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Reive BS, Lau V, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Henri-Bhargava A, Kalynchuk LE, Tremblay MÈ, Caruncho HJ. The Inflammation-Induced Dysregulation of Reelin Homeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024:JAD240088. [PMID: 38995785 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for most dementia cases, but we lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the core pathology associated with the disease (e.g., amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles). Inflammation has been identified as a key contributor of AD pathology, with recent evidence pointing towards Reelin dysregulation as being associated with inflammation. Here we describe Reelin signaling and outline existing research involving Reelin signaling in AD and inflammation. Research is described pertaining to the inflammatory and immunological functions of Reelin before we propose a mechanism through which inflammation renders Reelin susceptible to dysregulation resulting in the induction and exacerbation of AD pathology. Based on this hypothesis, it is predicted that disorders of both inflammation (including peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation) and Reelin dysregulation (including disorders associated with upregulated Reelin expression and disorders of Reelin downregulation) have elevated risk of developing AD. We conclude with a description of AD risk in various disorders involving Reelin dysregulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Lau
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alexandre Henri-Bhargava
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Mental Health Research Cluster, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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2
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Hamad MIK, Daoud S, Petrova P, Rabaya O, Jbara A, Al Houqani S, BaniYas S, Alblooshi M, Almheiri A, Nakhal MM, Ali BR, Shehab S, Allouh MZ, Emerald BS, Schneider-Lódi M, Bataineh MF, Herz J, Förster E. Reelin differentially shapes dendrite morphology of medial entorhinal cortical ocean and island cells. Development 2024; 151:dev202449. [PMID: 38856043 PMCID: PMC11234379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The function of medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MECII) excitatory neurons has been recently explored. MECII dysfunction underlies deficits in spatial navigation and working memory. MECII neurons comprise two major excitatory neuronal populations, pyramidal island and stellate ocean cells, in addition to the inhibitory interneurons. Ocean cells express reelin and surround clusters of island cells that lack reelin expression. The influence of reelin expression by ocean cells and interneurons on their own morphological differentiation and that of MECII island cells has remained unknown. To address this, we used a conditional reelin knockout (RelncKO) mouse to induce reelin deficiency postnatally in vitro and in vivo. Reelin deficiency caused dendritic hypertrophy of ocean cells, interneurons and only proximal dendritic compartments of island cells. Ca2+ recording showed that both cell types exhibited an elevation of calcium frequencies in RelncKO, indicating that the hypertrophic effect is related to excessive Ca2+ signalling. Moreover, pharmacological receptor blockade in RelncKO mouse revealed malfunctioning of GABAB, NMDA and AMPA receptors. Collectively, this study emphasizes the significance of reelin in neuronal growth, and its absence results in dendrite hypertrophy of MECII neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Solieman Daoud
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Petya Petrova
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Obada Rabaya
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Abdalrahim Jbara
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Shaikha Al Houqani
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamsa BaniYas
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Meera Alblooshi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayesha Almheiri
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed M. Nakhal
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R. Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Safa Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Z. Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mária Schneider-Lódi
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Mo'ath F. Bataineh
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
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3
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González Maciel A, Rosas López LE, Romero-Velázquez RM, Ramos-Morales A, Ponce-Macotela M, Calderón-Guzmán D, Trujillo-Jiménez F, Alfaro-Rodríguez A, Reynoso-Robles R. Postnatal zinc deficiency due to giardiasis disrupts hippocampal and cerebellar development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012302. [PMID: 38950061 PMCID: PMC11244800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardiasis and zinc deficiency have been identified as serious health problems worldwide. Although Zn depletion is known to occur in giardiasis, no work has investigated whether changes occur in brain structures. METHODS Three groups of gerbils were used: control (1), orogastrically inoculated on day 3 after birth with trophozoites of two isolates of Giardia intestinalis (HGINV/WB) group (2 and 3). Estimates were made at five ages covering: establishment of infection, Giardia population growth, natural parasite clearance and a post-infection age. QuantiChrome zinc assay kit, cresyl violet staining and TUNEL technique were used. RESULTS A significant decrease (p<0.01) in tissue zinc was observed and persisted after infection. Cytoarchitectural changes were observed in 75% of gerbils in the HGINV or WB groups. Ectopic pyramidal neurons were found in the cornus ammonis (CA1-CA3). At 60 and 90 days of age loss of lamination was clearly visible in CA1. In the dentate gyrus (DG), thinning of the dorsal lamina and abnormal thickening of the ventral lamina were observed from 30 days of age. In the cerebellum, we found an increase (p<0.01) in the thickness of the external granular layer (EGL) at 14 days of age that persisted until day 21 (C 3 ± 0.3 μm; HGINV 37 ± 5 μm; WB 28 ± 3 μm); Purkinje cell population estimation showed a significant decrease; a large number of apoptotic somas were observed scattered in the molecular layer; in 60 and 90 days old gerbils we found granular cell heterotopia and Purkinje cell ectopia. The pattern of apoptosis was different in the cerebellum and hippocampus of parasitized gerbils. CONCLUSION The morphological changes found suggest that neuronal migration is affected by zinc depletion caused by giardiasis in early postnatal life; for the first time, the link between giardiasis-zinc depletion and damaged brain structures is shown. This damage may explain the psychomotor/cognitive delay associated with giardiasis. These findings are alarming. Alterations in zinc metabolism and signalling are known to be involved in many brain disorders, including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica González Maciel
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Elizabeth Rosas López
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Romero-Velázquez
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Ramos-Morales
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Calderón-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yi LX, Zeng L, Wang Q, Tan EK, Zhou ZD. Reelin links Apolipoprotein E4, Tau, and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102339. [PMID: 38754634 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and is characterised by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. A recent report of a patient carrying a novel gain-of-function variant of RELN (H3447R, termed RELN-COLBOS) who developed resilience against presenilin-linked autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) has generated enormous interest. The RELN-COLBOS variant enhances interactions with the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), which are associated with delayed AD onset and progression. These findings were validated in a transgenic mouse model. Reelin is involved in neurodevelopment, neurogenesis, and neuronal plasticity. The evidence accumulated thus far has demonstrated that the Reelin pathway links apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), amyloid-β (Aβ), and tubulin-associated unit (Tau), which are key proteins that have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Reelin and key components of the Reelin pathway have been highlighted as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 30843, Singapore; Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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5
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He Q, Li R, Zhong N, Ma J, Nie F, Zhang R. The role and molecular mechanisms of the early growth response 3 gene in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024; 195:e32969. [PMID: 38327141 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental illness caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors play a major role in schizophrenia development. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) is a member of the EGR family, which is associated with schizophrenia. Accumulating studies have investigated the relationship between EGR3 and schizophrenia. However, the role of EGR3 in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains unclear. In the present review, we focus on the progress of research related to the role of EGR3 in schizophrenia, including association studies between EGR3 and schizophrenia, abnormal gene expressional analysis of EGR3 in schizophrenia, biological function studies of EGR3 in schizophrenia, the molecular regulatory mechanism of EGR3 and schizophrenia susceptibility candidate genes, and possible role of EGR3 in the immune system function in schizophrenia. In summary, EGR3 is a schizophrenia risk candidate factor and has comprehensive regulatory roles in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Further studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of EGR3 in schizophrenia are warranted for understanding the pathophysiology of this disorder as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment and control of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- School of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruochun Li
- Department of Medical Technology, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Nannan Zhong
- Department of Medical Technology, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Electron Microscope, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fayi Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine, Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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6
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Neumann AM, Britsch S. Molecular Genetics of Acquired Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Biomolecules 2024; 14:669. [PMID: 38927072 PMCID: PMC11202058 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An epilepsy diagnosis reduces a patient's quality of life tremendously, and it is a fate shared by over 50 million people worldwide. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is largely considered a nongenetic or acquired form of epilepsy that develops in consequence of neuronal trauma by injury, malformations, inflammation, or a prolonged (febrile) seizure. Although extensive research has been conducted to understand the process of epileptogenesis, a therapeutic approach to stop its manifestation or to reliably cure the disease has yet to be developed. In this review, we briefly summarize the current literature predominately based on data from excitotoxic rodent models on the cellular events proposed to drive epileptogenesis and thoroughly discuss the major molecular pathways involved, with a focus on neurogenesis-related processes and transcription factors. Furthermore, recent investigations emphasized the role of the genetic background for the acquisition of epilepsy, including variants of neurodevelopmental genes. Mutations in associated transcription factors may have the potential to innately increase the vulnerability of the hippocampus to develop epilepsy following an injury-an emerging perspective on the epileptogenic process in acquired forms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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7
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Afridi TUK, Fatima A, Satti HS, Akram Z, Yousafzai IK, Naeem WB, Fatima N, Ali A, Iqbal Z, Khan A, Shahzad M, Liu C, Toft M, Zhang F, Tariq M, Davis EE, Khan TN. Exome sequencing in four families with neurodevelopmental disorders: genotype-phenotype correlation and identification of novel disease-causing variants in VPS13B and RELN. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:55. [PMID: 38771357 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of early-onset pediatric disorders that affect the structure and/or function of the central or peripheral nervous system. Achieving a precise molecular diagnosis for NDDs may be challenging due to the diverse genetic underpinnings and clinical variability. In the current study, we investigated the underlying genetic cause(s) of NDDs in four unrelated Pakistani families. Using exome sequencing (ES) as a diagnostic approach, we identified disease-causing variants in established NDD-associated genes in all families, including one hitherto unreported variant in RELN and three recurrent variants in VPS13B, DEGS1, and SPG11. Overall, our study highlights the potential of ES as a tool for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehseen Ullah Khan Afridi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Ambrin Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Humayoon Shafique Satti
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zaineb Akram
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan Yousafzai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Wajahat Bin Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Fatima
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ali
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ayaz Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Neurosurgery, District Headquarter Hospital, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Chunyu Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Erica E Davis
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Tahir N Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan.
