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Hasaniani N, Nouri S, Shirzad M, Rostami-Mansoor S. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic approaches of exosomes in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Life Sci 2024; 347:122668. [PMID: 38670451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are bilayer lipid vesicles that are released by cells and contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They can be internalized by other cells, inducing inflammatory responses and instigating toxicities in the recipient cells. Exosomes can also serve as therapeutic vehicles by transporting protective cargo to maintain homeostasis. Multiple studies have shown that exosomes can initiate and participate in the regulation of neuroinflammation, improve neurogenesis, and are closely related to the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Exosomes can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the CNS, and their contents change with disease occurrence. Due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and their stability in peripheral fluids, exosomes are attractive biomarkers of CNS diseases. In recent years, exosomes have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for CNS diseases, including MS. However, the molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of MS are still unknown, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of exosomes in the occurrence or improvement of MS disease. Thereby, in this review, we intend to provide a more complete understanding of the pathways in which exosomes are involved and affect the occurrence or improvement of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hasaniani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sina Nouri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sahar Rostami-Mansoor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Wen ZH, Wu ZS, Cheng HJ, Huang SY, Tang SH, Teng WN, Su FW, Chen NF, Sung CS. Intrathecal Fumagillin Alleviates Chronic Neuropathy-Induced Nociceptive Sensitization and Modulates Spinal Astrocyte-Neuronal Glycolytic and Angiogenic Proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04254-w. [PMID: 38837104 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nociceptive sensitization is accompanied by the upregulation of glycolysis in the central nervous system in neuropathic pain. Growing evidence has demonstrated glycolysis and angiogenesis to be related to the inflammatory processes. This study investigated whether fumagillin inhibits neuropathic pain by regulating glycolysis and angiogenesis. Fumagillin was administered through an intrathecal catheter implanted in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Nociceptive, behavioral, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of the inhibition of spinal glycolysis-related enzymes and angiogenic factors on CCI-induced neuropathic pain. Fumagillin reduced CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia from postoperative days (POD) 7 to 14. The expression of angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), increased in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) following CCI. The glycolysis-related enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) significantly increased in the ipsilateral lumbar SCDH following CCI on POD 7 and 14 compared to those in the control rats. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that VEGF and PKM2 were predominantly expressed in the astrocytes, whereas ANG2 and LDHA were predominantly expressed in the neurons. Intrathecal infusion of fumagillin significantly reduced the expression of angiogenic factors and glycolytic enzymes upregulated by CCI. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a crucial transcription factor that regulates angiogenesis and glycolysis, was also upregulated after CCI and inhibited by fumagillin. We concluded that intrathecal fumagillin may reduce the expression of ANG2 and LDHA in neurons and VEGF and PKM2 in the astrocytes of the SCDH, further attenuating spinal angiogenesis in neuropathy-induced nociceptive sensitization. Hence, fumagillin may play a role in the inhibition of peripheral neuropathy-induced neuropathic pain by modulating glycolysis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804201, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Sheng Wu
- Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jung Cheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shih-Hsuan Tang
- Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nung Teng
- Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Wei Su
- Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80284, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Sung Sung
- Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112201, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.
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Ladakis DC, Pedrini E, Reyes-Mantilla MI, Sanjayan M, Smith MD, Fitzgerald KC, Pardo CA, Reich DS, Absinta M, Bhargava P. Metabolomics of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Demonstrates Lipid Changes Linked to Alterations in Transcriptomics-Based Cellular Profiles. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200219. [PMID: 38547430 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a dysregulated circulating metabolome, but the metabolome of MS brain lesions has not been studied. The aims of this study were to identify differences in the brain tissue metabolome in MS compared with controls and to assess its association with the cellular profile of corresponding tissue. METHODS MS tissues included samples from the edge and core of chronic active or inactive lesions and periplaque white matter (WM). Control specimens were obtained from normal WM. Metabolomic analysis was performed using mass-spectrometry coupled with liquid/gas chromatography and subsequently integrated with single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data by correlating metabolite abundances with relative cell counts, as well as individual genes using Multiomics Factor Analysis (MOFA). RESULTS Seventeen samples from 5 people with secondary progressive MS and 8 samples from 6 controls underwent metabolomic profiling identifying 783 metabolites. MS lesions had higher levels of sphingosines (false discovery rate-adjusted p-value[q] = 2.88E-05) and sphingomyelins and ceramides (q = 2.15E-07), but lower nucleotide (q = 0.05), energy (q = 0.001), lysophospholipid (q = 1.86E-07), and monoacylglycerol (q = 0.04) metabolite levels compared with control WM. Periplaque WM had elevated sphingomyelins and ceramides (q = 0.05) and decreased energy metabolites (q = 0.01) and lysophospholipids (q = 0.05) compared with control WM. Sphingolipids and membrane lipid metabolites were positively correlated with astrocyte and immune cell abundances and negatively correlated with oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, long-chain fatty acid, endocannabinoid, and monoacylglycerol pathways were negatively correlated with astrocyte and immune cell populations and positively correlated with oligodendrocytes. MOFA demonstrated associations between differentially expressed metabolites and genes involved in myelination and lipid biosynthesis. DISCUSSION MS lesions and perilesional WM demonstrated a significantly altered metabolome compared with control WM. Many of the altered metabolites were associated with altered cellular composition and gene expression, indicating an important role of lipid metabolism in chronic neuroinflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ladakis
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maria I Reyes-Mantilla
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Muraleetharan Sanjayan
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew D Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S Reich
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Martina Absinta
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- From the Department of Neurology (D.C.L., M.I.R.-M., M.S., M.D.S., K.C.F., C.A.P., D.S.R., M.A., P.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy and Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R., M.A.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Romariz SAA, Sanabria V, da Silva KR, Quintella ML, de Melo BAG, Porcionatto M, de Almeida DC, Longo BM. High Concentrations of Cannabidiol Induce Neurotoxicity in Neurosphere Culture System. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:14. [PMID: 38349488 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids are potentially effective in the treatment of various neurological conditions, and cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most studied compounds, has been proposed as a non-toxic option. However, the adverse effects of CBD on neurodevelopmental processes have rarely been studied in cell culture systems. To better understand CBD's influence on neurodevelopment, we exposed neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to different concentrations of CBD (1 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM). We assessed the morphology, migration, differentiation, cell death, and gene expression in 2D and 3D bioprinted models to stimulate physiological conditions more effectively. Our results showed that CBD was more toxic at higher concentrations (5 µM and 10 µM) and affected the viability of NPCs than at lower concentrations (1 µM), in both 2D and 3D models. Moreover, our study revealed that higher concentrations of CBD drastically reduced the size of neurospheres and the number of NPCs within neurospheres, impaired the morphology and mobility of neurons and astrocytes after differentiation, and reduced neurite sprouting. Interestingly, we also found that CBD alters cellular metabolism by influencing the expression of glycolytic and β-oxidative enzymes in the early and late stages of metabolic pathways. Therefore, our study demonstrated that higher concentrations of CBD promote important changes in cellular functions that are crucial during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A A Romariz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Quintella
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A G de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Nookala S, Mukundan S, Grove B, Combs C. Concurrent Brain Subregion Microgliosis in an HLA-II Mouse Model of Group A Streptococcal Skin Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2356. [PMID: 37764200 PMCID: PMC10538044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad range of clinical manifestations and life-threatening infections caused by the Gram-positive bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS), remains a significant concern to public health, with a subset of individuals developing neurological complications. Here, we examined the concurrent neuroimmune effects of subcutaneous GAS infections in an HLA-Class II (HLA) transgenic mouse model of subcutaneous GAS infection. To investigate changes in the skin-brain axis, HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*0301/DQB1*0302) mice (DQ8) were randomly divided into three groups: uninfected controls (No Inf), GAS infected and untreated (No Tx), and GAS infected with a resolution by clindamycin (CLN) treatment (CLN Tx) (10 mg/kg/5 days) and were monitored for 16 days post-infection. While the skin GAS burden was significantly reduced by CLN, the cortical and hippocampal GAS burden in the male DQ8 mice was not significantly reduced with CLN. Immunoreactivity to anti-GAS antibody revealed the presence of GAS bacteria in the vicinity of the neuronal nucleus in the neocortex of both No Tx and CLN Tx male DQ8 mice. GAS infection-mediated cortical cytokine changes were modest; however, compared to No Inf or No Tx groups, a significant increase in IL-2, IL-13, IL-22, and IL-10 levels was observed in CLN Tx females despite the lack of GAS burden. Western blot analysis of cortical and hippocampal homogenates showed significantly higher ionized calcium-binding adaptor-1 (Iba-1, microglia marker) protein levels in No Tx females and males and CLN Tx males compared to the No Inf group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA3 and CA1 subregions was significantly higher in the CLN Tx males compared to the No Tx group. Our data support the possibility that the subcutaneous GAS infection communicates to the brain and is characterized by intraneuronal GAS sequestration, brain cytokine changes, Iba-1 protein levels, and concurrent CA3 and CA1 subregion-specific microgliosis, even without bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.M.); (B.G.); (C.C.)
