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Helbing DL, Haas F, Cirri E, Rahnis N, Dau TTD, Kelmer Sacramento E, Oraha N, Böhm L, Lajqi T, Fehringer P, Morrison H, Bauer R. Impact of inflammatory preconditioning on murine microglial proteome response induced by focal ischemic brain injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1227355. [PMID: 38655254 PMCID: PMC11036884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1227355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neuroprotection against subsequent cerebral ischemic injury, mainly involving innate immune pathways. Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that respond early to danger signals through memory-like differential reprogramming. However, the cell-specific molecular mechanisms underlying preconditioning are not fully understood. To elucidate the distinct molecular mechanisms of preconditioning on microglia, we compared these cell-specific proteomic profiles in response to LPS preconditioning and without preconditioning and subsequent transient focal brain ischemia and reperfusion, - using an established mouse model of transient focal brain ischemia and reperfusion. A proteomic workflow, based on isolated microglia obtained from mouse brains by cell sorting and coupled to mass spectrometry for identification and quantification, was applied. Our data confirm that LPS preconditioning induces marked neuroprotection, as indicated by a significant reduction in brain infarct volume. The established brain cell separation method was suitable for obtaining an enriched microglial cell fraction for valid proteomic analysis. The results show a significant impact of LPS preconditioning on microglial proteome patterns by type I interferons, presumably driven by the interferon cluster regulator proteins signal transducer and activator of transcription1/2 (STAT1/2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Lucas Helbing
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabienne Haas
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Emilio Cirri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Rahnis
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Nova Oraha
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Leopold Böhm
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Fehringer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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2
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Li WA, Efendizade A, Ding Y. The role of microRNA in neuronal inflammation and survival in the post ischemic brain: a review. Neurol Res 2023; 45:1-9. [PMID: 28552032 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1327505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Each year, more than 790 000 people in the United States suffer from a stroke. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke (IS), new therapeutic interventions to protect the brain during an ischemic insult is highly needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs have a profound impact on ischemic stroke progression and are potential targets of novel treatments. Notably, inflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and its pathophysiologic progression. Experimental and clinical studies have illustrated that inflammatory molecular events collaboratively contribute to neuronal and glial cell survival, edema formation and regression, and vascular integrity. In the present review, we examine recent discoveries regarding miRNAs and their roles in post-ischemic stroke neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aslan Efendizade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
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3
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Oshima Y, Wakino S, Kanda T, Tajima T, Itoh T, Uchiyama K, Yoshimoto K, Sasabe J, Yasui M, Itoh H. Sodium benzoate attenuates 2,8-dihydroxyadenine nephropathy by inhibiting monocyte/macrophage TNF-α expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3331. [PMID: 36849798 PMCID: PMC9971245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB), a known D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme inhibitor, has an anti-inflammatory effect, although its role in renal damage has not been explored. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystal induced chronic kidney disease, in which TNF-α is involved in the pathogenesis, was established by oral adenine administration in C57BL/6JJcl mice (AdCKD) with or without SB to investigate its renal protective effects. SB significantly attenuated AdCKD by decreasing serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, and kidney interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy scores. The survival of AdCKD mice improved 2.6-fold by SB administration. SB significantly decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages observed in the positive F4/80 immunohistochemistry area and reduced the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory genes, including TNF-α, in the kidneys of AdCKD. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α showed increased expression of inflammatory genes, although this was significantly reduced by SB, confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of SB. SB exhibited renal protective effects in AdCKD in DAO enzyme deficient mice, suggesting that anti-inflammatory effect of SB was independent of DAO enzyme activity. Moreover, binding to motif DNA sequence, protein level, and mRNA level of NF-κB RelB were significantly inhibited by SB in AdCKD kidneys and lipopolysaccharide treated THP-1 cells, respectively. We report that anti-inflammatory property of SB is independent of DAO enzymatic activity and is associated with down regulated NF-κB RelB as well as its downstream inflammatory genes such as TNF-α in AdCKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Oshima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Tajima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Pinosanu LR, Capitanescu B, Glavan D, Godeanu S, Cadenas IF, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroglia Cells Transcriptomic in Brain Development, Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:63-83. [PMID: 36818562 PMCID: PMC9937697 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are essential for brain functioning during development, aging and disease. However, the role of astroglia plays during brain development is quite different from the role played in the adult lesioned brain. Therefore, a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying astroglia activity in the aging brain and cerebrovascular diseases is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. To this end, this review provides a comparison between the transcriptomic activity of astroglia cells during development, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, astrocytes and microglia often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning. In the adult brain astrocytes are a critical player in the synapse remodeling by mediating synapse elimination while microglia activity has been associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and remove cell debris by constantly sensing the environment. However, in the lesioned brain astrocytes proliferate and play essential functions with regard to energy supply to the neurons, neurotransmission and buildup of a protective scar isolating the lesion site from the surroundings. Inflammation, neurodegeneration, or loss of brain homeostasis induce changes in microglia gene expression, morphology, and function, generally referred to as "primed" microglia. These changes in gene expression are characterized by an enrichment of phagosome, lysosome, and antigen presentation signaling pathways and is associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding cell surface receptors. In addition, primed microglia are characterized by upregulation of a network of genes in response to interferon gamma. Conclusion. A comparison of astroglia cells transcriptomic activity during brain development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders might provide us with new therapeutic strategies with which to protect the aging brain and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Radu Pinosanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatric clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Israel Ferna´ndez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.
| | - Adrian-Tudor Balseanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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5
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Roumes H, Goudeneche P, Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK. Resveratrol and Some of Its Derivatives as Promising Prophylactic Treatments for Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183793. [PMID: 36145168 PMCID: PMC9501144 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rate of occurrence of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, its neuronal sequelae, and the lack of effective therapies, the development of new neuroprotective strategies is required. Polyphenols (including resveratrol) are molecules whose anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties could be effective against the damage induced by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. In this review article, very recent data concerning the neuroprotective role of polyphenols and the mechanisms at play are detailed, including a boost in brain energy metabolism. The results obtained with innovative approaches, such as maternal supplementation at nutritional doses, suggest that polyphenols could be a promising prophylactic treatment for neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Roumes
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre Goudeneche
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme et Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Inserm U1313, University of Poitiers and CHU Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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6
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Luo Y, Liao S, Yu J. Netrin-1 in Post-stroke Neuroprotection: Beyond Axon Guidance Cue. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1879-1887. [PMID: 35236266 PMCID: PMC9886807 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302150723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke, especially ischemic stroke, is a leading disease associated with death and long-term disability with limited therapeutic options. Neuronal death caused by vascular impairment, programmed cell death and neuroinflammation has been proven to be associated with increased stroke severity and poor stroke recovery. In light of this, a development of neuroprotective drugs targeting injured neurons is urgently needed for stroke treatment. Netrin-1, known as a bifunctional molecule, was originally described to mediate the repulsion or attraction of axonal growth by interacting with its different receptors. Importantly, accumulating evidence has shown that netrin-1 can manifest its beneficial functions to brain tissue repair and neural regeneration in different neurological disease models. OBJECTIVE In this review, we focus on the implications of netrin-1 and its possibly involved pathways on neuroprotection after ischemic stroke, through which a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of netrin-1 may pave the way to novel treatments. METHODS Peer-reviewed literature was recruited by searching databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science till the year 2021. CONCLUSION There has been certain evidence to support the neuroprotective function of netrin-1 by regulating angiogenesis, autophagy, apoptosis and neuroinflammation after stroke. Netrin-1 may be a promising drug candidate in reducing stroke severity and improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Songjie Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Tel: +862087755766-8291; E-mails: ;
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080 China,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Tel: +862087755766-8291; E-mails: ;
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7
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Abstract
In 2001, the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting. The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in the central nervous system. Since then, the neurovascular unit has attracted increasing interest from research teams, who have contributed greatly to the prevention, treatment, and prognosis of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, additional research is needed to establish an efficient, low-cost, and low-energy in vitro model of the neurovascular unit, as well as enable noninvasive observation of neurovascular units in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we first summarize the composition of neurovascular units, then investigate the efficacy of different types of stem cells and cell culture methods in the construction of neurovascular unit models, and finally assess the progress of imaging methods used to observe neurovascular units in recent years and their positive role in the monitoring and investigation of the mechanisms of a variety of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peifeng Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Provinve, China
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Tian R, Mao G. Ghrelin reduces cerebral ischemic injury in rats by reducing M1 microglia/macrophages. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [PMID: 35016495 PMCID: PMC8764466 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Ghrelin on the polarization of microglia/ macrophages after cerebral ischemia (CI) in rats. 60 wild-type SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, CI group, CI+Ghrelin group, 20 rats in each group. The modified Longa suture method was used to establish the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. Before surgery, Ghrelin was injected subcutaneously (100μg/kg, twice a day) for 4 consecutive weeks. After modeling, neurological function scores were performed with three behavioral experiments: mNSS score, Corner test, and Rotarod test, to evaluate the recovery of neurological function after Ghrelin treatment. At the same time, the brain tissues were collected and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to detect the cerebral infarct volume. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the ischemic brain tissue, and the TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of brain tissue. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of M1 type microglia/macrophages which were isolated by trypsin digestion of fresh cerebral cortex. Then, the Western blotting and immunofluorescence method were used to detect the phosphorylation level of AKT (P-AKT) and AKT. Compared with the CI group, the neurological function of the rats in the CI+Ghrelin group was dramatically improved, and the cerebral infarction area was dramatically reduced. At the same time, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the ischemic brain tissue of rats in the CI+Ghrelin group decreased, and the apoptotic cells in the brain tissue also decreased. Compared with the CI treatment group, the activation of M1 microglia/macrophages in the cortex of the ischemic side of the infarct and the peri-infarct area in the CI+Ghrelin group was dramatically inhibited. At the same time, the ratio of P-AKT/AKT of the brain tissue in the CI+Ghrelin group was dramatically higher than that of the CI group. In the rat cerebral ischemia model, Ghrelin can promote the repair of brain damage and the recovery of neurological function after ischemia. Its mechanism may be related to activating AKT to selectively reduce M1 microglia/macrophages, reducing inflammation and cell apoptosis in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Medical Centre Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing.