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Phalnikar K, Srividya M, Mythri SV, Vasavi NS, Ganguly A, Kumar A, S P, Kalia K, Mishra SS, Dhanya SK, Paul P, Holla B, Ganesh S, Reddy PC, Sud R, Viswanath B, Muralidharan B. Altered neuroepithelial morphogenesis and migration defects in iPSC-derived cerebral organoids and 2D neural stem cells in familial bipolar disorder. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 3:kvae007. [PMID: 38638145 PMCID: PMC11024480 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness that can result from neurodevelopmental aberrations, particularly in familial BD, which may include causative genetic variants. In the present study, we derived cortical organoids from BD patients and healthy (control) individuals from a clinically dense family in the Indian population. Our data reveal that the patient organoids show neurodevelopmental anomalies, including organisational, proliferation and migration defects. The BD organoids show a reduction in both the number of neuroepithelial buds/cortical rosettes and the ventricular zone size. Additionally, patient organoids show a lower number of SOX2-positive and EdU-positive cycling progenitors, suggesting a progenitor proliferation defect. Further, the patient neurons show abnormal positioning in the ventricular/intermediate zone of the neuroepithelial bud. Transcriptomic analysis of control and patient organoids supports our cellular topology data and reveals dysregulation of genes crucial for progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration. Lastly, time-lapse imaging of neural stem cells in 2D in vitro cultures reveals abnormal cellular migration in BD samples. Overall, our study pinpoints a cellular and molecular deficit in BD patient-derived organoids and neural stem cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruttika Phalnikar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - M Srividya
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - S V Mythri
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - N S Vasavi
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Archisha Ganguly
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Aparajita Kumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Padmaja S
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Kishan Kalia
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Srishti S Mishra
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Sreeja Kumari Dhanya
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Pradip Paul
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Bharath Holla
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Suhas Ganesh
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India-201314
| | - Reeteka Sud
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Biju Viswanath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
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9
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Primak A, Bozov K, Rubina K, Dzhauari S, Neyfeld E, Illarionova M, Semina E, Sheleg D, Tkachuk V, Karagyaur M. Morphogenetic theory of mental and cognitive disorders: the role of neurotrophic and guidance molecules. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1361764. [PMID: 38646100 PMCID: PMC11027769 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1361764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental illness and cognitive disorders represent a serious problem for the modern society. Many studies indicate that mental disorders are polygenic and that impaired brain development may lay the ground for their manifestation. Neural tissue development is a complex and multistage process that involves a large number of distant and contact molecules. In this review, we have considered the key steps of brain morphogenesis, and the major molecule families involved in these process. The review provides many indications of the important contribution of the brain development process and correct functioning of certain genes to human mental health. To our knowledge, this comprehensive review is one of the first in this field. We suppose that this review may be useful to novice researchers and clinicians wishing to navigate the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Primak
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Bozov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stalik Dzhauari
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Neyfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Illarionova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sheleg
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Calvier L, Alexander A, Marckx AT, Kounnas MZ, Durakoglugil M, Herz J. Safety of Anti-Reelin Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38607022 PMCID: PMC11011630 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays critical roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have revealed non-neuronal functions of plasma Reelin in inflammation by promoting endothelial-leukocyte adhesion through its canonical pathway in endothelial cells (via ApoER2 acting on NF-κB), as well as in vascular tone regulation and thrombosis. In this study, we have investigated the safety and efficacy of selectively depleting plasma Reelin as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We found that Reelin expression remains stable throughout adulthood and that peripheral anti-Reelin antibody treatment with CR-50 efficiently depletes plasma Reelin without affecting its levels or functionality within the CNS. Notably, this approach preserves essential neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), selective modulation of endothelial responses by anti-Reelin antibodies reduces pathological leukocyte infiltration without completely abolishing diapedesis. Finally, long-term Reelin depletion under metabolic stress induced by a Western diet did not negatively impact the heart, kidney, or liver, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the promising role of peripheral anti-Reelin therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and conditions where endothelial function is compromised, offering a novel approach that may avoid the immunosuppressive side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Austin T. Marckx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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11
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Delphin N, Aust C, Griffiths L, Fernandez F. Epigenetic Regulation in Schizophrenia: Focus on Methylation and Histone Modifications in Human Studies. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:272. [PMID: 38540331 PMCID: PMC10970389 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the last few decades, the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) remains unclear. SZ is a pathological disorder that is highly debilitating and deeply affects the lifestyle and minds of those affected. Several factors (one or in combination) have been reported as contributors to SZ pathogenesis, including neurodevelopmental, environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and post-translational modification (PTM) of histone proteins are potentially contributing epigenetic processes involved in transcriptional activity, chromatin folding, cell division and apoptotic processes, and DNA damage and repair. After establishing a summary of epigenetic processes in the context of schizophrenia, this review aims to highlight the current understanding of the role of DNA methylation and histone PTMs in this disorder and their potential roles in schizophrenia pathophysiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Delphin
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
| | - Caitlin Aust
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
| | - Lyn Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia; (N.D.)
