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Somelar-Duracz K, Jürgenson M, Viil J, Zharkovsky A, Jaako K. 'Unpredictable chronic mild stress does not exacerbate memory impairment or altered neuronal and glial plasticity in the hippocampus of middle-aged vitamin D deficient mice'. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1696-1722. [PMID: 38269959 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health concern, especially in the elderly population. Much remains unknown about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD), stress-induced cognitive dysfunctions and depressive-like behaviour. In this study, 4-month-old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed with control or vitamin D free diet for 6 months, followed by unpredictable chronic stress (UCMS) for 8 weeks. VDD induced cognitive impairment and reduced grooming behaviour, but did not induce depressive-like behaviour. While UCMS in vitamin D sufficient mice induced expected depressive-like phenotype and impairments in the contextual fear memory, chronic stress did not manifest as an additional risk factor for memory impairments and depressive-like behaviour in VDD mice. In fact, UCMS restored self-care behaviour in VDD mice. At the histopathological level, VDD mice exhibited cell loss in the granule cell layer, reduced survival of newly generated cells, accompanied with an increased number of apoptotic cells and alterations in glial morphology in the hippocampus; however, these effects were not exacerbated by UCMS. Interestingly, UCMS reversed VDD induced loss of microglial cells. Moreover, tyrosine hydroxylase levels decreased in the striatum of VDD mice, but not in stressed VDD mice. These findings indicate that long-term VDD in adulthood impairs cognition but does not augment behavioural response to UCMS in middle-aged mice. While VDD caused cell loss and altered glial response in the DG of the hippocampus, these effects were not exacerbated by UCMS and could contribute to mechanisms regulating altered stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Somelar-Duracz
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Jürgenson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janeli Viil
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Jaako
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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2
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Liu Y, Ren H, Zhang Y, Deng W, Ma X, Zhao L, Li X, Sham P, Wang Q, Li T. Temporal changes in brain morphology related to inflammation and schizophrenia: an omnigenic Mendelian randomization study. Psychol Med 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38445386 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172400014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several decades, more research focuses have been made on the inflammation/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia. Building upon synaptic plasticity hypothesis, inflammation may contribute the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Yet, pinpointing the specific inflammatory agents responsible for schizophrenia remains a complex challenge, mainly due to medication and metabolic status. Multiple lines of evidence point to a wide-spread genetic association across genome underlying the phenotypic variations of schizophrenia. METHOD We collected the latest genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) summary data of schizophrenia, cytokines, and longitudinal change of brain. We utilized the omnigenic model which takes into account all genomic SNPs included in the GWAS of trait, instead of traditional Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. We conducted two round MR to investigate the inflammatory triggers of schizophrenia and the resulting longitudinal changes in the brain. RESULTS We identified seven inflammation markers linked to schizophrenia onset, which all passed the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (bNGF, GROA(CXCL1), IL-8, M-CSF, MCP-3 (CCL7), TNF-β, CRP). Moreover, CRP were found to significantly influence the linear rate of brain morphology changes, predominantly in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum. CONCLUSION With an omnigenic approach, our study sheds light on the immune pathology of schizophrenia. Although these findings need confirmation from future studies employing different methodologies, our work provides substantial evidence that pervasive, low-level neuroinflammation may play a pivotal role in schizophrenia, potentially leading to notable longitudinal changes in brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Liu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Pak Sham
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Centre for Genomic Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Yang Z, Wen J, Abdulkadir A, Cui Y, Erus G, Mamourian E, Melhem R, Srinivasan D, Govindarajan ST, Chen J, Habes M, Masters CL, Maruff P, Fripp J, Ferrucci L, Albert MS, Johnson SC, Morris JC, LaMontagne P, Marcus DS, Benzinger TLS, Wolk DA, Shen L, Bao J, Resnick SM, Shou H, Nasrallah IM, Davatzikos C. Gene-SGAN: discovering disease subtypes with imaging and genetic signatures via multi-view weakly-supervised deep clustering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:354. [PMID: 38191573 PMCID: PMC10774282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease heterogeneity has been a critical challenge for precision diagnosis and treatment, especially in neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Many diseases can display multiple distinct brain phenotypes across individuals, potentially reflecting disease subtypes that can be captured using MRI and machine learning methods. However, biological interpretability and treatment relevance are limited if the derived subtypes are not associated with genetic drivers or susceptibility factors. Herein, we describe Gene-SGAN - a multi-view, weakly-supervised deep clustering method - which dissects disease heterogeneity by jointly considering phenotypic and genetic data, thereby conferring genetic correlations to the disease subtypes and associated endophenotypic signatures. We first validate the generalizability, interpretability, and robustness of Gene-SGAN in semi-synthetic experiments. We then demonstrate its application to real multi-site datasets from 28,858 individuals, deriving subtypes of Alzheimer's disease and brain endophenotypes associated with hypertension, from MRI and single nucleotide polymorphism data. Derived brain phenotypes displayed significant differences in neuroanatomical patterns, genetic determinants, biological and clinical biomarkers, indicating potentially distinct underlying neuropathologic processes, genetic drivers, and susceptibility factors. Overall, Gene-SGAN is broadly applicable to disease subtyping and endophenotype discovery, and is herein tested on disease-related, genetically-associated neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yang
