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Kuroda T, Suzuki A, Okada H, Shimizu M, Watanabe D, Suzuki K, Mori K, Ohmura K, Niwa A, Imaizumi Y, Matsuo M, Ichihashi K, Okubo T, Taniguchi T, Kanayma T, Kobayashi R, Sugie S, Hara A, Tomita H. Endothelial Glycocalyx in the Peripheral Capillaries is Injured Under Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104462. [PMID: 38211844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based anticancer drug, is associated with peripheral neuropathy (oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, OIPN), which can lead to worsening of quality of life and treatment interruption. The endothelial glycocalyx, a fragile carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of endothelial cells, acts as an endothelial gatekeeper and has been suggested to protect nerves, astrocytes, and other cells from toxins and substances released from the capillary vessels. Mechanisms underlying OIPN and the role of the glycocalyx remain unclear. This study aimed to define changes in the three-dimensional ultrastructure of capillary endothelial glycocalyx near nerve fibers in the hind paws of mice with OIPN. The mouse model of OPIN revealed disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx in the peripheral nerve compartment, accompanied by vascular permeability, edema, and damage to the peripheral nerves. To investigate the potential treatment interventions, nafamostat mesilate, a glycocalyx protective agent was used in tumor-bearing male mice. Nafamostat mesilate suppressed mechanical allodynia associated with neuropathy. It also prevented intra-epidermal nerve fiber loss and improved vascular permeability in the peripheral paws. The disruption of endothelial glycocalyx in the capillaries that lie within peripheral nerve bundles is a novel finding in OPIN. Furthermore, these findings point toward the potential of a new treatment strategy targeting endothelial glycocalyx to prevent vascular injury as an effective treatment of neuropathy as well as of many other diseases. PERSPECTIVE: OIPN damages the endothelial glycocalyx in the peripheral capillaries, increasing vascular permeability. In order to prevent OIPN, this work offers a novel therapy approach that targets endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kuroda
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan; Laboratory of Advanced Medical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daichi Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan; Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mori
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Ohmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Niwa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuko Imaizumi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mikiko Matsuo
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koki Ichihashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Okubo
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniguchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanayma
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan; Laboratory of Advanced Medical Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Sugie
- Department of Pathology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
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Ferreira G, Taylor A, Mensah SA. Deciphering the triad of endothelial glycocalyx, von Willebrand Factor, and P-selectin in inflammation-induced coagulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372355. [PMID: 38745860 PMCID: PMC11091309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the endothelial glycocalyx's role in inflammation and explores its involvement in coagulation. The glycocalyx, composed of proteins and glycosaminoglycans, interacts with von Willebrand Factor and could play a crucial role in anchoring it to the endothelium. In inflammatory conditions, glycocalyx degradation may leave P-selectin as the only attachment point for von Willebrand Factor, potentially leading to uncontrolled release of ultralong von Willebrand Factor in the bulk flow in a shear stress-dependent manner. Identifying specific glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan interactions with von Willebrand Factor and P-selectin can offer insights into unexplored coagulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere Ferreira
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Alexandra Taylor
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Solomon A. Mensah
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
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Chen Z, Du F, Zhang R, Wu Q, Lu Z, Zhang RL, Wang Q. ADAMTS5 Promotes Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Treponema pallidum Subspecies pallidum Invading the Central Nervous System. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1222-1231. [PMID: 38536197 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurosyphilis remains unclear. A previous study found a noteworthy up-regulation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS5) gene in human brain microvascular endothelial cells cocultured with Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Tp). To investigate the ADAMTS5 role in Tp invading the central nervous system (CNS), we conducted relevant experiments. Our study revealed that Tp caused an increase in human cortical microvascular endothelial cell/D3 (hCMEC/D3) barrier permeability and significantly enhanced ADAMTS5 expression. The heightened permeability of the hCMEC/D3 barrier was effectively mitigated by inhibiting ADAMTS5. During this process, Tp promoted interleukin-1β production, which, in turn, facilitated ADAMTS5 expression. Furthermore, Tp significantly reduced the glycocalyx on the surface of hCMEC/D3 cells, which was also ameliorated by inhibiting ADAMTS5. Additionally, ADAMTS5 and endothelial glycocalyx components notably increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients. This research provided the first demonstration of the ADAMTS5 role in Tp invading the CNS and offered new insight into neurosyphilis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Chen
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Fangzhi Du
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qingyun Wu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhiyu Lu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rui-Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Qianqiu Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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Chen Y, Gu M, Patterson J, Zhang R, Statz JK, Reed E, Abutarboush R, Ahlers ST, Kawoos U. Temporal Alterations in Cerebrovascular Glycocalyx and Cerebral Blood Flow after Exposure to a High-Intensity Blast in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3580. [PMID: 38612392 PMCID: PMC11011510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a proteoglycan-glycoprotein structure lining the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is susceptible to damage due to blast overpressure (BOP) exposure. The glycocalyx is essential in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the vasculature and regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Assessment of alterations in the density of the glycocalyx; its components (heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG/syndecan-2), heparan sulphate (HS), and chondroitin sulphate (CS)); CBF; and the effect of hypercapnia on CBF was conducted at 2-3 h, 1, 3, 14, and 28 days after a high-intensity (18.9 PSI/131 kPa peak pressure, 10.95 ms duration, and 70.26 PSI·ms/484.42 kPa·ms impulse) BOP exposure in rats. A significant reduction in the density of the glycocalyx was observed 2-3 h, 1-, and 3 days after the blast exposure. The glycocalyx recovered by 28 days after exposure and was associated with an increase in HS (14 and 28 days) and in HSPG/syndecan-2 and CS (28 days) in the frontal cortex. In separate experiments, we observed significant decreases in CBF and a diminished response to hypercapnia at all time points with some recovery at 3 days. Given the role of the glycocalyx in regulating physiological function of the cerebral vasculature, damage to the glycocalyx after BOP exposure may result in the onset of pathogenesis and progression of cerebrovascular dysfunction leading to neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Ming Gu
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jacob Patterson
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- Parsons Corporation, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Statz
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Eileen Reed
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- Parsons Corporation, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Stephen T. Ahlers
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (Y.C.); (M.G.)
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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Vittum Z, Cocchiaro S, Mensah SA. Basal endothelial glycocalyx's response to shear stress: a review of structure, function, and clinical implications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1371769. [PMID: 38562144 PMCID: PMC10982814 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1371769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx encompasses the entire endothelial cell, transducing extracellular signals and regulating vascular permeability and barrier functions. The apical glycocalyx, which forms the lumen of the vessel, and the basal glycocalyx, at the smooth muscle cell interface, are often investigated separately as they are exposed to vastly different stimuli. The apical glycocalyx directly senses fluid shear forces transmitting them intracellularly through connection to the cytoskeleton of the endothelial cell. The basal glycocalyx has demonstrated sensitivity to shear due to blood flow transmitted through the cytoskeleton, promoting alternate signaling processes. In this review, we discuss current literature on the basal glycocalyx's response to shear stress in the context of mechanotransduction and remodeling. The possible implications of basal glycocalyx degradation in pathologies are also explored. Finally, this review seeks to highlight how addressing the gaps discussed would improve our wholistic understanding of the endothelial glycocalyx and its role in maintaining vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Vittum
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Samantha Cocchiaro
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Solomon A. Mensah
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
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Liu PY, Hong KF, Liu YD, Sun ZY, Zhao TT, Li XL, Lao CC, Tan SF, Zhang HY, Zhao YH, Xie Y, Xu YH. Total flavonoids of Astragalus protects glomerular filtration barrier in diabetic kidney disease. Chin Med 2024; 19:27. [PMID: 38365794 PMCID: PMC10870499 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Recent evidence suggests that total flavonoids of Astragalus (TFA) has promising effects on diabetes; however, its influence on DKD and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we induced the DKD model using streptozotocin (STZ) in male C57BL/6J mice and utilized glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) lines for in vitro investigations. We constructed a network pharmacology analysis to understand the mechanism of TFA in DKD. The mechanism of TFA action on DKD was investigated through Western blot analysis and multi-immunological methods. RESULTS Our findings revealed that TFA significantly reduced levels of urinary albumin (ALB). Network pharmacology and intracellular pathway experiments indicated the crucial involvement of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In vitro experiments showed that TFA can preserve the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-alpha and IL-8, reducing oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that TFA can ameliorates the progression of DKD by ameliorating renal fibrosis and preserving the integrity of the kidney filtration barrier. These results provide pharmacological evidence supporting the use of TFA in the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kin-Fong Hong
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Di Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yan Sun
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Ling Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Chou Lao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Tan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - You-Hua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, People's Republic of China.