| | - Gengsheng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Medical Centre Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing.
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Li Y, Zhang JJ, Chen RJ, Chen L, Chen S, Yang XF, Min JW. Genistein mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:32. [PMID: 35282070 PMCID: PMC8848430 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play crucial roles in the progression of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Genistein, a natural phytoestrogen, has been found to protect against ischemic brain injury. However, its effects and potential mechanisms in HIBD have not yet been explored. Methods A neonatal mouse model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and a cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were employed. In the in vivo study, genistein (10 mg/kg; ip) was administered in mice once daily for 3 consecutive days before the operation and once immediately after HI. The effects of genistein treatment on acute brain damage and long-term responses were evaluated. Neuronal injury and apoptosis were estimated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins were also measured by Western blot analysis. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were determined to assess the extent of oxidative stress. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of proinflammatory cytokines were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to evaluate the extent of neuroinflammation. In the in vitro study, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, as well as propidium iodide (PI) staining, were performed to analyse the neuroprotective effects of genistein on primary cortical neurons. Western blot assays were used to detect the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B-α (p-IκB-α) and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) both in vivo and in vitro. Results Our results showed that genistein treatment effectively reduced cerebral infarction, attenuated neuronal injury and apoptosis, and contributed to the long-term recovery of neurological outcomes and brain atrophy in neonatal HIBD mice. Moreover, genistein ameliorated HIBD-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Meanwhile, genistein significantly increased cell viability, reversed neuronal injury and decreased cell apoptosis after OGD/R injury. Finally, the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by genistein were verified in the brain tissues of neonatal mice subjected to HIBD and in primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD/R. Conclusions Genistein exerted neuroprotective effects on HIBD by attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Su Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Wei Min
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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10
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Benakis C, Simats A, Tritschler S, Heindl S, Besson-Girard S, Llovera G, Pinkham K, Kolz A, Ricci A, Theis FJ, Bittner S, Gökce Ö, Peters A, Liesz A. T cells modulate the microglial response to brain ischemia. eLife 2022; 11:82031. [PMID: 36512388 PMCID: PMC9747154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after stroke is characterized by the activation of resident microglia and the invasion of circulating leukocytes into the brain. Although lymphocytes infiltrate the brain in small number, they have been consistently demonstrated to be the most potent leukocyte subpopulation contributing to secondary inflammatory brain injury. However, the exact mechanism of how this minimal number of lymphocytes can profoundly affect stroke outcome is still largely elusive. Here, using a mouse model for ischemic stroke, we demonstrated that early activation of microglia in response to stroke is differentially regulated by distinct T cell subpopulations - with TH1 cells inducing a type I INF signaling in microglia and regulatory T cells (TREG) cells promoting microglial genes associated with chemotaxis. Acute treatment with engineered T cells overexpressing IL-10 administered into the cisterna magna after stroke induces a switch of microglial gene expression to a profile associated with pro-regenerative functions. Whereas microglia polarization by T cell subsets did not affect the acute development of the infarct volume, these findings substantiate the role of T cells in stroke by polarizing the microglial phenotype. Targeting T cell-microglia interactions can have direct translational relevance for further development of immune-targeted therapies for stroke and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Alba Simats
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Sophie Tritschler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Kelsey Pinkham
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Anna Kolz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Alessio Ricci
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), RhineMain Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Özgün Gökce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Anneli Peters
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany,Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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11
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Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, García-Culebras A, Alzamora L, Moro MA, Lizasoain I. Pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance of TLR4 in peripheral immune cells after stroke. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107933. [PMID: 34174279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very common disease being the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The immune response subsequent to an ischemic stroke is a crucial factor in its physiopathology and outcome. This response is not limited to the injury site. In fact, the immune response to the ischemic process mobilizes mainly circulating cells which upon activation will be recruited to the injury site. When a stroke occurs, molecules that are usually retained inside the cell bodies are released into the extracellular space by uncontrolled cell death. These molecules can bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in circulating immune cells which are then activated, eliciting, although not exclusively, the inflammatory response to the stroke. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary of the role of the different peripheral immune cells in stroke as well as the role of TLR4 in the function of each cell type in ischemia. Also, we summarize the different antagonists developed against TLR4 and their potential as a pharmacological tool for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Durán-Laforet
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Alzamora
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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12
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New epigenetic players in stroke pathogenesis: From non-coding RNAs to exosomal non-coding RNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111753. [PMID: 34044272 PMCID: PMC8222190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical role in the pathophysiology as well as recovery after ischemic stroke. ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, and the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical for angiogenesis and neuroprotection, and they have been suggested to be therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic tools in cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke. Moreover, exosomes have been considered as nanocarriers capable of transferring various cargos, such as lncRNAs and miRNAs to recipient cells, with prominent inter-cellular roles in the mediation of neuro-restorative events following strokes and neural injuries. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic role of ncRNAs and exosomal ncRNAs in the stroke.
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13
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Ping S, Qiu X, Kyle M, Zhao LR. Brain-derived CCR5 Contributes to Neuroprotection and Brain Repair after Experimental Stroke. Aging Dis 2021; 12:72-92. [PMID: 33532129 PMCID: PMC7801286 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) is expressed not only in the immune cells but also in cerebral cells such as neurons, glia, and vascular cells. Stroke triggers high expression of CCR5 in the brain. However, the role of CCR5 in stroke remains unclear. In this study, using bone marrow chimeras we have determined the involvement of brain-derived or bone marrow-derived CCR5 in neuroprotection and brain repair after experimental stroke. CCR5-/- mice that received either wild-type (WT) or CCR5-/- bone marrow transplantation showed larger infarction sizes than the WT mice that received either WT or CCR5-/- bone marrow transplantation in both the acute (48h) and subacute (2 months) phases after cerebral cortical ischemia, suggesting that the lack of CCR5 in the brain leads to severe brain damage after stroke. However, the lack of CCR5 in the bone marrow-derived cells did not affect infarction size. The impairments of somatosensory-motor function and motor coordination were exacerbated in the mice lacking CCR5 in the brain. At 2 months post-stroke, increased degenerative neurons, decreased dendrites and synapses, decreased Iba1+ microglia/ macrophages, reduced myelination and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in the peri-infarct cortex were observed in the mice lacking CCR5 in the brain. These pathological changes are significantly correlated with the increased infarction size and exacerbated neurological deficits. These data suggest that brain-derived CCR5 plays a key role in neuroprotection and brain repair in the subacute phase of stroke. This study reveals a novel role of CCR5 in stroke, which sheds new light on post-stroke pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suning Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Xuecheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Michele Kyle
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, New York, USA
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14
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Daily Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil with High Oleocanthal Concentration Reduced Body Weight, Waist Circumference, Alanine Transaminase, Inflammatory Cytokines and Hepatic Steatosis in Subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome: A 2-Month Intervention Study. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100392. [PMID: 33023123 PMCID: PMC7601817 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, and its phenolic compound oleocanthal (OC) has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The cardiometabolic effects of EVOO with a high OC concentration have not been fully elucidated. We administered EVOO with a high OC concentration daily to 23 subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hepatic steatosis (15 men and 8 women, age: 60 ± 11 years) for 2 months. Anthropometric data, metabolic parameters, hepatic steatosis (by fatty liver index, FLI), abdominal fat distribution (by ultrasound), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were assessed before and after the intervention. EVOO supplementation was associated with a reduction in body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), alanine transaminase and FLI, as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1B, while IL-10 increased. Maximum subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT max) also increased, with a concomitant decrease in the ratio of visceral fat layer thickness/SFT max. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between changes in body weight and BMI and those in SFT max, along with an inverse association between changes in IL-6 and those in SFT max. In conclusion, ingestion of EVOO with a high OC concentration had beneficial effects on metabolic parameters, inflammatory cytokines and abdominal fat distribution in MetS subjects with hepatic steatosis, a category of patients at high cardiometabolic risk.
