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Li B, Xiao X, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Yan C, Du X, Jiang H. Modulating α-synuclein propagation and decomposition: Implications in Parkinson's disease therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102319. [PMID: 38719160 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Under pathological conditions, the conformation of α-syn changes and different forms of α-syn lead to neurotoxicity. According to Braak stages, α-syn can propagate in different brain regions, inducing neurodegeneration and corresponding clinical manifestations through abnormal aggregation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and lewy axons in different types of neurons in PD. So far, PD lacks early diagnosis biomarkers, and treatments are mainly targeted at some clinical symptoms. There is no effective therapy to delay the progression of PD. This review first summarized the role of α-syn in physiological and pathological states, and the relationship between α-syn and PD. Then, we focused on the origin, secretion, aggregation, propagation and degradation of α-syn as well as the important regulatory factors in these processes systematically. Finally, we reviewed some potential drug candidates for alleviating the abnormal aggregation of α-syn in order to provide valuable targets for the treatment of PD to cope with the occurrence and progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beining Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xixun Du
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China; School of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Karim MR, Gasparini E, Tiegs E, Schlichte R, Vermilyea SC, Lee MK. Internalized α-synuclein fibrils become truncated and resist degradation in neurons while glial cells rapidly degrade α-synuclein fibrils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597615. [PMID: 38895363 PMCID: PMC11185753 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (αS) pathology that can spread via the cell-to-cell transmission of αS aggregates. To better understand how various brain cells contribute to the spreading of αS pathology, we examined the metabolism of αS aggreges or pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) in neuronal and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). In neurons, while the full-length αS rapidly disappeared following αS PFF uptake, truncated αS accumulated with a half-life of days rather than hours. Epitope mapping and fractionation studies indicate that αS PFF was truncated at the C-terminal region following uptake and remained insoluble/aggregated. In contrast, microglia and astrocytes rapidly metabolized αS PFF as the half-lives of αS PFF in these glial cells were <6 hours. Differential processing of αS by neurons was recapitulated in cell lines as differentiated CLU neuronal cell lines stably accumulate truncated αS while undifferentiated cells rapidly metabolize αS. Immunolocalization and subcellular fractionation studies show that internalized αS PFF is initially localized to endosomes followed by lysosomes. The lysosome is largely responsible for the degradation of internalized αS PFF as the inhibition of lysosomal function leads to the stabilization of αS in all cell types. Significantly, αS PFF causes lysosomal dysfunction in neurons. In summary, we show that neurons are inefficient in metabolizing internalized αS aggregates, partially because αS aggregates cause lysosomal dysfunction, potentially generating aggregation-prone truncated αS. In contrast, glial cells may protect neurons from αS aggregates by rapidly clearing αS aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Razaul Karim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Emilie Gasparini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tiegs
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Riley Schlichte
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Scott C. Vermilyea
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Michael K. Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
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Liu C, Su Y, Ma X, Wei Y, Qiao R. How close are we to a breakthrough? The hunt for blood biomarkers in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2563-2576. [PMID: 38379501 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), being the second largest neurodegenerative disease, poses challenges in early detection, resulting in a lack of timely treatment options to effectively manage the disease. By the time clinical diagnosis becomes possible, more than 60% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients have already degenerated. Therefore, early diagnosis or identification of warning signs is crucial for the prompt and timely beginning of the treatment. However, conducting invasive or complex diagnostic procedures on asymptomatic patients can be challenging, making routine blood tests a more feasible approach in such cases. Numerous studies have been conducted over an extended period to search for effective diagnostic biomarkers in blood samples. However, thus far, no highly effective biomarkers have been confirmed. Besides classical proteins like α-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn and oligomeric α-syn, other molecules involved in disease progression should also be given equal attention. In this review, we will not only discuss proposed biomarkers that are currently under investigation but also delve into the mechanisms underlying the disease, focusing on processes such as α-syn misfolding, intercellular transmission and the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim is to provide an updated overview of molecules based on these processes that may potentially serve as blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Athari SZ, Farajdokht F, Keyhanmanesh R, Mohaddes G. AMPK Signaling Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:120-131. [PMID: 38585465 PMCID: PMC10997932 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Genetic factors, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, cytotoxic factors, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all involved in neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. The risk of PD can be higher in aging individuals due to decreased mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) function. The potential of AMPK to regulate neurodegenerative disorders lies in its ability to enhance antioxidant capacity, reduce oxidative stress, improve mitochondrial function, decrease mitophagy and macroautophagy, and inhibit inflammation. In addition, it has been shown that modulating the catalytic activity of AMPK can protect the nervous system. This article reviews the mechanisms by which AMPK activation can modulate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Zanyar Athari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Education, California Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clovis, CA, USA