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Tan R, Hong R, Sui C, Yang D, Tian H, Zhu T, Yang Y. The role and potential therapeutic targets of astrocytes in central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1233762. [PMID: 37720543 PMCID: PMC10502347 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1233762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play vital roles in the central nervous system, contributing significantly to both its normal functioning and pathological conditions. While their involvement in various diseases is increasingly recognized, their exact role in demyelinating lesions remains uncertain. Astrocytes have the potential to influence demyelination positively or negatively. They can produce and release inflammatory molecules that modulate the activation and movement of other immune cells. Moreover, they can aid in the clearance of myelin debris through phagocytosis and facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, thereby promoting axonal remyelination. However, excessive or prolonged astrocyte phagocytosis can exacerbate demyelination and lead to neurological impairments. This review provides an overview of the involvement of astrocytes in various demyelinating diseases, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms that contribute to demyelination. Additionally, we discuss the interactions between oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and astrocytes as therapeutic options to support myelin regeneration. Furthermore, we explore the role of astrocytes in repairing synaptic dysfunction, which is also a crucial pathological process in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Sui
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Dianxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengli Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Stancioiu F, Bogdan R, Dumitrescu R. Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) as a Biomarker for Autistic Spectrum Disease (ASD). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1736. [PMID: 37629593 PMCID: PMC10455327 DOI: 10.3390/life13081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autistic spectrum disease (ASD) is an increasingly common diagnosis nowadays with a prevalence of 1-2% in most countries. Its complex causality-a combination of genetic, immune, metabolic, and environmental factors-is translated into pleiomorphic developmental disorders of various severity, which have two main aspects in common: repetitive, restrictive behaviors and difficulties in social interaction varying from awkward habits and verbalization to a complete lack of interest for the outside world. The wide variety of ASD causes also makes it very difficult to find a common denominator-a disease biomarker and medication-and currently, there is no commonly used diagnostic and therapeutic strategy besides clinical evaluation and psychotherapy. In the CORDUS clinical study, we have administered autologous cord blood to ASD kids who had little or no improvement after other treatments and searched for a biomarker which could help predict the degree of improvement in each patient. We have found that the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was elevated above the normal clinical range (less than 16.3 ng/mL) in the vast majority of ASD kids tested in our study (40 of 41, or 97.5%). This finding opens up a new direction for diagnostic confirmation, dynamic evaluation, and therapeutic intervention for ASD kids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raluca Bogdan
- Medicover Hospital Bucharest, 013982 Bucharest, Romania
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Kuhn MK, Fleeman RM, Beidler LM, Snyder AM, Chan DC, Proctor EA. Amyloid-β Pathology-Specific Cytokine Secretion Suppresses Neuronal Mitochondrial Metabolism. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:405-421. [PMID: 37811007 PMCID: PMC10550897 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction are early alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain that are thought to contribute to disease onset and progression. Glial activation due to protein deposition results in cytokine secretion and shifts in brain metabolism, which have been observed in AD patients. However, the mechanism by which this immunometabolic feedback loop can injure neurons and cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. Methods We used Luminex XMAP technology to quantify hippocampal cytokine concentrations in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD at milestone timepoints in disease development. We used partial least squares regression to build cytokine signatures predictive of disease progression, as compared to healthy aging in wild-type littermates. We applied the disease-defining cytokine signature to wild-type primary neuron cultures and measured downstream changes in gene expression using the NanoString nCounter system and mitochondrial function using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux live-cell analyzer. Results We identified a pattern of up-regulated IFNγ, IP-10/CXCL10, and IL-9 as predictive of advanced disease. When healthy neurons were exposed to these cytokines in proportions found in diseased brain, gene expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, including ATP synthase, was suppressed. In live cells, basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration were impaired following cytokine stimulation. Conclusions We identify a pattern of cytokine secretion predictive of progressing amyloid-β pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD that reduces expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes and impairs mitochondrial respiration in healthy neurons. We establish a mechanistic link between disease-specific immune cues and impaired neuronal metabolism, potentially causing neuronal vulnerability and susceptibility to degeneration in AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00782-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Lynne M. Beidler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Amanda M. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Dennis C. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
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Kuhn MK, Fleeman RM, Beidler LM, Snyder AM, Chan DC, Proctor EA. Alzheimer's disease-specific cytokine secretion suppresses neuronal mitochondrial metabolism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536014. [PMID: 37066287 PMCID: PMC10104145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction are early alterations in Alzheimer's disease brain that are thought to contribute to disease onset and progression. Glial activation due to protein deposition results in cytokine secretion and shifts in brain metabolism, which have been observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. However, the mechanism by which this immunometabolic feedback loop can injure neurons and cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. Methods We used Luminex XMAP technology to quantify hippocampal cytokine concentrations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease at milestone timepoints in disease development. We used partial least squares regression to build cytokine signatures predictive of disease progression, as compared to healthy aging in wild-type littermates. We applied the disease-defining cytokine signature to wild-type primary neuron cultures and measured downstream changes in gene expression using the NanoString nCounter system and mitochondrial function using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux live-cell analyzer. Results We identified a pattern of up-regulated IFNγ, IP-10, and IL-9 as predictive of advanced disease. When healthy neurons were exposed to these cytokines in proportions found in diseased brain, gene expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, including ATP synthase, was suppressed. In live cells, basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration were impaired following cytokine stimulation. Conclusions An Alzheimer's disease-specific pattern of cytokine secretion reduces expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes and impairs mitochondrial respiration in healthy neurons. We establish a mechanistic link between disease-specific immune cues and impaired neuronal metabolism, potentially causing neuronal vulnerability and susceptibility to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Fleeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lynne M. Beidler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dennis C. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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10
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Roles of the Notch signaling pathway and microglia in autism. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114131. [PMID: 36174842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is mainly involved in the regulation of neural stem cell proliferation, survival and differentiation during the development of the central nervous system. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, autism is associated with an abnormal increase in the number of microglia in several brain regions. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of autism may be related to the Notch signaling pathway and microglia. In this review, we discuss how Notch pathway activity leads to behavioral abnormalities such as learning and memory impairment by influencing neuronal biological activities. An increase in microglial protein synthesis and abnormal autophagy can affect synaptic development and lead to behavioral abnormalities, and all of these changes can lead to autism. Furthermore, the Notch signaling pathway regulates the activation and differentiation of microglia and promotes inflammatory responses, leading to the occurrence of autism. When excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) secreted by microglia cannot be cleared by autophagy in a timely manner, Notch signaling pathway activity is affected, possibly further increasing susceptibility to autism. This review reveals the mechanism underlying the role of the Notch signaling pathway, microglia and their interaction in the pathogenesis of autism and provides a theoretical reference for targeted clinical therapies for autism.