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15
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Alfieri DF, Lehmann MF, Flauzino T, de Araújo MCM, Pivoto N, Tirolla RM, Simão ANC, Maes M, Reiche EMV. Immune-Inflammatory, Metabolic, Oxidative, and Nitrosative Stress Biomarkers Predict Acute Ischemic Stroke and Short-Term Outcome. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:330-343. [PMID: 32415527 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune-inflammatory, metabolic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IMO&NS) pathways and, consequently, neurotoxicity are involved in acute ischemic stroke (IS). The simultaneous assessment of multiple IMO&NS biomarkers may be useful to predict IS and its prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify the IMO&NS biomarkers, which predict short-term IS outcome. The study included 176 IS patients and 176 healthy controls. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was applied within 8 h after IS (baseline) and 3 months later (endpoint). Blood samples were obtained within 24 h after hospital admission. IS was associated with increased white blood cell (WBC) counts, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL-6), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), homocysteine, ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), glucose, insulin, and lowered iron, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We found that 89.4% of the IS patients may be correctly classified using the cumulative effects of male sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, NOx, LOOH, 25(OH)D, IL-6, and WBC with sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 93.0%. Moreover, increased baseline disability (mRS ≥ 3) was associated with increased ferritin, IL-6, hsCRP, WBC, ESR, and glucose. We found that 25.0% of the variance in the 3-month endpoint (mRS) was explained by the regression on glucose, ESR, age (all positively), and HDL-cholesterol, and 25(OH)D (both negatively). These results show that the cumulative effects of IMO&NS biomarkers are associated with IS and predict a poor outcome at 3-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcio Francisco Lehmann
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Health Sciences Center, Neurosurgery Service of the University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Pivoto
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaele Maria Tirolla
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Department Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Laboratory of Research in Applied Immunology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil.
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16
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Li X, Liao Y, Dong Y, Li S, Wang F, Wu R, Yuan Z, Cheng J. Mib2 Deficiency Inhibits Microglial Activation and Alleviates Ischemia-Induced Brain Injury. Aging Dis 2020; 11:523-535. [PMID: 32489699 PMCID: PMC7220279 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced brain injury. Mib2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been reported to regulate Notch signaling and participate in the peripheral immune system. However, the roles of Mib2 in the nervous system are not well characterized. In this study, we show that Mib2 is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced microglial activation. Mechanistically, Mib2 interacts with the IKK complex and regulates the activation of NF-κB signaling, thus modulating Notch1 transcription in the microglia. Furthermore, we generated a microglia-specific Mib2 knockout mice and found that microglia-specific deletion of Mib2 significantly alleviates ischemia-induced neuroinflammation and brain injury. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role of Mib2 in microglial activation and ischemia-induced brain injury, thus providing a potential target for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- 1Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajin Liao
- 2The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,3Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- 4Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- 5The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- 6National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wu
- 2The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- 1Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- 2The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,3Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life & Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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17
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Cui J, Liu N, Chang Z, Gao Y, Bao M, Xie Y, Xu W, Liu X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Shi R, Xie W, Jia X, Shi J, Ren C, Gong K, Zhang C, Bade R, Shao G, Ji X. Exosomal MicroRNA-126 from RIPC Serum Is Involved in Hypoxia Tolerance in SH-SY5Y Cells by Downregulating DNMT3B. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:649-660. [PMID: 32380415 PMCID: PMC7210387 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance in the brain can be induced by transient limb ischemia, and this phenomenon is termed remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). It still remains elusive how this transfer of tolerance occurs. Exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier, and some molecules may transfer neuroprotective signals from the periphery to the brain. Serum miRNA-126 is associated with ischemic stroke, and exosomal miRNA-126 has shown protective effects against acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether exosomal miRNA-126 from RIPC serum can play a similar neuroprotective role. Exosomes were isolated from the venous serum of four healthy young male subjects, both before and after RIPC. Exosomal miRNA-126 was measured by real-time PCR. The miRNA-126 target sequence was predicted by bioinformatics software. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were incubated with exosomes, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression and activity of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3B, a potential target gene of miRNA-126, were examined in SH-SY5Y cells. The cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was also investigated. To confirm the association between miRNA-126 and DNMT3B, we overexpressed miRNA-126 in SH-SY5Y cells using lentiviral transfection. miRNA-126 expression was upregulated in RIPC exosomes, and bioinformatics prediction showed that miRNA-126 could bind with DNMT3B. DNMT levels and DNMT3B activity were downregulated in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with RIPC exosomes. After overexpression of miRNA-126 in SH-SY5Y cells, global methylation levels and DNMT3B gene expression were downregulated in these cells, consistent with the bioinformatics predictions. RIPC exosomes can affect the cell cycle and increase OGD tolerance in SH-SY5Y cells. RIPC seems to have neuroprotective effects by downregulating the expression of DNMTs in neural cells through the upregulation of serum exosomal miRNA-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Cui
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Na Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Zhehan Chang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Mulan Bao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Yabin Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - You Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Rui Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Wei Xie
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC
| | - Jinghua Shi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Kerui Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rengui Bade
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC.
| | - Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Biomedicine Research Center, Basic Medical College and Baotou Medical College of the Neuroscience Institute, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, PRC; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PRC.
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18
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Ali A, Shah FA, Zeb A, Malik I, Alvi AM, Alkury LT, Rashid S, Hussain I, Ullah N, Khan AU, Koh PO, Li S. NF-κB Inhibitors Attenuate MCAO Induced Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress-A Reprofiling Approach. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:33. [PMID: 32292329 PMCID: PMC7121334 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. About 87% of stroke cases are ischemic, which disrupt the physiological activity of the brain, thus leading to a series of complex pathophysiological events. Despite decades of research on neuroprotectants to probe for suitable therapies against ischemic stroke, no successful results have been obtained, and new alternative approaches are urgently required in order to combat this pathological torment. To address these problems, drug repositioning/reprofiling is explored extensively. Drug repurposing aims to identify new uses for already established drugs, and this makes it an attractive commercial strategy. Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) is reported to be involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin, cephalexin, and mycophenolate against the NF-κB in ischemic stroke, as compared to the standard NF-κB inhibitor caeffic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). An in-silico docking analysis was performed and their potential neuroprotective activities in the in vivo transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) rat model was examined. The percent (%) infarct area and 28-point composite neuro score were examined, and an immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were further performed to validate the neuroprotective role of these compounds in stroke as well as their potential as antioxidants. Our results demonstrated that these novels NF-κB inhibitors could attenuate ischemic stroke-induced neuronal toxicity by targeting NF-κB, a potential therapeutic approach in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Ali
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Malik
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Mohsin Alvi
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lina Tariq Alkury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen, China
| | - Arif Ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2019; 68:455-471. [PMID: 31386233 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a brief ischemic stimulus confers protection against a subsequent prolonged ischemic event. Initially thought to be due to mechanistic changes in neurons, our understanding of IPC has evolved to encompass a global reprogramming of the Central Nervous System (CNS) after transient ischemia/reperfusion that requires innate immune signaling pathways including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Type I interferons. Microglia are the CNS resident neuroimmune cells that express these key innate immune receptors. Studies suggest that microglia are required for IPC-mediated neuronal and axonal protection. Multiple paradigms targeting TLRs have converged on a distinctive Type I interferon response in microglia that is critical for preconditioning-mediated protection against ischemia. These pathways can be targeted through administration of TLR agonists, cytokines including interferon-β, and pharmaceutical agents that induce preconditioning through cross-tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses and single cell RNA studies point to specific gene expression signatures in microglia that functionally shift these mutable cells to an immunomodulatory or protective phenotype. Although there are technological challenges and gaps in knowledge to overcome, the targeting of specific molecular signaling pathways in microglia is a promising direction for development of novel and effective pharmacotherapies for stroke. Studies on preconditioning in animal models, including nonhuman primates, show promise as prophylactic preconditioning treatments for selected at risk patient populations. In addition, our growing understanding of the mechanisms of IPC-mediated protection is identifying novel cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions that could apply broadly to both acute stroke and chronic vascular cognitive