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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12
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Moaddel R, Farmer CA, Yavi M, Kadriu B, Zhu M, Fan J, Chen Q, Lehrmann E, Fantoni G, De S, Mazucanti CH, Acevedo-Diaz EE, Yuan P, Gould TD, Park LT, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Zarate CA. Cerebrospinal fluid exploratory proteomics and ketamine metabolite pharmacokinetics in human volunteers after ketamine infusion. iScience 2023; 26:108527. [PMID: 38162029 PMCID: PMC10755719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a treatment for both refractory depression and chronic pain syndromes. In order to explore ketamine's potential mechanism of action and whether ketamine or its metabolites cross the blood brain barrier, we examined the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its metabolites-norketamine (NK), dehydronorketamine (DHNK), and hydroxynorketamines (HNKs)-in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, as well as in an exploratory proteomic analysis in the CSF of nine healthy volunteers who received ketamine intravenously (0.5 mg/kg IV). We found that ketamine, NK, and (2R,6R;2S,6S)-HNK readily crossed the blood brain barrier. Additionally, 354 proteins were altered in the CSF in at least two consecutive timepoints (p < 0.01). Proteins in the classes of tyrosine kinases, cellular adhesion molecules, and growth factors, including insulin, were most affected, suggesting an interplay of altered neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neural network functions following ketamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cristan A. Farmer
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mani Yavi
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min Zhu
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Giovanna Fantoni
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Caio H. Mazucanti
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elia E. Acevedo-Diaz
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peixiong Yuan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Todd D. Gould
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lawrence T. Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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14
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Hamad MIK, Emerald BS, Kumar KK, Ibrahim MF, Ali BR, Bataineh MF. Extracellular molecular signals shaping dendrite architecture during brain development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1254589. [PMID: 38155836 PMCID: PMC10754048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1254589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper growth and branching of dendrites are crucial for adequate central nervous system (CNS) functioning. The neuronal dendritic geometry determines the mode and quality of information processing. Any defects in dendrite development will disrupt neuronal circuit formation, affecting brain function. Besides cell-intrinsic programmes, extrinsic factors regulate various aspects of dendritic development. Among these extrinsic factors are extracellular molecular signals which can shape the dendrite architecture during early development. This review will focus on extrinsic factors regulating dendritic growth during early neuronal development, including neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, extracellular matrix proteins, contact-mediated ligands, and secreted and diffusible cues. How these extracellular molecular signals contribute to dendritic growth has been investigated in developing nervous systems using different species, different areas within the CNS, and different neuronal types. The response of the dendritic tree to these extracellular molecular signals can result in growth-promoting or growth-limiting effects, and it depends on the receptor subtype, receptor quantity, receptor efficiency, the animal model used, the developmental time windows, and finally, the targeted signal cascade. This article reviews our current understanding of the role of various extracellular signals in the establishment of the architecture of the dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kukkala K. Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwa F. Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R. Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mo’ath F. Bataineh
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Lei L, Wang YT, Hu D, Gai C, Zhang Y. Astroglial Connexin 43-Mediated Gap Junctions and Hemichannels: Potential Antidepressant Mechanisms and the Link to Neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4023-4040. [PMID: 37875763 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with a high suicide rate and a higher disability rate than any other disease. Evidence suggests that the pathological mechanism of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction. Depression is mainly associated with the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and the function of Cx43-mediated gap junctions and hemichannels in astrocytes. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been a hotspot in research on the pathology of depression, and Cx43-mediated functions are thought to be involved in neuroinflammation-related depression. However, the specific mechanism of Cx43-mediated functions in neuroinflammation-related depression pathology remains unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses Cx43 expression, the role of gap junction intercellular communication, and its relationship with neuroinflammation in depression. This review also focuses on the effects of antidepressant drugs (e.g., monoamine antidepressants, psychotropic drugs, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists) on Cx43-mediated function and provides evidence for Cx43 as a novel target for the treatment of MDD. The pathogenesis of MDD is related to astrocyte dysfunction, with reduced Cx43 expression, GJ dysfunction, decreased GJIC and reduced BDNF expression in the depressed brain. The effect of Cx43 on neuroinflammation-related depression involving inflammatory cytokines, glutamate excitotoxicity, and HPA axis dysregulation. Antidepressant drugs targeting Cx43 can effectively relieve depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cong Gai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Southern Avenue, Fang-Shan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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16
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Tobeh NS, Bruce KD. Emerging Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: promising insights from lipid metabolism and microglia-focused interventions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1259012. [PMID: 38020773 PMCID: PMC10630922 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1259012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 55 million people suffer from dementia, with this number projected to double every 20 years. In the United States, 1 in 3 aged individuals dies from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or another type of dementia and AD kills more individuals than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, glial cell dysfunction, and lipid droplet accumulation (among other pathologies), ultimately leading to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Unfortunately, the current FDA-approved therapeutics do not reverse nor halt AD. While recently approved amyloid-targeting antibodies can slow AD progression to improve outcomes for some patients, they are associated with adverse side effects, may have a narrow therapeutic window, and are expensive. In this review, we evaluate current and emerging AD therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development and provide insight into emerging strategies that target brain lipid metabolism and microglial function - an approach that may synergistically target multiple mechanisms that drive AD neuropathogenesis. Overall, we evaluate whether these disease-modifying emerging therapeutics hold promise as interventions that may be able to reverse or halt AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Tobeh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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17
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Joly-Amado A, Kulkarni N, Nash KR. Reelin Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1479. [PMID: 37891846 PMCID: PMC10605156 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neuronal migration during embryonic brain development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. The role of Reelin in the developing central nervous system has been extensively characterized. Indeed, a loss of Reelin or a disruption in its signaling cascade leads to neurodevelopmental defects and is associated with ataxia, intellectual disability, autism, and several psychiatric disorders. In the adult brain, Reelin is critically involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Reelin's signaling potentiates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces synaptic maturation, and increases AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits' expression and activity. As a result, there is a growing literature reporting that a loss of function and/or reduction of Reelin is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding the implication of Reelin and Reelin-mediated signaling during aging and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting Reelin as a possible target in the prevention or treatment of progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.); (K.R.N.)
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18
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Du Y, Zhou S, Ma C, Chen H, Du A, Deng G, Liu Y, Tose AJ, Sun L, Liu Y, Wu H, Lou H, Yu YQ, Zhao T, Lammel S, Duan S, Yang H. Dopamine release and negative valence gated by inhibitory neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Neuron 2023; 111:3102-3118.e7. [PMID: 37499661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTGABA) encode aversion by directly inhibiting mesolimbic dopamine (DA). Yet, the detailed cellular and circuit mechanisms by which these cells relay unpleasant stimuli to DA neurons and regulate behavioral output remain largely unclear. Here, we show that LDTGABA neurons bidirectionally respond to rewarding and aversive stimuli in mice. Activation of LDTGABA neurons promotes aversion and reduces DA release in the lateral nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, we identified two molecularly distinct LDTGABA cell populations. Somatostatin-expressing (Sst+) LDTGABA neurons indirectly regulate the mesolimbic DA system by disinhibiting excitatory hypothalamic neurons. In contrast, Reelin-expressing LDTGABA neurons directly inhibit downstream DA neurons. The identification of separate GABAergic subpopulations in a single brainstem nucleus that relay unpleasant stimuli to the mesolimbic DA system through direct and indirect projections is critical for establishing a circuit-level understanding of how negative valence is encoded in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Du
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyao Zhou
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenyan Ma
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ana Du
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guochuang Deng
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yige Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Forensic Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Amanda J Tose
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hangjun Wu
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Qin Yu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Stephan Lammel
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shumin Duan
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Department of Affiliated Mental Health Center of Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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19
