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Wu W, He Y, Chen Y, Fu Y, He S, Liu K, Qu JY. In vivo imaging in mouse spinal cord reveals that microglia prevent degeneration of injured axons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8837. [PMID: 39397028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells in the central nervous system, play a critical role in regulating neuronal function and fate through their interaction with neurons. Despite extensive research, the specific functions and mechanisms of microglia-neuron interactions remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that microglia establish direct contact with myelinated axons at Nodes of Ranvier in the spinal cord of mice. The contact associated with neuronal activity occurs in a random scanning pattern. In response to axonal injury, microglia rapidly transform their contact into a robust wrapping form, preventing acute axonal degeneration from extending beyond the nodes. This wrapping behavior is dependent on the function of microglial P2Y12 receptors, which may be activated by ATP released through axonal volume-activated anion channels at the nodes. Additionally, voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) and two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels contribute to the interaction between nodes and glial cells following injury, and inhibition of NaV delays axonal degeneration. Through in vivo imaging, our findings reveal a neuroprotective role of microglia during the acute phase of single spinal cord axon injury, achieved through neuron-glia interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Wu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhu He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Fu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sicong He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- StateKey Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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2
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Robledo-Montaña J, Díaz-García C, Martínez M, Ambrosio N, Montero E, Marín MJ, Virto L, Muñoz-López M, Herrera D, Sanz M, Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Figuero E, Martín-Hernández D. Microglial morphological/inflammatory phenotypes and endocannabinoid signaling in a preclinical model of periodontitis and depression. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:219. [PMID: 39245706 PMCID: PMC11382403 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a chronic psychiatric disease of multifactorial etiology, and its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Stress and other chronic inflammatory pathologies are shared risk factors for psychiatric diseases, and comorbidities are features of major depression. Epidemiological evidence suggests that periodontitis, as a source of low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, may be associated with depression, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS Periodontitis (P) was induced in Wistar: Han rats through oral gavage with the pathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 12 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of chronic mild stress (CMS) to induce depressive-like behavior. The following four groups were established (n = 12 rats/group): periodontitis and CMS (P + CMS+), periodontitis without CMS, CMS without periodontitis, and control. The morphology and inflammatory phenotype of microglia in the frontal cortex (FC) were studied using immunofluorescence and bioinformatics tools. The endocannabinoid (EC) signaling and proteins related to synaptic plasticity were analyzed in FC samples using biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Ultrastructural and fractal analyses of FC revealed a significant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of Iba1 + parenchymal microglia in the combined experimental model (P + CMS+) and increased expression of the proinflammatory marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while there were no changes in the expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). In the FC protein extracts of the P + CMS + animals, there was a decrease in the levels of the EC metabolic enzymes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) compared to those in the controls, which extended to protein expression in neurons and in FC extracts of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and to the intracellular signaling molecules phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin were also lower in P + CMS + animals than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The combined effects on microglial morphology and inflammatory phenotype, the EC signaling, and proteins related to synaptic plasticity in P + CMS + animals may represent relevant mechanisms explaining the association between periodontitis and depression. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Díaz-García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Nagore Ambrosio
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Montero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María José Marín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Virto
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Fu C, Yang N, Chuang JZ, Nakajima N, Iraha S, Roy N, Wu Z, Jiang Z, Otsu W, Radu RA, Yang HH, Lee MP, Worgall TS, Xiong WC, Sung CH. Mutant mice with rod-specific VPS35 deletion exhibit retinal α-synuclein pathology-associated degeneration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5970. [PMID: 39043666 PMCID: PMC11266608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), the core component of the retromer complex which regulates endosomal trafficking, is genetically linked with Parkinson's disease (PD). Impaired vision is a common non-motor manifestation of PD. Here, we show mouse retinas with VPS35-deficient rods exhibit synapse loss and visual deficit, followed by progressive degeneration concomitant with the emergence of Lewy body-like inclusions and phospho-α-synuclein (P-αSyn) aggregation. Ultrastructural analyses reveal VPS35-deficient rods accumulate aggregates in late endosomes, deposited as lipofuscins bound to P-αSyn. Mechanistically, we uncover a protein network of VPS35 and its interaction with HSC70. VPS35 deficiency promotes sequestration of HSC70 and P-αSyn aggregation in late endosomes. Microglia which engulf lipofuscins and P-αSyn aggregates are activated, displaying autofluorescence, observed as bright dots in fundus imaging of live animals, coinciding with pathology onset and progression. The Rod∆Vps35 mouse line is a valuable tool for further mechanistic investigation of αSyn lesions and retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicipne, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iraha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University; Department of Ophthalmology, National Sanatorium Kikuchi Keifuen, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Neeta Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhenquan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhichun Jiang
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Roxana A Radu
- UCLA Stein Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Howard Hua Yang
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maxwell Ping Lee
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tilla S Worgall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective efficacy of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator PT150 in the rotenone mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:320-334. [PMID: 38960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Upon completion of rotenone dosing, mice were orally treated at day 15 with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Casey P McDermott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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5
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Diniz DG, de Oliveira JHP, Guerreiro LCF, de Menezes GC, de Assis ACL, Duarte TQ, dos Santos IBD, Maciel FD, Soares GLDS, Araújo SC, Franco FTDC, do Carmo EL, Morais RDAB, de Lima CM, Brites D, Anthony DC, Diniz JAP, Diniz CWP. Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1420. [PMID: 39061995 PMCID: PMC11274029 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study investigated the innate immune response to Toxoplasma gondii infection by assessing microglial phenotypic changes and sickness behavior as inflammatory response markers post-ocular tachyzoite instillation. Disease progression in Swiss albino mice was compared with the previously documented outcomes in BALB/c mice using an identical ocular route and parasite burden (2 × 105 tachyzoites), with saline as the control. Contrary to expectations, the Swiss albino mice displayed rapid, lethal disease progression, marked by pronounced sickness behaviors and mortality within 11-12 days post-infection, while the survivors exhibited no apparent signs of infection. Comparative analysis revealed the T. gondii-infected BALB/c mice exhibited reduced avoidance of feline odors, while the infected Swiss albino mice showed enhanced avoidance responses. There was an important increase in microglial cells in the dentate gyrus molecular layer of the infected Swiss albino mice compared to the BALB/c mice and their respective controls. Hierarchical cluster and discriminant analyses identified three microglial morphological clusters, differentially affected by T. gondii infection across strains. The BALB/c mice exhibited increased microglial branching and complexity, while the Swiss albino mice showed reduced shrunken microglial arbors, diminishing their morphological complexity. These findings highlight strain-specific differences in disease progression and inflammatory regulation, indicating lineage-specific mechanisms in inflammatory responses, tolerance, and resistance. Understanding these elements is critical in devising control measures for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (F.T.d.C.F.); (J.A.P.D.)
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jhonnathan H. P. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Luma C. F. Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança 68600-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C. de Menezes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Alexa C. L. de Assis
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Tainá Q. Duarte
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Izabelly B. D. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Flávia D. Maciel
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Gabrielly L. da S. Soares
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
| | - Sanderson C. Araújo
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (F.T.d.C.F.); (J.A.P.D.)
| | - Felipe T. de C. Franco
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (F.T.d.C.F.); (J.A.P.D.)
| | - Ediclei L. do Carmo
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 67030-000, Pará, Brazil; (E.L.d.C.); (R.d.A.B.M.)
| | - Rafaela dos A. B. Morais
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 67030-000, Pará, Brazil; (E.L.d.C.); (R.d.A.B.M.)
| | - Camila M. de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (F.T.d.C.F.); (J.A.P.D.)
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
| | - José A. P. Diniz
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (F.T.d.C.F.); (J.A.P.D.)
| | - Cristovam W. P. Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, Pará, Brazil; (D.G.D.); (J.H.P.d.O.); (L.C.F.G.); (G.C.d.M.); (A.C.L.d.A.); (T.Q.D.); (I.B.D.d.S.); (F.D.M.); (G.L.d.S.S.); (C.M.d.L.)
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6
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O'Brien JA, Austin PJ. Minocycline Abrogates Individual Differences in Nerve Injury-Evoked Affective Disturbances in Male Rats and Prevents Associated Supraspinal Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38878098 PMCID: PMC11180027 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain precipitates a complex range of affective and behavioural disturbances that differ markedly between individuals. While the reasons for differences in pain-related disability are not well understood, supraspinal neuroimmune interactions are implicated. Minocycline has antidepressant effects in humans and attenuates affective disturbances in rodent models of pain, and acts by reducing neuroinflammation in both the spinal cord and brain. Previous studies, however, tend not to investigate how minocycline modulates individual affective responses to nerve injury, or rely on non-naturalistic behavioural paradigms that fail to capture the complexity of rodent behaviour. We investigated the development and resolution of pain-related affective disturbances in nerve-injured male rats by measuring multiple spontaneous ethological endpoints on a longitudinal naturalistic foraging paradigm, and the effect of chronic oral minocycline administration on these changes. Disrupted foraging behaviours appeared in 22% of nerve-injured rats - termed 'affected' rats - and were present at day 14 but partially resolved by day 21 post-injury. Minocycline completely prevented the emergence of an affected subgroup while only partly attenuating mechanical allodynia, dissociating the relationship between pain and affect. This was associated with a lasting downregulation of ΔFosB expression in ventral hippocampal neurons at day 21 post-injury. Markers of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation were not present by day 21, however proinflammatory microglial polarisation was apparent in the medial prefrontal cortex of affected rats and not in CCI minocycline rats. Individual differences in affective disturbances following nerve injury are therefore temporally related to altered microglial morphology and hippocampal neuronal activation, and are abrogated by minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A O'Brien
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Takase EO, Yamasaki R, Nagata S, Watanabe M, Masaki K, Yamaguchi H, Kira JI, Takeuchi H, Isobe N. Astroglial connexin 43 is a novel therapeutic target for chronic multiple sclerosis model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10877. [PMID: 38740862 PMCID: PMC11091090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In chronic stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), connexin (Cx)43 gap junction channel proteins are overexpressed because of astrogliosis. To elucidate the role of increased Cx43, the central nervous system (CNS)-permeable Cx blocker INI-0602 was therapeutically administered. C57BL6 mice with chronic EAE initiated by MOG35-55 received INI-0602 (40 mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneally every other day from days post-immunization (dpi) 17-50. Primary astroglia were employed to observe calcein efflux responses. In INI-0602-treated mice, EAE clinical signs improved significantly in the chronic phase, with reduced demyelination and decreased CD3+ T cells, Iba-1+ and F4/80+ microglia/macrophages, and C3+GFAP+ reactive astroglia infiltration in spinal cord lesions. Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ T cells from CNS tissues revealed significantly reduced Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells (dpi 24) and Th1 cells (dpi 50). Multiplex array of cerebrospinal fluid showed significantly suppressed IL-6 and significantly increased IL-10 on dpi 24 in INI-0602-treated mice, and significantly suppressed IFN-γ and MCP-1 on dpi 50 in the same group. In vitro INI-0602 treatment inhibited ATP-induced calcium propagations of Cx43+/+ astroglial cells to similar levels of those of Cx43-/- cells. Astroglial Cx43 hemichannels represent a novel therapeutic target for chronic EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozdemir Takase
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Ookawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan.