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11
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Ion Channels in Gliomas-From Molecular Basis to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032530. [PMID: 36768856 PMCID: PMC9916861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels provide the basis for the nervous system's intrinsic electrical activity. Neuronal excitability is a characteristic property of neurons and is critical for all functions of the nervous system. Glia cells fulfill essential supportive roles, but unlike neurons, they also retain the ability to divide. This can lead to uncontrolled growth and the formation of gliomas. Ion channels are involved in the unique biology of gliomas pertaining to peritumoral pathology and seizures, diffuse invasion, and treatment resistance. The emerging picture shows ion channels in the brain at the crossroads of neurophysiology and fundamental pathophysiological processes of specific cancer behaviors as reflected by uncontrolled proliferation, infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Ion channels are highly druggable, making them an enticing therapeutic target. Targeting ion channels in difficult-to-treat brain tumors such as gliomas requires an understanding of their extremely heterogenous tumor microenvironment and highly diverse molecular profiles, both representing major causes of recurrence and treatment resistance. In this review, we survey the current knowledge on ion channels with oncogenic behavior within the heterogeneous group of gliomas, review ion channel gene expression as genomic biomarkers for glioma prognosis and provide an update on therapeutic perspectives for repurposed and novel ion channel inhibitors and electrotherapy.
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12
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Unnisa A, Greig NH, Kamal MA. Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:547-559. [PMID: 36545725 PMCID: PMC10207919 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA;
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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13
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Vázquez-González D, Carreón-Trujillo S, Alvarez-Arellano L, Abarca-Merlin DM, Domínguez-López P, Salazar-García M, Corona JC. A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:327-356. [PMID: 36949317 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioural disorder in children and adolescents. Although increases in oxidative stress and disturbances of neurotransmitter system such as the dopaminergic and abnormalities in several brain regions have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not fully understood. Nevertheless, ADHD involves several factors that have been associated with an increase in neuroinflammation. This chapter presents an overview of factors that may increase neuroinflammation and play a potential role in the development and pathophysiology of ADHD. The altered immune response, polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes, ADHD comorbidity with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and prenatal exposure to inflammation are associated with alterations in offspring brain development and are a risk factor; genetic and environmental risk factors that may increase the risk for ADHD and medications can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association between these factors has been an invaluable tool for research on inflammation in ADHD. Therefore, evidence studies have made it possible to generate alternative therapeutic interventions using natural products as anti-inflammatories that could have great potential against neuroinflammation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Carreón-Trujillo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pablo Domínguez-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Gineco-Obstetricia, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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14
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Ng W, Ng SY. Remodeling of astrocyte secretome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: uncovering novel targets to combat astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 36567359 PMCID: PMC9791755 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset paralytic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Motor neuron degeneration is typically caused by a combination of intrinsic neuronal (cell autonomous) defects as well as extrinsic (non-cell autonomous) factors such as astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Astrocytes are highly plastic cells that react to their microenvironment to mediate relevant responses. In neurodegeneration, astrocytes often turn reactive and in turn secrete a slew of factors to exert pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects. Various efforts have been carried out to characterize the diseased astrocyte secretome over the years, revealing that pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and microRNAs are the main players in mediating neuronal death. As metabolomic technologies mature, these studies begin to shed light on neurotoxic metabolites such as secreted lipids. In this focused review, we will discuss changes in the astrocyte secretome during ALS. In particular, we will discuss the components of the reactive astrocyte secretome that contribute to neuronal death in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winanto Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
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15
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Elsworthy RJ, Hill EJ, Dunleavy C, Aldred S. The role of ADAM10 in astrocytes: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1056507. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1056507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the early research into AD relies on a neuron-centric view of the brain, however, evidence of multiple altered cellular interactions between glial cells and the vasculature early in AD has been demonstrated. As such, alterations in astrocyte function are widely recognized a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The processes by which astrocytes may be involved in AD make them an interesting target for therapeutic intervention, but in order for this to be most effective, there is a need for the specific mechanisms involving astrocyte dysfunction to be investigated. “α disintegrin and metalloproteinase” 10 (ADAM10) is capable of proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein which prevents amyloid-β generation. As such ADAM10 has been identified as an interesting enzyme in AD pathology. ADAM10 is also known to play a role in a significant number of cellular processes, most notable in notch signaling and in inflammatory processes. There is a growing research base for the involvement of ADAM10 in regulating astrocytic function, primarily from an immune perspective. This review aims to bring together available evidence for ADAM10 activity in astrocytes, and how this relates to AD pathology.
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16
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Mahony C, O'Ryan C. A molecular framework for autistic experiences: Mitochondrial allostatic load as a mediator between autism and psychopathology. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:985713. [PMID: 36506457 PMCID: PMC9732262 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.985713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular autism research is evolving toward a biopsychosocial framework that is more informed by autistic experiences. In this context, research aims are moving away from correcting external autistic behaviors and toward alleviating internal distress. Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) are associated with high rates of depression, suicidality and other comorbid psychopathologies, but this relationship is poorly understood. Here, we integrate emerging characterizations of internal autistic experiences within a molecular framework to yield insight into the prevalence of psychopathology in ASC. We demonstrate that descriptions of social camouflaging and autistic burnout resonate closely with the accepted definitions for early life stress (ELS) and chronic adolescent stress (CAS). We propose that social camouflaging could be considered a distinct form of CAS that contributes to allostatic overload, culminating in a pathophysiological state that is experienced as autistic burnout. Autistic burnout is thought to contribute to psychopathology via psychological and physiological mechanisms, but these remain largely unexplored by molecular researchers. Building on converging fields in molecular neuroscience, we discuss the substantial evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction in ASC to propose a novel role for mitochondrial allostatic load in the relationship between autism and psychopathology. An interplay between mitochondrial, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine signaling is increasingly implicated in stress-related psychopathologies, and these molecular players are also associated with neurodevelopmental, neurophysiological and neurochemical aspects of ASC. Together, this suggests an increased exposure and underlying molecular susceptibility to ELS that increases the risk of psychopathology in ASC. This article describes an integrative framework shaped by autistic experiences that highlights novel avenues for molecular research into mechanisms that directly affect the quality of life and wellbeing of autistic individuals. Moreover, this framework emphasizes the need for increased access to diagnoses, accommodations, and resources to improve mental health outcomes in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen O'Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Morse PT, Wan J, Bell J, Lee I, Goebel DJ, Malek MH, Sanderson TH, Hüttemann M. Sometimes less is more: inhibitory infrared light during early reperfusion calms hyperactive mitochondria and suppresses reperfusion injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1377-1388. [PMID: 36066188 PMCID: PMC10121102 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke affects over 77 million people annually around the globe. Due to the blockage of a blood vessel caused by a stroke, brain tissue becomes ischemic. While prompt restoration of blood flow is necessary to save brain tissue, it also causes reperfusion injury. Mitochondria play a crucial role in early ischemia-reperfusion injury due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). During ischemia, mitochondria sense energy depletion and futilely attempt to up-regulate energy production. When reperfusion occurs, mitochondria become hyperactive and produce large amounts of ROS which damages neuronal tissue. This ROS burst damages mitochondria and the cell, which results in an eventual decrease in mitochondrial activity and pushes the fate of the cell toward death. This review covers the relationship between the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ROS production. We also discuss physiological mechanisms that couple mitochondrial energy production to cellular energy demand, focusing on serine 47 dephosphorylation of cytochrome c (Cytc) in the brain during ischemia, which contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, we discuss the use of near infrared light (IRL) to treat stroke. IRL can both stimulate or inhibit mitochondrial activity depending on the wavelength. We emphasize that the use of the correct wavelength is crucial for outcome: inhibitory IRL, applied early during reperfusion, can prevent the ROS burst from occurring, thus preserving neurological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Morse
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jamie Bell
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis J. Goebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Moh H. Malek
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Thomas H. Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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18
