1
|
Bai SY, Zeng DY, Ouyang M, Zeng Y, Tan W, Xu L. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of fragile X syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1393536. [PMID: 39022311 PMCID: PMC11252757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1393536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and a monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorders. Deficiencies in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein, encoded by the FMR1 gene, lead to various anatomical and pathophysiological abnormalities and behavioral deficits, such as spine dysmorphogenesis and learning and memory impairments. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play crucial roles in synapse formation and neural signal transmission by promoting the formation of new synaptic contacts, accurately organizing presynaptic and postsynaptic protein complexes, and ensuring the accuracy of signal transmission. Recent studies have implicated synaptic CAMs such as the immunoglobulin superfamily, N-cadherin, leucine-rich repeat proteins, and neuroligin-1 in the pathogenesis of FXS and found that they contribute to defects in dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity in FXS animal models. This review systematically summarizes the biological associations between nine representative synaptic CAMs and FMRP, as well as the functional consequences of the interaction, to provide new insights into the mechanisms of abnormal synaptic development in FXS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Bai
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-Yang Zeng
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Ouyang
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lang Xu
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transcriptional Interference Regulates the Evolutionary Development of Speech. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071195. [PMID: 35885978 PMCID: PMC9323761 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human capacity to speak is fundamental to our advanced intellectual, technological and social development. Yet so very little is known regarding the evolutionary genetics of speech or its relationship with the broader aspects of evolutionary development in primates. In this study, we describe a large family with evolutionary retrograde development of the larynx and wrist. The family presented with severe speech impairment and incremental retrograde elongations of the pisiform in the wrist that limited wrist rotation from 180° to 90° as in primitive primates. To our surprise, we found that a previously unknown primate-specific gene TOSPEAK had been disrupted in the family. TOSPEAK emerged de novo in an ancestor of extant primates across a 540 kb region of the genome with a pre-existing highly conserved long-range laryngeal enhancer for a neighbouring bone morphogenetic protein gene GDF6. We used transgenic mouse modelling to identify two additional GDF6 long-range enhancers within TOSPEAK that regulate GDF6 expression in the wrist. Disruption of TOSPEAK in the affected family blocked the transcription of TOSPEAK across the 3 GDF6 enhancers in association with a reduction in GDF6 expression and retrograde development of the larynx and wrist. Furthermore, we describe how TOSPEAK developed a human-specific promoter through the expansion of a penta-nucleotide direct repeat that first emerged de novo in the promoter of TOSPEAK in gibbon. This repeat subsequently expanded incrementally in higher hominids to form an overlapping series of Sp1/KLF transcription factor consensus binding sites in human that correlated with incremental increases in the promoter strength of TOSPEAK with human having the strongest promoter. Our research indicates a dual evolutionary role for the incremental increases in TOSPEAK transcriptional interference of GDF6 enhancers in the incremental evolutionary development of the wrist and larynx in hominids and the human capacity to speak and their retrogression with the reduction of TOSPEAK transcription in the affected family.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gandhi PJ, Gawande DY, Shelkar GP, Gakare SG, Kiritoshi T, Ji G, Misra B, Pavuluri R, Liu J, Neugebauer V, Dravid SM. Dysfunction of Glutamate Delta-1 Receptor-Cerebellin 1 Trans-Synaptic Signaling in the Central Amygdala in Chronic Pain. Cells 2021; 10:2644. [PMID: 34685624 PMCID: PMC8534524 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition involving neuronal dysfunction, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying the persistence of pain are still poorly understood. We found that the synaptic organizer glutamate delta 1 receptor (GluD1) is expressed postsynaptically at parabrachio-central laterocapsular amygdala (PB-CeLC) glutamatergic synapses at axo-somatic and punctate locations on protein kinase C δ -positive (PKCδ+) neurons. Deletion of GluD1 impairs excitatory neurotransmission at the PB-CeLC synapses. In inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, GluD1 and its partner cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) are downregulated while AMPA receptor is upregulated. A single infusion of recombinant Cbln1 into the central amygdala led to sustained mitigation of behavioral pain parameters and normalized hyperexcitability of central amygdala neurons. Cbln2 was ineffective under these conditions and the effect of Cbln1 was antagonized by GluD1 ligand D-serine. The behavioral effect of Cbln1 was GluD1-dependent and showed lateralization to the right central amygdala. Selective ablation of GluD1 from the central amygdala or injection of Cbln1 into the central amygdala in normal animals led to changes in averse and fear-learning behaviors. Thus, GluD1-Cbln1 signaling in the central amygdala is a teaching signal for aversive behavior but its sustained dysregulation underlies persistence of pain. Significance statement: Chronic pain is a debilitating condition which involves synaptic dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our studies identify a novel mechanism involving structural synaptic changes in the amygdala caused by impaired GluD1-Cbln1 signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain behaviors. We also identify a novel means to mitigate pain in these conditions using protein therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauravi J. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Dinesh Y. Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Gajanan P. Shelkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Sukanya G. Gakare
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Takaki Kiritoshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (T.K.); (G.J.); (V.N.)