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Merighi A, Lossi L. Co-cultures of cerebellar slices from mice with different reelin genetic backgrounds as a model to study cortical lamination. F1000Res 2023; 11:1183. [PMID: 37881513 PMCID: PMC10594056 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.126787.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Reelin has fundamental functions in the developing and mature brain. Its absence gives rise to the Reeler phenotype in mice, the first described cerebellar mutation. In homozygous mutants missing the Reelin gene ( reln -/-), neurons are incapable of correctly positioning themselves in layered brain areas such as the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. We here demonstrate that by employing ex vivo cultured cerebellar slices one can reduce the number of animals and use a non-recovery procedure to analyze the effects of Reelin on the migration of Purkinje neurons (PNs). Methods: We generated mouse hybrids (L7-GFP relnF1/) with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PNs, directly visible under fluorescence microscopy. We then cultured the slices obtained from mice with different reln genotypes and demonstrated that when the slices from reln -/- mutants were co-cultured with those from reln +/- mice, the Reelin produced by the latter induced migration of the PNs to partially rescue the normal layered cortical histology. We have confirmed this observation with Voronoi tessellation to analyze PN dispersion. Results: In images of the co-cultured slices from reln -/- mice, Voronoi polygons were larger than in single-cultured slices of the same genetic background but smaller than those generated from slices of reln +/- animals. The mean roundness factor, area disorder, and roundness factor homogeneity were different when slices from reln -/- mice were cultivated singularly or co-cultivated, supporting mathematically the transition from the clustered organization of the PNs in the absence of Reelin to a layered structure when the protein is supplied ex vivo. Conclusions: Neurobiologists are the primary target users of this 3Rs approach. They should adopt it for the possibility to study and manipulate ex vivo the activity of a brain-secreted or genetically engineered protein (scientific perspective), the potential reduction (up to 20%) of the animals used, and the total avoidance of severe surgery (3Rs perspective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
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20
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Merighi A, Lossi L. Co-cultures of cerebellar slices from mice with different reelin genetic backgrounds as a model to study cortical lamination. F1000Res 2023; 11:1183. [PMID: 37881513 PMCID: PMC10594056 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.126787.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Reelin has fundamental functions in the developing and mature brain. Its absence gives rise to the Reeler phenotype in mice, the first described cerebellar mutation. In homozygous mutants missing the Reelin gene ( reln -/-), neurons are incapable of correctly positioning themselves in layered brain areas such as the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. We here demonstrate that by employing ex vivo cultured cerebellar slices one can reduce the number of animals and use a non-recovery procedure to analyze the effects of Reelin on the migration of Purkinje neurons (PNs). Methods: We generated mouse hybrids (L7-GFP relnF1/) with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PNs, directly visible under fluorescence microscopy. We then cultured the slices obtained from mice with different reln genotypes and demonstrated that when the slices from reln -/- mutants were co-cultured with those from reln +/- mice, the Reelin produced by the latter induced migration of the PNs to partially rescue the normal layered cortical histology. We have confirmed this observation with Voronoi tessellation to analyze PN dispersion. Results: In images of the co-cultured slices from reln -/- mice, Voronoi polygons were larger than in single-cultured slices of the same genetic background but smaller than those generated from slices of reln +/- animals. The mean roundness factor, area disorder, and roundness factor homogeneity were different when slices from reln -/- mice were cultivated singularly or co-cultivated, supporting mathematically the transition from the clustered organization of the PNs in the absence of Reelin to a layered structure when the protein is supplied ex vivo. Conclusions: Neurobiologists are the primary target users of this 3Rs approach. They should adopt it for the possibility to study and manipulate ex vivo the activity of a brain-secreted or genetically engineered protein (scientific perspective), the potential reduction (up to 20%) of the animals used, and the total avoidance of severe surgery (3Rs perspective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
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21
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Yuzhalin AE, Yu D. Critical functions of extracellular matrix in brain metastasis seeding. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:297. [PMID: 37728789 PMCID: PMC10511571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Human brain is characterized by extremely sparse extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite its low abundance, the significance of brain ECM in both physiological and pathological conditions should not be underestimated. Brain metastasis is a serious complication of cancer, and recent findings highlighted the contribution of ECM in brain metastasis development. In this review, we provide a comprehensive outlook on how ECM proteins promote brain metastasis seeding. In particular, we discuss (1) disruption of the blood-brain barrier in brain metastasis; (2) role of ECM in modulating brain metastasis dormancy; (3) regulation of brain metastasis seeding by ECM-activated integrin signaling; (4) functions of brain-specific ECM protein reelin in brain metastasis. Lastly, we consider the possibility of targeting ECM for brain metastasis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Unit 108, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Unit 108, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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22
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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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23
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Paulo JA, Sheriff S, Shadfar S, Fitzhenry M, Amirkhani A, Gupta V, Salekdeh GH, Haynes PA, Graham SL, Mirzaei M. Apolipoprotein ε in Brain and Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1311-1330. [PMID: 37199411 PMCID: PMC10389820 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that remains incurable and has become a major medical, social, and economic challenge worldwide. AD is characterized by pathological hallmarks of senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that damage the brain up to twenty years before a clinical diagnosis is made. Interestingly these pathological features have also been observed in retinal neurodegenerative diseases including age related macular degeneration (ARMD), glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy (DR). An association of AD with these diseases has been suggested in epidemiological studies and several common pathological events and risk factors have been identified between these diseases. The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a well-established genetic risk factor for late onset AD. The ApoE ε4 allele is also associated with retinal neurodegenerative diseases however in contrast to AD, it is considered protective in AMD, likewise ApoE E2 allele, which is a protective factor for AD, has been implicated as a risk factor for AMD and glaucoma. This review summarizes the evidence on the effects of ApoE in retinal neurodegenerative diseases and discusses the overlapping molecular pathways in AD. The involvement of ApoE in regulating amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau pathology, inflammation, vascular integrity, glucose metabolism and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Samran Sheriff
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Sina Shadfar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Matthew Fitzhenry
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Ardeshir Amirkhani
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Paul A Haynes
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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24
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Sun YM, Chen J. Editorial: New insights into schizophrenia-related neural and behavioral phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1202230. [PMID: 37234917 PMCID: PMC10206298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1202230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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25
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Luhmann HJ. Malformations-related neocortical circuits in focal seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106018. [PMID: 36706927 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article gives an overview on the molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying focal seizures in neocortical networks with developmental malformations. Neocortical malformations comprise a large variety of structural abnormalities associated with epilepsy and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic or acquired disorders of neocortical cell proliferation, neuronal migration and/or programmed cell death may cause pathologies ranging from the expression of dysmorphic neurons and heterotopic cell clusters to abnormal layering and cortical misfolding. After providing a brief overview on the pathogenesis and structure of neocortical malformations in humans, animal models are discussed and how they contributed to our understanding on the mechanisms of neocortical hyperexcitability associated with developmental disorders. State-of-the-art molecular biological and electrophysiological techniques have been also used in humans and on resectioned neocortical tissue of epileptic patients and provide deep insights into the subcellular, cellular and network mechanisms contributing to focal seizures. Finally, a brief outlook is given how novel models and methods can shape translational research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz, Germany.
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26
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A Unique "Reversed" Migration of Neurons in the Developing Claustrum. J Neurosci 2023; 43:693-708. [PMID: 36631266 PMCID: PMC9899091 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0704-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum (CLA) is a cluster of neurons located between the insular cortex and striatum. Many studies have shown that the CLA plays an important role in higher brain function. Additionally, growing evidence suggests that CLA dysfunction is associated with neuropsychological symptoms. However, how the CLA is formed during development is not fully understood. In the present study, we analyzed the development of the CLA, especially focusing on the migration profiles of CLA neurons in mice of both sexes. First, we showed that CLA neurons were generated between embryonic day (E) 10.5 and E12.5, but mostly at E11.5. Next, we labeled CLA neurons born at E11.5 using the FlashTag technology and revealed that most neurons reached the brain surface by E13.5 but were distributed deep in the CLA 1 d later at E14.5. Time-lapse imaging of GFP-labeled cells revealed that some CLA neurons first migrated radially outward and then changed their direction inward after reaching the surface. Moreover, we demonstrated that Reelin signal is necessary for the appropriate distribution of CLA neurons. The switch from outward to "reversed" migration of developing CLA neurons is distinct from other migration modes, in which neurons typically migrate in a certain direction, which is simply outward or inward. Future elucidation of the characteristics and precise molecular mechanisms of CLA development may provide insights into the unique cognitive functions of the CLA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The claustrum (CLA) plays an important role in higher brain function, and its dysfunction is associated with neuropsychological symptoms. Although psychiatric disorders are increasingly being understood as disorders of neurodevelopment, little is known about CLA development, including its neuronal migration profiles and underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we investigated the migration profiles of CLA neurons during development and found that they migrated radially outward and then inward after reaching the surface. This switch in the migratory direction from outward to inward may be one of the brain's fundamental mechanisms of nuclear formation. Our findings enable us to investigate the relationship between CLA maldevelopment and dysfunction, which may facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of some psychiatric disorders.