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Kunnathattil M, Rahul P, Skaria T. Soluble vascular endothelial glycocalyx proteoglycans as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:97-116. [PMID: 37982607 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the activity of cytokines and leukocyte extravasation is an emerging therapeutic strategy to limit tissue-damaging inflammatory responses and restore immune homeostasis in inflammatory diseases. Proteoglycans embedded in the vascular endothelial glycocalyx, which regulate the activity of cytokines to restrict the inflammatory response in physiological conditions, are proteolytically cleaved in inflammatory diseases. Here we critically review the potential of proteolytically shed, soluble vascular endothelial glycocalyx proteoglycans to modulate pathological inflammatory responses. Soluble forms of the proteoglycans syndecan-1, syndecan-3 and biglycan exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects by the removal of chemokines, suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression and leukocyte migration, and induction of autophagy of proinflammatory M1 macrophages. By contrast, soluble versikine and decorin enhance proinflammatory responses by increasing inflammatory cytokine synthesis and leukocyte migration. Endogenous syndecan-2 and mimecan exert proinflammatory effects, syndecan-4 and perlecan mediate beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and glypican regulates Hh and Wnt signaling pathways involved in systemic inflammatory responses. Taken together, targeting the vascular endothelial glycocalyx-derived, soluble syndecan-1, syndecan-2, syndecan-3, syndecan-4, biglycan, versikine, mimecan, perlecan, glypican and decorin might be a potential therapeutic strategy to suppress overstimulated cytokine and leukocyte responses in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Kunnathattil
- Department of Zoology, Government College Madappally, University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Pedapudi Rahul
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Tom Skaria
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
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Li Y, Shteyman DB, Hachem Z, Ulay AA, Fan J, Fu BM. Heparan Sulfate Modulation Affects Breast Cancer Cell Adhesion and Transmigration across In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:190. [PMID: 38275815 PMCID: PMC10813861 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The disruption of endothelial heparan sulfate (HS) is an early event in tumor cell metastasis across vascular barriers, and the reinforcement of endothelial HS reduces tumor cell adhesion to endothelium. Our recent study showed that while vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) greatly reduces HS at an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) formed by human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs), it significantly enhances HS on a breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231 (MB231). Here, we tested that this differential effect of VEGF on the HS favors MB231 adhesion and transmigration. We also tested if agents that enhance endothelial HS may affect the HS of MB231 and reduce its adhesion and transmigration. To test these hypotheses, we generated an in vitro BBB by culturing hCMECs on either a glass-bottom dish or a Transwell filter. We first quantified the HS of the BBB and MB231 after treatment with VEGF and endothelial HS-enhancing agents and then quantified the adhesion and transmigration of MB231 across the BBB after pretreatment with these agents. Our results demonstrated that the reduced/enhanced BBB HS and enhanced/reduced MB231 HS increase/decrease MB231 adhesion to and transmigration across the BBB. Our findings suggest a therapeutic intervention by targeting the HS-mediated breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; (Y.L.); (D.B.S.); (A.A.U.)
| | - David B. Shteyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; (Y.L.); (D.B.S.); (A.A.U.)
| | - Zeina Hachem
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA; (Z.H.); (J.F.)
| | - Afaf A. Ulay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; (Y.L.); (D.B.S.); (A.A.U.)
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Natural Sciences, CASL, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA; (Z.H.); (J.F.)
| | - Bingmei M. Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; (Y.L.); (D.B.S.); (A.A.U.)
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Boutin L, Roger E, Gayat E, Depret F, Blot-Chabaud M, Chadjichristos CE. The role of CD146 in renal disease: from experimental nephropathy to clinics. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:11-21. [PMID: 37993561 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a major risk factor in the development of renal diseases. Recent studies pointed out a major interest for the inter-endothelial junction protein CD146, as its expression is modulated during renal injury. Indeed, some complex mechanisms involving this adhesion molecule and its multiple ligands are observed in a large number of renal diseases in fundamental or clinical research. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent literature on the role of CD146 in renal pathophysiology, from experimental nephropathy to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boutin
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Elena Roger
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Gayat
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - François Depret
- FHU PROMICE AP-HP, Saint Louis and DMU Parabol, Critical Care Medicine and Burn Unit, AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-942, MASCOT, Cardiovascular Markers in Stress Condition, University Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- INSERM, UMR-S1155, Bâtiment Recherche, Tenon Hospital, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France.