impairment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Mak A, Dharmadhikari B, Kow NY, Thamboo TP, Tang Q, Wong LW, Sajikumar S, Wong HY, Schwarz H. Deletion of CD137 Ligand Exacerbates Renal and Cutaneous but Alleviates Cerebral Manifestations in Lupus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1411. [PMID: 31297111 PMCID: PMC6607944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD137—CD137 ligand (CD137L) costimulatory system is a critical immune checkpoint with pathophysiological implications in autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated the role of CD137L-mediated costimulation on renal, cutaneous and cerebral manifestations in lupus and the underlying immunological mechanism. Lupus-prone C57BL/6lpr−/− (B6.lpr) mice were crossed to C57BL/6.CD137L−/− mice to obtain CD137L-deficient B6.lpr [double knock out (DKO)] mice. We investigated the extent of survival, glomerulonephritis, skin lesions, cerebral demyelination, immune deviation and long-term synaptic plasticity among the two mouse groups. Cytokine levels, frequency of splenic leukocyte subsets and phenotypes were compared between DKO, B6.lpr and B6.WT mice. A 22 month observation of 226 DKO and 137 B6.lpr mice demonstrated significantly more frequent proliferative glomerulonephritis, larger skin lesions and shorter survival in DKO than in B6.lpr mice. Conversely, microglial activation and cerebral demyelination were less pronounced while long-term synaptic plasticity, was superior in DKO mice. Splenic Th17 cells were significantly higher in DKO than in B6.lpr and B6.WT mice while Th1 and Th2 cell frequencies were comparable between DKO and B6.lpr mice. IL-10 and IL-17 expression by T cells was not affected but there were fewer IL-10-producing myeloid (CD11b+) cells, and also lower serum IL-10 levels in DKO than in B6.lpr mice. The absence of CD137L causes an immune deviation toward Th17, fewer IL-10-producing CD11b+ cells and reduced serum IL-10 levels which potentially explain the more severe lupus in DKO mice while leading to reduced microglia activation, lesser cerebral damage and less severe neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Mak
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nien Yee Kow
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Qianqiao Tang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lik Wei Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiu Yi Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunlogy Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Functional Dynamics of Neutrophils After Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:108-121. [PMID: 30847778 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are forerunners to brain lesions after ischemic stroke and exert elaborate functions. However, temporal alterations of cell count, polarity, extracellular trap formation, and clearance of neutrophils remain poorly understood. The current study was aimed at providing basic information of neutrophil function throughout a time course following stroke onset in patients and animal subjects. We found that neutrophil constitution in peripheral blood increased soon after stroke onset of patients, and higher neutrophil count indicated detrimental stroke outcomes. Comparably, neutrophil count in peripheral blood of stroke mice peaked at 12 h after cerebral ischemia, followed by a 1-2-day spike in brain lesions. In stroke lesion, clearance of neutrophils peaked at 2 days after stroke and extracellular traps were mostly detected at 2-3 days after stroke. In neutrophil infiltrated into stroke lesion, expression of the N2 marker CD206 was relatively stable. We found that the N2 phenotype facilitated neutrophil clearance by macrophage and did not further induce neuronal death after ischemic injury compared with N0 or N1 neutrophils. Skewing neutrophil toward the N2 phenotype before stroke reduced infarct volumes at 1 day after tMCAO. Conditioned medium of ischemic neurons drove neutrophils away from the protective N2 phenotype and increased the formation of extracellular traps. Conclusively, neutrophil function has an important impact on stroke outcomes. Neutrophil frequency in the peripheral blood could be an early indicator of stroke outcomes. N2 neutrophils facilitate macrophage phagocytosis and are less harmful to ischemic neurons. Directing neutrophils toward the N2 phenotype could be a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke.
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23
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Lyu C, Zhang Y, Gu M, Huang Y, Liu G, Wang C, Li M, Chen S, Pan S, Gu Y. IRAK-M Deficiency Exacerbates Ischemic Neurovascular Injuries in Experimental Stroke Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:504. [PMID: 30622459 PMCID: PMC6308305 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Innate immune response to neuronal death is one of the key events of the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, encoded by gene Irak3, negatively regulates toll-like receptor signaling by interacting with the MyD88–IRAK-4–IRAK-1 complex and blocking the phosphorylation and dissociation of IRAK-1. Its function in the ischemic stroke is unknown. Objective: This study aims to investigate whether IRAK-M deficiency could exacerbate neuroinflammation and neurovascular injuries during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice and Irak3 knockout mice were subjected to 45 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion and 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Transcription of Irak3 gene was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, infarct volume, neurological score, brain water content, and Evans blue leakage were compared between knock-out and wild-type mice after reperfusion. Through the observation of gross brain specimen after cerebral ischemia, the incidence of hemorrhage transformation was compared between KO and WT mice. To explore underlying signaling pathways involved in IRAK-M deficiency, major proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results: The expression of IRAK-M peaked at 1 h after reperfusion, and then gradually decreased within the first 24 h, which was abolished by blocking the expression of hypoxia induced factor 1α. IRAK-M deficiency increased infarct volume, brain edema, the incidence of hemorrhage transformation, and the permeability of blood–brain barrier. In addition, the NF-κB-mediated expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglia in the ipsilateral brain from knock-out mice were much higher than those in wild-type littermates. Conclusion: IRAK-M deletion exacerbates neurovascular damages which are related to the pronounced activation of NF-κB signaling and neuroinflammatory responses during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Our study indicates that IRAK-M has neuroprotective effect and has potential to facilitate the development of new pharmaceuticals that reduce neurovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaodan Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Encephalopathy, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
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24
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Gao Y, Fu R, Wang J, Yang X, Wen L, Feng J. Resveratrol mitigates the oxidative stress mediated by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:440-449. [PMID: 30460866 PMCID: PMC6249550 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1502326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Resveratrol possesses numerous biological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. OBJECTIVE The current experiment investigates the neuroprotective efficacy of resveratrol (RESV) against HIE by modulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in neonatal rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven-day-old pups (n = 48) were divided into four groups. Group-I rats receiving 2% DMSO saline (sham), group-II rats underwent unilateral carotid artery ligation and hypoxia (92% N2 and 8% O2) for 2.5 h (hypoxia-ischemia; HI), group-III and IV rats received 20 (RESV 20 + HI) or 40 mg/kg (RESV 40 + HI; group-IV) of RESV via intraperitoneal injection (ip), respectively, for 7 days prior to HI induction. RESULTS Pre-treatment with RESV (20 or 40) markedly reduced (p < 0.01) the cerebral oedema (86.23-71.26 or 65.24%), infarct area (33.85-19.81 or 14.30%), lipid peroxidation products, inflammatory markers [IL-1β 186-110 or 82; IL-6 255-146 or 103; TNF-α 310-204 or 137; NF-κB 205-115 or 91) p65 subunit] and significantly restored (p < 0.01) the antioxidative status by enhancing the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 5.22-6.49 or 7.78; catalase (CAT) 51-55 or 59, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2.5-3.05 or 3.25; through marked upregulation (p < 0.01) of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) 0.65-0.69 or 0.73; and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) 0.73-0.86 or 0.91. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS RESV displays its neurotherapeutic potential via upregulating the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 signalling pathway and thereby attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in HI-induced neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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25
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Yu Y, He K, Cheng LM. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning increased the level of regulatory B cells in the spleen after acute ischaemia/reperfusion in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1701:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Doeppner TR, Zechmeister B, Kaltwasser B, Jin F, Zheng X, Majid A, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Hermann DM. Very Delayed Remote Ischemic Post-conditioning Induces Sustained Neurological Recovery by Mechanisms Involving Enhanced Angioneurogenesis and Peripheral Immunosuppression Reversal. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:383. [PMID: 30420796 PMCID: PMC6216109 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning is defined as a transient and subcritical period of ischemia integrated in an experimental paradigm that involves a stimulus of injurious ischemia, activating endogenous tissue repair mechanisms that lead to cellular protection under pathological conditions like stroke. Whereas ischemic pre-conditioning is irrelevant for stroke treatment, ischemic post-conditioning, and especially non-invasive remote ischemic post-conditioning (rPostC) is an innovative and potential strategy for stroke treatment. Although rPostC has been shown to induce neuroprotection in stroke models before, resulting in some clinical trials on the way, fundamental questions with regard to its therapeutic time frame and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Hence, we herein used a model of non-invasive rPostC of hind limbs after cerebral ischemia in male C57BL6 mice, studying the optimal timing for the application of rPostC and its underlying mechanisms for up to 3 months. Mice undergoing rPostC underwent three different paradigms, starting with the first cycle of rPostC 12 h, 24 h, or 5 days after stroke induction, which is a very delayed time point of rPostC that has not been studied elsewhere. rPostC as applied within 24 h post-stroke induces reduction of infarct volume on day three. On the contrary, very delayed rPostC does not yield reduction of infarct volume on day seven when first applied on day five, albeit long-term brain injury is significantly reduced. Likewise, very delayed rPostC yields sustained neurological recovery, whereas early rPostC (i.e., <24 h) results in transient neuroprotection only. The latter is mediated via heat shock protein 70 that is a well-known signaling protein involved in the pathophysiological cellular cascade of cerebral ischemia, leading to decreased proteasomal activity and decreased post-stroke inflammation. Very delayed rPostC on day five, however, induces a pleiotropic effect, among which a stimulation of angioneurogenesis, a modulation of the ischemic extracellular milieu, and a reversal of the stroke-induced immunosuppression occur. As such, very delayed rPostC appears to be an attractive tool for future adjuvant stroke treatment that deserves further preclinical attention before large clinical trials are in order, which so far have predominantly focused on early rPostC only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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27