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Vizuete AFK, Fróes F, Seady M, Zanotto C, Bobermin LD, Roginski AC, Wajner M, Quincozes-Santos A, Gonçalves CA. Early effects of LPS-induced neuroinflammation on the rat hippocampal glycolytic pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:255. [PMID: 36221097 PMCID: PMC9552490 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature during the development of neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, where glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, play key roles in the activation and maintenance of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation is now known to involve a neurometabolic shift, in addition to an increase in energy consumption. We used two approaches (in vivo and ex vivo) to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation on neurometabolic reprogramming, and on the modulation of the glycolytic pathway during the neuroinflammatory response. For this, we investigated inflammatory cytokines and receptors in the rat hippocampus, as well as markers of glial reactivity. Mitochondrial respirometry and the glycolytic pathway were evaluated by multiple parameters, including enzymatic activity, gene expression and regulation by protein kinases. Metabolic (e.g., metformin, 3PO, oxamic acid, fluorocitrate) and inflammatory (e.g., minocycline, MCC950, arundic acid) inhibitors were used in ex vivo hippocampal slices. The induction of early inflammatory changes by LPS (both in vivo and ex vivo) enhanced glycolytic parameters, such as glucose uptake, PFK1 activity and lactate release. This increased glucose consumption was independent of the energy expenditure for glutamate uptake, which was in fact diverted for the maintenance of the immune response. Accordingly, inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway and Krebs cycle reverted neuroinflammation (reducing IL-1β and S100B) and the changes in glycolytic parameters induced by LPS in acute hippocampal slices. Moreover, the inhibition of S100B, a protein predominantly synthesized and secreted by astrocytes, inhibition of microglia activation and abrogation of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly confirmed the role of neuroinflammation in the upregulation of glycolysis in the hippocampus. Our data indicate a neurometabolic glycolytic shift, induced by inflammatory activation, as well as a central and integrative role of astrocytes, and suggest that interference in the control of neurometabolism may be a promising strategy for downregulating neuroinflammation and consequently for diminishing negative neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil. .,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fróes
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Roginski
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in the CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90035-003, Brazil.,Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Traxler L, Herdy JR, Stefanoni D, Eichhorner S, Pelucchi S, Szücs A, Santagostino A, Kim Y, Agarwal RK, Schlachetzki JCM, Glass CK, Lagerwall J, Galasko D, Gage FH, D'Alessandro A, Mertens J. Warburg-like metabolic transformation underlies neuronal degeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1248-1263.e6. [PMID: 35987203 PMCID: PMC9458870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain incompletely understood. Utilizing directly converted induced neurons (iNs) from AD-patient-derived fibroblasts, we identified a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis in AD iNs. Pathological isoform switching of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M (PKM) toward the cancer-associated PKM2 isoform conferred metabolic and transcriptional changes in AD iNs. These alterations occurred via PKM2's lack of metabolic activity and via nuclear translocation and association with STAT3 and HIF1α to promote neuronal fate loss and vulnerability. Chemical modulation of PKM2 prevented nuclear translocation, restored a mature neuronal metabolism, reversed AD-specific gene expression changes, and re-activated neuronal resilience against cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Traxler
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sophie Eichhorner
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Attila Szücs
- Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Alice Santagostino
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5624, USA
| | - Ravi K Agarwal
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Lagerwall
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Neural Aging Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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20
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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21
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Intercellular Communication in the Central Nervous System as Deduced by Chemical Neuroanatomy and Quantitative Analysis of Images: Impact on Neuropharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105805. [PMID: 35628615 PMCID: PMC9145073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, new evidence on brain structure and function has been acquired by morphological investigations based on synergic interactions between biochemical anatomy approaches, new techniques in microscopy and brain imaging, and quantitative analysis of the obtained images. This effort produced an expanded view on brain architecture, illustrating the central nervous system as a huge network of cells and regions in which intercellular communication processes, involving not only neurons but also other cell populations, virtually determine all aspects of the integrative function performed by the system. The main features of these processes are described. They include the two basic modes of intercellular communication identified (i.e., wiring and volume transmission) and mechanisms modulating the intercellular signaling, such as cotransmission and allosteric receptor–receptor interactions. These features may also open new possibilities for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to address central nervous system diseases. This aspect, with a potential major impact on molecular medicine, will be also briefly discussed.
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22
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Hanna J, David LA, Touahri Y, Fleming T, Screaton RA, Schuurmans C. Beyond Genetics: The Role of Metabolism in Photoreceptor Survival, Development and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887764. [PMID: 35663397 PMCID: PMC9157592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision commences in the retina with rod and cone photoreceptors that detect and convert light to electrical signals. The irreversible loss of photoreceptors due to neurodegenerative disease leads to visual impairment and blindness. Interventions now in development include transplanting photoreceptors, committed photoreceptor precursors, or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, with the latter protecting photoreceptors from dying. However, introducing exogenous human cells in a clinical setting faces both regulatory and supply chain hurdles. Recent work has shown that abnormalities in central cell metabolism pathways are an underlying feature of most neurodegenerative disorders, including those in the retina. Reversal of key metabolic alterations to drive retinal repair thus represents a novel strategy to treat vision loss based on cell regeneration. Here, we review the connection between photoreceptor degeneration and alterations in cell metabolism, along with new insights into how metabolic reprogramming drives both retinal development and repair following damage. The potential impact of metabolic reprogramming on retinal regeneration is also discussed, specifically in the context of how metabolic switches drive both retinal development and the activation of retinal glial cells known as Müller glia. Müller glia display latent regenerative properties in teleost fish, however, their capacity to regenerate new photoreceptors has been lost in mammals. Thus, re-activating the regenerative properties of Müller glia in mammals represents an exciting new area that integrates research into developmental cues, central metabolism, disease mechanisms, and glial cell biology. In addition, we discuss this work in relation to the latest insights gleaned from other tissues (brain, muscle) and regenerative species (zebrafish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hanna
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Ajay David
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yacine Touahri
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A. Screaton
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carol Schuurmans,
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23
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Carbamate-based N-Substituted Tryptamine Derivatives as Novel Pleiotropic Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 125:105844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Slater PG, Domínguez-Romero ME, Villarreal M, Eisner V, Larraín J. Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:239. [PMID: 35416520 PMCID: PMC11072423 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel E Domínguez-Romero
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villarreal
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Benavides GA, Mueller T, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Optimization of measurement of mitochondrial electron transport activity in postmortem human brain samples and measurement of susceptibility to rotenone and 4-hydroxynonenal inhibition. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102241. [PMID: 35066289 PMCID: PMC8792425 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is required to meet the energetic and metabolic requirements of the brain. Abnormalities in mitochondrial function, due to genetic or developmental factors, mitochondrial toxins, aging or insufficient mitochondrial quality control contribute to neurological and psychiatric diseases. Studying bioenergetics from postmortem human tissues has been challenging due to the diverse range of human genetics, health conditions, sex, age, and postmortem interval. Furthermore, fresh tissues that were in the past required for assessment of mitochondrial respiratory function were rarely available. Recent studies established protocols to use in bioenergetic analyses from frozen tissues using animal models and cell cultures. In this study we optimized these methods to determine the activities of mitochondrial electron transport in postmortem human brain. Further we demonstrate how these samples can be used to assess the susceptibility to the mitochondrial toxin rotenone and exposure to the reactive lipid species 4-hydroxynonenal. The establishment of such an approach will significantly impact translational studies of human diseases by allowing measurement of mitochondrial function in human tissue repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Toni Mueller
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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26