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junhao Wen
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Laboratory of AI and Biomedical Science (LABS), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuhan Cui
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guray Erus
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mamourian
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Randa Melhem
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dhivya Srinivasan
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sindhuja T Govindarajan
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiong Chen
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Biggs Alzheimer's Institute, University of Texas San Antonio Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jurgen Fripp
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian e-Health Research Centre CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, MedStar Harbor Hospital, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela LaMontagne
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Marcus
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jingxuan Bao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilya M Nasrallah
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kato J, Murase R, Minoshima R, Lu F, Toramaru T, Niki Y, Kosugi S, Morisaki H. Levels of preoperative cerebrospinal fluid pro-inflammatory mediators and chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2023; 67:1091-1101. [PMID: 37193632 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery are at high risk of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). Accumulating evidence suggests an active role of neuroinflammation in chronic pain. However, its role in the progression to CPSP following TKA surgery remains unanswered. Here, we examined the associations between preoperative neuroinflammatory states and pre- and postsurgical chronic pain in TKA surgery. METHODS The data of 42 patients undergoing elective TKA surgery for chronic knee arthralgia at our hospital were analyzed in this prospective study. Patients completed the following questionnaires: brief pain inventory (BPI), hospital anxiety and depression scale, painDETECT, and pain catastrophizing scale (PCS). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected preoperatively and concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF, fractalkine, and CSF-1 were measured by electrochemiluminescence multiplex immunoassay. CPSP severity was ascertained, using the BPI, 6 months postsurgery. RESULTS While no significant correlation was observed between the preoperative CSF mediator levels and preoperative pain profiles, the preoperative fractalkine level in the CSF showed a significant correlation with CPSP severity (Spearman's rho = -0.525; p = .002). Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the preoperative PCS score (standardized β coefficient [β]: .11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06-0.16; p < .001) and CSF fractalkine level (β: -.62; 95% CI: -1.10 to -0.15; p = .012) were independent predictors of CPSP severity 6 months after TKA surgery. CONCLUSIONS We identified the CSF fractalkine level as a potential predictor for CPSP severity following TKA surgery. In addition, our study provided novel insights into the potential role of neuroinflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungo Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Murase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Minoshima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fanglin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Doctoral Program, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toramaru
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kosugi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Liu C, Nikain C, Li YM. γ-Secretase fanning the fire of innate immunity. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1597-1610. [PMID: 37449907 PMCID: PMC11212119 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, alerting the individual cell and surrounding area to respond to this potential invasion. γ-secretase is a transmembrane protease complex that plays an intricate role in nearly every stage of this innate immune response. Through regulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as TREM2 and RAGE γ-secretase can modulate pathogen recognition. γ-secretase can act on cytokine receptors such as IFNαR2 and CSF1R to dampen their signaling capacity. While γ-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) can further moderate innate immune responses through downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, γ-secretase has also been shown to be regulated by the innate immune system through cytokine signaling and γ-secretase modulatory proteins such as IFITM3 and Hif-1α. This review article gives an overview of how γ-secretase is implicated in innate immunity and the maintenance of its responses through potentially positive and negative feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Programs of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University
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6
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Xu H, Lotfy P, Gelb S, Pragana A, Hehnly C, Shipley FB, Zawadzki ME, Cui J, Deng L, Taylor M, Webb M, Lidov HGW, Andermann ML, Chiu IM, Ordovas-Montanes J, Lehtinen MK. A collaboration between immune cells and the choroid plexus epithelium in brain inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552298. [PMID: 37609192 PMCID: PMC10441321 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a vital brain barrier and source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we use chronic two-photon imaging in awake mice and single-cell transcriptomics to demonstrate that in addition to these roles, the ChP is a complex immune organ that regulates brain inflammation. In a mouse meningitis model, neutrophils and monocytes accumulated in ChP stroma and surged across the epithelial barrier into the CSF. Bi-directional recruitment of monocytes from the periphery and, unexpectedly, macrophages from the CSF to the ChP helped eliminate neutrophils and repair the barrier. Transcriptomic analyses detailed the molecular steps accompanying this process, including the discovery of epithelial cells that transiently specialized to nurture immune cells, coordinate their recruitment, survival, and differentiation, and ultimately, control the opening/closing of the ChP brain barrier. Collectively, we provide a new conceptual understanding and comprehensive roadmap of neuroinflammation at the ChP brain barrier.