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Wang F, Tang H, Zhu J, Zhang JH. Transplanting Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1825-1834. [PMID: 30251564 PMCID: PMC6300770 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718795424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major disease that leads to high mortality and morbidity. Given the ageing population and the potential risk factors, the prevalence of stroke and socioeconomic burden associated with stroke are expected to increase. During the past decade, both prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for stroke have made significant progress. However, current therapies still cannot adequately improve the outcomes of stroke and may not apply to all patients. One of the significant advances in modern medicine is cell-derived neurovascular regeneration and neuronal repair. Progress in stem cell biology has greatly contributed to ameliorating stroke-related brain injuries in preclinical studies and demonstrated clinical potential in stroke treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the differentiating potential of chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts, and they have the ability to transdifferentiate into endothelial cells, glial cells, and neurons. Due to their great plasticity, MSCs have drawn much attention from the scientific community. This review will focus on MSCs, stem cells widely utilized in current medical research, and evaluate their effect and potential of improving outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - John H Zhang
- 3 Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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28
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Endogenous Protection from Ischemic Brain Injury by Preconditioned Monocytes. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6722-6736. [PMID: 29946039 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0324-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before cerebral ischemia is neuroprotective in stroke models, a phenomenon termed preconditioning (PC). Although it is well established that LPS-PC induces central and peripheral immune responses, the cellular mechanisms modulating ischemic injury remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of immune cells in the brain protection afforded by PC and tested whether monocytes may be reprogrammed by ex vivo LPS exposure, thus modulating inflammatory injury after cerebral ischemia in male mice. We found that systemic injection of low-dose LPS induces a Ly6Chi monocyte response that protects the brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of monocytes isolated from preconditioned mice into naive mice 7 h after transient MCAO reduced brain injury. Gene expression and functional studies showed that IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and CCR2 in monocytes are essential for neuroprotection. This protective activity was elicited even if mouse or human monocytes were exposed ex vivo to LPS and then injected into male mice after stroke. Cell-tracking studies showed that protective monocytes are mobilized from the spleen and reach the brain and meninges, where they suppress postischemic inflammation and neutrophil influx into the brain parenchyma. Our findings unveil a previously unrecognized subpopulation of splenic monocytes capable of protecting the brain with an extended therapeutic window and provide the rationale for cell therapies based on the delivery of autologous or allogeneic protective monocytes in patients after ischemic stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inflammation is a key component of the pathophysiology of the brain in stroke, a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapeutic options. Here, we investigate endogenous mechanisms of protection against cerebral ischemia. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning (PC) as an approach to induce ischemic tolerance in mice, we found generation of neuroprotective monocytes within the spleen, from which they traffic to the brain and meninges, suppressing postischemic inflammation. Importantly, systemic LPS-PC can be mimicked by adoptive transfer of in vitro-preconditioned mouse or human monocytes at translational relevant time points after stroke. This model of neuroprotection may facilitate clinical efforts to increase the efficacy of BM mononuclear cell treatments in acute neurological diseases such as cerebral ischemia.
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29
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Metz L, Smith EE, Dunn JF, Yong VW. Expanding the Potential Therapeutic Options for Remote Ischemic Preconditioning: Use in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:475. [PMID: 29971043 PMCID: PMC6018107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,UANL School of Medicine and University Hospital, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Luanne Metz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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30
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Lee JC, Park CW, Shin MC, Cho JH, Lee HA, Kim YM, Park JH, Ahn JH, Cho JH, Tae HJ, Hwang IK, Lee TK, Won MH, Kang IJ. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 is required for ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection in the hippocampus following a subsequent longer transient cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:292-303. [PMID: 29777731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in neuronal damage in response to cerebral ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) provides neuroprotection against a subsequent severer or longer transient ischemia by ischemic tolerance. Here, we focused on the role of TNF-α in IPC-mediated neuroprotection against neuronal death following a subsequent longer transient cerebral ischemia (TCI). Gerbils used in this study were randomly assigned to eight groups; sham group, TCI operated group, IPC plus (+) sham group, IPC + TCI operated group, sham + etanercept (an inhibitor of TNF-a) group, TCI + etanercept group, IPC + sham + etanercept group, and IPC + TCI + etanercept group. IPC was induced by a 2-min sublethal transient ischemia, which was operated 1 day prior to a longer (5-min) TCI. A significant death of neurons was found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) in the CA1 area (CA1) of the hippocampus 5 days after TCI; however, IPC protected SP neurons from TCI. We found that TNF-α immunoreactivity was significantly increased in CA1 pyramidal neurons in the TCI and IPC + TCI groups compared to the sham group. TNF-R1 expression in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the TCI group was also increased 1 and 2 days after TCI; however, in the IPC + TCI group, TNF-R1 expression was significantly lower than that in the TCI group. On the other hand, we did not detect TNF-R2 immunoreactivity in CA1 pyramidal neurons 1 and 2 days after TCI; meanwhile, in the IPC + TCI group, TNF-R2 expression was significantly increased compared to TNF-R2 expression at 1 and 2 days after TCI. In addition, in this group, TNF-R2 was newly expressed in pericytes, which are important cells in the blood brain barrier, from 1 day after TCI. When we treated etanercept to the IPC + TCI group, IPC-induced neuroprotection was significantly weakened. In brief, this study indicates that IPC confers neuroprotection against TCI by TNF-α signaling through TNF-R2 and suggests that the enhancement of TNF-R2 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for a therapeutic intervention of TCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Chonbuk, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Chonbuk, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341 Republic of Korea.
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252 Republic of Korea.
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31
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Ng GYQ, Yun-An L, Sobey CG, Dheen T, Fann DYW, Arumugam TV. Epigenetic regulation of inflammation in stroke. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418771815. [PMID: 29774056 PMCID: PMC5949939 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418771815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, treatments for clinical stroke are still limited only to the administration of tissue plasminogen activator and the recent introduction of mechanical thrombectomy, which can be used in only a limited proportion of patients due to time constraints. A plethora of inflammatory events occur during stroke, arising in part due to the body's immune response to brain injury. Neuroinflammation contributes significantly to neuronal cell death and the development of functional impairment and death in stroke patients. Therefore, elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying inflammatory damage following stroke injury will be essential for the development of useful therapies. Research findings increasingly point to the likelihood that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the pathophysiology of stroke. Epigenetics involves the differential regulation of gene expression, including those involved in brain inflammation and remodelling after stroke. Hence, it is conceivable that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to differential interindividual vulnerability and injury responses to cerebral ischaemia. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the emerging role of epigenetics in the regulation of neuroinflammation in stroke. We also discuss potential epigenetic targets that may be assessed for the development of stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Yun-An
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Kahl A, Stepanova A, Konrad C, Anderson C, Manfredi G, Zhou P, Iadecola C, Galkin A. Critical Role of Flavin and Glutathione in Complex I-Mediated Bioenergetic Failure in Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Stroke 2018; 49:1223-1231. [PMID: 29643256 PMCID: PMC5916474 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Purpose— Ischemic brain injury is characterized by 2 temporally distinct but interrelated phases: ischemia (primary energy failure) and reperfusion (secondary energy failure). Loss of cerebral blood flow leads to decreased oxygen levels and energy crisis in the ischemic area, initiating a sequence of pathophysiological events that after reoxygenation lead to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain damage. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are known to be early events in I/R injury. However, the biochemical mechanisms of mitochondria damage in I/R are not completely understood. Methods— We used a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia to investigate acute I/R-induced changes of mitochondrial function, focusing on mechanisms of primary and secondary energy failure. Results— Ischemia induced a reversible loss of flavin mononucleotide from mitochondrial complex I leading to a transient decrease in its enzymatic activity, which is rapidly reversed on reoxygenation. Reestablishing blood flow led to a reversible oxidative modification of mitochondrial complex I thiol residues and inhibition of the enzyme. Administration of glutathione-ethyl ester at the onset of reperfusion prevented the decline of complex I activity and was associated with smaller infarct size and improved neurological outcome, suggesting that decreased oxidation of complex I thiols during I/R-induced oxidative stress may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of glutathione ester. Conclusions— Our results unveil a key role of mitochondrial complex I in the development of I/R brain injury and provide the mechanistic basis for the well-established mitochondrial dysfunction caused by I/R. Targeting the functional integrity of complex I in the early phase of reperfusion may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent tissue injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kahl
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Anna Stepanova
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
| | - Csaba Konrad
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Corey Anderson
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.)