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (T.K.); (G.J.); (V.N.)
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Bishal Misra
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Ratnamala Pavuluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinxu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (T.K.); (G.J.); (V.N.)
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Shashank M. Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (P.J.G.); (D.Y.G.); (G.P.S.); (S.G.G.); (B.M.); (R.P.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shibata M, Pattabiraman K, Muchnik SK, Kaur N, Morozov YM, Cheng X, Waxman SG, Sestan N. Hominini-specific regulation of CBLN2 increases prefrontal spinogenesis. Nature 2021; 598:489-494. [PMID: 34599306 PMCID: PMC9018127 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The similarities and differences between nervous systems of various species result from developmental constraints and specific adaptations1-4. Comparative analyses of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a cerebral cortex region involved in higher-order cognition and complex social behaviours, have identified true and potential human-specific structural and molecular specializations4-8, such as an exaggerated PFC-enriched anterior-posterior dendritic spine density gradient5. These changes are probably mediated by divergence in spatiotemporal gene regulation9-17, which is particularly prominent in the midfetal human cortex15,18-20. Here we analysed human and macaque transcriptomic data15,20 and identified a transient PFC-enriched and laminar-specific upregulation of cerebellin 2 (CBLN2), a neurexin (NRXN) and glutamate receptor-δ GRID/GluD-associated synaptic organizer21-27, during midfetal development that coincided with the initiation of synaptogenesis. Moreover, we found that species differences in level of expression and laminar distribution of CBLN2 are, at least in part, due to Hominini-specific deletions containing SOX5-binding sites within a retinoic acid-responsive CBLN2 enhancer. In situ genetic humanization of the mouse Cbln2 enhancer drives increased and ectopic laminar Cbln2 expression and promotes PFC dendritic spine formation. These findings suggest a genetic and molecular basis for the anterior-posterior cortical gradient and disproportionate increase in the Hominini PFC of dendritic spines and a developmental mechanism that may link dysfunction of the NRXN-GRID-CBLN2 complex to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Shibata
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sydney K Muchnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pattabiraman K, Muchnik SK, Sestan N. The evolution of the human brain and disease susceptibility. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:91-97. [PMID: 32629339 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary perspective is critical for understanding human biology, human medicine, and the traits that make human beings unique. One of the crucial characteristics that sets humans apart from other extant species is our cognitive ability, which allows for complex processes including symbolic thought, theory of mind, and syntactical-grammatical language, and is thought to arise from the expansion and specialization of the human nervous system. It has been hypothesized that the same evolutionary changes that allowed us to develop these valuable skills made humans susceptible to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease. Unfortunately, our lack of access to our extinct ancestors makes this a difficult hypothesis to test, but recent collaborations between the fields of evolution, genetics, genomics, neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry have begun to provide some clues. Here, we will outline recent work in those fields that have utilized our growing knowledge of disease risk genes and loci, identified by wide-scale genetic studies, and nervous system development and function to draw conclusions about the impact of human-specific aspects of evolution. We will discuss studies that assess evolution at a variety of scales including at the levels of whole brain regions, cell types, synapses, metabolic processes, gene expression patterns, and gene regulation. At all of these levels, there is preliminary evidence that human-specific brain features are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sydney Keaton Muchnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Comparative Medicine, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clarke RA, Furlong TM, Eapen V. Tourette Syndrome Risk Genes Regulate Mitochondrial Dynamics, Structure, and Function. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:556803. [PMID: 33776808 PMCID: PMC7987655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics with an estimated prevalence of 1% in children and adolescents. GTS has high rates of inheritance with many rare mutations identified. Apart from the role of the neurexin trans-synaptic connexus (NTSC) little has been confirmed regarding the molecular basis of GTS. The NTSC pathway regulates neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. In this study we integrate GTS mutations into mitochondrial pathways that also regulate neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. Many deleterious mutations in GTS occur in genes with complementary and consecutive roles in mitochondrial dynamics, structure and function (MDSF) pathways. These genes include those involved in mitochondrial transport (NDE1, DISC1, OPA1), mitochondrial fusion (OPA1), fission (ADCY2, DGKB, AMPK/PKA, RCAN1, PKC), mitochondrial metabolic and bio-energetic optimization (IMMP2L, MPV17, MRPL3, MRPL44). This study is the first to develop and describe an integrated mitochondrial pathway in the pathogenesis of GTS. The evidence from this study and our earlier modeling of GTS molecular pathways provides compounding support for a GTS deficit in mitochondrial supply affecting neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Clarke