- Center for Intractable Neurological Diseases and Dementia, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami, Japan.
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589261. [PMID: 38659796 PMCID: PMC11042181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, immediately followed by oral treatment with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Strohm AO, O'Connor TN, Oldfield S, Young S, Hammond C, McCall M, Dirksen RT, Majewska AK. Cortical microglia dynamics are conserved during voluntary wheel running. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:89-108. [PMID: 37969082 PMCID: PMC11212787 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00311.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia in mice undergoing voluntary wheel running. We find that healthy mice undergoing voluntary wheel running have similar microglia dynamics, morphologies, and responses to injury when compared to sedentary mice. This suggests that exercise over a period of 1 mo does not grossly alter cortical microglial phenotypes and that exercise may exert its beneficial effects on the brain through other mechanisms. Future work examining how microglia dynamics may be altered during exercise in disease or injury models could provide further insights into the therapeutic benefit of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the first use of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia over time during physical exercise. We found that microglia movement, morphology, and process motility were remarkably stable during voluntary wheel running (VWR). Additionally, microglia in running mice respond similarly to laser ablation injury compared to sedentary mice. These findings indicate that VWR does not induce changes in microglia dynamics in healthy adults. Exercise may elicit positive effects on the brain through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thomas N O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sadie Oldfield
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sala Young
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Christian Hammond
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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Dighe S, Jog S, Momin M, Sawarkar S, Omri A. Intranasal Drug Delivery by Nanotechnology: Advances in and Challenges for Alzheimer's Disease Management. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:58. [PMID: 38258068 PMCID: PMC10820353 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative condition, is characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive functions. Current treatment approaches primarily involve the administration of medications through oral, parenteral, and transdermal routes, aiming to improve cognitive function and alleviate symptoms. However, these treatments face limitations, such as low bioavailability and inadequate permeation. Alternative invasive methods, while explored, often entail discomfort and require specialized assistance. Therefore, the development of a non-invasive and efficient delivery system is crucial. Intranasal delivery has emerged as a potential solution, although it is constrained by the unique conditions of the nasal cavity. An innovative approach involves the use of nano-carriers based on nanotechnology for intranasal delivery. This strategy has the potential to overcome current limitations by providing enhanced bioavailability, improved permeation, effective traversal of the blood-brain barrier, extended retention within the body, and precise targeting of the brain. The comprehensive review focuses on the advancements in designing various types of nano-carriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, Quantum dots, and dendrimers. These nano-carriers are specifically tailored for the intranasal delivery of therapeutic agents aimed at combatting Alzheimer's disease. In summary, the development and utilization of intranasal delivery systems based on nanotechnology show significant potential in surmounting the constraints of current Alzheimer's disease treatment strategies. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge regulatory as well as toxicity concerns associated with this route; meticulous consideration is required when engineering a carrier. This comprehensive review underscores the potential to revolutionize Alzheimer's disease management and highlights the importance of addressing regulatory considerations for safe and effective implementations. Embracing this strategy could lead to substantial advancements in the field of Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Dighe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sunil Jog
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
- Indoco Remedies Private Limited, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Obenaus A, Noarbe BP, Lee JB, Panchenko PE, Noarbe SD, Lee YC, Badaut J. Progressive lifespan modifications in the corpus callosum following a single juvenile concussion in male mice monitored by diffusion MRI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572925. [PMID: 38187748 PMCID: PMC10769374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The sensitivity of white matter (WM) in acute and chronic moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been established. In concussion syndromes, particularly in preclinical rodent models, there is lacking a comprehensive longitudinal study spanning the lifespan of the mouse. We previously reported early modifications to WM using clinically relevant neuroimaging and histological measures in a model of juvenile concussion at one month post injury (mpi) who then exhibited cognitive deficits at 12mpi. For the first time, we assess corpus callosum (CC) integrity across the lifespan after a single juvenile concussion utilizing diffusion MRI (dMRI). Methods C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to sham or two severities of closed-head concussion (Grade 1, G1, speed 2 m/sec, depth 1mm; Grade 2, G2, 3m/sec, 3mm) using an electromagnetic impactor at postnatal day 17. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging was conducted at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 mpi (21 directions, b=2000 mm2/sec) and processed for dMRI parametric maps: fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AxD), radial (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD). Whole CC and regional CC data were extracted. To identify the biological basis of altered dMRI metrics, astrocyte and microglia in the CC were characterized at 1 and 12 mpi by immunohistochemistry. Results Whole CC analysis revealed altered FA and RD trajectories following juvenile concussion. Shams exhibited a temporally linear increase in FA with age while G1/G2 mice had plateaued FA values. G2 concussed mice exhibited high variance of dMRI metrics at 12mpi, which was attributed to the heterogeneity of TBI on the anterior CC. Regional analysis of dMRI metrics at the impact site unveiled significant differences between G2 and sham mice. The dMRI findings appear to be driven, in part, by loss of astrocyte process lengths and increased circularity and decreased cell span ratios in microglia. Conclusion For the first time, we demonstrate progressive perturbations to WM of male mice after a single juvenile concussion across the mouse lifespan. The CC alterations were dependent on concussion severity with elevated sensitivity in the anterior CC that was related to astrocyte and microglial morphology. Our findings suggest that long-term monitoring of children with juvenile concussive episodes using dMRI is warranted, focusing on vulnerable WM tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brenda P. Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Bin Lee
- Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | | | - Sean D. Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu Chiao Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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12
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Canepa E, Parodi-Rullan R, Vazquez-Torres R, Gamallo-Lana B, Guzman-Hernandez R, Lemon NL, Angiulli F, Debure L, Ilies MA, Østergaard L, Wisniewski T, Gutiérrez-Jiménez E, Mar AC, Fossati S. FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce amyloid β pathology and improve cognition, by ameliorating cerebrovascular health and glial fitness. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5048-5073. [PMID: 37186121 PMCID: PMC10600328 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrovascular pathology is an early and causal hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in need of effective therapies. METHODS Based on the success of our previous in vitro studies, we tested for the first time in a model of AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) methazolamide and acetazolamide, Food and Drug Administration-approved against glaucoma and high-altitude sickness. RESULTS Both CAIs reduced cerebral, vascular, and glial amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and caspase activation, diminished gliosis, and ameliorated cognition in TgSwDI mice. The CAIs also improved microvascular fitness and induced protective glial pro-clearance pathways, resulting in the reduction of Aβ deposition. Notably, we unveiled that the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase-VB (CA-VB) is upregulated in TgSwDI brains, CAA and AD+CAA human subjects, and in endothelial cells upon Aβ treatment. Strikingly, CA-VB silencing specifically reduces Aβ-mediated endothelial apoptosis. DISCUSSION This work substantiates the potential application of CAIs in clinical trials for AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Canepa
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rebecca Parodi-Rullan
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Torres
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Begona Gamallo-Lana
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Roberto Guzman-Hernandez
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nicole L. Lemon
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Federica Angiulli
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ludovic Debure
- Department on Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department on Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Eugenio Gutiérrez-Jiménez
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adam C. Mar
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Walsh CM, Wychowaniec JK, Costello L, Brougham DF, Dooley D. An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis of the Potential of GelMA Hydrogels as a Therapeutic Platform for Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300951. [PMID: 37114899 PMCID: PMC11468190 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no curative therapy currently available. Immunomodulation can be applied as a therapeutic strategy to drive alternative immune cell activation and promote a proregenerative injury microenvironment. Locally injected hydrogels carrying immunotherapeutic cargo directly to injured tissue offer an encouraging treatment approach from an immunopharmacological perspective. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels are promising in this regard, however, detailed analysis on the immunogenicity of GelMA in the specific context of the SCI microenvironment is lacking. Here, the immunogenicity of GelMA hydrogels formulated with a translationally relevant photoinitiator is analyzed in vitro and ex vivo. 3% (w/v) GelMA, synthesized from gelatin type-A, is first identified as the optimal hydrogel formulation based on mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. Additionally, 3% GelMA-A does not alter the expression profile of key polarization markers in BV2 microglia or RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h. Finally, it is shown for the first time that 3% GelMA-A can support the ex vivo culture of primary murine organotypic spinal cord slices for 14 days with no direct effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+ ) astrocyte or ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1+ ) microglia reactivity. This provides evidence that GelMA hydrogels can act as an immunotherapeutic hydrogel-based platform for preclinical SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M. Walsh
- School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Jacek K. Wychowaniec
- School of ChemistryUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
- AO Research Institute DavosClavadelerstrasse 8Davos7270Switzerland
| | - Louise Costello
- School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Dermot F. Brougham
- School of ChemistryUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublinD04 V1W8Ireland
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Shao J, Meng Y, Yuan K, Wu Q, Zhu S, Li Y, Wu P, Zheng J, Shi H. RU.521 mitigates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury via regulating microglial polarization and neuroinflammation mediated by the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:264. [PMID: 37770901 PMCID: PMC10537158 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often attributed to neuroinflammation. The cGAS-STING axis, a cytoplasmic pathway responsible for detecting dsDNA, plays a significant role in mediating neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. However, the effects of inhibiting cGAS with the selective small molecule inhibitor RU.521 on brain injury and the underlying mechanisms after SAH are still unclear. METHODS The expression and microglial localization of cGAS following SAH were investigated with western blot analysis and immunofluorescent double-staining, respectively. RU.521 was administered after SAH. 2'3'-cGAMP, a second messenger converted by activated cGAS, was used to activate cGAS-STING. The assessments were carried out by adopting various techniques including neurological function scores, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, western blot analysis, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, morphological analysis, Morris water maze test, Golgi staining, CCK8, flow cytometry in the in vivo and in vitro settings. RESULTS Following SAH, there was an observed increase in the expression levels of cGAS in rat brain tissue, with peak levels observed at 24 h post-SAH. RU.521 resulted in a reduction of brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability, leading to an improvement in neurological deficits after SAH. RU.521 had beneficial effects on neuronal apoptosis and microglia activation, as well as improvements in microglial morphology. Additionally, RU.521 prompted a shift in microglial phenotype from M1 to M2. We also noted a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and an increase in the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, RU.521 treatment was associated with improvements in cognitive function and an increase in the number of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. The therapeutic effects were mediated by the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway and were found to be abolished by 2'3'-cGAMP. In vitro, RU.521 significantly reduced apoptosis and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The study showed that SAH leads to neuroinflammation caused by microglial activation, which contributes to early brain injury. RU.521 improved neurological outcomes and reduced neuroinflammation by regulating microglial polarization through the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway in early brain injury after SAH. RU.521 may be a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory pathology after SAH. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuxiao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kaikun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiaowei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiaolin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 246#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Rocha SM, Kirkley KS, Chatterjee D, Aboellail TA, Smeyne RJ, Tjalkens RB. Microglia-specific knock-out of NF-κB/IKK2 increases the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein through the inhibition of p62/sequestosome-1-dependent autophagy in the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2023; 71:2154-2179. [PMID: 37199240 PMCID: PMC10330367 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide, with a greater prevalence in men than women. The etiology of PD is largely unknown, although environmental exposures and neuroinflammation are linked to protein misfolding and disease progression. Activated microglia are known to promote neuroinflammation in PD, but how environmental agents interact with specific innate immune signaling pathways in microglia to stimulate conversion to a neurotoxic phenotype is not well understood. To determine how nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling dynamics in microglia modulate neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, we generated mice deficient in NF-κB activation in microglia (CX3CR1-Cre::IKK2fl/fl ) and exposed them to 2.5 mg/kg/day of rotenone for 14 days, followed by a 14-day post-lesioning incubation period. We postulated that inhibition of NF-κB signaling in microglia would reduce overall inflammatory injury in lesioned mice. Subsequent analysis indicated decreased expression of the NF-κB-regulated autophagy gene, sequestosome 1 (p62), in microglia, which is required for targeting ubiquitinated α-synuclein (α-syn) for lysosomal degradation. Knock-out animals had increased accumulation of misfolded α-syn within microglia, despite an overall reduction in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, this occurred more prominently in males. These data suggest that microglia play key biological roles in the degradation and clearance of misfolded α-syn and this process works in concert with the innate immune response associated with neuroinflammation. Importantly, the accumulation of misfolded α-syn protein aggregates alone did not increase neurodegeneration following exposure to rotenone but required the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Kelly S. Kirkley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Debotri Chatterjee
- Jefferson Comprehensive Parkinson’s Center, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Tawfik A. Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Richard J. Smeyne
- Jefferson Comprehensive Parkinson’s Center, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Szabo M, Lajkó N, Dulka K, Barczánfalvi G, Lőrinczi B, Szatmári I, Mihály A, Vécsei L, Gulya K. The kynurenic acid analog SZR104 induces cytomorphological changes associated with the anti-inflammatory phenotype in cultured microglia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11328. [PMID: 37443330 PMCID: PMC10344911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed the anti-inflammatory effects of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its brain-penetrable analog N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-3-(morpholinomethyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxamide (SZR104) both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we identified the cytomorphological effects of KYNA and SZR104 in secondary microglial cultures established from newborn rat forebrains. We quantitatively analyzed selected morphological aspects of microglia in control (unchallenged), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated (challenged), KYNA- or SZR104-treated, and LPS + KYNA or LPS + SZR104-treated cultures. Multicolor immunofluorescence labeling followed by morphometric analysis (area, perimeter, transformation index, lacunarity, density, span ratio, maximum span across the convex hull, hull circularity, hull area, hull perimeter, max/min radii, mean radius, diameter of bounding circle, fractal dimension, roughness, circularity) on binary (digital) silhouettes of the microglia revealed their morphological plasticity under experimental conditions. SZR104 and, to a lesser degree, KYNA inhibited proinflammatory phenotypic changes. For example, SZR104 treatment resulted in hypertrophied microglia characterized by a swollen cell body, enlarged perimeter, increased transformation index/decreased circularity, increased convex hull values (area, perimeter, mean radius, maximum span, diameter of the bounding circle and hull circularity), altered box-counting parameters (such as fractal dimension), and increased roughness/decreased density. Taken together, analysis of cytomorphological features could contribute to the characterization of the anti-inflammatory activity of SZR104 on cultured microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Szabo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Lajkó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karolina Dulka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Barczánfalvi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Lőrinczi
- ELKH-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- ELKH-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Mihály
- Department of Anatomy, University of Szeged, 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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17
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Olabiyi BF, Schmoele AC, Beins EC, Zimmer A. Pharmacological blockade of cannabinoid receptor 2 signaling does not affect LPS/IFN-γ-induced microglial activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11105. [PMID: 37429837 PMCID: PMC10333177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) signaling modulates microglial responses to inflammatory stimuli. Our previous studies demonstrated that genetic deletion of CB2 inhibits microglial activation during inflammatory stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) or in neurodegenerative conditions. However, we cannot exclude developmental effects of the constitutive CB2 knockout (CB2-/-), which could mediate compensatory outcomes in CB2-/- mice. In the present study, we therefore tested whether acute pharmacological inhibition of CB2 receptor has a similar effect on microglial activation as in CB2-/- in response to inflammatory stimulation. Our findings suggest that the CB2-specific antagonist SR144528 has little or no effect on LPS/IFN-γ-induced activation in primary microglia or organotypic hippocampal slice cultures at nanomolar concentrations. We show that SR144528 did not alter LPS/IFN-γ-mediated microglial cytokine secretion, Iba1 and CD68 staining intensity or morphology at 1 and 10 nM. Although SR144528 suppressed LPS/IFN-γ-induced microglial activation at 1 µM, this anti-inflammatory effect was not dependent on CB2 receptors and exceeded the Ki on CB2 receptors by more than a thousand-fold. Thus, SR144528 does not mimic the anti-inflammatory effects observed in the CB2-/- microglia after LPS/IFN-γ stimulation. Therefore, we propose that the deletion of CB2 probably triggered an adaptive mechanism, making microglia less responsive to inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Carolina Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Fülöp B, Hunyady Á, Bencze N, Kormos V, Szentes N, Dénes Á, Lénárt N, Borbély É, Helyes Z. IL-1 Mediates Chronic Stress-Induced Hyperalgesia Accompanied by Microglia and Astroglia Morphological Changes in Pain-Related Brain Regions in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065479. [PMID: 36982563 PMCID: PMC10052634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress causes several pain conditions including fibromyalgia. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown, and the therapy is unresolved. Since the involvement of interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been described in stress and inflammatory pain but no data are available regarding stress-induced pain, we studied its role in a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. Female and male C57Bl/6J wild-type (WT) and IL-1αβ-deficient (knock-out: IL-1 KO) mice were exposed to 6 h of immobilization/day for 4 weeks. Mechanonociception, cold tolerance, behavioral alterations, relative thymus/adrenal gland weights, microglia ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) integrated density, number and morphological transformation in pain-related brain regions were determined. CRS induced 15–20% mechanical hyperalgesia after 2 weeks in WT mice in both sexes, which was significantly reduced in female but not in male IL-1 KOs. Increased IBA1+ integrated density in the central nucleus of amygdala, primary somatosensory cortex hind limb representation part, hippocampus cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) was present, accompanied by a cell number increase in IBA1+ microglia in stressed female WTs but not in IL-1 KOs. CRS induced morphological changes of GFAP+ astrocytes in WT but not in KO mice. Stress evoked cold hypersensitivity in the stressed animals. Anxiety and depression-like behaviors, thymus and adrenal gland weight changes were detectable in all groups after 2 but not 4 weeks of CRS due to adaptation. Thus, IL-1 mediates chronic stress-induced hyperalgesia in female mice, without other major behavioral alterations, suggesting the analgesic potentials of IL-1 in blocking drugs in stress-related pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fülöp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Noémi Bencze
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szentes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- “Momentum” Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- “Momentum” Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Centre of Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Eotvos Lorand Research Network, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Cangalaya C, Wegmann S, Sun W, Diez L, Gottfried A, Richter K, Stoyanov S, Pakan J, Fischer KD, Dityatev A. Real-time mechanisms of exacerbated synaptic remodeling by microglia in acute models of systemic inflammation and tauopathy. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:245-259. [PMID: 36906076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of synapses by microglia is essential for synaptic plasticity in the brain. However, during neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, microglia can induce excessive synaptic loss, although the precise underlying mechanisms are unknown. To directly observe microglia-synapse interactions under inflammatory conditions, we performed in vivo two-photon time-lapse imaging of microglia-synapse interactions after bacterial lipopolysaccharide administration to model systemic inflammation, or after inoculation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain extracts to model disease-associated neuroinflammatory microglial response. Both treatments prolonged microglia-neuron contacts, decreased basal surveillance of synapses and promoted synaptic remodeling in response to synaptic stress induced by focal single-synapse photodamage. Spine elimination correlated with the expression of microglial complement system/phagocytic proteins and the occurrence of synaptic filopodia. Microglia were observed contacting spines, then stretching and phagocytosing spine head filopodia. Thus, in response to inflammatory stimuli microglia exacerbated spine remodeling through prolonged microglial contact and elimination of spines 'tagged' by synaptic filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cangalaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany; ESF International Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory Processes, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Weilun Sun
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Diez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Gottfried
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karin Richter
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle Pakan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
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20
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Ivan DC, Berve KC, Walthert S, Monaco G, Borst K, Bouillet E, Ferreira F, Lee H, Steudler J, Buch T, Prinz M, Engelhardt B, Locatelli G. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor controls the function of CNS-resident macrophages and their contribution to neuroinflammation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:35. [PMID: 36890580 PMCID: PMC9993619 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and regulates neuronal survival and myelination in the adult CNS. In neuroinflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), IGF-1 can regulate cellular survival and activation in a context-dependent and cell-specific manner. Notwithstanding its importance, the functional outcome of IGF-1 signaling in microglia/macrophages, which maintain CNS homeostasis and regulate neuroinflammation, remains undefined. As a result, contradictory reports on the disease-ameliorating efficacy of IGF-1 are difficult to interpret, together precluding its potential use as a therapeutic agent. To fill this gap, we here investigated the role of IGF-1 signaling in CNS-resident microglia and border associated macrophages (BAMs) by conditional genetic deletion of the receptor Igf1r in these cell types. Using a series of techniques including histology, bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and intravital imaging, we show that absence of IGF-1R significantly impacted the morphology of both BAMs and microglia. RNA analysis revealed minor changes in microglia. In BAMs however, we detected an upregulation of functional pathways associated with cellular activation and a decreased expression of adhesion molecules. Notably, genetic deletion of Igf1r from CNS-resident macrophages led to a significant weight gain in mice, suggesting that absence of IGF-1R from CNS-resident myeloid cells indirectly impacts the somatotropic axis. Lastly, we observed a more severe EAE disease course upon Igf1r genetic ablation, thus highlighting an important immunomodulatory role of this signaling pathway in BAMs/microglia. Taken together, our work shows that IGF-1R signaling in CNS-resident macrophages regulates the morphology and transcriptome of these cells while significantly decreasing the severity of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Carolin Berve
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Walthert
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Monaco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry Lee
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Steudler
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Locatelli
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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21