| | - Alexander Galkin
- From the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (A.K., A.S., C.K., C.A., G.M., P.Z., C.I., A.G.).,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom (A.S., A.G.)
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33
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. Correction to: Neuroimmune Response in Ischemic Preconditioning. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:511-524. [PMID: 29110213 PMCID: PMC5935631 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammatory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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34
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Integrity of Cerebellar Fastigial Nucleus Intrinsic Neurons Is Critical for the Global Ischemic Preconditioning. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100121. [PMID: 28934119 PMCID: PMC5664048 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitation of intrinsic neurons of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) renders brain tolerant to local and global ischemia. This effect reaches a maximum 72 h after the stimulation and lasts over 10 days. Comparable neuroprotection is observed following sublethal global brain ischemia, a phenomenon known as preconditioning. We hypothesized that FN may participate in the mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning as a part of the intrinsic neuroprotective mechanism. To explore potential significance of FN neurons in brain ischemic tolerance we lesioned intrinsic FN neurons with excitotoxin ibotenic acid five days before exposure to 20 min four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) global ischemia while analyzing neuronal damage in Cornu Ammoni area 1 (CA1) hippocampal area one week later. In FN-lesioned animals, loss of CA1 cells was higher by 22% compared to control (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-injected) animals. Moreover, lesion of FN neurons increased morbidity following global ischemia by 50%. Ablation of FN neurons also reversed salvaging effects of five-minute ischemic preconditioning on CA1 neurons and morbidity, while ablation of cerebellar dentate nucleus neurons did not change effect of ischemic preconditioning. We conclude that FN is an important part of intrinsic neuroprotective system, which participates in ischemic preconditioning and may participate in naturally occurring neuroprotection, such as "diving response".
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Abstract
Preconditioning is a paradigm in which sublethal stress-prior to a more injurious insult-induces protection against injury. In the central nervous system (CNS), preconditioning against ischemic stroke is induced by short durations of ischemia, brief seizures, exposure to anesthetics, and other stresses. Increasing evidence supports the contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and ischemic tolerance induced by preconditioning. Studies investigating miRNA changes induced by preconditioning have to date identified 562 miRNAs that change expression levels after preconditioning, and 15% of these changes were reproduced in at least one additional study. Of miRNAs assessed as changed by preconditioning in more than one study, about 40% changed in the same direction in more than one study. Most of the studies to assess the role of specific miRNAs in the neuroprotective mechanism of preconditioning were performed in vitro, with fewer studies manipulating individual miRNAs in vivo. Thus, while many miRNAs change in response to preconditioning stimuli, the mechanisms underlying their effects are not well understood. The data does suggest that miRNAs may play significant roles in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of the possible role of miRNAs in preconditioning-induced cerebral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Bell
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jang-Eun Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rona G Giffard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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36
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Viana SD, Pita IR, Lemos C, Rial D, Couceiro P, Rodrigues-Santos P, Caramelo F, Carvalho F, Ali SF, Prediger RD, Fontes Ribeiro CA, Pereira FC. The effects of physical exercise on nonmotor symptoms and on neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental parkinsonism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:161-171. [PMID: 28385921 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01120.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) prodromal stages comprise neuropsychiatric perturbations that critically compromise a patient's quality of life. These nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are associated with exacerbated innate immunity, a hallmark of overt PD. Physical exercise (PE) has the potential to improve neuropsychiatric deficits and to modulate immune network including receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in distinct pathological settings. Accordingly, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that PE 1) alleviates PD NMS and 2) modulates neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental PD. Adult Wistar rats subjected to long-term mild treadmill were administered intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probed for PD NMS before the onset of motor abnormalities. Twelve days after MPTP, neuroimmune RAGE network transcriptomics (real-time quantitative PCR) was analyzed in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Untrained MPTP animals displayed habit-learning and motivational deficits without gross motor impairments (cued version of water-maze, splash, and open-field tests, respectively). A suppression of RAGE and neuroimmune-related genes was observed in frontal cortex on chemical and physical stressors (untrained MPTP: RAGE, TLR5 and -7, and p22 NADPH oxidase; saline-trained animals: RAGE, TLR1 and -5 to -11, TNF-α, IL-1β, and p22 NADPH oxidase), suggesting the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms to restrain innate inflammation. Notably, trained MPTP animals displayed normal cognitive/motivational performances. Additionally, these animals showed normal RAGE expression and neuroprotective PD-related DJ-1 gene upregulation in frontal cortex when compared with untrained MPTP animals. These findings corroborate PE efficacy in improving PD NMS and newly identify RAGE network as a neural substrate for exercise intervention. Additional research is warranted to unveil functional consequences of PE-induced modulation of RAGE/DJ-1 transcriptomics in PD premotor stages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study newly shows that physical exercise (PE) corrects nonmotor symptoms of the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of experimental parkinsonism. Additionally, we show that suppression of neuroimmune receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) network occurs in frontal cortex on chemical (MPTP) and physical (PE) interventions. Finally, PE normalizes frontal cortical RAGE transcriptomics and upregulates the neuroprotective DJ-1 gene in the intranasal MPTP model of experimental parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês R Pita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rial
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Syed F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Fontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Lan X, Han X, Li Q, Li Q, Gao Y, Cheng T, Wan J, Zhu W, Wang J. Pinocembrin protects hemorrhagic brain primarily by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 and reducing M1 phenotype microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:326-339. [PMID: 28007523 PMCID: PMC5453178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major contributor to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) progression, but no drug is currently available to reduce this response and protect against ICH-induced injury. Recently, the natural product pinocembrin has been shown to ameliorate neuroinflammation and is undergoing a phase II clinical trial for ischemic stroke treatment. In this study, we examined the efficacy of pinocembrin in an ICH model, and further examined its effect on microglial activation and polarization. In vivo, pinocembrin dose-dependently reduced lesion volume by ∼47.5% and reduced neurologic deficits of mice at 72h after collagenase-induced ICH. The optimal dose of pinocembrin (5mg/kg) suppressed microglial activation as evidenced by decreases in CD68-positive microglia and reduced proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Pinocembrin also reduced the number of classically activated M1-like microglia without affecting M2-like microglia in the perilesional region. Additionally, pinocembrin decreased the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and its downstream target proteins TRIF and MyD88. The protection by pinocembrin was lost in microglia-depleted mice and in TLR4lps-del mice, and pinocembrin failed to decrease the number of M1-like microglia in TLR4lps-del mice. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells or primary microglia, pinocembrin decreased M1-related cytokines and markers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS), NF-κB activation, and TLR4 expression, but it did not interfere with TLR4/MyD88 and TLR4/TRIF interactions or affect microglial phagocytosis of red blood cells. Inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway and reduction in M1-like microglial polarization might be the major mechanism by which pinocembrin protects hemorrhagic brain. With anti-inflammatory properties, pinocembrin could be a promising new drug candidate for treating ICH and other acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Patnala R, Arumugam TV, Gupta N, Dheen ST. HDAC Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation Enhances Neuroprotective Function of Microglia During Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6391-6411. [PMID: 27722928 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to neuroinflammation and activation of microglia which further contribute to stroke pathology. Understanding regulation of microglial activation will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that mitigate microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in neuropathologies, including ischemia. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of microglial activation by studying histone modification histone 3-lysine 9-acetylation (H3K9ac) and its regulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. In vitro analysis of activated microglia showed that HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate (SB), alters H3K9ac enrichment and transcription at the promoters of pro-inflammatory (Tnf-α, Nos2, Stat1, Il6) and anti-inflammatory (Il10) genes while inducing the expression of genes downstream of the IL10/STAT3 anti-inflammatory pathway. In an experimental mouse (C57BL/6NTac) model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we observed that SB mediates neuroprotection by epigenetically regulating the microglial inflammatory response, via downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and NOS2, and upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory mediator IL10, in activated microglia. Interestingly, H3K9ac levels were found to be upregulated in activated microglia distributed in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of MCAO mice. A similar upregulation of H3K9ac was detected in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia in the Wistar rat brain, indicating that H3K9ac upregulation is consistently associated with microglial activation in vivo. Altogether, these results show evidence of HDAC inhibition being a promising molecular switch to epigenetically modify microglial behavior from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory which could mitigate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Patnala