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27
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David FS, Stein F, Andlauer TFM, Streit F, Witt SH, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Opel N, Repple J, Jansen A, Nenadić I, Papiol S, Heilbronner U, Kalman JL, Schaupp SK, Senner F, Schulte EC, Falkai PG, Schulze TG, Dannlowski U, Kircher T, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Krug A, Forstner AJ. Genetic contributions to transdiagnostic symptom dimensions in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:161-171. [PMID: 36652833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ) exhibit considerable phenotypic and genetic overlap. However, the contribution of genetic factors to their shared psychopathological symptom dimensions remains unclear. The present exploratory study investigated genetic contributions to the symptom dimensions "Depression", "Negative syndrome", "Positive formal thought disorder", "Paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome", and "Increased appetite" in a transdiagnostic subset of the German FOR2107 cohort (n = 1042 patients with MDD, BD, or SZ). As replication cohort, a subset of the German/Austrian PsyCourse study (n = 816 patients with MDD, BD, or SZ) was employed. First, the relationship between symptom dimensions and common variants associated with MDD, BD, and SZ was investigated via polygenic risk score (PRS) association analyses, with disorder-specific PRS as predictors and symptom dimensions as outcomes. In the FOR2107 study sample, PRS for BD and SZ were positively associated with "Positive formal thought disorder", the PRS for SZ was positively associated with "Paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome", and the PRS for BD was negatively associated with "Depression". The effects of PRS for SZ were replicated in PsyCourse. No significant associations were observed for the MDD PRS. Second, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed for the five symptom dimensions. No genome-wide significant associations and no replicable suggestive associations (p < 1e-6 in the GWAS) were identified. In summary, our results suggest that, similar to diagnostic categories, transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom dimensions are attributable to polygenic contributions with small effect sizes. Further studies in larger thoroughly phenotyped psychiatric cohorts are required to elucidate the genetic factors that shape psychopathological symptom dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike S David
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Innovative Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janos L Kalman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina K Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Senner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva C Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter G Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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28
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Shahcheraghi SH, Ayatollahi J, Lotfi M, Aljabali AAA, Al-Zoubi MS, Panda PK, Mishra V, Satija S, Charbe NB, Serrano-Aroca Á, Bahar B, Takayama K, Goyal R, Bhatia A, Almutary AG, Alnuqaydan AM, Mishra Y, Negi P, Courtney A, McCarron PA, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM. Gene Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Potential Targets and Tools. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:51-65. [PMID: 35249508 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220304153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders that affect the central nervous system cause considerable pressures on the health care system and have a substantial economic burden on modern societies. The present treatments based on available drugs are mostly ineffective and often costly. The molecular process of neuropsychiatric disorders is closely connected to modifying the genetic structures inherited or caused by damage, toxic chemicals, and some current diseases. Gene therapy is presently an experimental concept for neurological disorders. Clinical applications endeavor to alleviate the symptoms, reduce disease progression, and repair defective genes. Implementing gene therapy in inherited and acquired neurological illnesses entails the integration of several scientific disciplines, including virology, neurology, neurosurgery, molecular genetics, and immunology. Genetic manipulation has the power to minimize or cure illness by inducing genetic alterations at endogenous loci. Gene therapy that involves treating the disease by deleting, silencing, or editing defective genes and delivering genetic material to produce therapeutic molecules has excellent potential as a novel approach for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. With the recent advances in gene selection and vector design quality in targeted treatments, gene therapy could be an effective approach. This review article will investigate and report the newest and the most critical molecules and factors in neuropsychiatric disorder gene therapy. Different genome editing techniques available will be evaluated, and the review will highlight preclinical research of genome editing for neuropsychiatric disorders while also evaluating current limitations and potential strategies to overcome genome editing advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed H Shahcheraghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jamshid Ayatollahi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Abortion Research Center, Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S Al-Zoubi
- Yarmouk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Pritam K Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- Nutrition Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, Research Centre for Global Development, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for IPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box No. 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212, India
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Shri Shakti Degree College, Sankhahari, Ghatampur 209206, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173 212, India
| | - Aaron Courtney
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A McCarron
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid A Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Kho SH, Yee JY, Puang SJ, Han L, Chiang C, Rapisarda A, Goh WWB, Lee J, Sng JCG. DNA methylation levels of RELN promoter region in ultra-high risk, first episode and chronic schizophrenia cohorts of schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 36216926 PMCID: PMC9550813 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of the Reelin gene (RELN) during brain development makes it a prominent candidate in human epigenetic studies of Schizophrenia. Previous literature has reported differing levels of DNA methylation (DNAm) in patients with psychosis. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) examine and compare RELN DNAm levels in subjects at different stages of psychosis cross-sectionally, (2) analyse the effect of antipsychotics (AP) on DNAm, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of RELN promoter DNAm as a possible biological-based marker for symptom severity in psychosis.. The study cohort consisted of 56 healthy controls, 87 ultra-high risk (UHR) individuals, 26 first-episode (FE) psychosis individuals and 30 chronic schizophrenia (CS) individuals. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess Schizophrenia severity. After pyrosequencing selected CpG sites of peripheral blood, the Average mean DNAm levels were compared amongst the 4 subgroups. Our results showed differing levels of DNAm, with UHR having the lowest (7.72 ± 0.19) while the CS had the highest levels (HC: 8.78 ± 0.35; FE: 7.75 ± 0.37; CS: 8.82 ± 0.48). Significantly higher Average mean DNAm levels were found in CS subjects on AP (9.12 ± 0.61) compared to UHR without medication (UHR(-)) (7.39 ± 0.18). A significant association was also observed between the Average mean DNAm of FE and PANSS Negative symptom factor (R2 = 0.237, ß = -0.401, *p = 0.033). In conclusion, our findings suggested different levels of DNAm for subjects at different stages of psychosis. Those subjects that took AP have different DNAm levels. There were significant associations between FE DNAm and Negative PANSS scores. With more future experiments and on larger cohorts, there may be potential use of DNAm of the RELN gene as one of the genes for the biological-based marker for symptom severity in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Hong Kho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jie Yin Yee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Juan Puang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luke Han
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Chiang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attilio Rapisarda
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Son JH, Do H, Han J. Intragenic L1 Insertion: One Possibility of Brain Disorder. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091425. [PMID: 36143463 PMCID: PMC9505610 DOI: 10.3390/life12091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1, L1) is a retrotransposon comprising ~17% of the human genome. A subset of L1s maintains the potential to mobilize and alter the genomic landscape, consequently contributing to the change in genome integrity and gene expression. L1 retrotransposition occurs in the human brain regardless of disease status. However, in the brain of patients with various brain diseases, the expression level and copy number of L1 are significantly increased. In this review, we briefly introduce the methodologies applied to measure L1 mobility and identify genomic loci where new insertion of L1 occurs in the brain. Then, we present a list of genes disrupted by L1 transposition in the genome of patients with brain disorders. Finally, we discuss the association between genes disrupted by L1 and relative brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Do
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinju Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence:
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31
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de Guglielmo G, Iemolo A, Nur A, Turner A, Montilla-Perez P, Martinez A, Crook C, Roberts A, Telese F. Reelin deficiency exacerbates cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion by enhancing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial striatum. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12828. [PMID: 35906757 PMCID: PMC9744517 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Reln gene encodes for the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin, which regulates several brain functions from development to adulthood, including neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching and synapse formation and plasticity. Human studies have implicated Reelin signaling in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Mouse studies using the heterozygous Reeler (HR) mice have shown that reduced levels of Reln expression are associated with deficits in learning and memory and increased disinhibition. Although these traits are relevant to substance use disorders, the role of Reelin in cellular and behavioral responses to addictive drugs remains largely unknown. Here, we compared HR mice to wild-type (WT) littermate controls to investigate whether Reelin signaling contributes to the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of cocaine. After a single or repeated cocaine injections, HR mice showed enhanced cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared with WT controls. This effect persisted after withdrawal. In contrast, Reelin deficiency did not induce cocaine sensitization, and did not affect the rewarding effects of cocaine measured in the conditioned place preference assay. The elevated cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in HR mice was associated with increased protein Fos expression in the dorsal medial striatum (DMS) compared with WT. Lastly, we performed an RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization experiment and found that Reln was highly co-expressed with the Drd1 gene, which encodes for the dopamine receptor D1, in the DMS. These findings show that Reelin signaling contributes to the locomotor effects of cocaine and improve our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cellular and behavioral effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aisha Nur