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Teri M Furlong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,South West Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eapen V, McPherson S, Karlov L, Nicholls L, Črnčec R, Mulligan A. Social communication deficits and restricted repetitive behavior symptoms in Tourette syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2151-2160. [PMID: 31440054 PMCID: PMC6666375 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s210227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to occur more frequently in individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) than in the general population. Similarities exist between ASD and TS clinically, which suggests a potential relationship between the two conditions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the occurrence of autism-related features in ASD and TS, focusing on areas of overlap and difference. Patients and methods: This study examined the nature and extent of autistic traits as measured by the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) in a sample with a diagnosis of TS, a sample diagnosed to have ASD, and a normative general population sample. Results: The TS sample had significantly higher mean SCQ scores than the general population, but generally lower scores than the ASD sample. The group differences in mean SCQ scores between the TS and ASD sample were significant except in the domain of restricted repetitive behaviours (RRB). Conclusion: This suggests that ASD traits occur commonly in the TS population, with a significant overlap in certain clinical features. This was especially the case for complex movements or repetitive behaviours, which may represent either: i) a shared phenotype which is subclinical, ii) a phenocopy where some clinical symptoms mimic each other, or iii) a co-morbidity. Awareness of this association can be useful in identifying these symptoms as part of the comprehensive assessment of TS and addressing these to improve the overall clinical outcomes in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry , University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah McPherson
- Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lisa Karlov
- School of Psychiatry , University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura Nicholls
- School of Psychiatry , University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rudi Črnčec
- Penrith Therapy Centre, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Aisling Mulligan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Dublin North City and County Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Health Services Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kreilaus F, Chesworth R, Eapen V, Clarke R, Karl T. First behavioural assessment of a novel Immp2l knockdown mouse model with relevance for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and Autism spectrum disorder. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112057. [PMID: 31233820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which shares some clinical features with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The genetic factors relevant to the development of both disorders are yet to be fully understood, however, some genetic association studies have identified inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2 (IMMP2L) as a potential risk gene for both GTS and ASD. The impact of Immp2l deficiency on behavioural domains is currently unknown. A new genetic mouse model for Immp2l was developed. Adult heterozygous (HET) and homozygous (HOMO) Immp2l knockdown (Immp2l KD) mice of both sexes were compared to wild type-like (WT) littermates in the open field (OF), social interaction, novel object recognition, marble burying, and prepulse inhibition (PPI). The effect of acute dexamphetamine (2 mg/kg) on OF behaviour was also determined. OF locomotion was significantly higher in HET compared to HOMO male littermates. Male and female HOMO mice were much more sensitive to the locomotor-stimulating effects of dexamphetamine (DEX), whereas only HOMO males exhibited significant increased DEX-induced OF exploration compared to control groups. HOMO females failed to habituate to an acoustic startle stimulus. Furthermore, compared to HOMO females, HET females showed reduced social interaction, and a similar trend was seen in HET males. The Immp2l KD mouse model possesses moderate face validity for preclinical research into GTS and ASD, in particular as dysfunctional dopaminergic neurotransmission appears to be one mechanism leading to disease presentation. The sex-dependent differences observed in most findings reinforce the strong influence of sex in the pathophysiology of GTS and ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kreilaus