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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39
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Doeppner TR, Doehring M, Kaltwasser B, Majid A, Lin F, Bähr M, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Ischemic Post-Conditioning Induces Post-Stroke Neuroprotection via Hsp70-Mediated Proteasome Inhibition and Facilitates Neural Progenitor Cell Transplantation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6061-6073. [PMID: 27699598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the failure of pharmacological therapies, alternative strategies promoting post-stroke brain repair are needed. Post-conditioning is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy, which induces acute neuroprotection against ischemic injury. To elucidate longer lasting actions of ischemic post-conditioning, mice were exposed to a 60-min stroke and post-conditioning by an additional 10-min stroke that was induced 10 min after reperfusion onset. Animals were sacrificed 24 h or 28 days post-stroke. Post-conditioning reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post-stroke, enhancing blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing brain leukocyte infiltration, and reducing oxidative stress. On the molecular level, post-conditioning yielded increased Hsp70 expression, whereas nuclear factor (NF)-κB and proteasome activities were decreased. Reduced infarct volume and proteasome inhibition were reversed by Hsp70 knockdown, suggesting a critical role of the Hsp70 proteasome pathway in ischemic post-conditioning. The survival-promoting effects of ischemic post-conditioning, however, were not sustainable as neuroprotection and neurological recovery were lost 28 days post-stroke. Although angioneurogenesis was not increased by post-conditioning, the favorable extracellular milieu facilitated intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells 6 h post-stroke, resulting in persisted neuroprotection and neurological recovery. Thus, post-conditioning might support brain repair processes, but in view of its transient, neuroprotection is unlikely useful as stroke therapy in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria Doehring
- Oberhavel Kliniken, Department of Internal Medicine, Oranienburg, Germany
| | - Britta Kaltwasser
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fengyan Lin
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammtory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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41
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Selvaraj UM, Poinsatte K, Torres V, Ortega SB, Stowe AM. Heterogeneity of B Cell Functions in Stroke-Related Risk, Prevention, Injury, and Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:729-747. [PMID: 27492770 PMCID: PMC5081124 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that post-stroke inflammation contributes to neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier disruption, and poor functional recovery in both animal and clinical studies. However, recent studies also suggest that several leukocyte subsets, activated during the post-stroke immune response, can exhibit both pro-injury and pro-recovery phenotypes. In accordance with these findings, B lymphocytes, or B cells, play a heterogeneous role in the adaptive immune response to stroke. This review highlights what is currently understood about the various roles of B cells, with an emphasis on stroke risk factors, as well as post-stroke injury and repair. This includes an overview of B cell functions, such as antibody production, cytokine secretion, and contribution to the immune response as antigen presenting cells. Next, evidence for B cell-mediated mechanisms in stroke-related risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is outlined, followed by studies that focus on B cells during endogenous protection from stroke. Subsequently, animal studies that investigate the role of B cells in post-stroke injury and repair are summarized, and the final section describes current B cell-related clinical trials for stroke, as well as other central nervous system diseases. This review reveals the complex role of B cells in stroke, with a focus on areas for potential clinical intervention for a disease that affects millions of people globally each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Tuor UI, Zhao Z, Barber PA, Qiao M. Recurrent mild cerebral ischemia: enhanced brain injury following acute compared to subacute recurrence in the rat. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:28. [PMID: 27230275 PMCID: PMC4881167 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, a transient cerebral ischemia producing selective cell death was designated a mild ischemic insult. A comparable insult in humans is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) that is associated with functional recovery but can have imaging evidence of minor ischemic damage including cerebral atrophy. A TIA also predicts a high risk for early recurrence of a stroke or TIA and thus multiple ischemic insults are not uncommon. Not well understood is what the effect of differing recovery times between mild ischemic insults has on their pathophysiology. We investigated whether cumulative brain damage would differ if recurrence of a mild ischemic insult occurred at 1 or 3 days after a first insult. RESULTS A transient episode of middle cerebral artery occlusion via microclip was produced to elicit mild ischemic changes-predominantly scattered necrosis. This was followed 1 or 3 days later by a repeat of the same insult. Brain damage assessed histologically 7 days later was substantially greater in the 1 day recurrent group than the 3 days recurrent group, with areas of damage consisting predominantly of regions of incomplete infarction and pannecrosis in the 1 day group but predominantly regions of selective necrosis and smaller areas of incomplete infarction in the 3 days group (P < 0.05). Enhanced injury was reflected by greater number of cells staining for macrophages/microglia with ED1 and greater alterations in GFAP staining of reactive astrocytes in the 1 day than 3 days recurrent groups. The differential susceptibility to injury did not correspond to higher levels of injurious factors present at the time of the second insult such as BBB disruption or increased cytokines (tumor necrosis factor). Microglial activation, with potential for some beneficial effects, appeared greater at 3 days than 1 day. Also blood analysis demonstrated changes that included an acute increase in granulocytes and decrease in platelets at 1 day compared to 3 days post transient ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes in multiple inflammatory responses likely contribute to the time dependence of the extent of damage produced by recurrent mild ischemic insults. The time of mild stroke recurrence is crucial with early recurrence producing greater damage than subacute recurrence and this supports urgency for determining and implementing optimal stroke management directly after a TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula I Tuor
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Zonghang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Philip A Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Min Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Wang C, Liu XX, Huang KB, Yin SB, Wei JJ, Hu YF, Gu Y, Zheng GQ. Preconditioning with recombinant high-mobility group box 1 induces ischemic tolerance in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. J Neurochem 2016; 137:576-88. [PMID: 26991073 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Kai-Bin Huang
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Su-Bing Yin
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Jing-Jing Wei
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Ya-Fang Hu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology; The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
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Halder SK, Matsunaga H, Ishii KJ, Ueda H. Prothymosin-alpha preconditioning activates TLR4-TRIF signaling to induce protection of ischemic retina. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1161-77. [PMID: 26364961 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin-alpha protects the brain and retina from ischemic damage. Although prothymosin-alpha contributes to toll-like receptor (TLR4)-mediated immnunopotentiation against viral infection, the beneficial effects of prothymosin-alpha-TLR4 signaling in protecting against ischemia remain to be elucidated. In this study, intravitreal administration of prothymosin-alpha 48 h before induction of retinal ischemia prevented retinal cellular damage as evaluated by histology, and retinal functional deficits as evaluated by electroretinography. Prothymosin-alpha preconditioning completely prevented the ischemia-induced loss of ganglion cells with partial survival of bipolar and photoreceptor cells, but not amacrine cells, in immunohistochemistry experiments. Prothymosin-alpha treatment in the absence of ischemia caused mild activation, proliferation, and migration of retinal microglia, whereas the ischemia-induced microglial activation was inhibited by prothymosin-alpha preconditioning. All these preventive effects of prothymosin-alpha preconditioning were abolished in TLR4 knock-out mice and by pre-treatments with anti-TLR4 antibodies or minocycline, a microglial inhibitor. Prothymosin-alpha preconditioning inhibited the retinal ischemia-induced up-regulation of TLR4-related injury genes, and increased expression of TLR4-related protective genes. Furthermore, the prothymosin-alpha preconditioning-induced prevention of retinal ischemic damage was abolished in TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β knock-out mice, but not in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 knock-out mice. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that prothymosin-alpha preconditioning selectively drives TLR4-TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β signaling and microglia in the prevention of retinal ischemic damage. We propose the following mechanism for prothymosin-alpha (ProTα) preconditioning-induced retinal prevention against ischemia: ProTα preconditioning-induced prevention of retinal ischemic damage is mediated by selective activation of the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)- interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway downstream of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in microglia, resulting in up-regulation of TRIF-IRF3-dependent protective genes and down-regulation of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-Nuclear factor (NF)κB-dependent injury genes. Detailed investigations would be helpful to test the efficacy of ProTα as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Kumar Halder
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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45