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Yu F, Jiang W, Zhang L, Jiang N. IDO Regulates Macrophage Functions by Inhibiting the CCL2/CCR2 Signaling Pathway in Fungal Keratitis. Cornea 2023; 42:1005-1015. [PMID: 37155343 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on macrophage polarization, phagocytosis, and killing through regulation of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. METHODS In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted in mice and mouse peritoneal macrophages after infection with A. fumigatus . Clinical scoring, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the fungal keratitis lesions, macrophage-related cytokines, and macrophage recruitment. The expression of CCL2 and CCR2 was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot after pretreatment with or without an IDO inhibitor (1-MT). After pretreatment with 1-MT, a CCR2 antagonist, a CCL2 neutralizing antibody, an IDO agonist (IFNG), and recombinant CCL2 protein (CCL2), the flow cytometry and colony-forming unit counts were used to detect the polarization, phagocytosis, and killing function. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the infected eyes showed increased clinical scores, macrophage-related cytokine expression, and macrophage recruitment. 1-MT pretreatment increased the expression of CCL2 and CCR2 and the proportion of CD206+/CD86+ macrophages; macrophages polarized toward the M2 type, with enhanced killing function. CCR2 antagonists and CCL2 neutralizing antibodies reversed the effects of 1-MT. Compared with the infected group, IFNG pretreatment decreased the proportion of CD206+/CD86+ macrophages, and macrophages polarized toward the M1 type, with decreased phagocytosis and impaired killing function. CCL2 reversed the effect of IFNG. CONCLUSIONS IDO can promote the polarization of macrophages to the M1 type by blocking the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway, inhibiting the phagocytosis and killing function of macrophages, and mediating the protective immune role of A. fumigatus .
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; and
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Duan N, Zhang Y, Tan S, Sun J, Ye M, Gao H, Pu K, Wu M, Wang Q, Zhai Q. Therapeutic targeting of STING-TBK1-IRF3 signalling ameliorates chronic stress induced depression-like behaviours by modulating neuroinflammation and microglia phagocytosis. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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9
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Vanarsa K, Sasidharan P, Duran V, Gokaraju S, Nidhi M, Louis Sam Titus ASC, Soomro S, Stock AD, Der E, Putterman C, Greenberg B, Mok CC, Hanly JG, Mohan C. Aptamer-based screen of Neuropsychiatric Lupus cerebrospinal fluid reveals potential biomarkers that overlap with the choroid plexus transcriptome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1223-1234. [PMID: 35099126 DOI: 10.1002/art.42080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As no gold-standard diagnostic test exists for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), we executed a broad screen of NPSLE cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using an aptamer-based platform. METHODS CSF were obtained from NPSLE patients and subjected to proteomic assay using the aptamer-based screen. Potential biomarkers were identified and validated in independent NPSLE cohorts in comparison with other neurological diseases. RESULTS 40 proteins out of 1129 screened were elevated in NPSLE CSF. By ELISA validation, CSF Angiostatin, α2-Macroglobulin, DAN, Fibronectin, HCC-1, IgM, Lipocalin 2, M-CSF and SERPING1 were significantly elevated in a predominantly Caucasian NPSLE cohort (n=24), compared to patients with other neurological diseases (n=54), with CSF IgM (AUC=0.95) and M-CSF (AUC=0.91) being the most discriminatory. In a second, Hong Kong NPSLE cohort, CSF IgM (AUC=0.78) and Lipocalin-2 (AUC=0.85) were the most discriminatory. Several CSF proteins exhibited high diagnostic specificity for NPSLE in both cohorts. Elevated CSF C3 was associated with acute confusional state. Eleven molecules elevated in NPSLE CSF exhibited concordant elevation in the choroid plexus, suggesting shared origins. CONCLUSIONS CSF Lipocalin-2, M-CSF, IgM and complement C3 emerge as promising CSF biomarkers of NPSLE with diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Vanarsa
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Valeria Duran
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Sirisha Gokaraju
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Malavika Nidhi
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Sanam Soomro
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Evan Der
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | - John G Hanly
- Division of Rheumatology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center and Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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10