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Angelica Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Crook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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32
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Park G, Shin M, Lee W, Hotta A, Kobayashi T, Kosodo Y. Direct visualization of the transition status during neural differentiation by dual-fluorescent reporter human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1903-1913. [PMID: 35931075 PMCID: PMC9481873 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can differentiate into neurons and glia via neural progenitor cells and are widely used for neurogenic studies. However, directly visualizing the transition status during the neural differentiation of live cells is difficult. Here, targeting NEUROG2 (NGN2) and TUBB3 as markers of neurogenic cells and neurons, respectively, we established TUBB3EGFP/NGN2TagRFP dual-reporter hiPSCs using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We induced the differentiation of cortical neurons from dual-reporter hiPSCs, successfully visualizing cell-fate conversion in two-dimensional (2D) culture and 3D organoids. The reporter cells were used to monitor drug effects to enhance neural induction, responses to gene knockdown, transplantation to the embryonic mouse brain, and live imaging at single-cell resolution. Notably, the earliest REELIN-positive neurons showed a distinctive migration pattern, and their production was accelerated by HES1-function loss. Together, these results demonstrate the potential for dual-reporter hiPSCs in therapeutic neural regeneration strategies and studies on human cortical development. Two-color fluorescent reporter hiPSC lines are established by genome editing Neural differentiation is characterized by 2D and 3D culture methods The dual-reporter line is applied to evaluate drug and gene functions HES1 knockdown accelerates the production of the earliest REELIN-positive neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwanghyun Park
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Shin
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taeko Kobayashi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kosodo
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea.
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Leifeld J, Förster E, Reiss G, Hamad MIK. Considering the Role of Extracellular Matrix Molecules, in Particular Reelin, in Granule Cell Dispersion Related to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917575. [PMID: 35733853 PMCID: PMC9207388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the nervous system can be considered as a dynamically adaptable compartment between neuronal cells, in particular neurons and glial cells, that participates in physiological functions of the nervous system. It is mainly composed of carbohydrates and proteins that are secreted by the different kinds of cell types found in the nervous system, in particular neurons and glial cells, but also other cell types, such as pericytes of capillaries, ependymocytes and meningeal cells. ECM molecules participate in developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, neurodegeneration and regenerative processes. As an example, the ECM of the hippocampal formation is involved in degenerative and adaptive processes related to epilepsy. The role of various components of the ECM has been explored extensively. In particular, the ECM protein reelin, well known for orchestrating the formation of neuronal layer formation in the cerebral cortex, is also considered as a player involved in the occurrence of postnatal granule cell dispersion (GCD), a morphologically peculiar feature frequently observed in hippocampal tissue from epileptic patients. Possible causes and consequences of GCD have been studied in various in vivo and in vitro models. The present review discusses different interpretations of GCD and different views on the role of ECM protein reelin in the formation of this morphological peculiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leifeld
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Leifeld, ; Eckart Förster,
| | - Gebhard Reiss
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Institute for Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/ Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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34
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Liu KM, Huang Y, Wan PP, Lu YH, Zhou N, Li JJ, Yu CY, Chou JJ, Zhang L, Zhang C, Qiang YY, Zhang R, Guo L. Ursolic Acid Protects Neurons in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Cognitive Impairment by Repressing Inflammation and Oxidation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:877898. [PMID: 35677445 PMCID: PMC9169096 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.877898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized as an impaired ability of learning and memory with periodic and unpredictable seizures. Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the main causes of TLE. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are directly involved in epileptogenesis and neurodegeneration, promoting chronic epilepsy and cognitive deficit. Previous studies have shown that ursolic acid (UA) represses inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to neuroprotection. Herein, we demonstrated that UA treatment alleviated seizure behavior and cognitive impairment induced by epilepsy. Moreover, UA treatment rescued hippocampal neuronal damage, aberrant neurogenesis, and ectopic migration, which are commonly accompanied by epilepsy occurrence. Our study also demonstrated that UA treatment remarkably suppressed the SE-induced neuroinflammation, evidenced by activated microglial cells and decreased inflammation factors, including TNF-α and IL-1β. Likewise, the expression levels of oxidative stress damage markers and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme complexes of mitochondria were also remarkably downregulated following the UA treatment, suggesting that UA suppressed the damage caused by the high oxidative stress and the defect mitochondrial function induced by SE. Furthermore, UA treatment attenuated GABAergic interneuron loss. In summary, our study clarified the notable anti-seizure and neuroprotective properties of UA in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats, which is mainly achieved by abilities of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Our study indicates the potential advantage of UA application in ameliorating epileptic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-mei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Medical Science Research Institution of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-mei Liu, ; Le Guo,
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pan-pan Wan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yun-hua Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan-juan Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chun-yang Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jin-jiang Chou
- Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lianxiang Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Qiang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Le Guo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-mei Liu, ; Le Guo,
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35
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Yamaguchi R, Matsudaira I, Takeuchi H, Imanishi T, Kimura R, Tomita H, Kawashima R, Taki Y. RELN rs7341475 associates with brain structure in japanese healthy females. Neuroscience 2022; 494:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Lambert N, Moïse M, Nguyen L. E3 Ubiquitin ligases and cerebral cortex development in health and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:392-407. [PMID: 35476229 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex development involves the sequential progression of biological steps driven by molecular pathways whose tight regulation often relies on ubiquitination. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in all aspects of cellular homeostasis through the attachment of a ubiquitin moiety on proteins. Over the past years, an increasing amount of research has highlighted the crucial role played by ubiquitin ligases in every step of cortical development and whose impairment often leads to various neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we focus on the key contributions of E3 ubiquitin ligases for the progression of the different steps of corticogenesis, as well as the pathological consequences of their mutations, often resulting in malformations of cortical development. Finally, we discuss some promising targeted treatment strategies for these diseases based on recent advances in the field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lambert
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martin Moïse
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of molecular regulation of neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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37
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Scala M, Grasso EA, Di Cara G, Riva A, Striano P, Verrotti A. The Pathophysiological Link Between Reelin and Autism: Overview and New Insights. Front Genet 2022; 13:869002. [PMID: 35422848 PMCID: PMC9002092 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.869002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted extracellular matrix protein playing pivotal roles in neuronal migration and cortical stratification during embryonal brain development. In the adult brain, its activity is crucial for synaptic plasticity, memory processing, and cognition. Genetic alterations in RELN have been variably reported as possible contributors to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In particular, GCCs repeats in the 5′UTR, and single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) in RELN have been suggested to affect brain development and predispose to autism. We reviewed pertinent literature on RELN expression and haplotypes transmission in children with ASD, critically analyzing available evidence in support of the pathophysiological association between Reelin deficiency and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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38
