive-like behavior, impair hippocampal-dependent memory, reduce the number and complexity of adult-generated neurons in the dentate gyrus, decrease hippocampal reelin expression, and alter markers of GABAergic function. We hypothesized that peripheral injections of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept could exert antidepressant effects through a restoration of many of these neurobiological changes. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of repeated CORT injections and concurrent injections of etanercept on measures of object-location and object-in-place memory, forced-swim test behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis, and reelin and GABA β2/3 immunohistochemistry. CORT increased immobility behavior in the forced swim test and impaired both object-location and object-in-place memory, and these effects were reversed by etanercept. CORT also decreased both the number and complexity of adult-generated neurons, but etanercept restored these measures back to control levels. Finally, CORT decreased the number of reelin and GABA β2/3-ir cells within the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, and etanercept restored these to control levels. These novel results demonstrate that peripheral etanercept has antidepressant effects that are accompanied by a restoration of cognitive function, hippocampal neurogenesis, and GABAergic plasticity, and suggest that a normalization of reelin expression in the dentate gyrus could be a key component underlying these novel antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Erin Y Fenton
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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28
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Xu M, Han X, Liu R, Li Y, Qi C, Yang Z, Zhao C, Gao J. PDK1 Deficit Impairs the Development of the Dentate Gyrus in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:1185-1198. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Center of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Pietrogrande G, Mabotuwana N, Zhao Z, Abdolhoseini M, Johnson SJ, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Chronic stress induced disturbances in Laminin: A significant contributor to modulating microglial pro-inflammatory tone? Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:23-33. [PMID: 28943293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, evidence supporting a link between microglia enhanced neuro-inflammatory signalling and mood disturbance has continued to build. One issue that has not been well addressed yet are the factors that drive microglia to enter into a higher pro-inflammatory state. The current study addressed the potential role of the extracellular matrix protein Laminin. C57BL6 adult mice were either exposed to chronic stress or handled for 6 consecutive weeks. Changes in Laminin, microglial morphology and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression were examined in tissue obtained from mice exposed to a chronic restraint stress procedure. These in vivo investigations were complemented by an extensive set of in vitro experiments utilising both a primary microglia and BV2 cell line to examine how Laminin influenced microglial pro-inflammatory tone. Chronic stress enhanced the expression of Laminin, microglial de-ramification and pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling. We further identified that microglia when cultured in the presence of Laminin produced and released significantly greater levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; took longer to return to baseline following stimulation and exhibited enhanced phagocytic activity. These results suggest that chronic restraint stress is capable of modulating Laminin within the CNS, an effect that has implications for understanding environmental mediated disturbances of microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pietrogrande
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Zidan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdolhoseini
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, NSW, Australia.
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30
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Romay-Tallon R, Rivera-Baltanas T, Allen J, Olivares JM, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Comparative study of two protocols for quantitative image-analysis of serotonin transporter clustering in lymphocytes, a putative biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in major depression. Biomark Res 2017; 5:27. [PMID: 29018523 PMCID: PMC5610465 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern of serotonin transporter clustering on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes extracted from human whole blood samples has been identified as a putative biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in major depression. Here we evaluated the possibility of performing a similar analysis using blood smears obtained from rats, and from control human subjects and depression patients. We hypothesized that we could optimize a protocol to make the analysis of serotonin protein clustering in blood smears comparable to the analysis of serotonin protein clustering using isolated lymphocytes. RESULTS Our data indicate that blood smears require a longer fixation time and longer times of incubation with primary and secondary antibodies. In addition, one needs to optimize the image analysis settings for the analysis of smears. When these steps are followed, the quantitative analysis of both the number and size of serotonin transporter clusters on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes is similar using both blood smears and isolated lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The development of this novel protocol will greatly facilitate the collection of appropriate samples by eliminating the necessity and cost of specialized personnel for drawing blood samples, and by being a less invasive procedure. Therefore, this protocol will help us advance the validation of membrane protein clustering in lymphocytes as a biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in major depression, and bring it closer to its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Romay-Tallon
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada.,Neuroscience Cluster, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Josh Allen
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Galicia Spain
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Neuroscience Cluster, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5 Canada.,Neuroscience Cluster, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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31
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Altered miRNA expression network in locus coeruleus of depressed suicide subjects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4387. [PMID: 28663595 PMCID: PMC5491496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is produced primarily by neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). Retrograde and ultrastructural examinations reveal that the core of the LC and its surrounding region receives afferent projections from several brain areas which provide multiple neurochemical inputs to the LC with changes in LC neuronal firing, making it a highly coordinated event. Although NE and mediated signaling systems have been studied in relation to suicide and psychiatric disorders that increase the risk of suicide including depression, less is known about the corresponding changes in molecular network within LC. In this study, we examined miRNA networks in the LC of depressed suicide completers and healthy controls. Expression array revealed differential regulation of 13 miRNAs. Interaction between altered miRNAs and target genes showed dense interconnected molecular network. Functional clustering of predicated target genes yielded stress induced disorders that collectively showed the complex nature of suicidal behavior. In addition, 25 miRNAs were pairwise correlated specifically in the depressed suicide group, but not in the control group. Altogether, our study revealed for the first time the involvement of LC based dysregulated miRNA network in disrupting cellular pathways associated with suicidal behavior.
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32
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Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. The ApoE receptors Vldlr and Apoer2 in central nervous system function and disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1036-1043. [PMID: 28292942 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor (LDLR) family has long been studied for its role in cholesterol transport and metabolism; however, the identification of ApoE4, an LDLR ligand, as a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease has focused attention on the role this receptor family plays in the CNS. Surprisingly, it was discovered that two LDLR family members, ApoE receptor 2 (Apoer2) and VLDL receptor (Vldlr), play key roles in brain development and adult synaptic plasticity, primarily by mediating Reelin signaling. This review focuses on Apoer2 and Vldlr signaling in the CNS and its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 .,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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