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Gushchina S, Yip PK, Parry GA, Sivakumar H, Li J, Liu M, Bo X. Alleviation of neuropathic pain by over-expressing a soluble colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor to suppress microgliosis and macrophage accumulation. Glia 2021; 69:2963-2980. [PMID: 34472629 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microglial proliferation and activation and macrophage accumulation are implicated in neuropathic pain development. In this study, we aim to suppress microgliosis and macrophage accumulation by over-expressing a non-functional soluble colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (sCSF1R) using an adeno-associated virus 9 vector (AAV9). AAV9/sCSF1R and the control vector AAV9/GFP were intrathecally administered into the lumbar spine of adult C57BL/6 mice. Two weeks later, these mice underwent partial sciatic nerve ligation to induce neuropathic pain. GFP and sCSF1R were highly expressed in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord of AAV9-injected mice. A significant increase in microglia densities in the dorsal and ventral horns of lumbar spinal cords and macrophage densities in DRG and sciatic nerves were observed in the mice with either ligation alone or pre-treated with AAV9/GFP. In nerve-ligated mice pre-treated with AAV9/sCSF1R the microglia densities in the dorsal and ventral horns and macrophage densities in DRG and sciatic nerves were significantly lower compared to nerve-ligated mice pre-treated with AAV9/GFP. Behavioral tests showed that nerve-ligated mice pre-treated with AAV9/sCSF1R had a significantly higher paw withdrawal threshold, indicating the alleviation of neuropathic pain. The results implicate that viral vector-mediated expression of sCSF1R may represent a novel strategy in the alleviation of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gushchina
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia
| | - Ping K Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Glesni A Parry
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Haripriya Sivakumar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jie Li
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Min Liu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xuenong Bo
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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11
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Piec PA, Pons V, Rivest S. Triggering Innate Immune Receptors as New Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082164. [PMID: 34440933 PMCID: PMC8393987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are two complex neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system. So far, available treatments provide at best mild improvements to patients' conditions. For decades now, a new set of molecules have been used to modulate and regulate the innate immunity in these pathologies. Most studies have been carried out in rodents and some of them have reported tremendous beneficial effects on the disease course. The modulation of innate immune cells is of great interest since it provides new hope for patients. In this review, we will briefly overview the therapeutic potential of some molecules and receptors in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and how they could be used to exploit new therapeutic avenues.
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12
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Fraser DD, Chen M, Ren A, Miller MR, Martin C, Daley M, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Novel severe traumatic brain injury blood outcome biomarkers identified with proximity extension assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1662-1669. [PMID: 34144643 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients suffer high mortality. Accurate prognostic biomarkers have not been identified. In this exploratory study, we performed targeted proteomics on plasma obtained from sTBI patients to identify potential outcome biomarkers. METHODS Blood sample was collected from patients admitted to the ICU suffering a sTBI, using standardized clinical and computerized tomography (CT) imaging criteria. Age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects and sTBI patients were enrolled. Targeted proteomics was performed on plasma with proximity extension assays (1,161 proteins). RESULTS Cohorts were well-balanced for age and sex. The majority of sTBI patients were injured in motor vehicle collisions and the most frequent head CT finding was subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mortality rate for sTBI patients was 40%. Feature selection identified the top performing 15 proteins for identifying sTBI patients from healthy control subjects with a classification accuracy of 100%. The sTBI proteome was dominated by markers of vascular pathology, immunity/inflammation, cell survival and macrophage/microglia activation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses demonstrated areas-under-the-curves (AUC) for identifying sTBI that ranged from 0.870-1.000 (p≤0.005). When mortality was used as outcome, ROC curve analyses identified the top 3 proteins as Willebrand factor (vWF), Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1), and colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). Combining vWF with either WIF-1 or CSF-1 resulted in excellent mortality prediction with AUC of 1.000 for both combinations (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS Targeted proteomics with feature classification and selection distinguished sTBI patients from matched healthy control subjects. Two protein combinations were identified that accurately predicted sTBI patient mortality. Our exploratory findings require confirmation in larger sTBI patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,NeuroLytixs Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Chen