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Raymond Clarke
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tu H, Peng T, Liu J, Chen X, Fan C, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zou F, Meng X. Role of neurexin2a in lead-induced locomotor defect in developing zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:167-175. [PMID: 29195096 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose chronic lead (Pb) exposure interferes with the development of the nervous system, which may lead to learning disabilities, behavioral abnormalities, and mental retardation. Neurexins (Nrxns) are synaptic cell-adhesion molecules associated with neurological disorders. We hypothesized that Pb can affect the expression of nrxns during synapse formation and alter the phenotype behavior. Here, apoptosis, nrxns mRNA expression, and alterations of locomotion were examined after exposure to Pb in zebrafish embryos/larvae. To confirm the function of nrxn2a, rescue experiments were performed using β-nrxn2a mRNA microinjection. Pb exposure increased apoptosis and altered locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae. Quantitative PCR showed that among several synaptic adhesion molecules, only nrxn2a were affected by Pb exposure. Moreover, exposure to Pb at 10μmol/L upregulated mRNA expression of nrxn1a and nrxn3a at 24h post fertilization (hpf) and downregulated expression at 48 hpf, whereas the expression remained unchanged at 72 hpf. Only the two isoforms of nrxn2a were downregulated by Pb at 10μmol/L at all three time points. Rescue experiments showed that β-nrxn2a mRNA injection recovered the decreased locomotor activity and the increased apoptosis induced by Pb. In addition, overexpression of β-nrxn2a mRNA upregulated α-nrxn2a. These data indicated that Pb inhibited the expression of nrxn2a genes, which play a critical role in neural development, and further altered the behavior of zebrafish embryos/larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxian Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengji Fan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eapen V, Nicholls L, Spagnol V, Mathew NE. Current status of biological treatment options in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 30:1-10. [PMID: 28704714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterised by deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviours. With an onset in early childhood, ASDs are thought to be heterogeneous, both genetically and clinically. This has led to the notion that "autism" is "autisms", however, there has been limited progress in understanding the different subgroups and the unique pathogenesis that would then allow targeted intervention. Although existing treatments are mainly symptom focussed, research is beginning to unravel the underlying genetic and molecular pathways, structural and functional neuronal circuitry involvement and the associated neurochemicals. This paper will review selected biological models with regard to pharmacological targets while also covering some of the non-pharmacological treatments such as neuro-stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney and Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laura Nicholls
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Spagnol
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nisha E Mathew
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
In the current issue of Neuron, Huang et al. (2017) provide new insights from a consortium study of Tourette syndrome pinpointing copy number variations that are involved in the genomic architecture and implicate genes of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Dalglish 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by several motor and phonic tics. Tics usually develop before 10 years of age, exhibit a waxing and waning course and typically improve with increasing age. A prevalence of approximately 1% is estimated in children and adolescents. The condition can result in considerable social stigma and poor quality of life, especially when tics are severe (for example, with coprolalia (swearing tics) and self-injurious behaviours) or when GTS is accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or another neuropsychiatric disorder. The aetiology is complex and multifactorial. GTS is considered to be polygenic, involving multiple common risk variants combined with rare, inherited or de novo mutations. These as well as non-genetic factors (such as perinatal events and immunological factors) are likely to contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype, the structural and functional brain anomalies and the neural circuitry involvement. Management usually includes psychoeducation and reassurance, behavioural methods, pharmacotherapy and, rarely, functional neurosurgery. Future research that integrates clinical and neurobiological data, including neuroimaging and genetics, is expected to reveal the pathogenesis of GTS at the neural circuit level, which may lead to targeted interventions.