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10
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Akbarishandiz S, Khani S, Maia J. Adhesion dynamics of functionalized nanocarriers to endothelial cells: a dissipative particle dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9254-9268. [PMID: 38009071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to endothelial cells utilizing functionalized nanocarriers (NCs) is an essential procedure in therapeutic and diagnosis therapies. Using dissipative particle dynamics simulation, NCs have been designed and combined with an endothelial environment, such as the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) layer, receptors, water, and cell wall. Furthermore, the energy landscapes of the functionalized NC with the endothelial cell have been analyzed as a function of properties such as the shape, size, initial orientation, and ligand density of NCs. Our results show that an appropriate higher ligand density for each particular NC provides more driving forces than barriers for the penetration of the NCs. Herein we report the importance of shell entropy loss for the NC shape effect on the adhesion and penetration into the EG layer. Moreover, the rotation of the disc shape NC as a wheel during the penetration is an extra driving force for its further inclusion. By increasing the NCs' size larger than the appropriate size for each particular ligand density, due to an increase in the NCs' shell entropy loss, the barriers surpass the driving forces for NC penetration. Furthermore, the parallel orientation provides the NCs with the best penetration capabilities. However, the rotation of the disc shape NCs enhances their diffusion in the perpendicular orientation too. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial role of the shell entropy loss in governing the penetration of NCs. Besides, studying NCs with a homogeneous ligand composition enabled us to cross barriers and probe energetics after the complete inclusion of the NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akbarishandiz
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Shaghayegh Khani
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Joao Maia
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
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Whitehead B, Karelina K, Weil ZM. Pericyte dysfunction is a key mediator of the risk of cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1840-1848. [PMID: 37724604 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are critical yet understudied cells that are a central component of the neurovascular unit. They are connected to the cerebrovascular endothelium and help control vascular contractility and maintain the blood-brain barrier. Pericyte dysfunction has the potential to mediate many of the deleterious vascular consequences of ischemic stroke. Current therapeutics are designed to be administered after stroke onset and limit damage, but there are few options to target vascular risk factors pre-ischemia which likely contribute to stroke outcomes. Here, we focus on the role of pericytes in health and disease, and discuss how pericyte dysfunction can increase the risk of ischemic injury. Additionally, we note that despite the importance of pericytes in cerebrovascular disease, there are relatively few current therapeutic options that target pericyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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12
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Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264889. [PMID: 38077393 PMCID: PMC10704247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are part of the innate immune system. They are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of damaged tissues. Activation of TLR4 initiates downstream signaling pathways that trigger the secretion of cytokines, type I interferons, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that are necessary for an immediate immune response. However, the systemic release of pro-inflammatory proteins is a powerful driver of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Over the past decades, immense progress has been made in clarifying the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in inflammation. However, the most common strategies used to study TLR4 signaling rely on genetic manipulation of the TLR4 or the treatment with agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are often associated with the generation of irreversible phenotypes in the target cells or unintended cytotoxicity and signaling crosstalk due to off-target or pleiotropic effects. Here, optogenetics offers an alternative strategy to control and monitor cellular signaling in an unprecedented spatiotemporally precise, dose-dependent, and non-invasive manner. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and signaling pathways of the TLR4 and its fundamental role in endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, as well as the advances in TLR4 modulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department Science & Technology, Institute Biotechnology, IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
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13
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Bowen EE, Hurcombe JA, Barrington F, Keir LS, Farmer LK, Wherlock MD, Ortiz-Sandoval CG, Bruno V, Bohorquez-Hernandez A, Diatlov D, Rostam-Shirazi N, Wells S, Stewart M, Teboul L, Lay AC, Butler MJ, Pope RJP, Larkai EMS, Morgan BP, Moppett J, Satchell SC, Welsh GI, Walker PD, Licht C, Saleem MA, Coward RJM. Shiga toxin targets the podocyte causing hemolytic uremic syndrome through endothelial complement activation. MED 2023; 4:761-777.e8. [PMID: 37863058 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children, with an associated mortality of up to 5%. The mechanisms underlying STEC-HUS and why the glomerular microvasculature is so susceptible to injury following systemic Stx infection are unclear. METHODS Transgenic mice were engineered to express the Stx receptor (Gb3) exclusively in their kidney podocytes (Pod-Gb3) and challenged with systemic Stx. Human glomerular cell models and kidney biopsies from patients with STEC-HUS were also studied. FINDINGS Stx-challenged Pod-Gb3 mice developed STEC-HUS. This was mediated by a reduction in podocyte vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which led to loss of glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) glycocalyx, a reduction in GEnC inhibitory complement factor H binding, and local activation of the complement pathway. Early therapeutic inhibition of the terminal complement pathway with a C5 inhibitor rescued this podocyte-driven, Stx-induced HUS phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study potentially explains why systemic Stx exposure targets the glomerulus and supports the early use of terminal complement pathway inhibition in this devastating disease. FUNDING This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) (grant nos. G0901987 and MR/K010492/1) and Kidney Research UK (grant nos. TF_007_20151127, RP42/2012, and SP/FSGS1/2013). The Mary Lyon Center is part of the MRC Harwell Institute and is funded by the MRC (A410).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Bowen
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON MG5 1X8, Canada; University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Hurcombe
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Fern Barrington
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Lindsay S Keir
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Louise K Farmer
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Matthew D Wherlock
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Diatlov
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON MG5 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Abigail C Lay
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew J Butler
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Robert J P Pope
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eva M S Larkai
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF144XN. UK
| | - John Moppett
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Gavin I Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | | | | | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Richard J M Coward
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK.
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14
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van Lanen RHGJ, Haeren RHL, Staals J, Dings JTA, Schijns OEMG, Hoogland G, van Kuijk SMJ, Kapsokalyvas D, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Vink H, Rijkers K. Cerebrovascular glycocalyx damage and microcirculation impairment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1737-1751. [PMID: 37231664 PMCID: PMC10581235 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231179413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is increasingly associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction and microvascular alterations, yet the pathophysiological link is missing. An important barrier function is exerted by the glycocalyx, a gel-like layer coating the endothelium. To explore such associations, we used intraoperative videomicroscopy to quantify glycocalyx and microcirculation properties of the neocortex and hippocampus of 15 patients undergoing resective brain surgery as treatment for drug-resistant TLE, and 15 non-epileptic controls. Fluorescent lectin staining of neocortex and hippocampal tissue was used for blood vessel surface area quantification. Neocortical perfused boundary region, the thickness of the glycocalyx' impaired layer, was higher in patients (2.64 ± 0.52 µm) compared to controls (1.31 ± 0.29 µm), P < 0.01, indicative of reduced glycocalyx integrity in patients. Moreover, erythrocyte flow velocity analysis revealed an impaired ability of TLE patients to (de-)recruit capillaries in response to changing metabolic demands (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.01), indicating failure of neurovascular coupling mechanisms. Blood vessel quantification comparison between intraoperative measurements and resected tissue showed strong correlation (R2 = 0.94, P < 0.01). This is the first report on in vivo assessment of glycocalyx and microcirculation properties in TLE patients, confirming the pivotal role of cerebrovascular changes. Further assessment of the cerebral microcirculation in relation to epileptogenesis might open avenues for new therapeutic targets for drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick HGJ van Lanen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel HL Haeren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim TA Dings
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht/Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf EMG Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht/Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander MJ van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitris Kapsokalyvas
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc AMJ van Zandvoort
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research IMCAR, Universitätsklinikum, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht/Heeze, The Netherlands
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15