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Ahmad R, Chowdhury K, Kumar S, Irfan M, Reddy GS, Akter F, Jahan D, Haque M. Diabetes Mellitus: A Path to Amnesia, Personality, and Behavior Change. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030382. [PMID: 35336756 PMCID: PMC8945557 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from a disturbance of insulin secretion, action, or both. Hyperglycemia and overproduction of superoxide induce the development and progression of chronic complications of DM. The impact of DM and its complication on the central nervous system (CNS) such as dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) still remain obscure. In dementia, there is a gradual decline in cognitive function. The incidence of dementia increases with age, and patient become socially, physically, and mentally more vulnerable and dependent. The symptoms often emerge decades after the onset of pathophysiology, thus impairing early therapeutic intervention. Most diabetic subjects who develop dementia are above the age of 65, but diabetes may also cause an increased risk of developing dementia before 65 years. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after AD. Type 2 DM (T2DM) increases the incidence of vascular dementia (since its covers the vascular system) and AD. The functional and structural integrity of the CNS is altered in T2DM due to increased synthesis of Aβ. Additionally, hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein also results from dysregulation of various signaling cascades in T2DM, thereby causing neuronal damage and AD. There is the prospect for development of a therapy that may help prevent or halt the progress of dementia resulting from T2DM. Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly being associated with cognition dysfunction. Dementia, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease, is being recognized as comorbidities of this metabolic disorder. The progressive hallmarks of this cognitive dysfunction include mild impairment of cognition and cognitive decline. Dementia and mild impairment of cognition appear primarily in older patients. Studies on risk factors, neuropathology, and brain imaging have provided important suggestions for mechanisms that lie behind the development of dementia. It is a significant challenge to understand the disease processes related to diabetes that affect the brain and lead to dementia development. The connection between diabetes mellitus and dysfunction of cognition has been observed in many human and animal studies that have noted that mechanisms related to diabetes mellitus are possibly responsible for aggravating cognitive dysfunction. This article attempts to narrate the possible association between Type 2 diabetes and dementia, reviewing studies that have noted this association in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease and helping to explain the potential mechanisms behind the disease process. A Google search for “Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia” was carried out. Search was also done for “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Vascular Dementia”, and “Alzheimer’s Disease”. The literature search was done using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE. Keeping in mind the increasing rate of Diabetes Mellitus, it is important to establish the Type 2 diabetes’ effect on the brain and diseases of neurodegeneration. This narrative review aims to build awareness regarding the different types of dementia and their relationship with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Kona Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, 907/A, Uvarsad Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382422, India;
| | - Mohammed Irfan
- Department of Forensics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96020-010, RS, Brazil;
| | - Govindool Sharaschandra Reddy
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Farhana Akter
- Department of Endocrinology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram 4203, Bangladesh;
| | - Dilshad Jahan
- Department of Hematology, Asgar Ali Hospital, 111/1/A Distillery Road, Gandaria Beside Dhupkhola, Dhaka 1204, Bangladesh;
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or
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27
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Mishra A, Wang Y, Yin F, Vitali F, Rodgers KE, Soto M, Mosconi L, Wang T, Brinton RD. A tale of two systems: Lessons learned from female mid-life aging with implications for Alzheimer's prevention & treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101542. [PMID: 34929348 PMCID: PMC8884386 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurological aging is frequently viewed as a linear process of decline, whereas in reality, it is a dynamic non-linear process. The dynamic nature of neurological aging is exemplified during midlife in the female brain. To investigate fundamental mechanisms of midlife aging that underlie risk for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in late life, we investigated the brain at greatest risk for the disease, the aging female brain. Outcomes of our research indicate that mid-life aging in the female is characterized by the emergence of three phases: early chronological (pre-menopause), endocrinological (peri-menopause) and late chronological (post-menopause) aging. The endocrinological aging program is sandwiched between early and late chronological aging. Throughout the three stages of midlife aging, two systems of biology, metabolic and immune, are tightly integrated through a network of signaling cascades. The network of signaling between these two systems of biology underlie an orchestrated sequence of adaptative starvation responses that shift the brain from near exclusive dependence on a single fuel, glucose, to utilization of an auxiliary fuel derived from lipids, ketone bodies. The dismantling of the estrogen control of glucose metabolism during mid-life aging is a critical contributor to the shift in fuel systems and emergence of dynamic neuroimmune phenotype. The shift in fuel reliance, puts the largest reservoir of local fatty acids, white matter, at risk for catabolism as a source of lipids to generate ketone bodies through astrocytic beta oxidation. APOE4 genotype accelerates the tipping point for emergence of the bioenergetic crisis. While outcomes derived from research conducted in the female brain are not directly translatable to the male brain, the questions addressed in a female centric program of research are directly applicable to investigation of the male brain. Like females, males with AD exhibit deficits in the bioenergetic system of the brain, activation of the immune system and hallmark Alzheimer's pathologies. The drivers and trajectory of mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in the male brain will undoubtedly share common aspects with the female in addition to factors unique to the male. Preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that midlife endocrine aging can also be a transitional bridge to autoimmune disorders. Collectively, the data indicate that endocrinological aging is a critical period "tipping point" in midlife which can initiate emergence of the prodromal stage of late-onset-Alzheimer's disease. Interventions that target both immune and metabolic shifts that occur during midlife aging have the potential to alter the trajectory of Alzheimer's risk in late life. Further, to achieve precision medicine for AD, chromosomal sex is a critical variable to consider along with APOE genotype, other genetic risk factors and stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Mishra
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Kathleen E Rodgers
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Maira Soto
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Roberta D Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
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28
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Austad SN, Ballinger S, Buford TW, Carter CS, Smith DL, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Targeting whole body metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:511-531. [PMID: 35256932 PMCID: PMC8897048 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and both aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. As developing effective therapeutic interventions to treat AD is clearly in urgent need, the impact of modulating whole-body and intracellular metabolism in preclinical models and in human patients, on disease pathogenesis, have been explored. There is also an increasing awareness of differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to biological sex, microbiome, and circadian regulation. As a major part of intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been considered for AD therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes and highlights these efforts.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ADRD, AD-related dementias
- Aβ, amyloid β
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Circadian regulation
- DAMPs
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- Diabetes
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FCCP, trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone
- FPR-1, formyl peptide receptor 1
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- HBP, hexoamine biosynthesis pathway
- HTRA, high temperature requirement A
- Hexokinase biosynthesis pathway
- I3A, indole-3-carboxaldehyde
- IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- LC3, microtubule associated protein light chain 3
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MAVS, mitochondrial anti-viral signaling
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Mdivi-1, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1
- Microbiome
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Mitochondrial electron transport chain
- Mitochondrial quality control
- NLRP3, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLR)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NeuN, neuronal nuclear protein
- PET, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography
- PKA, protein kinase A
- POLβ, the base-excision repair enzyme DNA polymerase β
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive species
- SAMP8, senescence-accelerated mice
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SIRT3, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- STZ, streptozotocin
- SkQ1, plastoquinonyldecyltriphenylphosphonium
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- TP, tricyclic pyrone
- TRF, time-restricted feeding
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic GMP/AMP synthase
- hAPP, human amyloid precursor protein
- hPREP, human presequence protease
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- αkG, alpha-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven N. Austad
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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29
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Lee SL, Hsu JY, Chen TC, Huang CC, Wu TY, Chin TY. Erinacine A Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Glial Cell Activation to Protect Dopaminergic Neurons against Inflammatory Factor-Induced Cell Death In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020810. [PMID: 35054997 PMCID: PMC8776144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus (HE) is a common edible mushroom consumed in several Asian countries and considered to be a medicinal mushroom with neuroprotective effects. Erinacine A (EA) is a bioactive compound in Hericium erinaceus mycelium (HEM) that has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although the etiology of PD is still unclear, neuroinflammation may play an important role in causing dopaminergic neuron loss, which is a pathological hallmark of PD. However, glial cell activation has a close relationship with neuroinflammation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of EA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial cell activation and neural damage in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, glial cells, BV-2 microglial cells and CTX TNA2 astrocytes were pretreated with EA and then stimulated with LPS and/or IFN-γ. The expression of proinflammatory factors in the cells and culture medium was analyzed. In addition, differentiated neuro-2a (N2a) cells were pretreated with EA or HEM and then stimulated with LPS-treated BV-2 conditioned medium (CM). The cell viability and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were analyzed. In vivo, rats were given EA or HEM by oral gavage prior to injection of LPS into the substantia nigra (SN). Motor coordination of the rats and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in the midbrain were analyzed. EA pretreatment prevented LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production in BV-2 cells and TNF-α expression in CTX TNA2 cells. In addition, both EA and HEM pretreatment significantly increased cell viability and TH expression and suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and NF- κB in differentiated N2a cells treated with CM. In vivo, both EA and HEM significantly improved motor dysfunction in the rotarod test and the amphetamine-induced rotation test and reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS in the midbrain of rats intranigrally injected with LPS. The results demonstrate that EA ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and has neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Lun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Jing-Ya Hsu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Ting-Chun Chen
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | | | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (T.-C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.L.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-Y.C.)