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Bashir ST, Redden CR, Raj K, Arcanjo RB, Stasiak S, Li Q, Steelman AJ, Nowak RA. Endometriosis leads to central nervous system-wide glial activation in a mouse model of endometriosis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:59. [PMID: 36879305 PMCID: PMC9987089 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common symptom of endometriosis. Women with endometriosis are also at a high risk of suffering from anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders. Recent studies indicate that endometriosis can affect the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in the functional activity of neurons, functional magnetic resonance imaging signals, and gene expression have been reported in the brains of rat and mouse models of endometriosis. The majority of the studies thus far have focused on neuronal changes, whereas changes in the glial cells in different brain regions have not been studied. METHODS Endometriosis was induced in female mice (45-day-old; n = 6-11/timepoint) by syngeneic transfer of donor uterine tissue into the peritoneal cavity of recipient animals. Brains, spines, and endometriotic lesions were collected for analysis at 4, 8, 16, and 32 days post-induction. Sham surgery mice were used as controls (n = 6/timepoint). The pain was assessed using behavioral tests. Using immunohistochemistry for microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA1) and machine learning "Weka trainable segmentation" plugin in Fiji, we evaluated the morphological changes in microglia in different brain regions. Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL6) were also evaluated. RESULTS We observed an increase in microglial soma size in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus of mice with endometriosis compared to sham controls on days 8, 16, and 32. The percentage of IBA1 and GFAP-positive area was increased in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus in mice with endometriosis compared to sham controls on day 16. The number of microglia and astrocytes did not differ between endometriosis and sham control groups. We observed increased TNF and IL6 expression when expression levels from all brain regions were combined. Mice with endometriosis displayed reduced burrowing behavior and hyperalgesia in the abdomen and hind-paw. CONCLUSION We believe this is the first report of central nervous system-wide glial activation in a mouse model of endometriosis. These results have significant implications for understanding chronic pain associated with endometriosis and other issues such as anxiety and depression in women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Catherine R Redden
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kishori Raj
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rachel B Arcanjo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sandra Stasiak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Quanxi Li
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Room 314 ASL, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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22
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Barnes CC, Yee KT, Vetter DE. Conditional Ablation of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors from Cochlear Supporting Cells Reveals Their Differential Roles for Hearing Sensitivity and Dynamics of Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3320. [PMID: 36834731 PMCID: PMC9961551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous glucocorticoids (GC) are known to modulate basic elements of cochlear physiology. These include both noise-induced injury and circadian rhythms. While GC signaling in the cochlea can directly influence auditory transduction via actions on hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons, evidence also indicates that GC signaling exerts effects via tissue homeostatic processes that can include effects on cochlear immunomodulation. GCs act at both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Most cell types in the cochlea express both receptors sensitive to GCs. The GR is associated with acquired sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) through its effects on both gene expression and immunomodulatory programs. The MR has been associated with age-related hearing loss through dysfunction of ionic homeostatic balance. Cochlear supporting cells maintain local homeostatic requirements, are sensitive to perturbation, and participate in inflammatory signaling. Here, we have used conditional gene manipulation techniques to target Nr3c1 (GR) or Nr3c2 (MR) for tamoxifen-induced gene ablation in Sox9-expressing cochlear supporting cells of adult mice to investigate whether either of the receptors sensitive to GCs plays a role in protecting against (or exacerbating) noise-induced cochlear damage. We have selected mild intensity noise exposure to examine the role of these receptors related to more commonly experienced noise levels. Our results reveal distinct roles of these GC receptors for both basal auditory thresholds prior to noise exposure and during recovery from mild noise exposure. Prior to noise exposure, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were measured in mice carrying the floxed allele of interest and the Cre recombinase transgene, but not receiving tamoxifen injections (defined as control (no tamoxifen treatment), versus conditional knockout (cKO) mice, defined as mice having received tamoxifen injections. Results revealed hypersensitive thresholds to mid- to low-frequencies after tamoxifen-induced GR ablation from Sox9-expressing cochlear supporting cells compared to control (no tamoxifen) mice. GR ablation from Sox9-expressing cochlear supporting cells resulted in a permanent threshold shift in mid-basal cochlear frequency regions after mild noise exposure that produced only a temporary threshold shift in both control (no tamoxifen) f/fGR:Sox9iCre+ and heterozygous f/+GR:Sox9iCre+ tamoxifen-treated mice. A similar comparison of basal ABRs measured in control (no tamoxifen) and tamoxifen-treated, floxed MR mice prior to noise exposure indicated no difference in baseline thresholds. After mild noise exposure, MR ablation was initially associated with a complete threshold recovery at 22.6 kHz by 3 days post-noise. Threshold continued to shift to higher sensitivity over time such that by 30 days post-noise exposure the 22.6 kHz ABR threshold was 10 dB more sensitive than baseline. Further, MR ablation produced a temporary reduction in peak 1 neural amplitude one day post-noise. While supporting cell GR ablation trended towards reducing numbers of ribbon synapses, MR ablation reduced ribbon synapse counts but did not exacerbate noise-induced damage including synapse loss at the experimental endpoint. GR ablation from the targeted supporting cells increased the basal resting number of Iba1-positive (innate) immune cells (no noise exposure) and decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells seven days following noise exposure. MR ablation did not alter innate immune cell numbers at seven days post-noise exposure. Taken together, these findings support differential roles of cochlear supporting cell MR and GR expression at basal, resting conditions and especially during recovery from noise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Barnes
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Yee
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Douglas E. Vetter
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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23
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Hasan M, Lei Z, Akter M, Iqbal Z, Usaila F, Ramkrishnan AS, Li Y. Chemogenetic activation of astrocytes promotes remyelination and restores cognitive deficits in visceral hypersensitive rats. iScience 2023; 26:105840. [PMID: 36619970 PMCID: PMC9812719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a well-established chronic visceral hypersensitivity (VH) rat model, we characterized the decrease of myelin basic protein, reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), and hypomyelination in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The results of rat gambling test showed impaired decision-making, and the results of electrophysiological studies showed desynchronization in the ACC to basolateral amygdala (BLA) neural circuitry. Astrocytes release various factors that modulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and myelination. Astrocytic Gq-modulation through expression of hM3Dq facilitated oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and OL differentiation, and enhanced ACC myelination in VH rats. Activating astrocytic Gq rescued impaired decision-making and desynchronization in ACC-BLA. These data indicate that ACC hypomyelination is an important component of impaired decision-making and network desynchronization in VH. Astrocytic Gq activity plays a significant role in oligodendrocyte myelination and decision-making behavior in VH. Insights from these studies have potential for interventions in myelin-related diseases such as chronic pain-associated cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuogui Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mastura Akter
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Faeeqa Usaila
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aruna Surendran Ramkrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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von Mücke-Heim IA, Martin J, Uhr M, Ries C, Deussing JM. The human P2X7 receptor alters microglial morphology and cytokine secretion following immunomodulation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148190. [PMID: 37101546 PMCID: PMC10123291 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, purinergic signaling via the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) on microglia has repeatedly been implicated in depression genesis. However, it remains unclear which role the human P2X7R (hP2X7R) plays in regulating both microglia morphology and cytokine secretion upon different environmental and immune stimuli, respectively. Methods: For this purpose, we used primary microglial cultures derived from a humanized microglia-specific conditional P2X7R knockout mouse line to emulate different gene-environment interactions between microglial hP2X7R and molecular proxies of psychosocial and pathogen-derived immune stimuli. Microglial cultures were subjected to treatments with the agonists 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) combined with specific P2X7R antagonists (JNJ-47965567, A-804598). Results: Morphotyping revealed overall high baseline activation due to the in vitro conditions. Both BzATP and LPS + BzATP treatment increased round/ameboid microglia and decreased polarized and ramified morphotypes. This effect was stronger in hP2X7R-proficient (CTRL) compared to knockout (KO) microglia. Aptly, we found antagonism with JNJ-4796556 and A-804598 to reduce round/ameboid microglia and increase complex morphologies only in CTRL but not KO microglia. Single cell shape descriptor analysis confirmed the morphotyping results. Compared to KO microglia, hP2X7R-targeted stimulation in CTRLs led to a more pronounced increase in microglial roundness and circularity along with an overall higher decrease in aspect ratio and shape complexity. JNJ-4796556 and A-804598, on the other hand, led to opposite dynamics. In KO microglia, similar trends were observed, yet the magnitude of responses was much smaller. Parallel assessment of 10 cytokines demonstrated the proinflammatory properties of hP2X7R. Following LPS + BzATP stimulation, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα levels were found to be higher and IL-4 levels lower in CTRL than in KO cultures. Vice versa, hP2X7R antagonists reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels and increased IL-4 secretion. Discussion: Taken together, our results help disentangle the complex function of microglial hP2X7R downstream of various immune stimuli. In addition, this is the first study in a humanized, microglia-specific in vitro model identifying a so far unknown potential link between microglial hP2X7R function and IL-27 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Martin
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Core Unit Analytics and Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Ries
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M. Deussing
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan M. Deussing,
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25
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Fukushi I, Ikeda K, Takeda K, Yoshizawa M, Kono Y, Hasebe Y, Pokorski M, Okada Y. Minocycline prevents hypoxia-induced seizures. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1006424. [PMID: 37035503 PMCID: PMC10073501 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hypoxia induces seizures, which reduces ventilation and worsens the ictal state. It is a health threat to patients, particularly those with underlying hypoxic respiratory pathologies, which may be conducive to a sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Recent studies provide evidence that brain microglia are involved with both respiratory and ictal processes. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that microglia could interact with hypoxia-induced seizures. To this end, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and acute ventilatory responses to hypoxia (5% O2 in N2) in conscious, spontaneously breathing adult mice. We compared control vehicle pre-treated animals with those pre-treated with minocycline, an inhibitory modulator of microglial activation. First, we histologically confirmed that hypoxia activates microglia and that pre-treatment with minocycline blocks hypoxia-induced microglial activation. Then, we analyzed the effects of minocycline pre-treatment on ventilatory responses to hypoxia by plethysmography. Minocycline alone failed to affect respiratory variables in room air or the initial respiratory augmentation in hypoxia. The comparative results showed that hypoxia caused seizures, which were accompanied by the late phase ventilatory suppression in all but one minocycline pre-treated mouse. Compared to the vehicle pre-treated, the minocycline pre-treated mice showed a delayed occurrence of seizures. Further, minocycline pre-treated mice tended to resist post-ictal respiratory arrest. These results suggest that microglia are conducive to seizure activity in severe hypoxia. Thus, inhibition of microglial activation may help suppress or prevent hypoxia-induced ictal episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isato Fukushi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Isato Fukushi
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takeda
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masashi Yoshizawa
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kono
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yohei Hasebe
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | | | - Yasumasa Okada
- Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Japan
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26
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Mukherjee L, Sagar MAK, Ouellette JN, Watters JJ, Eliceiri KW. A deep learning framework for classifying microglia activation state using morphology and intrinsic fluorescence lifetime data. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:1040008. [PMID: 36590907 PMCID: PMC9803172 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.1040008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cell in the central nervous system (CNS) and exist in a surveillant state characterized by a ramified form in the healthy brain. In response to brain injury or disease including neurodegenerative diseases, they become activated and change their morphology. Due to known correlation between this activation and neuroinflammation, there is great interest in improved approaches for studying microglial activation in the context of CNS disease mechanisms. One classic approach has utilized Microglia's morphology as one of the key indicators of its activation and correlated with its functional state. More recently microglial activation has been shown to have intrinsic NADH metabolic signatures that are detectable via fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Despite the promise of morphology and metabolism as key fingerprints of microglial function, they has not been analyzed together due to lack of an appropriate computational framework. Here we present a deep neural network to study the effect of both morphology and FLIM metabolic signatures toward identifying its activation status. Our model is tested on 1, 000+ cells (ground truth generated using LPS treatment) and provides a state-of-the-art framework to identify microglial activation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Mukherjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI, United States