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Sun L, Wang L, Ye KX, Wang S, Zhang R, Juan Z, Feng L, Min S. Endothelial Glycocalyx in Aging and Age-related Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1606-1617. [PMID: 37196119 PMCID: PMC10529737 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide population is aging exponentially, creating burdens to patients, their families and society. Increasing age is associated with higher risk of a wide range of chronic diseases, and aging of the vascular system is closely linked to the development of many age-related diseases. Endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycan polymers on the surface of the inner lumen of blood vessels. It plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and protecting various organ functions. Endothelial glycocalyx loss happens through the aging process and repairing the endothelial glycocalyx may alleviate the symptoms of age-related diseases. Given the important role of the glycocalyx and its regenerative properties, it is posited that the endothelial glycocalyx may be a potential therapeutic target for aging and age-related diseases and repairing endothelial glycocalyx could play a role in the promotion of healthy aging and longevity. Here, we review the composition, function, shedding, and manifestation of the endothelial glycocalyx in aging and age-related diseases, as well as regeneration of endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Kaisy Xinhong Ye
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shoushi Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Zhaodong Juan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Dobson GP, Morris JL, Letson HL. Adenosine, lidocaine and Mg 2+ update: teaching old drugs new tricks. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1231759. [PMID: 37828944 PMCID: PMC10565858 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1231759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
If a trauma (or infection) exceeds the body's evolutionary design limits, a stress response is activated to quickly restore homeostasis. However, when the injury severity score is high, death is often imminent. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the effect of small-volume adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) therapy on increasing survival and blunting secondary injury after non-compressible hemorrhagic shock and other trauma and infective/endotoxemic states. Two standout features of ALM therapy are: (1) resuscitation occurs at permissive hypotensive blood pressures (MAPs 50-60 mmHg), and (2) the drug confers neuroprotection at these low pressures. The therapy appears to reset the body's baroreflex to produce a high-flow, hypotensive, vasodilatory state with maintained tissue O2 delivery. Whole body ALM protection appears to be afforded by NO synthesis-dependent pathways and shifting central nervous system (CNS) control from sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance, resulting in improved cardiovascular function, reduced immune activation and inflammation, correction of coagulopathy, restoration of endothelial glycocalyx, and reduced energy demand and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Recently, independent studies have shown ALM may also be useful for stroke, muscle trauma, and as an adjunct to Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA). Ongoing studies have further shown ALM may have utility for burn polytrauma, damage control surgery and orthopedic surgery. Lastly, we discuss the clinical applications of ALM fluid therapy for prehospital and military far-forward use for non-compressible hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart and Trauma Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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17
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Hayden MR. The Brain Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Plays a Crucial Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1955. [PMID: 37895337 PMCID: PMC10608474 DOI: 10.3390/life13101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain endothelial cell (BEC) glycocalyx (ecGCx) is a BEC surface coating consisting of a complex interwoven polysaccharide (sweet husk) mesh-like network of membrane-bound proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covering the apical luminal layer of the brain endothelial cells. The ecGCx may be considered as the first barrier of a tripartite blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisting of (1) ecGCx; (2) BECs; and (3) an extravascular compartment of pericytes, the extracellular matrix, and perivascular astrocytes. Perturbations of this barrier allow for increased permeability in the postcapillary venule that will be permissive to both fluids, solutes, and proinflammatory peripherally derived leukocytes into the perivascular spaces (PVS) which result in enlargement as well as increased neuroinflammation. The ecGCx is known to have multiple functions, which include its physical and charge barrier, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation functions. This review discusses each of the listed functions in detail and utilizes multiple transmission electron micrographs and illustrations to allow for a better understanding of the ecGCx structural and functional roles as it relates to enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS). This is the fifth review of a quintet series that discuss the importance of EPVS from the perspective of the cells of brain barriers. Attenuation and/or loss of the ecGCx results in brain barrier disruption with increased permeability to proinflammatory leukocytes, fluids, and solutes, which accumulate in the postcapillary venule perivascular spaces. This accumulation results in obstruction and results in EPVS with impaired waste removal of the recently recognized glymphatic system. Importantly, EPVS are increasingly being regarded as a marker of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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18
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Anand T, Reyes AA, Sjoquist MC, Magnotti L, Joseph B. Resuscitating the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2023; 4:e298. [PMID: 37746602 PMCID: PMC10513357 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is lined by a protective mesh of proteins and carbohydrates called the endothelial glycocalyx (EG). This layer creates a negatively charged gel-like barrier between the vascular environment and the surface of the endothelial cell. When intact the EG serves multiple functions, including mechanotransduction, cell signaling, regulation of permeability and fluid exchange across the microvasculature, and management of cell-cell interactions. In trauma and/or hemorrhagic shock, the glycocalyx is broken down, resulting in the shedding of its individual components. The shedding of the EG is associated with increased systemic inflammation, microvascular permeability, and flow-induced vasodilation, leading to further physiologic derangements. Animal and human studies have shown that the greater the severity of the injury, the greater the degree of shedding, which is associated with poor patient outcomes. Additional studies have shown that prioritizing certain resuscitation fluids, such as plasma, cryoprecipitate, and whole blood over crystalloid shows improved outcomes in hemorrhaging patients, potentially through a decrease in EG shedding impacting downstream signaling. The purpose of the following paragraphs is to briefly describe the EG, review the impact of EG shedding and hemorrhagic shock, and begin entertaining the notion of directed resuscitation. Directed resuscitation emphasizes transitioning from macroscopic 1:1 resuscitation to efforts that focus on minimizing EG shedding and maximizing its reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Anand
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Michael C. Sjoquist
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Louis Magnotti
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Bellal Joseph
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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19
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Brandl S, Reindl M. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12699. [PMID: 37628879 PMCID: PMC10454051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tightly interconnected microvascular endothelial cells, separates the brain from the peripheral circulation. Together with other central nervous system-resident cell types, including pericytes and astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier forms the neurovascular unit. Upon neuroinflammation, this barrier becomes leaky, allowing molecules and cells to enter the brain and to potentially harm the tissue of the central nervous system. Despite the significance of animal models in research, they may not always adequately reflect human pathophysiology. Therefore, human models are needed. This review will provide an overview of the blood-brain barrier in terms of both health and disease. It will describe all key elements of the in vitro models and will explore how different compositions can be utilized to effectively model a variety of neuroinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it will explore the existing types of models that are used in basic research to study the respective pathologies thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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20
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Santoro L, Zaccone V, Falsetti L, Ruggieri V, Danese M, Miro C, Di Giorgio A, Nesci A, D’Alessandro A, Moroncini G, Santoliquido A. Role of Endothelium in Cardiovascular Sequelae of Long COVID. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2239. [PMID: 37626735 PMCID: PMC10452509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global action against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, shed light on endothelial dysfunction. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the pulmonary system, multiple studies have documented pan-vascular involvement in COVID-19. The virus is able to penetrate the endothelial barrier, damaging it directly or indirectly and causing endotheliitis and multi-organ injury. Several mechanisms cooperate to development of endothelial dysfunction, including endothelial cell injury and pyroptosis, hyperinflammation and cytokine storm syndrome, oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, glycocalyx disruption, hypercoagulability, and thrombosis. After acute-phase infection, some patients reported signs and symptoms of a systemic disorder known as long COVID, in which a broad range of cardiovascular (CV) disorders emerged. To date, the exact pathophysiology of long COVID remains unclear: in addition to the persistence of acute-phase infection mechanisms, specific pathways of CV damage have been postulated, such as persistent viral reservoirs in the heart or an autoimmune response to cardiac antigens through molecular mimicry. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the main molecular patterns of enduring endothelial activation following SARS-CoV-2 infection and to offer the latest summary of CV complications in long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santoro
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Zaccone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Internal and Sub-Intensive Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Falsetti
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Vittorio Ruggieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Martina Danese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Miro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.R.); (M.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Angela Di Giorgio
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Nesci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessia D’Alessandro
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angelo Santoliquido
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (A.D.G.); (A.N.); (A.D.); (A.S.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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21