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30
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Chavda V, Singh K, Patel V, Mishra M, Mishra AK. Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010075. [PMID: 35053818 PMCID: PMC8773743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain maintains billions of neurons functional across the lifespan of the individual. The glial, supportive cells of the brain are indispensable to neuron elasticity. They undergo various states (active, reactive, macrophage, primed, resting) and carefully impose either quick repair or the cleaning of injured neurons to avoid damage extension. Identifying the failure of these interactions involving the relation of the input of glial cells to the inception and/or progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (ND) is crucial in identifying therapeutic options, given the well-built neuro-immune module of these diseases. In the present review, we scrutinize different interactions and important factors including direct cell–cell contact, intervention by the CD200 system, various receptors present on their surfaces, CXC3RI and TREM2, and chemokines and cytokines with special reference to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The present review of the available literature will elucidate the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to the pathophysiology of AD, thus evidencing glial cells as obligatory transducers of pathology and superlative targets for interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Dreamzz IVF Center and Women’s Care Hospital, Ahmedabad 382350, Gujarat, India;
| | - Kavita Singh
- Centre for Translational Research, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India;
| | - Meerambika Mishra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.K.M.)
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31
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Maly IV, Morales MJ, Pletnikov MV. Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:173-227. [PMID: 34888836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research continues to add new elements to the emerging picture of involvement of astrocyte energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addictions. This review outlines what is known about the energy metabolism in astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, and summarizes the recent work on how specific perturbations of astrocyte bioenergetics may contribute to the neuropsychiatric conditions. The role of astrocyte energy metabolism in mental health and disease is reviewed on the organism, organ, and cell level. Data arising from genomic, metabolomic, in vitro, and neurobehavioral studies is critically analyzed to suggest future directions in research and possible metabolism-focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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32
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Horvat A, Zorec R, Vardjan N. Lactate as an Astroglial Signal Augmenting Aerobic Glycolysis and Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735532. [PMID: 34658920 PMCID: PMC8514727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, heterogeneous neuroglial cells, contribute to metabolic homeostasis in the brain by providing energy substrates to neurons. In contrast to predominantly oxidative neurons, astrocytes are considered primarily as glycolytic cells. They take up glucose from the circulation and in the process of aerobic glycolysis (despite the normal oxygen levels) produce L-lactate, which is then released into the extracellular space via lactate transporters and possibly channels. Astroglial L-lactate can enter neurons, where it is used as a metabolic substrate, or exit the brain via the circulation. Recently, L-lactate has also been considered to be a signaling molecule in the brain, but the mechanisms of L-lactate signaling and how it contributes to the brain function remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of L-lactate signaling mechanisms in the brain and present novel insights into the mechanisms of L-lactate signaling via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the focus on astrocytes. We discuss how increased extracellular L-lactate upregulates cAMP production in astrocytes, most likely viaL-lactate-sensitive Gs-protein coupled GPCRs. This activates aerobic glycolysis, enhancing L-lactate production and accumulation of lipid droplets, suggesting that L-lactate augments its own production in astrocytes (i.e., metabolic excitability) to provide more L-lactate for neurons and that astrocytes in conditions of increased extracellular L-lactate switch to lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anemari Horvat
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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33
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Monterey MD, Wei H, Wu X, Wu JQ. The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:619626. [PMID: 34531807 PMCID: PMC8438135 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.619626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common cause of dementia in an aging population. The majority of research effort has focused on the role of neurons in neurodegeneration and current therapies have limited ability to slow disease progression. Recently more attention has been given to the role of astrocytes in the process of neurodegeneration. Specifically, reactive astrocytes have both advantageous and adverse effects during neurodegeneration. The ability to isolate and depict astrocyte phenotype has been challenging. However, with the recent development of single-cell sequencing technologies researchers are provided with the resource to delineate specific biomarkers associated with reactive astrocytes in AD. In this review, we will focus on the role of astrocytes in normal conditions and the pathological development of AD. We will further review recent developments in the understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity and associated biomarkers. A better understanding of astrocyte contributions and phenotypic changes in AD can ultimately lead to more effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Monterey
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xizi Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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34
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Huo L, Du X, Li X, Liu S, Xu Y. The Emerging Role of Neural Cell-Derived Exosomes in Intercellular Communication in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:738442. [PMID: 34531720 PMCID: PMC8438217 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.738442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for brain growth, development, and homeostasis maintenance and, when dysfunctional, is involved in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, are critical mediators of intercellular signal transduction. Under physiological and pathological conditions, neural cells secret exosomes with the influence of many factors. These exosomes can carry specific proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other bioactive substances to the recipient cells to regulate their function. Depending on the CNS environment, as well as the origin and physiological or pathological status of parental cells, exosomes can mediate a variety of different effects, including synaptic plasticity, nutritional metabolic support, nerve regeneration, inflammatory response, anti-stress effect, cellular waste disposal, and the propagation of toxic components, playing an important role in health and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss the possible roles of exosomes in CNS intercellular communication in both physiologic and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huo
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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35
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Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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36
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Zhang S, Lachance BB, Mattson MP, Jia X. Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102089. [PMID: 34118354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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37
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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050524. [PMID: 34067173 PMCID: PMC8150909 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. Ten percent of individuals over 65 years have AD and its prevalence continues to rise with increasing age. There are currently no effective disease modifying treatments for AD, resulting in increasingly large socioeconomic and personal costs. Increasing age is associated with an increase in low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging) that may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in AD. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, aberrant elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels from several endogenous and exogenous processes in the brain may not only affect cell signaling, but also trigger cellular senescence, inflammation, and pyroptosis. Moreover, a compromised immune privilege of the brain that allows the infiltration of peripheral immune cells and infectious agents may play a role. Additionally, meta-inflammation as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis may drive the neuroinflammatory process. Considering that inflammatory/immune pathways are dysregulated in parallel with cognitive dysfunction in AD, elucidating the relationship between the central nervous system and the immune system may facilitate the development of a safe and effective therapy for AD. We discuss some current ideas on processes in inflammaging that appear to drive the neurodegenerative process in AD and summarize details on a few immunomodulatory strategies being developed to selectively target the detrimental aspects of neuroinflammation without affecting defense mechanisms against pathogens and tissue damage.