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Liu ZJ, Chen C, Li XR, Ran YY, Xu T, Zhang Y, Geng XK, Zhang Y, Du HS, Leak RK, Ji XM, Hu XM. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning-Mediated Neuroprotection against Stroke is Associated with Significant Alterations in Peripheral Immune Responses. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:43-52. [PMID: 26384716 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) of a limb is a clinically feasible strategy to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury after stroke. However, the mechanism underlying RIPC remains elusive. METHODS We generated a rat model of noninvasive RIPC by four repeated cycles of brief blood flow constriction (5 min) in the hindlimbs using a tourniquet. Blood was collected 1 h after preconditioning and 3 days after brain reperfusion. The impact of RIPC on immune cell and cytokine profiles prior to and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was assessed. RESULTS Remote ischemic preconditioning protects against focal ischemia and preserves neurological functions 3 days after stroke. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that RIPC ameliorates the post-MCAO reduction of CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and abolishes the reduction of CD3(+)/CD161a(+) NKT cells in the blood. In addition, RIPC robustly elevates the percentage of B cells in peripheral blood, thereby reversing the reduction in the B-cell population after stroke. RIPC also markedly elevates the percentage of CD43(+)/CD172a(+) noninflammatory resident monocytes, without any impact on the percentage of CD43(-)/CD172a(+) inflammatory monocytes. Finally, RIPC induces IL-6 expression and enhances the elevation of TNF-α after stroke. CONCLUSION Our results reveal dramatic immune changes during RIPC-afforded neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jian Liu
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ran
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Du
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Hu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Bagetta G. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:147. [PMID: 25972779 PMCID: PMC4413676 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning stimuli. Early after ischemia, perivascular astrocytes release cytokines and activate metalloproteases (MMPs) that contribute to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and vasogenic oedema; whereas at later stages, they provide extracellular glutamate uptake, BBB regeneration and neurotrophic factors release. Similarly, early activation of microglia contributes to ischemic brain injury via the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and proteases. Nevertheless, microglia also contributes to the resolution of inflammation, by releasing IL-10 and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and to the late reparative processes by phagocytic activity and growth factors production. Indeed, after ischemia, microglia/macrophages differentiate toward several phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype is classically activated via toll-like receptors or interferon-γ, whereas M2 phenotypes are alternatively activated by regulatory mediators, such as ILs 4, 10, 13, or TGF-β. Thus, immune cells exert a dualistic role on the evolution of ischemic brain damage, since the classic phenotypes promote injury, whereas alternatively activated M2 macrophages or N2 neutrophils prompt tissue remodeling and repair. Moreover, a subdued activation of the immune system has been involved in ischemic tolerance, since different preconditioning stimuli act via modulation of inflammatory mediators, including toll-like receptors and cytokine signaling pathways. This further underscores that the immuno-modulatory approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke should be aimed at blocking the detrimental effects, while promoting the beneficial responses of the immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy ; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Rende, Italy ; Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
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47
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Bonova P, Gottlieb M. Blood as the carrier of ischemic tolerance in rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1250-7. [PMID: 25787695 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study provides clear evidence that the factor inducing tolerance to ischemia is transmitted via the circulating blood. By using the remote ischemia and the cross-circulation model, the tolerance to ischemia was transmitted from donor to recipient. For this study, the following experimental groups were designed: I, sham control group; II, group of tolerant hindlimb tourniquet-treated rats; III, positive control group; IV, control for cross-circulation influence; preconditioned animals: V, tolerant animals subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO); VI, tolerant animals cross-circulated with SHC, followed by MCAO; VII, SHC animals cross-circulated with tolerant animals and subsequently subjected to MCAO; VIII, tolerant animals cross-circulated with ischemic rats, followed by MCAO; IX, SHC animals cross-circulated with ischemic animals and subjected to MCAO; postconditioned animals: X, ischemic animals treated with a remote limb tourniquet; XI, ischemic animals cross-circulated with SHC control rats; and XII, ischemic animals cross-circulated with tolerant rats. Results confirmed that remote ischemia induced reduction of infarct volume in the preconditioned (V, 60%) as well as in the postconditioned group (X, 52%). Significant diminution was also observed in group XII (56.6%). In the preconditioned group, decreased infarct volume was detected in groups VI and VII (about 65%) and in group IX (about 50%). The greatest infarct reduction (84%) was induced by the presence of ischemic blood in a tolerant rat before ischemia induction. In summary, the factor inducing tolerance to ischemia is generated by remote ischemia and by ischemia itself; from the site of origin to the rest of the body, it is transported by the systemic blood circulation and can be transferred from animal to animal. The effect of conditioning with two different ischemic events (brain and hindlimb ischemia) led to a cumulative, stronger tolerance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gottlieb
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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48
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Dulamea AO. The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells in stroke therapy--From bench to bedside. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:1-11. [PMID: 25818674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The rationale for the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in stroke is based on the capacity of MSCs to secrete a large variety of bioactive molecules such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines leading to reduction of inflammation, increased neurogenesis from the germinative niches of central nervous system, increased angiogenesis, effects on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and axons. This review presents the data derived from experimental studies and the evidence available from clinical trials about the use of MSCs in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- U.M.F. "Carol Davila", Fundeni Clinical Institute, Department of Neurology, 258 Sos. Fundeni, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania.
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49
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Gidday JM. Extending injury- and disease-resistant CNS phenotypes by repetitive epigenetic conditioning. Front Neurol 2015; 6:42. [PMID: 25784897 PMCID: PMC4345883 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant reductions in the extent of acute injury in the CNS can be achieved by exposure to different preconditioning stimuli, but the duration of the induced protective phenotype is typically short-lasting, and thus is deemed as limiting its clinical applicability. Extending the period over which such adaptive epigenetic changes persist – in effect, expanding conditioning’s “therapeutic window” – would significantly broaden the potential applications of such a treatment approach in patients. The frequency of the conditioning stimulus may hold the key. While transient (1–3 days) protection against CNS ischemic injury is well established preclinically following a single preconditioning stimulus, repetitively presenting preconditioning stimuli extends the duration of ischemic tolerance by many weeks. Moreover, repetitive intermittent postconditioning enhances post-ischemic recovery metrics and improves long-term survival. Intermittent conditioning is also efficacious for preventing or delaying injury in preclinical models of chronic neurodegenerative disease, and for promoting long-lasting functional improvements in a number of other pathologies as well. Although the detailed mechanisms underlying these protracted kinds of neuroplasticity remain largely unstudied, accumulating empirical evidence supports the contention that all of these adaptive phenotypes are epigenetically mediated. Going forward, additional preclinical demonstrations of the ability to induce sustained beneficial phenotypes that reduce the burden of acute and chronic neurodegeneration, and experimental interrogations of the regulatory constructs responsible for these epigenetic responses, will accelerate the identification of not only efficacious but also practical, adaptive epigenetics-based treatments for individuals with neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gidday
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
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50
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Shahaduzzaman MD, Mehta V, Golden JE, Rowe DD, Green S, Tadinada R, Foran EA, Sanberg PR, Pennypacker KR, Willing AE. Human umbilical cord blood cells induce neuroprotective change in gene expression profile in neurons after ischemia through activation of Akt pathway. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:721-35. [PMID: 25413246 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cell therapies have shown promising results in reducing brain infarct volume and most importantly in improving neurobehavioral function in rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of stroke. In this study, we examined the gene expression profile in neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) with or without HUCB treatment and identified signaling pathways (Akt/MAPK) important in eliciting HUCB-mediated neuroprotective responses. Gene chip microarray analysis was performed using RNA samples extracted from the neuronal cell cultures from four experimental groups: normoxia, normoxia+HUCB, OGD, and OGD+HUCB. Both quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out to verify the microarray results. Using the Genomatix software program, promoter regions of selected genes were compared to reveal common transcription factor-binding sites and, subsequently, signal transduction pathways. Under OGD condition, HUCB cells significantly reduced neuronal loss from 68% to 44% [one-way ANOVA, F(3, 16)=11, p=0.0003]. Microarray analysis identified mRNA expression of Prdx5, Vcam1, CCL20, Alcam, and Pax6 as being significantly altered by HUCB cell treatment. Inhibition of the Akt pathway significantly abolished the neuroprotective effect of HUCB cells [one-way ANOVA, F(3, 11)=8.663, p=0.0031]. Our observations show that HUCB neuroprotection is dependent on the activation of the Akt signaling pathway that increases transcription of the Prdx5 gene. We concluded that HUCB cell therapy would be a promising treatment for stroke and other forms of brain injury by modifying acute gene expression to promote neural cell protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shahaduzzaman
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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