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Park S, Newton J, Hidjir T, Young EWK. Bidirectional airflow in lung airway-on-a-chip with matrix-derived membrane elicits epithelial glycocalyx formation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3671-3682. [PMID: 37462986 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip systems are rapidly advancing as a viable alternative to existing experimental models in respiratory research. To date, however, epithelial cell cultures within lung airway-on-a-chip devices have yet to demonstrate the presence of an epithelial glycocalyx, a thin layer of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids known to play an important role in regulating epithelial function. Here, we demonstrate that an airway-on-a-chip device that incorporates bidirectional flow mimicking breathing cycles in combination with an ultra-thin matrix-derived membrane (UMM) layer can generate a glycocalyx layer comprised of heparan sulfate. Results with this device and airflow system showed dramatic differences of airway epithelial cell viability and expression of tight junctions, cilia, and mucus over a wide range of flow rates when cultured under oscillatory flow. More importantly, for the first time in a microfluidic organ-on-a-chip setting, we achieved the visualization of an airflow-induced epithelial glycocalyx layer. Our experiments highlight the importance of physiological mimicry in developing in vitro models, as bidirectional airflow showed more representative mucociliary differentiation compared to continuous unidirectional airflow. Thus, the lung airway-on-a-chip platform demonstrated in this study holds great potential as a lung epithelial barrier model for studying the mechanisms of various respiratory diseases and for testing the efficacy of therapeutic candidates in the presence of bidirectional airflow and the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwan Park
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Jeremy Newton
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tesnime Hidjir
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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22
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Sembajwe LF, Ssekandi AM, Namaganda A, Muwonge H, Kasolo JN, Kalyesubula R, Nakimuli A, Naome M, Patel KP, Masenga SK, Kirabo A. Glycocalyx-Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium. Nutrients 2023; 15:2873. [PMID: 37447199 PMCID: PMC10343370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels. So, in this mini review/commentary, we delineate and provide a concise summary of the various components of the glycocalyx, their interaction with salt, and subsequent involvement in the cardiovascular disease process. We also highlight the major components of the glycocalyx that could be used as disease biomarkers or as drug targets in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fred Sembajwe
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Abdul M. Ssekandi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Agnes Namaganda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Josephine N. Kasolo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | - Mwesigwa Naome
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80415, Zambia;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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23
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Abdullah S, Ghio M, Cotton-Betteridge A, Vinjamuri A, Drury R, Packer J, Aras O, Friedman J, Karim M, Engelhardt D, Kosowski E, Duong K, Shaheen F, McGrew PR, Harris CT, Reily R, Sammarco M, Chandra PK, Pociask D, Kolls J, Katakam PV, Smith A, Taghavi S, Duchesne J, Jackson-Weaver O. Succinate metabolism and membrane reorganization drives the endotheliopathy and coagulopathy of traumatic hemorrhage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6600. [PMID: 37315138 PMCID: PMC10266735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute hemorrhage commonly leads to coagulopathy and organ dysfunction or failure. Recent evidence suggests that damage to the endothelial glycocalyx contributes to these adverse outcomes. The physiological events mediating acute glycocalyx shedding are undefined, however. Here, we show that succinate accumulation within endothelial cells drives glycocalyx degradation through a membrane reorganization-mediated mechanism. We investigated this mechanism in a cultured endothelial cell hypoxia-reoxygenation model, in a rat model of hemorrhage, and in trauma patient plasma samples. We found that succinate metabolism by succinate dehydrogenase mediates glycocalyx damage through lipid oxidation and phospholipase A2-mediated membrane reorganization, promoting the interaction of matrix metalloproteinase 24 (MMP24) and MMP25 with glycocalyx constituents. In a rat hemorrhage model, inhibiting succinate metabolism or membrane reorganization prevented glycocalyx damage and coagulopathy. In patients with trauma, succinate levels were associated with glycocalyx damage and the development of coagulopathy, and the interaction of MMP24 and syndecan-1 was elevated compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Abdullah
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michael Ghio
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Drury
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jacob Packer
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Oguz Aras
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jessica Friedman
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mardeen Karim
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Kelby Duong
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Farhana Shaheen
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patrick R. McGrew
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles T. Harris
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert Reily
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mimi Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Derek Pociask
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jay Kolls
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad V. Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alison Smith
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sharven Taghavi
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Juan Duchesne
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Olan Jackson-Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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24
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Gnanasekaran R, Aickareth J, Hawwar M, Sanchez N, Croft J, Zhang J. CmPn/CmP Signaling Networks in the Maintenance of the Blood Vessel Barrier. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050751. [PMID: 37240921 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) arise when capillaries within the brain enlarge abnormally, causing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to break down. The BBB serves as a sophisticated interface that controls molecular interactions between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex structure made up of neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, microglia, and basement membranes, which work together to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Within the NVU, tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) between endothelial cells play a critical role in regulating the permeability of the BBB. Disruptions to these junctions can compromise the BBB, potentially leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. Understanding the molecular signaling cascades that regulate BBB permeability through EC junctions is, therefore, essential. New research has demonstrated that steroids, including estrogens (ESTs), glucocorticoids (GCs), and metabolites/derivatives of progesterone (PRGs), have multifaceted effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by regulating the expression of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). They also have anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels. PRGs, in particular, have been found to play a significant role in maintaining BBB integrity. PRGs act through a combination of its classic and non-classic PRG receptors (nPR/mPR), which are part of a signaling network known as the CCM signaling complex (CSC). This network couples both nPR and mPR in the CmPn/CmP pathway in endothelial cells (ECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Gnanasekaran
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Justin Aickareth
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Majd Hawwar
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Nickolas Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jacob Croft
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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25
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Wu F, Dorman B, Zeineddin A, Kozar RA. Fibrinogen Inhibits Metalloproteinase-9 Activation and Syndecan-1 Cleavage to Protect Lung Function in ApoE Null Mice After Hemorrhagic Shock. J Surg Res 2023; 288:208-214. [PMID: 37023568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is associated with higher mortality following trauma, although the pathogenesis is unclear. Both obesity and trauma are associated with syndecan-1 shedding and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation, which can adversely affect endothelial cell function. We recently demonstrated that fibrinogen stabilizes endothelial cell surface syndecan-1 to reduce shedding and maintain endothelial barrier integrity. We thus hypothesized that MMP-9 activation and syndecan-1 shedding would be exacerbated by obesity after trauma but attenuated by fibrinogen-based resuscitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS ApoE null (-/-) mice were fed a Western diet to induce obesity. Mice were subjected to hemorrhage shock and laparotomy then resuscitated with Lactated Ranger's (LR) or LR containing fibrinogen and compared to null and lean sham wild type mice. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored. Bronchial alveolar lavage protein as an indicator of permeability and lung histopathologic injury were assessed. Syndecan-1 protein and active MMP-9 protein were measured. RESULTS MAP was similar between lean sham and ApoE-/- sham mice. However, following hemorrhage, ApoE-/- mice resuscitated with fibrinogen had significantly higher MAP than LR mice. Lung histopathologic injury and permeability were increased in LR compared to fibrinogen resuscitated animals. Compared with lean sham mice, both active MMP-9 and cleaved syndecan-1 level were significantly higher in ApoE-/- sham mice. Resuscitation with fibrinogen but not lactated Ringers largely reduced these changes. CONCLUSIONS Fibrinogen as a resuscitative adjunct in ApoE-/- mice after hemorrhage shock augmented MAP and reduced histopathologic injury and lung permeability, suggesting fibrinogen protects the endothelium by inhibiting MMP-9-mediated syndecan-1 cleavage in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brooke Dorman
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ahmad Zeineddin
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosemary Ann Kozar
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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26