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Ren
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Miller
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mark Daley
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Neuroinflammation: An Integrating Overview of Reactive-Neuroimmune Cell Interactions in Health and Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9999146. [PMID: 34158806 PMCID: PMC8187052 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9999146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation has evolved over the last decades. Neuroinflammation is the response of reactive CNS components to altered homeostasis, regardless of the cause to be endogenous or exogenous. Neurological diseases, whether traumatic, neoplastic, ischemic, metabolic, toxic, infectious, autoimmune, developmental, or degenerative, involve direct and indirect immune-related neuroinflammation. Brain infiltrates of the innate and adaptive immune system cells appear in response to an infective or otherwise noxious agent and produce inflammatory mediators. Mediators of inflammation include local and recruited cells and signals. Processes derived from extrinsic and intrinsic CNS diseases also elicit the CNS inflammatory response. A deeper understanding of immune-related inflammation in health and disease is necessary to find potential therapeutic targets for preventing or reducing CNS damage. This review is aimed at discussing the innate and adaptive immune system functions and their roles in regulating brain cell responses in disease and homeostasis maintenance.
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14
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15
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An Early Microglial Response Is Needed To Efficiently Control Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01428-20. [PMID: 32938766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01428-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of a signaling pathway through macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) and its receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), during experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) was studied by two different approaches. First, we evaluated the effect of stimulation of the MCSF/CSF1R axis before infection. Exogenous MCSF (40 μg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered once daily to BALB/c mice on days 4 and 2 before intranasal infection with 2,500 PFU of HSV-1. MCSF treatment significantly increased mouse survival compared to saline (50% versus 10%; P = 0.0169). On day 6 postinfection (p.i.), brain viral titers were significantly decreased, whereas beta interferon (IFN-β) was significantly increased in mice treated with MCSF compared to mice treated with saline. The number of CD68+ (a phagocytosis marker) microglial cells was significantly increased in MCSF-treated mice compared to the saline-treated group. Secondly, we conditionally depleted CSF1R on microglial cells of CSF1R-loxP-CX3CR1-cre/ERT2 mice (in a C57BL/6 background) through induction with tamoxifen. The mice were then infected intranasally with 600,000 PFU of HSV-1. The survival rate of mice depleted of CSF1R (knockout [KO] mice) was significantly lower than that of wild-type (WT) mice (0% versus 67%). Brain viral titers and cytokine/chemokine levels were significantly higher in KO than in WT animals on day 6 p.i. Furthermore, increased infiltration of monocytes into the brains of WT mice was seen on day 6 p.i., but not in KO mice. Our results suggest that microglial cells are essential to control HSE at early stages of the disease and that the MCSF/CSF1R axis could be a therapeutic target to regulate their response to infection.IMPORTANCE Microglia appear to be one of the principal regulators of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the activation of microglia could result in either beneficial or detrimental effects in different CNS disorders. Hence, the role of microglia during herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) has not been fully characterized. Using experimental mouse models, we showed that an early activation of the MCSF/CSF1R axis improved the outcome of the disease, possibly by inducing a proliferation of microglia. In contrast, depletion of microglia before HSV-1 infection worsened the prognosis of HSE. Thus, an early microglial response followed by sustained infiltration of monocytes and T cells into the brain seem to be key components for a better clinical outcome. These data suggest that microglia could be a potential target for immunomodulatory strategies combined with antiviral therapy to better control the outcome of this devastating disease.