| | - Md Abdul Kader Sagar
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Ouellette
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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27
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Gaige S, Barbouche R, Barbot M, Boularand S, Dallaporta M, Abysique A, Troadec JD. Constitutively active microglial populations limit anorexia induced by the food contaminant deoxynivalenol. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:280. [PMID: 36403004 PMCID: PMC9675145 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in neuroinflammatory processes during diverse pathophysiological conditions. To date, the possible contribution of these cells to deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced brain inflammation and anorexia has not yet been evaluated. DON, one of the most abundant trichothecenes found in cereals, has been implicated in mycotoxicosis in both humans and farm animals. DON-induced toxicity is characterized by reduced food intake, weight gain, and immunological effects. We previously showed that exposure to DON induces an inflammatory response within the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) which contributes to DON-induced anorexia. Here, in response to anorectic DON doses, we reported microglial activation within two circumventricular organs (CVOs), the area postrema (AP) and median eminence (ME) located in the DVC and the hypothalamus, respectively. Interestingly, this microglial activation was observed while DON-induced anorexia was ongoing (i.e., 3 and 6 h after DON administration). Next, we took advantage of pharmacological microglia deletion using PLX3397, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-inhibitor. Surprisingly, microglia-depleted mice exhibited an increased sensitivity to DON since non-anorectic DON doses reduced food intake in PLX3397-treated mice. Moreover, low DON doses induced c-Fos expression within feeding behavior-associated structures in PLX3397-treated mice but not in control mice. In parallel, we have highlighted heterogeneity in the phenotype of microglial cells present in and around the AP and ME of control animals. In these areas, microglial subpopulations expressed IBA1, TMEM119, CD11b and CD68 to varying degrees. In addition, a CD68 positive subpopulation showed, under resting conditions, a noticeable phagocytotic/endocytotic activity. We observed that DON strongly reduced CD68 in the hypothalamus and DVC. Finally, inactivation of constitutively active microglia by intraperitoneal administration of minocycline resulted in anorexia with a DON dose ineffective in control mice. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that various populations of microglial cells residing in and around the CVOs are maintained in a functionally active state even under physiological conditions. We propose that these microglial cell populations are attempting to protect the brain parenchyma from hazardous molecules coming from the blood. This study could contribute to a better understanding of how microglia respond to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gaige
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Rym Barbouche
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Barbot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Boularand
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), PRATIM, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Abysique
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille, France.
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Fernández‐Arjona MDM, León‐Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López‐Ávalos MD. Long-term priming of hypothalamic microglia is associated with energy balance disturbances under diet-induced obesity. Glia 2022; 70:1734-1761. [PMID: 35603807 PMCID: PMC9540536 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of microglia to an inflammatory environment may lead to their priming and exacerbated response to future inflammatory stimuli. Here we aimed to explore hypothalamic microglia priming and its consequences on energy balance regulation. A model of intracerebroventricular administration of neuraminidase (NA, which is present in various pathogens such as influenza virus) was used to induce acute neuroinflammation. Evidences of primed microglia were observed 3 months after NA injection, namely (1) a heightened response of microglia located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus after an in vivo inflammatory challenge (high fat diet [HFD] feeding for 10 days), and (2) an enhanced response of microglia isolated from NA-treated mice and challenged in vitro to LPS. On the other hand, the consequences of a previous NA-induced neuroinflammation were further evaluated in an alternative inflammatory and hypercaloric scenario, such as the obesity generated by continued HDF feeding. Compared with sham-injected mice, NA-treated mice showed increased food intake and, surprisingly, reduced body weight. Besides, NA-treated mice had enhanced microgliosis (evidenced by increased number and reactive morphology of microglia) and a reduced population of POMC neurons in the basal hypothalamus. Thus, a single acute neuroinflammatory event may elicit a sustained state of priming in microglial cells, and in particular those located in the hypothalamus, with consequences in hypothalamic cytoarchitecture and its regulatory function upon nutritional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández‐Arjona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Laboratorio de Medicina RegenerativaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Ana León‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
| | - María D. López‐Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
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29
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Characterization of a mGluR5 Knockout Rat Model with Hallmarks of Fragile X Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091308. [PMID: 36143345 PMCID: PMC9504063 DOI: 10.3390/life12091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of reported cases of neurodevelopmental disorders has increased significantly in the last few decades, but the etiology of these diseases remains poorly understood. There is evidence of a fundamental link between genetic abnormalities and symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and the most common monogenetic inheritable form of ASDs is Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Previous studies indicate that FXS is linked to glutamate signaling regulation by the G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), which has been shown to have a regulatory role in neuroinflammation. We characterized the effect of knocking out mGluR5 in an organism known to have complex cognitive functions—the rat. The heterozygous phenotype is the most clinically relevant; therefore, we performed analysis in heterozygous pups. We showed developmental abnormalities in heterozygous mGluR5 knockout rats, as well as a significant increase in chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL) expression, a hallmark indicator of early onset inflammation. We quantified an increase in microglial density in the knockout pups and quantified morphological phenotypes representative of greater reactivity in the male vs. female and postnatal day 28 heterozygous pups compared to postnatal day 14 heterozygous pups. In response to injury, reactive microglia release matrix metalloproteases, contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown, and are responsible for eradicating cellular and molecular debris. In our study, the changes in microglial density and reactivity correlated with abnormalities in the mRNA expression levels of ECM proteins and with the density of perineuronal nets. We saw atypical neuropsychiatric behavior in open field and elevated plus tests in heterozygous pups compared to wild-type litter and age-matched controls. These results demonstrate the pathological potential of the mGluR5 knockout in rats and further support the presence of neuroinflammatory roots in ASDs.
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30
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, León-Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López-Ávalos MD. Microbial neuraminidase induces TLR4-dependent long-term immune priming in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945229. [PMID: 35966200 PMCID: PMC9366060 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory explains the plasticity of immune responses after repeated immune stimulation, leading to either enhanced or suppressed immune responses. This process has been extensively reported in peripheral immune cells and also, although modestly, in the brain. Here we explored two relevant aspects of brain immune priming: its persistence over time and its dependence on TLR receptors. For this purpose, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in applying two inflammatory stimuli three months apart. Wild type, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 mutant strains were used. The priming stimulus was the intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase (an enzyme that is present in various pathogens able to provoke brain infections), which triggers an acute inflammatory process in the brain. The second stimulus was the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (a TLR4 ligand) or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 ligand). One day after the second inflammatory challenge the immune response in the brain was examined. In wild type mice, microglial and astroglial density, as well as the expression of 4 out of 5 pro-inflammatory genes studied (TNFα, IL1β, Gal-3, and NLRP3), were increased in mice that received the double stimulus compared to those exposed only to the second one, which were initially injected with saline instead of neuraminidase. Such enhanced response suggests immune training in the brain, which lasts at least 3 months. On the other hand, TLR2 mutants under the same experimental design displayed an enhanced immune response quite similar to that of wild type mice. However, in TLR4 mutant mice the response after the second immune challenge was largely dampened, indicating the pivotal role of this receptor in the establishment of immune priming. Our results demonstrate that neuraminidase-induced inflammation primes an enhanced immune response in the brain to a subsequent immune challenge, immune training that endures and that is largely dependent on TLR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana León-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Dolores López-Ávalos
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31
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Flores-Aguilar L, Hall H, Orciani C, Foret MK, Kovecses O, Ducatenzeiler A, Cuello AC. Early loss of locus coeruleus innervation promotes cognitive and neuropathological changes before amyloid plaque deposition in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12835. [PMID: 35822518 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The locus coeruleus (LC) is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the mammalian brain and has been found to degenerate during the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that at late stages of the amyloid pathology, LC-pathological alterations accelerate AD-like pathology progression by interfering with the neuromodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of NA. However, the impact of LC degeneration at the earliest stages of amyloidosis on the AD-like pathology is not well understood. METHODS The LC was lesioned in wild-type (wt) and McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rats (APP tg) by administering N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-bromo-benzylamine (DSP4) before amyloid plaque deposition. Cognitive deficits and AD-like neuropathological changes were measured after the LC lesion. RESULTS Four months post-treatment, rats displayed a decrease in brain noradrenergic innervation. The LC lesion in APP tg-treated rats enhanced cognitive deficits and decreased hippocampal cholinergic innervation and neurotrophin expression. In addition, the APP tg-treated rats displayed an increased microglial and astroglial cell number in close vicinity to hippocampal amyloid-beta burdened neurons. The recruited microglia showed cellular alterations indicative of an intermediate activation state. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that early LC demise aggravates the early neuroinflammatory process, cognitive impairments, cholinergic deficits and neurotrophin deregulation at the earliest stages of the human-like brain amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Current affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Hélène Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chiara Orciani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Morgan K Foret
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivia Kovecses
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Visiting Professor, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Anxiety-like behavior and microglial activation in the amygdala after acute neuroinflammation induced by microbial neuraminidase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11581. [PMID: 35803999 PMCID: PMC9270343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term behavioral alterations are associated with infection and aid the recovery from sickness. However, concerns have raised that sustained behavioral disturbances after acute neuroinflammation could relate to neurological diseases in the long run. We aimed to explore medium- and long-term behavioral disturbances after acute neuroinflammation in rats, using a model based on the intracerebroventricular administration of the enzyme neuraminidase (NA), which is part of some pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Neurological and behavioral assessments were performed 2 and 10 weeks after the injection of NA, and neuroinflammation was evaluated by gene expression and histology. No alterations were observed regarding basic neurological functions or locomotor capacity in NA-injected rats. However, they showed a reduction in unsupported rearing, and increased grooming and freezing behaviors, which indicate anxiety-like behavior. A principal component analysis including a larger set of parameters further supported such anxiety-like behavior. The anxiety profile was observed 2 weeks after NA-injection, but not after 10 weeks. Concomitantly, the amygdala presented increased number of microglial cells showing a morphologic bias towards an activated state. A similar but subtler tendency was observed in hypothalamic microglia located in the paraventricular nucleus. Also, in the hypothalamus the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was slightly overexpressed 2 weeks after NA injection. These results demonstrate that NA-induced neuroinflammation provokes anxiety-like behavior in the medium term, which disappears with time. Concurrent microgliosis in the amygdala could explain such behavior. Further experiments should aim to explore subtle but long-lasting alterations observed 10 weeks after NA injection, both in amygdala and hypothalamus, as well as mild behavioral changes.