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Sun Y, Zabihi M, Li Q, Li X, Kim BJ, Ubogu EE, Raja SN, Wesselmann U, Zhao C. Drug Permeability: From the Blood-Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2200150. [PMID: 37649593 PMCID: PMC10465108 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery into the peripheral nerves and nerve roots has important implications for effective local anesthesia and treatment of peripheral neuropathies and chronic neuropathic pain. Similar to drugs that need to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), drugs must cross the peripheral nerve barriers (PNB), formed by the perineurium and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) to modulate peripheral axons. Despite significant progress made to develop effective strategies to enhance BBB permeability in therapeutic drug design, efforts to enhance drug permeability and retention in peripheral nerves and nerve roots are relatively understudied. Guided by knowledge describing structural, molecular and functional similarities between restrictive neural barriers in the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS), we hypothesize that certain CNS drug delivery strategies are adaptable for peripheral nerve drug delivery. In this review, we describe the molecular, structural and functional similarities and differences between the BBB and PNB, summarize and compare existing CNS and peripheral nerve drug delivery strategies, and discuss the potential application of selected CNS delivery strategies to improve efficacious drug entry for peripheral nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mahmood Zabihi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Xiaosi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
| | - Eroboghene E. Ubogu
- Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Srinivasa N. Raja
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ursula Wesselmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Consortium for Neuroengineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487, USA
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27
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de Vries F, Huckriede J, Wichapong K, Reutelingsperger C, Nicolaes GAF. The role of extracellular histones in COVID-19. J Intern Med 2023; 293:275-292. [PMID: 36382685 PMCID: PMC10108027 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had spread from China and, within 2 months, became a global pandemic. The infection from this disease can cause a diversity of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with an increased risk of vascular hyperpermeability, pulmonary inflammation, extensive lung damage, and thrombosis. One of the host defense systems against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Numerous studies on this disease have revealed the presence of elevated levels of NET components, such as cell-free DNA, extracellular histones, neutrophil elastase, and myeloperoxidase, in plasma, serum, and tracheal aspirates of severe COVID-19 patients. Extracellular histones, a major component of NETs, are clinically very relevant as they represent promising biomarkers and drug targets, given that several studies have identified histones as key mediators in the onset and progression of various diseases, including COVID-19. However, the role of extracellular histones in COVID-19 per se remains relatively underexplored. Histones are nuclear proteins that can be released into the extracellular space via apoptosis, necrosis, or NET formation and are then regarded as cytotoxic damage-associated molecular patterns that have the potential to damage tissues and impair organ function. This review will highlight the mechanisms of extracellular histone-mediated cytotoxicity and focus on the role that histones play in COVID-19. Thereby, this paper facilitates a bench-to-bedside view of extracellular histone-mediated cytotoxicity, its role in COVID-19, and histones as potential drug targets and biomarkers for future theranostics in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram Huckriede
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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Whitehead B, Velazquez-Cruz R, Albowaidey A, Zhang N, Karelina K, Weil ZM. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Time- and Sex-Dependent Cerebrovascular Dysfunction and Stroke Vulnerability. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:578-591. [PMID: 36322789 PMCID: PMC9986031 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) produces subtle cerebrovascular impairments that persist over time and promote increased ischemic stroke vulnerability. We recently established a role for vascular impairments in exacerbating stroke outcomes 1 week after TBI, but there is a lack of research regarding long-term impacts of mTBI-induced vascular dysfunction, as well as a significant need to understand how mTBI promotes stroke vulnerability in both males and females. Here, we present data using a mild closed head TBI model and an experimental stroke occurring either 7 or 28 days later in both male and female mice. We report that mTBI induces larger stroke volumes 7 days after injury, however, this increased vulnerability to stroke persists out to 28 days in female but not male mice. Importantly, mTBI-induced changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, intravascular coagulation, angiogenic factors, total vascular area, and glial expression were differentially altered across time and by sex. Taken together, these data suggest that mTBI can result in persistent cerebrovascular dysfunction and increased susceptibility to worsened ischemic outcomes, although these dysfunctions occur differently in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ruth Velazquez-Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Albowaidey
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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29
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Du F, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Extracellular matrix proteins in construction and function of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1130127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly impermeable barrier separating circulating blood and brain tissue. A functional BBB is critical for brain health, and BBB dysfunction has been linked to the pathophysiology of diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. A variety of models have been developed to study the formation and maintenance of the BBB, ranging from in vivo animal models to in vitro models consisting of primary cells or cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). These models must consider the composition and source of the cellular components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), including brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), brain pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, and how these cell types interact. In addition, the non-cellular components of the BBB microenvironment, such as the brain vascular basement membrane (BM) that is in direct contact with the NVU, also play key roles in BBB function. Here, we review how extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the brain vascular BM affect the BBB, with a particular focus on studies using hPSC-derived in vitro BBB models, and discuss how future studies are needed to advance our understanding of how the ECM affects BBB models to improve model performance and expand our knowledge on the formation and maintenance of the BBB.
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30
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Li X, Cai Q, Wilson BA, Fan H, Dave H, Giannotta M, Bachoo R, Qin Z. Mechanobiological modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability by laser stimulation of endothelial-targeted nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3387-3397. [PMID: 36722886 PMCID: PMC10129863 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains an optimal environment for brain homeostasis but excludes most therapeutics from entering the brain. Strategies that reversibly increase BBB permeability are essential for treating brain diseases and are the focus of significant preclinical and translational interest. Picosecond laser excitation of tight junction-targeted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) generates a nanoscale mechanical perturbation and induces a graded and reversible increase in BBB permeability (OptoBBB). Here we advanced this technique by showing that targeting endothelial glycoproteins leads to >10-fold higher targeting efficiency than targeting tight junctions both in vitro and in vivo. With both tight-junction and glycoprotein targeting, we demonstrate that OptoBBB is associated with a transient elevation and propagation of Ca2+, actin polymerization, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase). These collectively activate the cytoskeleton resulting in increased paracellular permeability. The Ca2+ response involves internal Ca2+ depletion and Ca2+ influx with contributions from mechanosensitive ion channels (TRPV4, Piezo1). We provide insight into how the excitation of tight junction protein (JAM-A)-targeted and endothelial (glycocalyx)-targeted AuNPs leads to similar mechanobiological modulation of BBB permeability while targeting the glycocalyx significantly improves the nanoparticle accumulation in the brain. The results will be critical for guiding the future development of this technology for brain disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Qi Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Blake A Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hanwen Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Harsh Dave
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
| | - Monica Giannotta
- Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy.
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, the University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Surgery, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Lim XY, Capinpin SM, Bolem N, Foo ASC, Yip WG, Kumar AP, Teh DBL. Biomimetic nanotherapeutics for targeted drug delivery to glioblastoma multiforme. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10483. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan Lim
- MBBS Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Sharah Mae Capinpin
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Nagarjun Bolem
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery National University Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Aaron Song Chuan Foo
- MBBS Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery National University Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Wai‐Cheong George Yip
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Daniel Boon Loong Teh
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Neurobiology Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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Askari H, Sadeghinejad M, Fancher IS. Mechanotransduction and the endothelial glycocalyx: Interactions with membrane and cytoskeletal proteins to transduce force. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:43-60. [PMID: 37080680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is an extracellular matrix that coats the endothelium and extends into the lumen of blood vessels, acting as a barrier between the vascular wall and blood flowing through the vessel. This positioning of the glycocalyx permits a variety of its constituents, including the major endothelial proteoglycans glypican-1 and syndecan-1, as well as the major glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid, to contribute to the processes of mechanosensation and subsequent mechanotransduction following such stimuli as elevated shear stress. To coordinate the vast array of processes that occur in response to physical force, the glycocalyx interacts with a plethora of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins to carry out specific signaling pathways resulting in a variety of responses of endothelial cells and, ultimately, blood vessels to mechanical force. This review focuses on proposed glycocalyx-protein relationships whereby the endothelial glycocalyx interacts with a variety of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins to transduce force into a myriad of chemical signaling pathways. The established and proposed interactions at the molecular level are discussed in context of how the glycocalyx regulates membrane/cytoskeletal protein function in the many processes of endothelial mechanotransduction.