Collapse
|
13
|
CTNNA3 discordant regulation of nested LRRTM3, implications for autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
14
|
Cardoso MABS, do Nascimento TJ, Bernardo GP, Bernardo LP, Barbosa MMFL, Neto PJN, de Sousa DF, Júnior AGT, de Lima MAP, Moreira MM, de Sousa Gregório D, do Nascimento Santos LC, Rolim Neto ML. Are There Schizophrenia Genetic Markers and Mutations? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.95058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
We present selected highlights from research that appeared during 2015 on Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Topics include phenomenology, comorbidities, developmental course, genetics, animal models, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and treatment. We briefly summarize articles whose results we believe may lead to new treatments, additional research or modifications in current models of TS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Richards
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin J Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Larkin A, Chen MY, Kirszenblat L, Reinhard J, van Swinderen B, Claudianos C. Neurexin-1 regulates sleep and synaptic plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26201245 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are cell adhesion molecules that are important for synaptic plasticity and homeostasis, although links to sleep have not yet been investigated. We examined the effects of neurexin-1 perturbation on sleep in Drosophila, showing that neurexin-1 nulls displayed fragmented sleep and altered circadian rhythm. Conversely, the over-expression of neurexin-1 could increase and consolidate night-time sleep. This was not solely due to developmental effects as it could be induced acutely in adulthood, and was coupled with evidence of synaptic growth. The timing of over-expression could differentially impact sleep patterns, with specific night-time effects. These results show that neurexin-1 was dynamically involved in synaptic plasticity and sleep in Drosophila. Neurexin-1 and a number of its binding partners have been repeatedly associated with mental health disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome, all of which are also linked to altered sleep patterns. How and when plasticity-related proteins such as neurexin-1 function during sleep can provide vital information on the interaction between synaptic homeostasis and sleep, paving the way for more informed treatments of human disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Larkin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Ming-Yu Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Leonie Kirszenblat
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Judith Reinhard
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Claudianos
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pak C, Danko T, Zhang Y, Aoto J, Anderson G, Maxeiner S, Yi F, Wernig M, Südhof TC. Human Neuropsychiatric Disease Modeling using Conditional Deletion Reveals Synaptic Transmission Defects Caused by Heterozygous Mutations in NRXN1. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:316-28. [PMID: 26279266 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the NRXN1 gene, which encodes the presynaptic cell-adhesion molecule neurexin-1, were repeatedly associated with autism and schizophrenia. However, diverse clinical presentations of NRXN1 mutations in patients raise the question of whether heterozygous NRXN1 mutations alone directly impair synaptic function. To address this question under conditions that precisely control for genetic background, we generated human ESCs with different heterozygous conditional NRXN1 mutations and analyzed two different types of isogenic control and NRXN1 mutant neurons derived from these ESCs. Both heterozygous NRXN1 mutations selectively impaired neurotransmitter release in human neurons without changing neuronal differentiation or synapse formation. Moreover, both NRXN1 mutations increased the levels of CASK, a critical synaptic scaffolding protein that binds to neurexin-1. Our results show that, unexpectedly, heterozygous inactivation of NRXN1 directly impairs synaptic function in human neurons, and they illustrate the value of this conditional deletion approach for studying the functional effects of disease-associated mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ChangHui Pak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tamas Danko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yingsha Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason Aoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garret Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fei Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anderson GR, Aoto J, Tabuchi K, Földy C, Covy J, Yee AX, Wu D, Lee SJ, Chen L, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. β-Neurexins Control Neural Circuits by Regulating Synaptic Endocannabinoid Signaling. Cell 2015. [PMID: 26213384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
α- and β-neurexins are presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules implicated in autism and schizophrenia. We find that, although β-neurexins are expressed at much lower levels than α-neurexins, conditional knockout of β-neurexins with continued expression of α-neurexins dramatically decreased neurotransmitter release at excitatory synapses in cultured cortical neurons. The β-neurexin knockout phenotype was attenuated by CB1-receptor inhibition, which blocks presynaptic endocannabinoid signaling, or by 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis inhibition, which impairs postsynaptic endocannabinoid release. In synapses formed by CA1-region pyramidal neurons onto burst-firing subiculum neurons, presynaptic in vivo knockout of β-neurexins aggravated endocannabinoid-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission and blocked LTP; presynaptic CB1-receptor antagonists or postsynaptic 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis inhibition again reversed this block. Moreover, conditional knockout of β-neurexins in CA1-region neurons impaired contextual fear memories. Thus, our data suggest that presynaptic β-neurexins control synaptic strength in excitatory synapses by regulating postsynaptic 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis, revealing an unexpected role for β-neurexins in the endocannabinoid-dependent regulation of neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garret R Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Jason Aoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Department of Neurophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Csaba