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Microglial Depletion Has No Impact on Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132022. [PMID: 35805106 PMCID: PMC9266279 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder (ND). While most research in NDs has been following a neuron-centric point of view, microglia are now recognized as crucial in the brain. Previous work revealed alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in the brain of CMVMJD135 mice, a MJD mouse model that replicates the motor symptoms and neuropathology of the human condition. Here, we investigated the extent to which microglia are actively contributing to MJD pathogenesis and symptom progression. For this, we used PLX3397 to reduce the number of microglia in the brain of CMVMJD135 mice. In addition, a set of statistical and machine learning models were further implemented to analyze the impact of PLX3397 on the morphology of the surviving microglia. Then, a battery of behavioral tests was used to evaluate the impact of microglial depletion on the motor phenotype of CMVMJD135 mice. Although PLX3397 treatment substantially reduced microglia density in the affected brain regions, it did not affect the motor deficits seen in CMVMJD135 mice. In addition to reducing the number of microglia, the treatment with PLX3397 induced morphological changes suggestive of activation in the surviving microglia, the microglia of wild-type animals becoming similar to those of CMVMJD135 animals. These results suggest that microglial cells are not key contributors for MJD progression. Furthermore, the impact of PLX3397 on microglial activation should be taken into account in the interpretation of findings of ND modification seen upon treatment with this CSF1R inhibitor.
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Wang X, Chen G, Wan B, Dong Z, Xue Y, Luo Q, Wang D, Lu Y, Zhu L. NRF1-mediated microglial activation triggers high-altitude cerebral edema. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6608944. [PMID: 35704676 PMCID: PMC9486928 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a potentially fatal encephalopathy associated with a time-dependent exposure to the hypobaric hypoxia of altitude. The formation of HACE is affected by both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema. The over-activated microglia potentiate the damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbate cytotoxic edema. In light with the activation of microglia in HACE, we aimed to investigate whether the over-activated microglia were the key turning point of acute mountain sickness to HACE. In in vivo experiments, by exposing mice to hypobaric hypoxia (7000 m above sea level) to induce HACE model, we found that microglia were activated and migrated to blood vessels. Microglia depletion by PLX5622 obviously relieved brain edema. In in vitro experiments, we found that hypoxia induced cultured microglial activation, leading to the destruction of endothelial tight junction and astrocyte swelling. Up-regulated nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) accelerated pro-inflammatory factors through transcriptional regulation on nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in activated microglia under hypoxia. NRF1 also up-regulated phagocytosis by transcriptional regulation on caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit beta (AP2B1). The present study reveals a new mechanism in HACE: hypoxia over-activates microglia through up-regulation of NRF1, which both induces inflammatory response through transcriptionally activating NF-κB p65 and TFAM, and enhances phagocytic function through up-regulation of CAV-1 and AP2B1; hypoxia-activated microglia destroy the integrity of BBB and release pro-inflammatory factors that eventually induce HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guijuan Chen
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Baolan Wan
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Correspondence to: Li Zhu, E-mail:
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Dhodapkar RM, Martell D, Hafler BP. Glial-mediated neuroinflammatory mechanisms in age-related macular degeneration. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:673-683. [PMID: 35513496 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium loss often complicated by neovascularization and is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. However, the precise pathophysiology of AMD remains to date unclear, and there is a dearth of effective therapies for the early stages of the disease. A growing body of evidence has identified microglia-mediated neuroinflammation as a key driver of neuronal damage in AMD, presenting a novel avenue for the development of pharmacological agents targeting this cell population. The local microglial response interacts with other glia as well as engages in crosstalk with peripheral immunological niches. This article presents a review of the current evidence regarding the involvement of glia in the pathophysiology of AMD, an overview of the key immune circuits and effector mechanisms shown to be active in AMD, and potential therapeutic avenues targeting glial involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Martell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian P Hafler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Long-term in vivo imaging of mouse spinal cord through an optically cleared intervertebral window. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1959. [PMID: 35414131 PMCID: PMC9005710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord accounts for the main communication pathway between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord injury is a devastating and largely irreversible neurological trauma, and can result in lifelong disability and paralysis with no available cure. In vivo spinal cord imaging in mouse models without introducing immunological artifacts is critical to understand spinal cord pathology and discover effective treatments. We developed a minimally invasive intervertebral window by retaining the ligamentum flavum to protect the underlying spinal cord. By introducing an optical clearing method, we achieve repeated two-photon fluorescence and stimulated Raman scattering imaging at subcellular resolution with up to 15 imaging sessions over 6-167 days and observe no inflammatory response. Using this optically cleared intervertebral window, we study neuron-glia dynamics following laser axotomy and observe strengthened contact of microglia with the nodes of Ranvier during axonal degeneration. By enabling long-term, repetitive, stable, high-resolution and inflammation-free imaging of mouse spinal cord, our method provides a reliable platform in the research aiming at interpretation of spinal cord physiology and pathology.
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Kim J, Erice C, Rohlwink UK, Tucker EW. Infections in the Developing Brain: The Role of the Neuro-Immune Axis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:805786. [PMID: 35250814 PMCID: PMC8891478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.805786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections occur more commonly in young children than in adults and pose unique challenges in the developing brain. This review builds on the distinct vulnerabilities in children's peripheral immune system (outlined in part 1 of this review series) and focuses on how the developing brain responds once a CNS infection occurs. Although the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) matures early, pathogens enter the CNS and initiate a localized innate immune response with release of cytokines and chemokines to recruit peripheral immune cells that contribute to the inflammatory cascade. This immune response is initiated by the resident brain cells, microglia and astrocytes, which are not only integral to fighting the infection but also have important roles during normal brain development. Additionally, cytokines and other immune mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases from neurons, glia, and endothelial cells not only play a role in BBB permeability and peripheral cell recruitment, but also in brain maturation. Consequently, these immune modulators and the activation of microglia and astrocytes during infection adversely impact normal neurodevelopment. Perturbations to normal brain development manifest as neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive impairments common among children who survive CNS infections and are often permanent. In part 2 of the review series, we broadly summarize the unique challenges CNS infections create in a developing brain and explore the interaction of regulators of neurodevelopment and CNS immune response as part of the neuro-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clara Erice
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Enhances Pathological Tau Seeding, Propagation, and Accumulation and Exacerbates Alzheimer-like Memory and Synaptic Plasticity Deficits and Molecular Signatures. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:346-358. [PMID: 34130857 PMCID: PMC8895475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea, characterized by sleep fragmentation and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Recent epidemiological studies point to CIH as the best predictor of developing cognitive decline and AD in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea. However, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of CIH on pathological human tau seeding, propagation, and accumulation; cognition; synaptic plasticity; neuronal network excitability; and gene expression profiles in a P301S human mutant tau mouse model of AD and related tauopathies. METHODS We exposed 4- to 4.5-month-old male P301S and wild-type mice to an 8-week CIH protocol (6-min cycle: 21% O2 to 8% O2 to 21% O2, 80 cycles per 8 hours during daytime) and assessed its effect on tau pathology and various AD-related phenotypic and molecular signatures. Age- and sex-matched P301S and wild-type mice were reared in normoxia (21% O2) as experimental controls. RESULTS CIH significantly enhanced pathological human tau seeding and spread across connected brain circuitry in P301S mice; it also increased phosphorylated tau load. CIH also exacerbated memory and synaptic plasticity deficits in P301S mice. However, CIH had no effect on seizure susceptibility and network hyperexcitability in these mice. Finally, CIH exacerbated AD-related pathogenic molecular signaling in P301S mice. CONCLUSIONS CIH-induced increase in pathologic human tau seeding and spread and exacerbation of other AD-related impairments provide new insights into the role of CIH and obstructive sleep apnea in AD pathogenesis.