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38
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Lee YS, Gupta DP, Park SH, Yang HJ, Song GJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate in Microglia via an Autophagy Dependent Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:612981. [PMID: 34025399 PMCID: PMC8137969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.612981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, is considered to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Microglia maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system and play a key role in neuroinflammation, while autophagy controls numerous fundamental biological processes, including pathogen removal, cytokine production, and clearance of toxic aggregates. However, the role of DMF in autophagy induction and the relationship of this effect with its anti-inflammatory functions in microglia are not well known. In the present study, we investigated whether DMF inhibited neuroinflammation and induced autophagy in microglia. First, we confirmed the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of DMF in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Next, we used in vitro models including microglial cell lines and primary microglial cells to examine the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of DMF. We found that DMF significantly inhibited nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia and induced the switch of microglia to the M2 state. In addition, DMF treatment increased the expression levels of autophagy markers including microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) and the formation of LC3 puncta in microglia. The anti-inflammatory effect of DMF in microglia was significantly reduced by pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors. These data suggest that DMF leads to the induction of autophagy in microglia and that its anti-inflammatory effects are partially mediated through an autophagy-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Deepak Prasad Gupta
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea.,Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
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39
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Wang WW, Liu T, Lv YM, Zhang WY, Liu ZG, Gao JM, Li D. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 3-Aminomethylindole Derivatives as Potential Multifunctional Anti-Inflammatory and Neurotrophic Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1593-1605. [PMID: 33884870 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multifunctional molecules that are able to simultaneously interact with several pathological components has been considered as a solution to treat the complex pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, a series of aminomethylindole derivatives were synthesized, and evaluation of their application for antineuroinflammation and promoting neurite outgrowth was disclosed. Our initial screening showed that most of the compounds potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of NO in microglial cells and potentiated the action of NGF to promote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Interestingly, with outstanding NO/TNF-α production inhibition and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities, compounds 8c and 8g were capable of rescuing cells after injury by H2O2. Their antineuroinflammatory effects were associated with the downregulation of the LPS-induced expression of the inflammatory mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay results indicated that the mechanism of their antineuroinflammatory actions involved suppression of the MAPK/NF-κB signal pathways. Further studies revealed that another important reason for the high comprehensive antineuroinflammatory activity was the anti-COX-2 capabilities of the compounds. All these results suggest that the potential biochemical multifunctional profiles of the aminomethylindole derivatives provide a new sight for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Meng Lv
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Yang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
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40
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Souders CL, Wei C, Schmidt JT, Da Fonte DF, Xing L, Trudeau VL, Martyniuk CJ. Mitochondria of teleost radial glia: A novel target of neuroendocrine disruption by environmental chemicals? Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108995. [PMID: 33545344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fish, radial glial cells (RGCs) are progenitor cells for neurons and the major cell type synthesizing neuroestrogens. We hypothesized that chemical exposure impairs mitochondrial bioenergetics of RGCs, which then may lead to downstream consequences for neuroestrogen production. Here we provide proof of concept that mitochondria of RGCs can be perturbed by fungicides. We isolated RGCs from a mixed sex population of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and measured metabolic capacity of primary cells to a model mitotoxin fluazinam, a broad-spectrum fungicide that inhibits mitochondria electron transport chain (or ETC) Complex I. Using immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR, we demonstrate that the goldfish primary cell cultures are highly enriched for glia after multiple passages. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that glia treated with >25 μM fluazinam for 24 and 48-h showed reduced viability. As such, metabolic assays were conducted with non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.25-12.5 μM). Fluazinam did not affect oxygen consumption rates of RGCs at 24 h, but after 48 h, oligomycin induced ATP-linked respiration was decreased by both 6.25 and 12.5 μM fluazinam. Moreover, concentrations as low as 0.25 μM disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential of RGCs, reflecting strong uncoupling effects of the fungicide on mitochondria. Here we provide proof of concept that mitochondrial bioenergetics of teleostean RGCs can be responsive to agrochemicals. Additional studies are required to address low-dose exposures in vivo and to determine if metabolic disruption impairs neuroendocrine functions of RGCs. We propose this mechanism constitutes a novel aspect of neuroendocrine disruption, significant because dysregulation of neuron-glia communication is expected to contribute to neuroendocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chi Wei
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jordan T Schmidt
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon F Da Fonte
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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41
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Lozinski BM, de Almeida LGN, Silva C, Dong Y, Brown D, Chopra S, Yong VW, Dufour A. Exercise rapidly alters proteomes in mice following spinal cord demyelination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7239. [PMID: 33790323 PMCID: PMC8012633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise affords broad benefits for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) including less fatigue, depression, and improved cognition. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), exercise has been shown to improve remyelination, decrease blood-brain barrier permeability and reduce leukocyte infiltration. Despite these benefits many PwMS refrain from engaging in physical activity. This barrier to participation in exercise may be overcome by uncovering and describing the mechanisms by which exercise promotes beneficial changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that acute bouts of exercise in mice profoundly alters the proteome in demyelinating lesions. Following lysolecithin induced demyelination of the ventral spinal cord, mice were given immediate access to a running wheel for 4 days. Lesioned spinal cords and peripheral blood serum were then subjected to tandem mass tag labeling shotgun proteomics workflow to identify alteration in protein levels. We identified 86 significantly upregulated and 85 downregulated proteins in the lesioned spinal cord as well as 14 significantly upregulated and 11 downregulated proteins in the serum following acute exercise. Altered pathways following exercise in demyelinated mice include oxidative stress response, metabolism and transmission across chemical synapses. Similar acute bout of exercise in naïve mice also changed several proteins in the serum and spinal cord, including those for metabolism and anti-oxidant responses. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms and duration of activity required to influence the injured CNS should motivate PwMS and other conditions to embrace exercise as part of their therapy to manage CNS disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mark Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luiz Gustavo Nogueira de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Brown
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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42
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Chowen JA, Garcia-Segura LM. Role of glial cells in the generation of sex differences in neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111473. [PMID: 33766745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diseases and aging-associated alterations of the nervous system often show sex-specific characteristics. Glial cells play a major role in the endogenous homeostatic response of neural tissue, and sex differences in the glial transcriptome and function have been described. Therefore, the possible role of these cells in the generation of sex differences in pathological alterations of the nervous system is reviewed here. Studies have shown that glia react to pathological insults with sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative effects. At least three factors determine this sex-specific response of glia: sex chromosome genes, gonadal hormones and neuroactive steroid hormone metabolites. The sex chromosome complement determines differences in the transcriptional responses in glia after brain injury, while gonadal hormones and their metabolites activate sex-specific neuroprotective mechanisms in these cells. Since the sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative activity of glial cells causes sex differences in the pathological alterations of the nervous system, glia may represent a relevant target for sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Reis de Assis D, Szabo A, Requena Osete J, Puppo F, O’Connell KS, A. Akkouh I, Hughes T, Frei E, A. Andreassen O, Djurovic S. Using iPSC Models to Understand the Role of Estrogen in Neuron-Glia Interactions in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Cells 2021; 10:209. [PMID: 33494281 PMCID: PMC7909800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BIP) are severe mental disorders with a considerable disease burden worldwide due to early age of onset, chronicity, and lack of efficient treatments or prevention strategies. Whilst our current knowledge is that SCZ and BIP are highly heritable and share common pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cellular signaling, neurotransmission, energy metabolism, and neuroinflammation, the development of novel therapies has been hampered by the unavailability of appropriate models to identify novel targetable pathomechanisms. Recent data suggest that neuron-glia interactions are disturbed in SCZ and BIP, and are modulated by estrogen (E2). However, most of the knowledge we have so far on the neuromodulatory effects of E2 came from studies on animal models and human cell lines, and may not accurately reflect many processes occurring exclusively in the human brain. Thus, here we highlight the advantages of using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models to revisit studies of mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of E2 in human brain cells. A better understanding of these mechanisms opens the opportunity to identify putative targets of novel therapeutic agents for SCZ and BIP. In this review, we first summarize the literature on the molecular mechanisms involved in SCZ and BIP pathology and the beneficial effects of E2 on neuron-glia interactions. Then, we briefly present the most recent developments in the iPSC field, emphasizing the potential of using patient-derived iPSCs as more relevant models to study the effects of E2 on neuron-glia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Reis de Assis
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordi Requena Osete
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Puppo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin S. O’Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Akkouh
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Hughes
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Evgeniia Frei
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (A.S.); (J.R.O.); (F.P.); (K.S.O.); (I.A.A.); (T.H.); (E.F.); (O.A.A.)