Földy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Jason Covy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Ada Xin Yee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Dick Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moselhy H, Eapen V, Akawi NA, Younis A, Salih B, Othman AR, Yousef S, Clarke RA, Ali BR. Secondary association of PDLIM5 with paranoid schizophrenia in Emirati patients. Meta Gene 2015; 5:135-9. [PMID: 26925374 PMCID: PMC4722529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology. PDLIM5 variants have been linked to schizophrenia and other related neuropsychiatric disorders and upregulated in the brain of schizophrenia patients suggesting a possible pathogenic role in disease progression. The aim of this study is to examine the potential association of schizophrenia in Emirati patients with previously reported variants in PDLIM5, PICK1, NRG3 or DISC1 genes. Consequently, we found a secondary association between PDLIM5 variants and the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia in Emirati Arabs suggesting that PDLIM5 may represent a determinate/marker for schizophrenia subtype specification. However, no associations were found with variants in PICK1, NRG3 or DISC1 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Moselhy
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- University of New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadia A Akawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Younis
- Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Badr Salih
- Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aws R Othman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Said Yousef
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raymond A Clarke
- Ingham Institute, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhong X, Drgonova J, Li CY, Uhl GR. Human cell adhesion molecules: annotated functional subtypes and overrepresentation of addiction-associated genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:83-95. [PMID: 25988664 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are essential for proper development, modulation, and maintenance of interactions between cells and cell-to-cell (and matrix-to-cell) communication about these interactions. Despite the differential functional significance of these roles, there have been surprisingly few systematic studies to enumerate the universe of CAMs and identify specific CAMs in distinct functions. In this paper, we update and review the set of human genes likely to encode CAMs with searches of databases, literature reviews, and annotations. We describe likely CAMs and functional subclasses, including CAMs that have a primary function in information exchange (iCAMs), CAMs involved in focal adhesions, CAM gene products that are preferentially involved with stereotyped and morphologically identifiable connections between cells (e.g., adherens junctions, gap junctions), and smaller numbers of CAM genes in other classes. We discuss a novel proposed mechanism involving selective anchoring of the constituents of iCAM-containing lipid rafts in zones of close neuronal apposition to membranes expressing iCAM binding partners. We also discuss data from genetic and genomic studies of addiction in humans and mouse models to highlight the ways in which CAM variation may contribute to a specific brain-based disorder such as addiction. Specific examples include changes in CAM mRNA splicing mediated by differences in the addiction-associated splicing regulator RBFOX1/A2BP1 and CAM expression in dopamine neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhong
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP (NIDA), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chuan-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP (NIDA), Baltimore, Maryland.,Research Office, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eapen V, Clarke RA. Autism spectrum disorders: from genotypes to phenotypes. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:914. [PMID: 25429265 PMCID: PMC4228832 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, Ingham Institute, South West Sydney (AUCS), Liverpool Hospital , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Raymond A Clarke
- Ingham Institute, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eapen V, Črnčec R, Walter A. Exploring Links between Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Predictors of Response to Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:567. [PMID: 24062668 PMCID: PMC3769633 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is amongst the most familial of psychiatric disorders. Twin and family studies have demonstrated a monozygotic concordance rate of 70-90%, dizygotic concordance of around 10%, and more than a 20-fold increase in risk for first-degree relatives. Despite major advances in the genetics of autism, the relationship between different aspects of the behavioral and cognitive phenotype and their underlying genetic liability is still unclear. This is complicated by the heterogeneity of autism, which exists at both genetic and phenotypic levels. Given this heterogeneity, one method to find homogeneous entities and link these with specific genotypes would be to pursue endophenotypes. Evidence from neuroimaging, eye tracking, and electrophysiology studies supports the hypothesis that, building on genetic vulnerability, ASD emerges from a developmental cascade in which a deficit in attention to social stimuli leads to impaired interactions with primary caregivers. This results in abnormal development of the neurocircuitry responsible for social cognition, which in turn adversely affects later behavioral and functional domains dependent on these early processes, such as language development. Such a model begets a heterogeneous clinical phenotype, and is also supported by studies demonstrating better clinical outcomes with earlier treatment. Treatment response following intensive early behavioral intervention in ASD is also distinctly variable; however, relatively little is known about specific elements of the clinical phenotype that may predict response to current behavioral treatments. This paper overviews the literature regarding genotypes, phenotypes, and predictors of response to behavioral intervention in ASD and presents suggestions for future research to explore linkages between these that would enable better identification of, and increased treatment efficacy for, ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valsamma Eapen
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rudi Črnčec
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia Walter
- Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|