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Iwamoto S, Itokazu T, Sasaki A, Kataoka H, Tanaka S, Hirata T, Miwa K, Suenaga T, Takai Y, Misu T, Fujihara K, Yamashita T. RGMa signal in Macrophages Induces Neutrophil-related Astrocytopathy in NMO. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:532-547. [PMID: 35167145 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein which has multiple functions including axon growth inhibition and immune regulation. However, its role in the pathophysiology of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is poorly understood. Perivascular astrocytopathy, which is induced by the leakage of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific IgG into the central nervous system parenchyma, is a key feature of NMO pathology. We investigated the RGMa involvement in the pathology of NMO astrocytopathy, and tested a therapeutic potential of humanized anti-RGMa monoclonal antibody (RGMa-mAb). METHODS Using a clinically relevant NMO rat model, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a RGMa-mAb by behavioral testing, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression assay. We further performed in vitro experiments to address the RGMa-signaling in macrophages. RESULTS In both NMO rats and an NMO-autopsied sample, RGMa was expressed by the spared neurons and astrocytes, whereas its receptor neogenin was expressed by infiltrating macrophages. AQP4-IgG-induced astrocytopathy and clinical exacerbation in NMO rats were ameliorated by RGMa-mAb treatment. RGMa-mAb treatment significantly suppressed neutrophil infiltration, and decreased the expression of neutrophil chemoattractants. Interestingly, neogenin-expressing macrophages accumulated in the lesion expressed CXCL2, a strong neutrophil chemoattractant, and further analysis revealed that RGMa directly regulated CXCL2 expression in macrophages. Finally, we found that our NMO rats developed neuropathic pain, and RGMa-mAb treatment effectively ameliorated the severity of neuropathic pain. INTERPRETATION RGMa signaling in infiltrated macrophages is a critical driver of neutrophil-related astrocytopathy in NMO lesions, and RGMa-mAb may provide an efficient therapeutic strategy for NMO-associated neuropathic pain and motor deficits in patients with NMO. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Iwamoto
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kataoka
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirata
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiko Miwa
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Takai
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Tian Y, Liu B, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shao J, Wu P, Xu C, Chen G, Shi H. Activation of RARα Receptor Attenuates Neuroinflammation After SAH via Promoting M1-to-M2 Phenotypic Polarization of Microglia and Regulating Mafb/Msr1/PI3K-Akt/NF-κB Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839796. [PMID: 35237277 PMCID: PMC8882645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening subtype of stroke with high rates of mortality. In the early stages of SAH, neuroinflammation is one of the important mechanisms leading to brain injury after SAH. In various central nervous system diseases, activation of RARα receptor has been proven to demonstrate neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of RARα receptor activation after SAH. Methods Internal carotid artery puncture method used to established SAH model in Sprague-Dawley rats. The RARα specific agonist Am80 was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour after SAH. AGN196996 (specific RARα inhibitor), Msr1 siRNA and LY294002 (PI3K-Akt inhibitor) were administered via the lateral ventricle before SAH. Evaluation SAH grade, neurological function score, blood-brain barrier permeability. BV2 cells and SH-SY5Y cells were co-cultured and stimulated by oxyhemoglobin to establish an in vitro model of SAH. RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate pathway-related proteins, microglia activation and inflammatory response. Results: The expression of RARα, Mafb, and Msr1 increased in rat brain tissue after SAH. Activation of the RARα receptor with Am80 improved neurological deficits and attenuated brain edema, blood brain barrier permeability. Am80 increased the expression of Mafb and Msr1, and reduced neuroinflammation by enhancing the phosphorylation of Akt and by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB. AGN196996, Msr1 siRNA, and LY294002 reversed the therapeutic effects of Am80 by reducing the expression of Msr1 and the phosphorylation of Akt. In vitro model of SAH, Am80 promoted M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization in microglia and suppressed the nuclear transcription of NF-κB. Conclusion Activation of the RARα receptor attenuated neuroinflammation by promoting M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization in microglia and regulating the Mafb/Msr1/PI3K-Akt/NF-κB pathway. RARα might serve as a potential target for SAH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binbing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangduo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Huaizhang Shi,
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Sanchez K, Darling JS, Kakkar R, Wu SL, Zentay A, Lowry CA, Fonken LK. Mycobacterium vaccae immunization in rats ameliorates features of age-associated microglia activation in the amygdala and hippocampus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2165. [PMID: 35140249 PMCID: PMC8828872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and reduced exposure to environmental microbes can both potentiate neuroinflammatory responses. Prior studies indicate that immunization with the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae (M. vaccae), in aged rats limits neuroimmune activation and cognitive impairments. However, the mechanisms by which M. vaccae immunization ameliorates age-associated neuroinflammatory “priming” and whether microglia are a primary target remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether M. vaccae immunization protects against microglia morphological changes in response to aging. Adult (3 mos) and aged (24 mos) Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats were immunized with either M. vaccae or vehicle once every week for 3 weeks. Aging led to elevated Iba1 immunoreactivity, microglial density, and deramification of microglia processes in the hippocampus and amygdala but not other brain regions. Additionally, aged rats exhibited larger microglial somas in the dorsal hippocampus, suggestive of a more activated phenotype. Notably, M. vaccae treatment ameliorated indicators of microglia activation in both the amygdala and hippocampus. While changes in morphology appeared to be region-specific, gene markers indicative of microglia activation were upregulated by age and lowered in response to M. vaccae in all brain regions evaluated. Taken together, these data suggest that peripheral immunization with M. vaccae quells markers of age-associated microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sanchez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Darling
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Reha Kakkar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sienna L Wu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andrew Zentay
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St 3.510C, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Profiling Microglia in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020237. [PMID: 35203447 PMCID: PMC8869404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and specific disease associated microglia (DAM) profiles have been defined for several of these NDs. Yet, the microglial profile in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) remains unexplored. Here, we characterized the profile of microglia in the CMVMJD135 mouse model of MJD. This characterization was performed using primary microglial cultures and microglial cells obtained from disease-relevant brain regions of neonatal and adult CMVMJD135 mice, respectively. Machine learning models were implemented to identify potential clusters of microglia based on their morphological features, and an RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify molecular perturbations and potential therapeutic targets. Our findings reveal morphological alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in CMVMJD135 mice and a disease-specific transcriptional profile of MJD microglia, encompassing a total of 101 differentially expressed genes, with enrichment in molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, immune response, cell proliferation, cell death, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these results allowed us to define the cellular and molecular profile of MJD-associated microglia and to identify genes and pathways that might represent potential therapeutic targets for this disorder.
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Al Omran AJ, Shao AS, Watanabe S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xue C, Watanabe J, Davies DL, Shao XM, Liang J. Social isolation induces neuroinflammation and microglia overactivation, while dihydromyricetin prevents and improves them. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34983568 PMCID: PMC8724741 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the U.S. and are estimated to consume one-third of the country's mental health treatment cost. Although anxiolytic therapies are available, many patients still exhibit treatment resistance, relapse, or substantial side effects. Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home order, social isolation, fear of the pandemic, and unprecedented times, the incidence of anxiety has dramatically increased. Previously, we have demonstrated dihydromyricetin (DHM), the major bioactive flavonoid extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits anxiolytic properties in a mouse model of social isolation-induced anxiety. Because GABAergic transmission modulates the immune system in addition to the inhibitory signal transmission, we investigated the effects of short-term social isolation on the neuroimmune system. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed under absolute social isolation for 4 weeks. The anxiety-like behaviors after DHM treatment were examined using elevated plus-maze and open field behavioral tests. Gephyrin protein expression, microglial profile changes, NF-κB pathway activation, cytokine level, and serum corticosterone were measured. RESULTS Socially isolated mice showed increased anxiety levels, reduced exploratory behaviors, and reduced gephyrin levels. Also, a dynamic alteration in hippocampal microglia were detected illustrated as a decline in microglia number and overactivation as determined by significant morphological changes including decreases in lacunarity, perimeter, and cell size and increase in cell density. Moreover, social isolation induced an increase in serum corticosterone level and activation in NF-κB pathway. Notably, DHM treatment counteracted these changes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that social isolation contributes to neuroinflammation, while DHM has the ability to improve neuroinflammation induced by anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahra J. Al Omran
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Amy S. Shao
- Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
| | - Saki Watanabe
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Translational Research Lab, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Chen Xue
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Translational Research Lab, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Daryl L. Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Almeida GM, Souza JP, Mendes ND, Pontelli MC, Pinheiro NR, Nogueira GO, Cardoso RS, Paiva IM, Ferrari GD, Veras FP, Cunha FQ, Horta-Junior JAC, Alberici LC, Cunha TM, Podolsky-Gondim GG, Neder L, Arruda E, Sebollela A. Neural Infection by Oropouche Virus in Adult Human Brain Slices Induces an Inflammatory and Toxic Response. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674576. [PMID: 34887719 PMCID: PMC8651276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging arbovirus in South and Central Americas with high spreading potential. OROV infection has been associated with neurological complications and OROV genomic RNA has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid from patients, suggesting its neuroinvasive potential. Motivated by these findings, neurotropism and neuropathogenesis of OROV have been investigated in vivo in murine models, which do not fully recapitulate the complexity of the human brain. Here we have used slice cultures from adult human brains to investigate whether OROV is capable of infecting mature human neural cells in a context of preserved neural connections and brain cytoarchitecture. Our results demonstrate that human neural cells can be infected ex vivo by OROV and support the production of infectious viral particles. Moreover, OROV infection led to the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and diminished cell viability 48 h post-infection, indicating that OROV triggers an inflammatory response and tissue damage. Although OROV-positive neurons were observed, microglia were the most abundant central nervous system (CNS) cell type infected by OROV, suggesting that they play an important role in the response to CNS infection by OROV in the adult human brain. Importantly, we found no OROV-infected astrocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of OROV infection in human brain cells. Combined with previous data from murine models and case reports of OROV genome detection in cerebrospinal fluid from patients, our data shed light on OROV neuropathogenesis and help raising awareness about acute and possibly chronic consequences of OROV infection in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia M. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliano P. Souza
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niele D. Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marjorie C. Pontelli
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R. Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giovanna O. Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Cardoso
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isadora M. Paiva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D. Ferrari
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio P. Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jose A. C. Horta-Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Anatomy), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciane C. Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G. Podolsky-Gondim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Clinics Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sebollela
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Sustained microglial activation in the area postrema of collagen-induced arthritis mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:273. [PMID: 34715926 PMCID: PMC8556992 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS)-mediated symptoms, such as fatigue, depression, and hyperalgesia, are common complications among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it remains unclear how the peripheral pathology of RA spreads to the brain. Accumulated evidence showing an association between serum cytokine levels and aberrant CNS function suggests that humoral factors participate in this mechanism. In contrast to the well-known early responses of microglia (CNS-resident immune cells) in the area postrema [AP; a brain region lacking a blood–brain barrier (BBB)] to experimental inflammation, microglial alterations in the AP during chronic inflammation like RA remain unclear. Therefore, to determine whether microglia in the AP can react to persistent autoimmune-arthritis conditions, we analyzed these cells in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Microglial number and morphology were analyzed in the AP of CIA and control mice (administered Freund’s adjuvant or saline). Immunostaining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 was performed at various disease phases: “pre-onset” [post-immunization day (PID) 21], “establishment” (PID 35), and “chronic” (PID 56 and 84). Quantitative analyses of microglial number and morphology were performed, with principal component analysis used to classify microglia. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression was analyzed by multiple fluorescent in situ hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Behavioral changes were assessed by sucrose preference test. Results Microglia in the AP significantly increased in density and exhibited changes in morphology during the establishment and chronic phases, but not the pre-onset phase. Non-subjective clustering classification of cell morphology (CIA, 1,256 cells; saline, 852 cells) showed that the proportion of highly activated microglia increased in the CIA group during establishment and chronic phases. Moreover, the density of IL-1β-positive microglia, a hallmark of functional activation, was increased in the AP. Sucrose preferences in CIA mice negatively correlated with IL-1β expression in brain regions containing the AP. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that microglia in the AP can sustain their activated state during persistent autoimmune arthritis, which suggests that chronic inflammation, such as RA, may affect microglia in brain regions lacking a BBB and have various neural consequences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02657-x.