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Procès A, Luciano M, Kalukula Y, Ris L, Gabriele S. Multiscale Mechanobiology in Brain Physiology and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823857. [PMID: 35419366 PMCID: PMC8996382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mechanics play a critical role in regulating brain function at different scales. Downstream integration of mechanical inputs into biochemical signals and genomic pathways causes observable and measurable effects on brain cell fate and can also lead to important pathological consequences. Despite recent advances, the mechanical forces that influence neuronal processes remain largely unexplored, and how endogenous mechanical forces are detected and transduced by brain cells into biochemical and genetic programs have received less attention. In this review, we described the composition of brain tissues and their pronounced microstructural heterogeneity. We discuss the individual role of neuronal and glial cell mechanics in brain homeostasis and diseases. We highlight how changes in the composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix can modulate brain cell functions and describe key mechanisms of the mechanosensing process. We then consider the contribution of mechanobiology in the emergence of brain diseases by providing a critical review on traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroblastoma. We show that a better understanding of the mechanobiology of brain tissues will require to manipulate the physico-chemical parameters of the cell microenvironment, and to develop three-dimensional models that can recapitulate the complexity and spatial diversity of brain tissues in a reproducible and predictable manner. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the importance of mechanobiology and its implication in brain and nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Procès
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Neurosciences Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marine Luciano
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yohalie Kalukula
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ris
- Neurosciences Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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39
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Phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase at Y925: Role in Glia-Dependent and Independent Migration through Regulating Cofilin and N-Cadherin. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3467-3484. [PMID: 35325397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is a six-layered structure, consisting of nearly continuous layers of neurons that are generated in a temporally strictly coordinated order. During development, cortical neurons originating from the ventricular zone migrate toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone in an inside-out arrangement. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), one tyrosine kinase localizing to focal adhesions, has been shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine 925 (Y925) by Src, an important downstream molecule of Reelin signaling. Up to date, the precise molecular mechanisms of FAK and its phosphorylation at Y925 during neuronal migration are still unclear. Combining in utero electroporation with immunohistochemistry and live imaging, we examined the function of FAK in regulating neuronal migration. We show that phosphorylated FAK is colocalized with Reelin positive Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing neocortex and hippocampus. Phosphorylation of FAK at Y925 is significantly reduced in reeler mice. Overexpression and dephosphorylation of FAK impair locomotion and translocation, resulting in migration inhibition and dislocation of both late-born and early-born neurons. These migration defects are highly correlated to the function of FAK in regulating cofilin phosphorylation and N-Cadherin expression, both are involved in Reelin signaling pathway. Thus, fine-tuned phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at Y925 is crucial for both glia-dependent and independent neuronal migration.
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40
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Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063033. [PMID: 35328471 PMCID: PMC8955336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.
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Abstract
Most psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia, show profound sex differences in incidence, clinical presentation, course, and outcome. Fortunately, more recently the literature on sex differences and (to a lesser extent) effects of sex steroid hormones is expanding, and in this review we have focused on such studies in psychosis, both from a clinical/epidemiological and preclinical/animal model perspective. We begin by briefly describing the clinical evidence for sex differences in schizophrenia epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathophysiology. We then detail sex differences and sex hormone effects in behavioral animal models of psychosis, specifically psychotropic drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition. We expand on the preclinical data to include developmental and genetic models of psychosis, such as the maternal immune activation model and neuregulin transgenic animals, respectively. Finally, we suggest several recommendations for future studies, in order to facilitate a better understanding of sex differences in the development of psychosis.
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Nakao Y, Yokawa S, Kohno T, Suzuki T, Hattori M. Visualization of Reelin secretion from primary cultured neurons by bioluminescence imaging. J Biochem 2022; 171:591-598. [PMID: 35171273 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a secreted glycoprotein important for brain development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Some reports suggest that Reelin is secreted from the nerve terminals and functions as a neurotransmitter. However, the mechanism of Reelin secretion is unknown. In this study, we visualized Reelin secretion by bioluminescence imaging using a fusion protein of Reelin and Gaussia luciferase (GLase-Reelin). GLase-Reelin expressed in HEK293T cells was correctly processed and secreted. Luminescence signals from the secreted GLase-Reelin of primary cultured neurons were visualized by bioluminescence microscopy. Reelin secretory events were observed at neurites and cell bodies. Bioluminescence imaging was also performed before and after KCl depolarization to compare the secretory events of Reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The secretion of BDNF increased markedly shortly after depolarization. In contrast, the frequency of Reelin secretion did not change significantly by depolarization. Thus, Reelin secretion from neurites might not be regulated in a neuronal activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Nakao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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Wang S, Liu D, Wei H, Hua Y, Shi G, Qiao J. The hsa_circRNA_102049 mediates the sorafenib sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by regulating Reelin gene expression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2272-2284. [PMID: 35034536 PMCID: PMC8973865 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research has illuminated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) plays an important role in the development of drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The expression profiles of differential expressed genes (DEGs) and ncRNAs related to the sorafenib resistance in HCC cells were analyzed according to the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataSets and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. Bioinformatics technology was used to construct the interaction network of DEGs and ncRNAs. Cell transfection, dual-luciferase reporter assay, Western blot, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) were used to study the mechanism of sorafenib resistance in HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells. The expression of reelin (RELN) and secretagogin (SCGN) were the only down-regulated in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. The results showed that RELN gene demethylation reversed the cytotoxic of sorafenib on HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells. Hsa_circRNA_102049 over-expression promoted the sensitivity of HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells to sorafenib, hsa_circRNA_102049 up-regulated the expression of RELN gene by sponging hsa-miR-214-3p. The resistance to sorafenib in RELN knockout HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells could be reverted by has-circRNA_102049. These findings support targeting of hsa_circRNA_102049 and RELN in sorafenib-treated HCC cells as a novel intervention, which is expected to overcome sorafenib resistance of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Dehua Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Yang Hua
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Guodong Shi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
| | - Jinhan Qiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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Liao J, Dong G, Wulaer B, Sawahata M, Mizoguchi H, Mori D, Ozaki N, Nabeshima T, Nagai T, Yamada K. Mice with exonic RELN deletion identified from a patient with schizophrenia have impaired visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in touchscreen operant tasks. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113569. [PMID: 34499931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Reelin gene (RELN) encodes a large extracellular protein, which has multiple roles in brain development and adult brain function. It activates a series of neuronal signal transduction pathways in the adult brain that function in synaptic plasticity, dendritic morphology, and cognitive function. To further investigate the roles of Reln in brain function, we generated a mouse line using the C57BL/6 J strain with the specific Reln deletion identified from a Japanese patient with schizophrenia (Reln-del mice). These mice exhibited abnormal sociality, but the pathophysiological significance of the Reln deletion for higher brain functions, such as learning and behavioral flexibility remains unclear. In this study, cognitive function in Reln-del mice was assessed using touchscreen-based visual discrimination (VD) and reversal learning (RL) tasks. Reln-del mice showed normal learning in the simple VD task, but the learning was delayed in the complex VD task as compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. In the RL task, sessions were divided into early perseverative phase (sessions with <50% correct) and later learning phase (sessions with ≥50% correct). Reln-del mice showed normal perseveration but impaired relearning ability in both simple RL and complex RL task as compared to WT mice. These results suggest that Reln-del mice have impaired learning ability, but the behavioral flexibility is unaffected. Overall, the observed behavioral abnormalities in Reln-del mice suggest that this mouse model is a useful preclinical tool for investigating the neurobiological mechanism underlying cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Liao
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Geyao Dong
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Bolati Wulaer