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Lapshina KV, Ekimova IV. Aquaporin-4 and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1672. [PMID: 38338949 PMCID: PMC10855351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The water-selective channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is implicated in water homeostasis and the functioning of the glymphatic system, which eliminates various metabolites from the brain tissue, including amyloidogenic proteins. Misfolding of the α-synuclein protein and its post-translational modifications play a crucial role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleopathies, leading to the formation of cytotoxic oligomers and aggregates that cause neurodegeneration. Human and animal studies have shown an interconnection between AQP4 dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation; however, the specific role of AQP4 in these mechanisms remains unclear. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of AQP4 dysfunction in the progression of α-synuclein pathology, considering the possible effects of AQP4 dysregulation on brain molecular mechanisms that can impact α-synuclein modification, accumulation and aggregation. It also highlights future directions that can help study the role of AQP4 in the functioning of the protective mechanisms of the brain during the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Lapshina
- Laboratory of Comparative Thermophysiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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Suginoma H, Owada R, Katano-Toki A, Mori A, Fujioka J, Nakamura K. Non-fibril form but not fibril form of human islet amyloid polypeptide 8-20 changes brain functions in mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296750. [PMID: 38181010 PMCID: PMC10769099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether fibril formation increases or decreases cytotoxicity remains unclear. Aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a pivotal regulator of glucose homeostasis, impairs the function and viability of pancreatic β cells. Evidence suggests that low-order oligomers of hIAPP are more toxic to β cells than fibril. However, it remains unclear whether non-fibril form of hIAPP specifically alters brain functions. This study produced fibril and non-fibril forms from a single hIAPP 8-20 peptide. The non-fibril form-injected mice showed changes in spontaneous motor activities, preference for location in the open field and social behavior. In contrast, the fibril-injected mice showed no changes in these behavioral tests. In line with the behavioral changes, the non-fibril form led to impaired neurite outgrowth of cultured neuron-like cells and the loss of neurons in the mouse hippocampus. These findings suggest that non-fibril form but not fibril form of hIAPP changes brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinaho Suginoma
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryuji Owada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akiko Katano-Toki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mori
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jun Fujioka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Geibl FF, Henrich MT, Xie Z, Zampese E, Tkatch T, Wokosin DL, Nasiri E, Grotmann CA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Chandel NS, Oertel WH, Surmeier DJ. α-Synuclein pathology disrupts mitochondrial function in dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons at-risk in Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571045. [PMID: 38168401 PMCID: PMC10759995 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Pathological accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (aSYN) is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms by which intracellular aSYN pathology contributes to dysfunction and degeneration of neurons in the brain are still unclear. A potentially relevant target of aSYN is the mitochondrion. To test this hypothesis, genetic and physiological methods were used to monitor mitochondrial function in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) cholinergic neurons after stereotaxic injection of aSYN pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) into the mouse brain. Methods aSYN PPFs were stereotaxically injected into the SNc or PPN of mice. Twelve weeks later, mice were studied using a combination of approaches, including immunocytochemical analysis, cell- type specific transcriptomic profiling, electron microscopy, electrophysiology and two-photon-laser- scanning microscopy of genetically encoded sensors for bioenergetic and redox status. Results In addition to inducing a significant neuronal loss, SNc injection of PFFs induced the formation of intracellular, phosphorylated aSYN aggregates selectively in dopaminergic neurons. In these neurons, PFF-exposure decreased mitochondrial gene expression, reduced the number of mitochondria, increased oxidant stress, and profoundly disrupted mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production. Consistent with an aSYN-induced bioenergetic deficit, the autonomous spiking of dopaminergic neurons slowed or stopped. PFFs also up-regulated lysosomal gene expression and increased lysosomal abundance, leading to the formation of Lewy-like inclusions. Similar changes were observed in PPN cholinergic neurons following aSYN PFF exposure. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest that disruption of mitochondrial function, and the subsequent bioenergetic deficit, is a proximal step in the cascade of events induced by aSYN pathology leading to dysfunction and degeneration of neurons at-risk in PD.