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46
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Omran AJA, Shao AS, Watanabe S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Xue C, Watanabe J, Davies DL, Shao XM, Liang J. Social Isolation Induces Neuroinflammation And Microglia Overactivation, While Dihydromyricetin Prevents And Improves Them. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021. [PMID: 34611661 PMCID: PMC8491854 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-923871/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illnesses in the U.S. and are estimated to consume one-third of the country’s mental health treatment cost. Although anxiolytic therapies are available, many patients still exhibit treatment-resistance, relapse, or substantial side effects. Further, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home order, social isolation, fear of the pandemic, and unprecedented times, the incidence of anxiety has dramatically increased. Previously, we have demonstrated dihydromyricetin (DHM), the major bioactive flavonoid extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits anxiolytic properties in a mouse model of social isolation-induced anxiety. Because GABAergic transmission modulates the immune system in addition to the inhibitory signal transmission, we investigated the effects of short-term social isolation on the neuroimmune system. Methods: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed under absolute social isolation for 4 weeks. The anxiety like behaviors after DHM treatment were examined using elevated plus maze and open field behavioral tests. Gephyrin protein expression, microglial profile changes, NF-κB pathway activation, cytokine level, and serum corticosterone were measured. Results: Socially isolated mice showed increased anxiety levels, reduced exploratory behaviors, and reduced gephyrin levels. Also, a dynamic alteration in hippocampal microglia were detected illustrated as a decline in microglia number and overactivation as determined by significant morphological changes including decreases in lacunarity, perimeter, and cell size and increase in cell density. Moreover, social isolation also induced an increase in serum corticosterone level and activation in NF-κB pathway. Notably, DHM treatment counteracted these changes. Conclusion: The results suggest that social isolation contributes to neuroinflammation, while DHM has the ability to restore neuroinflammatory changes induced by anxiety.
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47
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Delage CI, Tremblay MÈ, Crespo-Lopez ME, Verkhratsky A. Plasticity of microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:217-250. [PMID: 34549510 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic metamorphosis of foetal macrophages into idiosyncratic surveilling microglia, which are generally characterised by a small cell body and highly ramified motile processes that constantly scan the nervous tissue for signs of changes in homeostasis and allow microglia to perform crucial homeostatic functions. The surveilling microglial phenotype is evolutionarily conserved from early invertebrates to humans. Despite this evolutionary conservation, microglia show substantial heterogeneity in their gene and protein expression, as well as morphological appearance. These differences are age, region and context specific and reflect a high degree of plasticity underlying the life-long adaptation of microglia, supporting the exceptional adaptive capacity of the central nervous system. Microgliocytes are essential elements of cellular network formation and refinement in the developing nervous tissue. Several distinct patrolling modes of microglial processes contribute to the formation, modification, and pruning of synapses; to the support and protection of neurones through microglial-somatic junctions; and to the control of neuronal and axonal excitability by specific microglia-axonal contacts. In pathology, microglia undergo proliferation and reactive remodelling known as microgliosis, which is context dependent, yet represents an evolutionarily conserved defence response. Microgliosis results in the emergence of multiple disease and context-specific reactive states; in addition, neuropathology is associated with the appearance of specific protective or recovery microglial forms. In summary, the plasticity of microglia supports the development and functional activity of healthy nervous tissue and provides highly sophisticated defences against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Isabelle Delage
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Bureau 4835, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
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48
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Fenner BM, Fenner ME, Prowse N, Hayley SP. LRRK2 and WAVE2 regulate microglial-transition through distinct morphological phenotypes to induce neurotoxicity in a novel two-hit in vitro model of neurodegeneration. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1013-1032. [PMID: 34543438 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel in vitro classification system that tracks microglial activation state and their potential neurotoxicity. Mixed live-cell imaging was used to characterize transition through distinct morphological phenotypes, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of reactive microglial aggregates, and subsequent cytokine production. Transwell cultures were used to determine microglial migration (control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated) to glutamate pre-stressed or healthy neurons. This two-hit paradigm was developed to model the vast evidence that neurodegenerative conditions, like Parkinson's disease (PD), may stem from the collective impact of multiple environmental stressors. We found that healthy neurons were resistant to microglial-mediated inflammation, whereas glutamate pre-stressed neurons were highly susceptible and in fact, appeared to recruit microglia. The LPS treated microglia progressed through distinct morphological states and expressed high levels of ROS and formed large cellular aggregates. Recent evidence implicates leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as an important player in the microglial inflammatory state, as well as in the genesis of PD. We found that inhibition of the LRRK2 signaling pathway using the kinase inhibitor cis-2,6-dimethyl-4-(6-(5-(1-methylcyclopropoxy)-1H-indazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine (MLi2) or inhibition of the actin regulatory protein, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family Verprolin-homologous Protein-2 (WAVE2), stunted microglial activation and prevented neurotoxicity. Furthermore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity reduced pro-inflammatory chemokines including MIP-2, CRG-2, and RANTES. These data together support the notion that LRRK2 and WAVE2 are important mediators of cytokine production and cytoskeletal rearrangement necessary for microglial-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, our model demonstrated unique microglial phenotypic changes that might be mechanistically important for better understanding neuron-microglial crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Fenner
- Department of Biology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E Fenner
- Fenner Training and Consulting, LLC, Kingston, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Dhaya I, Griton M, Konsman JP. Magnetic resonance imaging under isoflurane anesthesia alters cortical cyclooxygenase-2 expression and glial cell morphology during sepsis-associated neurological dysfunction in rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:249-260. [PMID: 34557651 PMCID: PMC8446714 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rodents combined with histology allows to determine what mechanisms underlie functional and structural brain changes during sepsis-associated encephalopathy. However, the effects of MRI performed in isoflurane-anesthetized rodents on modifications of the blood-brain barrier and the production of vasoactive prostaglandins and glia cells, which have been proposed to mediate sepsis-associated brain dysfunction, are unknown. Methods This study addressed the effect of MRI under isoflurane anesthesia on blood-brain barrier integrity, cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and glial cell activation during cecal ligature and puncture-induced sepsis-associated brain dysfunction in rats. Results Cecal ligature and puncture reduced food intake and the righting reflex. MRI under isoflurane anesthesia reduced blood-brain barrier breakdown, decreased circularity of white matter astrocytes, and increased neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in the cortex 24 hours after laparotomy. In addition, it annihilated cecal ligature and puncture-induced increased circularity of white matter microglia. MRI under isoflurane anesthesia, however, did not alter sepsis-associated perivascular cyclooxygenase-2 induction. Conclusion These findings indicate that MRI under isoflurane anesthesia of rodents can modify neurovascular and glial responses and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtihel Dhaya
- INCIAInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'AquitaineCNRS UMR 5287BordeauxFrance
- Univ. BordeauxINCIAUMR 5287BordeauxFrance
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et PathologiesUR/11ES09Faculté des Sciences MathématiquesPhysiques et NaturellesUniversité de Tunis El ManarTunisTunisie
| | - Marion Griton
- INCIAInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'AquitaineCNRS UMR 5287BordeauxFrance
- Univ. BordeauxINCIAUMR 5287BordeauxFrance
- Service de Réanimation Anesthésie NeurochirurgicaleCentre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- INCIAInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'AquitaineCNRS UMR 5287BordeauxFrance
- Univ. BordeauxINCIAUMR 5287BordeauxFrance
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50
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Traetta ME, Uccelli NA, Zárate SC, Gómez Cuautle D, Ramos AJ, Reinés A. Long-Lasting Changes in Glial Cells Isolated From Rats Subjected to the Valproic Acid Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707859. [PMID: 34421599 PMCID: PMC8374432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic alterations concomitant with neuroinflammation have been described in patients and experimental models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the role of microglia and astroglia in relation to synaptic changes is poorly understood. Male Wistar rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA, 450 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (control) at embryonic day 10.5 were used to study synapses, microglia, and astroglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at postnatal days 3 and 35 (PND3 and PND35). Primary cultures of cortical neurons, microglia, and astroglia isolated from control and VPA animals were used to study each cell type individually, neuron-microglia and microglia-astroglia crosstalk. In the PFC of VPA rats, synaptic changes characterized by an increase in the number of excitatory synapses were evidenced at PND3 and persisted until PND35. At PND3, microglia and astroglia from VPA animals were morphologically similar to those of age-matched controls, whereas at PND35, reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis were observed in the PFC of VPA animals. Cortical neurons isolated from VPA rats mimicked in vitro the synaptic pattern seen in vivo. Cortical microglia and astroglia isolated from VPA animals exhibited reactive morphology, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a compromised miRNA processing machinery. Microglia from VPA animals also showed resistance to a phagocytic challenge. In the presence of neurons from VPA animals, microglia isolated from VPA rats revealed a non-reactive morphology and promoted neurite outgrowth, while microglia from control animals displayed a reactive profile and promoted dendritic retraction. In microglia-astroglia co-cultures, microglia from VPA animals displayed a reactive profile and exacerbated astrocyte reactivity. Our study indicates that cortical microglia from VPA animals are insensitive or adapted to neuronal cues expressed by neurons from VPA animals. Further, long-term in vivo microgliosis could be the result of altered microglia-astroglia crosstalk in VPA animals. Thus, our study highlights cortical microglia-astroglia communication as a new mechanism implicated in neuroinflammation in ASD; consequently, we propose that this crosstalk is a potential target for interventions in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Evelyn Traetta
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nonthué Alejandra Uccelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Cristina Zárate
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante Gómez Cuautle
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Reinés
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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