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Miserocchi G, Beretta E. A century of exercise physiology: lung fluid balance during and following exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1-24. [PMID: 36264327 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review recalls the principles developed over a century to describe trans-capillary fluid exchanges concerning in particular the lung during exercise, a specific condition where dyspnea is a leading symptom, the question being whether this symptom simply relates to fatigue or also implies some degree of lung edema. METHOD Data from experimental models of lung edema are recalled aiming to: (1) describe how extravascular lung water is strictly controlled by "safety factors" in physiological conditions, (2) consider how waning of "safety factors" inevitably leads to development of lung edema, (3) correlate data from experimental models with data from exercising humans. RESULTS Exercise is a strong edemagenic condition as the increase in cardiac output leads to lung capillary recruitment, increase in capillary surface for fluid exchange and potential increase in capillary pressure. The physiological low microvascular permeability may be impaired by conditions causing damage to the interstitial matrix macromolecular assembly leading to alveolar edema and haemorrhage. These conditions include hypoxia, cyclic alveolar unfolding/folding during hyperventilation putting a tensile stress on septa, intensity and duration of exercise as well as inter-individual proneness to develop lung edema. CONCLUSION Data from exercising humans showed inter-individual differences in the dispersion of the lung ventilation/perfusion ratio and increase in oxygen alveolar-capillary gradient. More recent data in humans support the hypothesis that greater vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension and slower kinetics of alveolar-capillary O2 equilibration relate with greater proneness to develop lung edema due higher inborn microvascular permeability possibly reflecting the morpho-functional features of the air-blood barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miserocchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Egidio Beretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy.
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Zhang S, Gan L, Cao F, Wang H, Gong P, Ma C, Ren L, Lin Y, Lin X. The barrier and interface mechanisms of the brain barrier, and brain drug delivery. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:69-83. [PMID: 36162603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three different barriers are formed between the cerebrovascular and the brain parenchyma: the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier (CBB). The BBB is the main regulator of blood and central nervous system (CNS) material exchange. The semipermeable nature of the BBB limits the passage of larger molecules and hydrophilic small molecules, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Although the complexity of the BBB affects CNS drug delivery, understanding the composition and function of the BBB can provide a platform for the development of new methods for CNS drug delivery. This review summarizes the classification of the brain barrier, the composition and role of the basic structures of the BBB, and the transport, barrier, and destruction mechanisms of the BBB; discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different drug delivery methods and prospects for future drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Fengye Cao
- Yiyang The First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiyang, Hunan Province, 413000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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A Journey to the Central Nervous System: Routes of Flaviviral Neuroinvasion in Human Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102096. [PMID: 36298652 PMCID: PMC9611789 DOI: 10.3390/v14102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arboviruses, including viruses of the Flavivirus genera, are known to cause severe neurological disease in humans, often with long-lasting, debilitating sequalae in surviving patients. These emerging pathogens impact millions of people worldwide, yet still relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms by which they gain access to the human central nervous system. This review focusses on potential haematogenous and transneural routes of neuroinvasion employed by flaviviruses and identifies numerous gaps in knowledge, especially regarding lesser-studied interfaces of possible invasion such as the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and novel routes such as the gut–brain axis. The complex balance of pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune responses to viral neuroinvasion and pathology is also discussed, especially in the context of the hypothesised Trojan horse mechanism of neuroinvasion. A greater understanding of the routes and mechanisms of arboviral neuroinvasion, and how they differ between viruses, will aid in predictive assessments of the neuroinvasive potential of new and emerging arboviruses, and may provide opportunity for attenuation, development of novel intervention strategies and rational vaccine design for highly neurovirulent arboviruses.
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Dobson GP, Morris JL, Letson HL. Why are bleeding trauma patients still dying? Towards a systems hypothesis of trauma. Front Physiol 2022; 13:990903. [PMID: 36148305 PMCID: PMC9485567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.990903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, many explanations have been put forward to explain early and late deaths following hemorrhagic trauma. Most include single-event, sequential contributions from sympathetic hyperactivity, endotheliopathy, trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), hyperinflammation, immune dysfunction, ATP deficit and multiple organ failure (MOF). We view early and late deaths as a systems failure, not as a series of manifestations that occur over time. The traditional approach appears to be a by-product of last century’s highly reductionist, single-nodal thinking, which also extends to patient management, drug treatment and drug design. Current practices appear to focus more on alleviating symptoms rather than addressing the underlying problem. In this review, we discuss the importance of the system, and focus on the brain’s “privilege” status to control secondary injury processes. Loss of status from blood brain barrier damage may be responsible for poor outcomes. We present a unified Systems Hypothesis Of Trauma (SHOT) which involves: 1) CNS-cardiovascular coupling, 2) Endothelial-glycocalyx health, and 3) Mitochondrial integrity. If central control of cardiovascular coupling is maintained, we hypothesize that the endothelium will be protected, mitochondrial energetics will be maintained, and immune dysregulation, inflammation, TIC and MOF will be minimized. Another overlooked contributor to early and late deaths following hemorrhagic trauma is from the trauma of emergent surgery itself. This adds further stress to central control of secondary injury processes. New point-of-care drug therapies are required to switch the body’s genomic and proteomic programs from an injury phenotype to a survival phenotype. Currently, no drug therapy exists that targets the whole system following major trauma.
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Need for a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: The Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169486. [PMID: 36012745 PMCID: PMC9409167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential to maintaining brain health. Aging-related alterations could lead to chronic progressive leakiness of the BBB, which is directly correlated with cerebrovascular diseases. Indeed, the BBB breakdown during acute ischemic stroke is critical. It remains unclear, however, whether BBB dysfunction is one of the first events that leads to brain disease or a down-stream consequence. This review will focus on the BBB dysfunction associated with cerebrovascular disease. An added difficulty is its association with the deleterious or reparative effect, which depends on the stroke phase. We will first outline the BBB structure and function. Then, we will focus on the spatiotemporal chronic, slow, and progressive BBB alteration related to ischemic stroke. Finally, we will propose a new perspective on preventive therapeutic strategies associated with brain aging based on targeting specific components of the BBB. Understanding BBB age-evolutions will be beneficial for new drug development and the identification of the best performance window times. This could have a direct impact on clinical translation and personalised medicine.
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38
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Onwudiwe K, Burchett AA, Datta M. Mechanical and metabolic interplay in the brain metastatic microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:932285. [PMID: 36059679 PMCID: PMC9436395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.932285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, we provide our insights and opinions about the contribution—and potential co-regulation—of mechanics and metabolism in incurable breast cancer brain metastasis. Altered metabolic activity can affect cancer metastasis as high glucose supply and demand in the brain microenvironment favors aerobic glycolysis. Similarly, the altered mechanical properties of disseminating cancer cells facilitate migration to and metastatic seeding of the brain, where local metabolites support their progression. Cancer cells in the brain and the brain tumor microenvironment often possess opposing mechanical and metabolic properties compared to extracranial cancer cells and their microenvironment, which inhibit the ease of extravasation and metastasis of these cells outside the central nervous system. We posit that the brain provides a metabolic microenvironment that mechanically reinforces the cellular structure of cancer cells and supports their metastatic growth while restricting their spread from the brain to external organs.
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Li C, Qin S, Wen Y, Zhao W, Huang Y, Liu J. Overcoming the blood-brain barrier: Exosomes as theranostic nanocarriers for precision neuroimaging. J Control Release 2022; 349:902-916. [PMID: 35932883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane that play important roles in intercellular communication. They provide an unprecedented opportunity for the development of drug delivery nanoplatforms due to their low immunogenicity, low toxicity, biocompatibility, stability, and ability to change the functions of recipient cells. In addition, exosomes can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and then target and accumulate in relevant pathological brain regions. However, few studies have focused on the applications of exosomes as nanocarriers for use in precision neuroimaging studies. Thus, this report presents the feasibility of fabricating specific exosome-based diagnostic reagents for the application of personalized/precision radiology in the central nervous system based on important recent fundamental discoveries and technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Shenghui Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Yu Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, PR China.