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16
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Ifergan I, Miller SD. Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571897. [PMID: 33123148 PMCID: PMC7573146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by immune cell infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS) as well as loss of myelin. Characterization of the cells in lesions of MS patients revealed an important accumulation of myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS supports the importance of peripheral myeloid cells in the disease pathology. However, the majority of MS therapies focus on lymphocytes. As we will discuss in this review, multiple strategies are now in place to target myeloid cells in clinical trials. These strategies have emerged from data in both human and mouse studies. We discuss strategies targeting myeloid cell migration, growth factors and cytokines, biological functions (with a focus on miRNAs), and immunological activities (with a focus on nanoparticles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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17
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Pons V, Rivest S. Beneficial Roles of Microglia and Growth Factors in MS, a Brief Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:284. [PMID: 33173466 PMCID: PMC7538672 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain resident immune cells; they can produce a large variety of growth factors (GFs) to prevent neuronal damages and promote recovery. In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia can play both benefic and deleterious roles, depending on different factors and disease context. In multiple sclerosis, microglia are involved in both demyelination (DM) and remyelination (RM) processes. Recent studies suggest a beneficial role of microglia in regenerative processes. These include the regenerative development of myelin after DM. This review gives an overlook of how microglia and GFs can influence the RM properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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18
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Var SR, Byrd-Jacobs CA. Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Zebrafish Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4768. [PMID: 32635596 PMCID: PMC7369716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no treatment for recovery of human nerve function after damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and there are limited regenerative capabilities in the peripheral nervous system. Since fish are known for their regenerative abilities, understanding how these species modulate inflammatory processes following injury has potential translational importance for recovery from damage and disease. Many diseases and injuries involve the activation of innate immune cells to clear damaged cells. The resident immune cells of the CNS are microglia, the primary cells that respond to infection and injury, and their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. These cells serve as key modulators of development and plasticity and have been shown to be important in the repair and regeneration of structure and function after injury. Zebrafish are an emerging model for studying macrophages in regeneration after injury and microglia in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These fish possess a high degree of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and emotional/social behavioral resemblance with humans, serving as an ideal simulator for many pathologies. This review explores literature on macrophage and microglial involvement in facilitating regeneration. Understanding innate immune cell behavior following damage may help to develop novel methods for treating toxic and chronic inflammatory processes that are seen in trauma and disease.
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19
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Anwar S, Rivest S. Alzheimer's disease: microglia targets and their modulation to promote amyloid phagocytosis and mitigate neuroinflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:331-344. [PMID: 32129117 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1738391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the revolutionary progress in neurodegenerative disease research, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting aged people and is associated with chronic neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition in the brain parenchyma. Microglia, the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of AD and have emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating or preventing AD. The failure of microglia to keep up with persistent amyloid-beta development along with secretion of inflammatory cytokines is detrimental to neurons and favors Aβ accumulation.Areas covered: This review illuminates the latest research that is focused on molecules and their intracellular targets that promote microglial phagocytosis and /or its polarization to an anti-inflammatory state.Expert opinion: A robust inflammatory response of microglia is not necessary to improve their efficiency of Aβ clearance. The challenge is to master inflammatory/anti-inflammatory phenotypes depending on the stage of AD and to maintain efficient responses to remove Aβ. Therefore, promoting microglia phagocytosis without a persistent excessive inflammatory response could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehata Anwar
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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20
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Pons V, Laflamme N, Préfontaine P, Rivest S. Role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor on the Proliferation and Survival of Microglia Following Systemic Nerve and Cuprizone-Induced Injuries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32082318 PMCID: PMC7001158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the innate immune cells of the CNS and their proliferation, activation, and survival have previously been shown to be highly dependent on macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). Here we investigated the impact of the receptor in such processes using two different models of nerve injuries, namely hypoglossal axotomy and cuprizone-induced demyelination. Both models are associated with a robust microgliosis. The role of CSF1R was investigated using the gene deletion Cre/Lox system, which allows the conditional knock-out following tamoxifen administration. We found that after 5 weeks of cuprizone diet that CSF1R suppression caused a significant impairment of microglia function. A reduced microgliosis was detected in the corpus collosum of CSF1R knock-out mice compared to controls. In contrast to cuprizone model, the overall number of Iba1 cells was unchanged at all the times evaluated following hypoglossal axotomy in WT and cKO conditions. After nerve lesion, a tremendous proliferation was noticed in the ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus to a similar level in both knock-out and wild-type groups. We also observed infiltration of bone-marrow derived cells specifically in CSF1R-deficient mice, these cells tend to compensate the CSF1R signaling pathway suppression in resident microglia. Taking together our results suggest a different role of CSF1R in microglia depending on the model. In the pathologic context of cuprizone-induced demyelination CSF1R signaling pathway is essential to trigger proliferation and survival of microglia, while this is not the case in a model of systemic nerve injury. M-CSF/CSF1R is consequently not the unique system involved in microgliosis following nerve damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nataly Laflamme
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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