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Project Office for Neuropsychological Research Center, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Shuffrey LC, Rodriguez C, Rodriguez DJ, Mahallati H, Jayaswal M, Barbosa JR, Syme S, Gimenez LA, Pini N, Lucchini M, Fifer WP. Delayed maturation of P2 flash visual evoked potential (VEP) latency in newborns of gestational diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2021; 163:105503. [PMID: 34741833 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has rapidly increased, yet few prior studies have investigated parameters of early brain development in infants born to gestational diabetic mothers. The present study assessed visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in healthy infants born to gestational diabetic mothers and matched controls. METHODS After exclusions, in this prospective study we examined VEPs in 73 neonates between 37 weeks and 41 weeks gestation at birth (n = 37 infants of gestational diabetic mothers). Stroboscopic flashes were presented through closed eyelids during passive electroencephalography (EEG) recording to derive VEP waveforms during natural sleep. RESULTS There was a statistically significant moderate correlation between gestational age at birth and P2 latency of the flash VEP where P2 latency significantly decreased with increasing gestational age (Pearson's R(73) = -0.32, p < .01). There was also a significant moderate correlation between postnatal age (hours of life) and P2 latency of the flash VEP where P2 latency significantly decreased with increasing postnatal age (Pearson's R(73) = -0.23, p < .05). When controlling for gestational age at birth, postnatal age, and sex, there was a significant effect of group (GDM-exposed vs. control) on P2 latency of the flash VEP (p < .05). Infants of gestational diabetic mothers had a significantly longer P2 latency (M: 215.29 ± SD: 2.58 ms) than controls (M: 206.41 ± SD: 2.62 ms). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest P2 flash VEP latency is a potential measure of cortical maturation and marker of immature development in infants of gestational diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Shuffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Daianna J Rodriguez
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Hana Mahallati
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Minna Jayaswal
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Barbosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Samantha Syme
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Lissete A Gimenez
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Nicolò Pini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Maristella Lucchini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - William P Fifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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Sawahata M, Asano H, Nagai T, Ito N, Kohno T, Nabeshima T, Hattori M, Yamada K. Microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC prevents MK-801-induced recognition memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105832. [PMID: 34450306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular matrix protein, helps to regulate neuronal plasticity and cognitive function. Several studies have shown that Reelin dysfunction, resulting from factors such as mutations in gene RELN or low Reelin expression, is associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). We previously reported that microinjection of Reelin into cerebral ventricle prevents phencyclidine-induced cognitive and sensory-motor gating deficits. However, it remains unclear whether and how Reelin ameliorates behavioral abnormalities in the animal model of SCZ. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of recombinant Reelin microinjection into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on abnormal behaviors induced by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC prevented impairment of recognition memory of MK-801-treated mice in the novel object recognition test (NORT). On the other hand, the same treatment had no effect on deficits in sensory-motor gating and short-term memory in the pre-pulse inhibition and Y-maze tests, respectively. To establish the neural substrates that respond to Reelin, the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the mPFC was determined. A significant increase in c-Fos-positive cells in the mPFC of MK-801-treated mice was observed when compared with saline-treated mice, and this change was suppressed by microinjection of Reelin into the mPFC. A K2360/2467A Reelin that cannot bind to its receptor failed to ameliorate MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in NORT. These results suggest that Reelin prevents MK-801-induced recognition memory impairment by acting on its receptors to suppress neural activity in the mPFC of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Asano
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Division of Behavioral Neuropharmacology, International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norimichi Ito
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Guerrin CGJ, Doorduin J, Sommer IE, de Vries EFJ. The dual hit hypothesis of schizophrenia: Evidence from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1150-1168. [PMID: 34715148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder, which can severely impact social and professional functioning. Epidemiological and clinical studies show that schizophrenia has a multifactorial aetiology comprising genetic and environmental risk factors. Although several risk factors have been identified, it is still not clear how they result in schizophrenia. This knowledge gap, however, can be investigated in animal studies. In this review, we summarise animal studies regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors may affect brain development, ultimately causing schizophrenia. Preclinical studies suggest that early environmental risk factors can affect the immune, GABAergic, glutamatergic, or dopaminergic system and thus increase the susceptibility to another risk factor later in life. A second insult, like social isolation, stress, or drug abuse, can further disrupt these systems and the interactions between them, leading to behavioural abnormalities. Surprisingly, first insults like maternal infection and early maternal separation can also have protective effects. Single gene mutations associated with schizophrenia did not have a major impact on the susceptibility to subsequent environmental hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien G J Guerrin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Bocharova A, Vagaitseva K, Marusin A, Zhukova N, Zhukova I, Minaycheva L, Makeeva O, Stepanov V. Association and Gene-Gene Interactions Study of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in the Russian Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101647. [PMID: 34681041 PMCID: PMC8535278 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, and represents the most common cause of dementia. In this study, we performed several different analyses to detect loci involved in development of the late onset AD in the Russian population. DNA samples from 472 unrelated subjects were genotyped for 63 SNPs using iPLEX Assay and real-time PCR. We identified five genetic loci that were significantly associated with LOAD risk for the Russian population (TOMM40 rs2075650, APOE rs429358 and rs769449, NECTIN rs6857, APOE ε4). The results of the analysis based on comparison of the haplotype frequencies showed two risk haplotypes and one protective haplotype. The GMDR analysis demonstrated three significant models as a result: a one-factor, a two-factor and a three-factor model. A protein-protein interaction network with three subnetworks was formed for the 24 proteins. Eight proteins with a large number of interactions are identified: APOE, SORL1, APOC1, CD33, CLU, TOMM40, CNTNAP2 and CACNA1C. The present study confirms the importance of the APOE-TOMM40 locus as the main risk locus of development and progress of LOAD in the Russian population. Association analysis and bioinformatics approaches detected interactions both at the association level of single SNPs and at the level of genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bocharova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.V.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kseniya Vagaitseva
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.V.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Andrey Marusin
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.V.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Natalia Zhukova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of General Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (N.Z.); (I.Z.)
- Nebbiolo Center for Clinical Trials, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Irina Zhukova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of General Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (N.Z.); (I.Z.)
- Nebbiolo Center for Clinical Trials, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Larisa Minaycheva
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.V.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Oksana Makeeva
- Nebbiolo Center for Clinical Trials, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Vadim Stepanov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.V.); (A.M.); (L.M.); (V.S.)
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Orcinha C, Kilias A, Paschen E, Follo M, Haas CA. Reelin Is Required for Maintenance of Granule Cell Lamination in the Healthy and Epileptic Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:730811. [PMID: 34483838 PMCID: PMC8414139 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.730811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic feature of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is granule cell dispersion (GCD), a pathological widening of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. The loss of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, an important positional cue for neurons, correlates with GCD formation in MTLE patients and in rodent epilepsy models. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) from transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in differentiated granule cells (GCs) to monitor GCD formation dynamically by live cell video microscopy and to investigate the role of Reelin in this process. We present evidence that following treatment with the glutamate receptor agonist kainate (KA), eGFP-positive GCs migrated mainly toward the hilar region. In the hilus, Reelin-producing neurons were rapidly lost following KA treatment as shown in a detailed time series. Addition of recombinant Reelin fragments to the medium effectively prevented the KA-triggered movement of eGFP-positive GCs. Placement of Reelin-coated beads into the hilus of KA-treated cultures stopped the migration of GCs in a distance-dependent manner. In addition, quantitative Western blot analysis revealed that KA treatment affects the Reelin signal transduction pathway by increasing intracellular adaptor protein Disabled-1 synthesis and reducing the phosphorylation of cofilin, a downstream target of the Reelin pathway. Both events were normalized by addition of recombinant Reelin fragments. Finally, following neutralization of Reelin in healthy OHSC by incubation with the function-blocking CR-50 Reelin antibody, GCs started to migrate without any direction preference. Together, our findings demonstrate that normotopic position of Reelin is essential for the maintenance of GC lamination in the dentate gyrus and that GCD is the result of a local Reelin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Orcinha
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Antje Kilias
- Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Enya Paschen
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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