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40
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Zha D, Fu M, Qian Y. Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Potential Targeted Therapy in COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121972. [PMID: 35741101 PMCID: PMC9221624 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is characterized by progressive respiratory failure resulting from diffuse alveolar damage, inflammatory infiltrates, endotheliitis, and pulmonary and systemic coagulopathy forming obstructive microthrombi with multi-organ dysfunction, indicating that endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The glycocalyx is defined as a complex gel-like layer of glycosylated lipid–protein mixtures, which surrounds all living cells and acts as a buffer between the cell and the extracellular matrix. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) plays an important role in vascular homeostasis via regulating vascular permeability, cell adhesion, mechanosensing for hemodynamic shear stresses, and antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we review the new findings that described EGL damage in ARDS, coagulopathy, and the multisystem inflammatory disease associated with COVID-19. Mechanistically, the inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), the glycocalyx fragments, and the viral proteins may contribute to endothelial glycocalyx damage in COVID-19. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the EGL for the treatment of severe COVID-19 are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zha
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Mingui Fu
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Correspondence:
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41
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Aazmi A, Zhou H, Lv W, Yu M, Xu X, Yang H, Zhang YS, Ma L. Vascularizing the brain in vitro. iScience 2022; 25:104110. [PMID: 35378862 PMCID: PMC8976127 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is arguably the most fascinating and complex organ in the human body. Recreating the brain in vitro is an ambition restricted by our limited understanding of its structure and interacting elements. One of these interacting parts, the brain microvasculature, is distinguished by a highly selective barrier known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limiting the transport of substances between the blood and the nervous system. Numerous in vitro models have been used to mimic the BBB and constructed by implementing a variety of microfabrication and microfluidic techniques. However, currently available models still cannot accurately imitate the in vivo characteristics of BBB. In this article, we review recent BBB models by analyzing each parameter affecting the accuracy of these models. Furthermore, we propose an investigation of the synergy between BBB models and neuronal tissue biofabrication, which results in more advanced models, including neurovascular unit microfluidic models and vascularized brain organoid-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weikang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kohli S, Shahzad K, Jouppila A, Holthöfer H, Isermann B, Lassila R. Thrombosis and Inflammation—A Dynamic Interplay and the Role of Glycosaminoglycans and Activated Protein C. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:866751. [PMID: 35433860 PMCID: PMC9008778 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.866751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation are tightly interconnected processes which may give rise to thrombo-inflammation, involved in infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Traditionally, due to its hemostatic role, blood coagulation is isolated from the inflammation, and its critical contribution in the progressing CVD is underrated, until the full occlusion of a critical vessel occurs. Underlying vascular injury exposes extracellular matrix to deposit platelets and inflammatory cells. Platelets being key effector cells, bridge all the three key processes (hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation) associated with thrombo-inflammation. Under physiological conditions, platelets remain in an inert state despite the proximity to the endothelium and other cells which are decorated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich glycocalyx (GAGs). A pathological insult to the endothelium results in an imbalanced blood coagulation system hallmarked by increased thrombin generation due to losses of anticoagulant and cytoprotective mechanisms, i.e., the endothelial GAGs enhancing antithrombin, tissue factor pathway-inhibitor (TFPI) and thrombomodulin-protein C system. Moreover, the loss of GAGs promotes the release of mediators, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and P-selectin, both locally on vascular surfaces and to circulation, further enhancing the adhesion of platelets to the affected sites. Platelet-neutrophil interaction and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps foster thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms exacerbating the cardiovascular disease course. Therefore, therapies which not only target the clotting mechanisms but simultaneously or independently convey potent cytoprotective effects hemming the inflammatory mechanisms are expected to provide clinical benefits. In this regard, we review the cytoprotective protease activated protein C (aPC) and its strong anti-inflammatory effects thereby preventing the ensuing thrombotic complications in CVD. Furthermore, restoring GAG-like vasculo-protection, such as providing heparin-proteoglycan mimetics to improve regulation of platelet and coagulation activity and to suppress of endothelial perturbance and leukocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, may provide a path to alleviate thrombo-inflammatory disorders in the future. The vascular tissue-modeled heparin proteoglycan mimic, antiplatelet and anticoagulant compound (APAC), dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant, is an injury-targeting and locally acting arterial antithrombotic which downplays collagen- and thrombin-induced and complement-induced activation and protects from organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shrey Kohli,
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthöfer
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riitta Lassila
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Coagulation Disorders Unit, Department of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aplagon Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Riitta Lassila,
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Thomas R, Liu T, Schad A, Ruemmler R, Kamuf J, Rissel R, Ott T, David M, Hartmann EK, Ziebart A. Hyaluronic acid plasma levels during high versus low tidal volume ventilation in a porcine sepsis model. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12649. [PMID: 35036142 PMCID: PMC8742546 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx can be observed regularly during sepsis. Moreover, sepsis may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires lung protective ventilation with the two cornerstones of application of low tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure. This study investigated the effect of a lung protective ventilation on the integrity of the endothelial glycocalyx in comparison to a high tidal volume ventilation mode in a porcine model of sepsis-induced ARDS. Methods After approval by the State and Institutional Animal Care Committee, 20 male pigs were anesthetized and received a continuous infusion of lipopolysaccharide to induce septic shock. The animals were randomly assigned to either low tidal volume ventilation, high tidal volume ventilation, or no-LPS-group groups and observed for 6 h. In addition to the gas exchange parameters and hematologic analyses, the serum hyaluronic acid concentrations were determined from central venous blood and from pre- and postpulmonary and pre- and postcerebral circulation. Post-mortem analysis included histopathological evaluation and determination of the pulmonary and cerebral wet-to-dry ratios. Results Both sepsis groups developed ARDS within 6 h of the experiment and showed significantly increased serum levels of hyaluronic acid in comparison to the no-LPS-group. No significant differences in the hyaluronic acid concentrations were detected before and after pulmonary and cerebral circulation. There was also no significant difference in the serum hyaluronic acid concentrations between the two sepsis groups. Post-mortem analysis showed no significant difference between the two sepsis groups. Conclusion In a porcine model of septic shock and ARDS, the serum hyaluronic acid levels were significantly elevated in both sepsis groups in comparison to the no-LPS-group. Intergroup comparison between lung protective ventilated and high tidal ventilated animals revealed no significant differences in the serum hyaluronic acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Thomas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanghua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arno Schad
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Ruemmler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Kamuf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - René Rissel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias David
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erik K Hartmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ziebart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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The blood-brain barrier in aging and neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2659-2673. [PMID: 35361905 PMCID: PMC9156404 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for maintaining brain homeostasis by enabling an exquisite control of exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain parenchyma. Moreover, the BBB prevents unwanted toxins and pathogens from entering the brain. This barrier, however, breaks down with age and further disruption is a hallmark of many age-related disorders. Several drugs have been explored, thus far, to protect or restore BBB function. With the recent connection between the BBB and gut microbiota, microbial-derived metabolites have been explored for their capabilities to protect and restore BBB physiology. This review, will focus on the vital components that make up the BBB, dissect levels of disruption of the barrier, and discuss current drugs and therapeutics that maintain barrier integrity and the recent discoveries of effects microbial-derived metabolites have on BBB physiology.
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