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Rahman MH, Suk K. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetic Alteration During Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:614410. [PMID: 33362533 PMCID: PMC7759744 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.614410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that act as metabolic centers and signaling platforms and have been identified as an important subcellular target in a broad range of neuropathologies. Studies on the role of mitochondria in neurological disorders have primarily focused on neurons. However, dysfunctional mitochondria in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, have recently gained research attention due to their close involvement in neuroinflammation and metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism in astrocytes have been reported to modulate cellular morphology and activity and induce the release of diverse proinflammatory mediators. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics characterized by aberrant fission and fusion events in glial cells is closely associated with the inflammatory activation of glia. In this mini-review, we cover the recent advances in the molecular aspects of astrocytic mitochondrial dynamics and their metabolic changes under the pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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45
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Woodward KE, de Jesus P, Esser MJ. Neuroinflammation and Precision Medicine in Pediatric Neurocritical Care: Multi-Modal Monitoring of Immunometabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9155. [PMID: 33271778 PMCID: PMC7730047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of molecular biology in neurocritical care (NCC) is expanding rapidly and recognizing the important contribution of neuroinflammation, specifically changes in immunometabolism, towards pathological disease processes encountered across all illnesses in the NCC. Additionally, the importance of individualized inflammatory responses has been emphasized, acknowledging that not all individuals have the same mechanisms contributing towards their presentation. By understanding cellular processes that drive disease, we can make better personalized therapy decisions to improve patient outcomes. While the understanding of these cellular processes is evolving, the ability to measure such cellular responses at bedside to make acute care decisions is lacking. In this overview, we review cellular mechanisms involved in pathological neuroinflammation with a focus on immunometabolic dysfunction and review non-invasive bedside tools that have the potential to measure indirect and direct markers of shifts in cellular metabolism related to neuroinflammation. These tools include near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial doppler, elastography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and cytokine analysis. Additionally, we review the importance of genetic testing in providing information about unique metabolic profiles to guide individualized interpretation of bedside data. Together in tandem, these modalities have the potential to provide real time information and guide more informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (K.E.W.); (P.d.J.)
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Kaur N, Chugh H, Sakharkar MK, Dhawan U, Chidambaram SB, Chandra R. Neuroinflammation Mechanisms and Phytotherapeutic Intervention: A Systematic Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3707-3731. [PMID: 33146995 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is indicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurological disorders. Acute lesions in the brain parenchyma induce intense and highly complex neuroinflammatory reactions with similar mechanisms among various disease prototypes. Microglial cells in the CNS sense tissue damage and initiate inflammatory responses. The cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute significantly to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Inflammatory cascades such as proinflammatory cytokines from invading leukocytes and direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons are known to cause "collateral damage" in models of acute brain injury. In addition to degeneration and neuronal cell loss, there are secondary inflammatory mechanisms that modulate neuronal activity and affect neuroinflammation which can even be detected at the behavioral level. Hence, several of health conditions result from these pathogenetic conditions which are underlined by progressive neuronal function loss due to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In the first part of this Review, we discuss critical neuroinflammatory mediators and their pathways in detail. In the second part, we review the phytochemicals which are considered as potential therapeutic molecules for treating neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navrinder Kaur
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Meena K. Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Sasketchwan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Uma Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110075, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), S.S. Nagar, Mysuru-570015, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research JSS AHER, Mysuru-570015, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
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Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Microglia Gone Awry: Linking Immunometabolism to Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:246. [PMID: 32903682 PMCID: PMC7438837 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related chronic inflammatory activation of microglia and their dysfunction are observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, and the potential contributions of these dysfunctional cells to neurodegeneration have been demonstrated recently. The housekeeping and defensive functions of microglia, such as surveying the brain parenchyma and phagocytosis of neuronal debris after injury, are important for brain homeostasis and immunity. During neurodegenerative diseases, loss of these functions can promote disease pathology by producing proinflammatory cytokines and increasing oxidative stress, which can exaggerate the ongoing neuroinflammation. A recent surge in microglial research has unraveled myriads of microglial phenotypes associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to the conventional M1/M2 paradigm. Each of these phenotypes can be characterized by distinct transcriptional profiles as well as altered metabolism, migration, and phagocytosis characteristics. Mutations in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) and granulin (GRN) are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, and these genes are dysregulated in the majority of recently identified microglial phenotypes. These genes act as checkpoint regulators and maintain microglial inflammatory fitness, principally through metabolic modulation. Dysfunctional microglia typically show mitochondrial deficits, glycolysis elevation, and lipid droplet accumulation, which results in reduced migration and phagocytosis and increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion and reactive oxygen species release. In this mini-review article, we discuss the existing data regarding metabolic perturbations in dysfunctional microglia and their documented associations with neurodegeneration, highlighting how aging-induced chronic microglial activation alters microglial bioenergetics, leading to impaired homeostatic and housekeeping functions. Dysfunctional microglia initiate or exacerbate neurodegeneration, and key pathways involved in the dysfunctional processes, including metabolism, may represent potential intervention targets for correcting imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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48
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Schwartz L, Peres S, Jolicoeur M, da Veiga Moreira J. Cancer and Alzheimer's disease: intracellular pH scales the metabolic disorders. Biogerontology 2020; 21:683-694. [PMID: 32617766 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer have much in common than previously recognized. These pathologies share common risk factors (inflammation and aging), with similar epidemiological and biochemical features such as impaired mitochondria. Metabolic reprogramming occurs during aging and inflammation. We assume that inflammation is directly responsible of the Warburg effect in cancer cells, with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation and a compensatory highthroughput glycolysis (HTG). Similarly, the Warburg effect in cancer is thought to support an alkaline intracellular pH (pHi), a key component of unrelenting cell growth. In the brain, inflammation results in increased secretion of lactate by astrocytes. The increased uptake of lactic acid by neurons results in the inverse Warburg effect, such as seen in AD. The neuronal activity is dampened by a fall of pHi. Pronounced cytosol acidification results in decreased mitochondrial energy yield as well as apoptotic cell death. The link between AD and cancer is reinforced by the fact that treatment aiming at restoring the mitochondrial activity have been experimentally shown to be effective in both diseases. Low carb diet, lipoic acid, and/or methylene blue could then appear promising in both sets of these clinically diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Peres
- LRI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mario Jolicoeur
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical, Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jorgelindo da Veiga Moreira
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical, Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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49
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Marchetti B, Leggio L, L’Episcopo F, Vivarelli S, Tirolo C, Paternò G, Giachino C, Caniglia S, Serapide MF, Iraci N. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061941. [PMID: 32575923 PMCID: PMC7356371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are fundamental players in the central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis, both in health and disease states. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a dysfunctional glia-neuron crosstalk represents a common final pathway contributing to the chronic and progressive death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Notably, glial cells communicating with each other by an array of molecules, can acquire a “beneficial” or “destructive” phenotype, thereby enhancing neuronal death/vulnerability and/or exerting critical neuroprotective and neuroreparative functions, with mechanisms that are actively investigated. An important way of delivering messenger molecules within this glia-neuron cross-talk consists in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano-sized membranous particles able to convey a wide range of molecular cargoes in a controlled way, depending on the specific donor cell and the microenvironmental milieu. Given the dual role of glia in PD, glia-derived EVs may deliver molecules carrying various messages for the vulnerable/dysfunctional DAergic neurons. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art of glial-neuron interactions and glia-derived EVs in PD. Also, EVs have the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus acting both within the CNS and outside, in the periphery. In these regards, this review discloses the emerging applications of EVs, with a special focus on glia-derived EVs as potential carriers of new biomarkers and nanotherapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Francesca L’Episcopo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Greta Paternò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Carmela Giachino
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Francesca Serapide
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
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