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Birol M, Muñoz IID, Rhoades E. The C-terminus of α-Synuclein Regulates its Dynamic Cellular Internalization by Neurexin 1β. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br21. [PMID: 37729016 PMCID: PMC10848939 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-11-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the disordered neuronal protein, α-Synuclein (αS), is the primary pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Current hypotheses favor cell-to-cell spread of αS species as underlying disease progression, driving interest in identifying the molecular species and cellular processes involved in cellular internalization of αS. Prior work from our lab identified the chemically specific interaction between αS and the presynaptic adhesion protein neurexin-1β (N1β) to be capable of driving cellular internalization of both monomer and aggregated forms of αS. Here we explore the physical basis of N1β-driven internalization of αS. Specifically, we show that spontaneous internalization of αS by SH-SY5Y and HEK293 cells expressing N1β requires essentially all of the membrane-binding domain of αS; αS constructs truncated beyond residue 90 bind to N1β in the plasma membrane of HEK cells, but are not internalized. Interestingly, before internalization, αS and N1β codiffuse rapidly in the plasma membrane. αS constructs that are not internalized show very slow mobility themselves, as well as slow N1β diffusion. Finally, we find that truncated αS is capable of blocking internalization of full-length αS. Our results draw attention to the potential therapeutic value of blocking αS-N1β interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Birol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Max Delbrück Institute for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | | | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Piovesana E, Magrin C, Ciccaldo M, Sola M, Bellotto M, Molinari M, Papin S, Paganetti P. Tau accumulation in degradative organelles is associated to lysosomal stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18024. [PMID: 37865674 PMCID: PMC10590387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the brain deposition of insoluble amyloidogenic proteins, such as α-synuclein or Tau, and the concomitant deterioration of cell functions such as the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). The ALP is involved in the degradation of intracellular macromolecules including protein aggregates. ALP dysfunction due to inherited defects in lysosomal or non-lysosomal proteins causes a group of diseases called lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) because of abnormal accumulation of lysosomal degradation substrates. Supporting the contribution of ALP defects in neurodegenerative diseases, deposition of amyloidogenic proteins occurs in LSD. Moreover, heterozygous mutations of several ALP genes represent risk factors for Parkinson's disease. The reciprocal contribution of α-synuclein accumulation and lysosomal dysfunction have been extensively studied. However, whether this adverse crosstalk also embraces Tau pathology needs more investigation. Here, we show in human primary fibroblasts that Tau seeds isolated from the brain of Alzheimer's disease induce Tau accumulation in acidic degradative organelles and lysosomal stress. Furthermore, inhibition of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal enzyme mutated in Gaucher's disease and a main risk for Parkinson's disease, causes lysosomal dysfunction in primary fibroblasts and contributes to the accumulation of Tau. Considering the presence of Tau lesions in Parkinson's disease as well as in multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, our data call for further studies on strategies to alleviate ALP dysfunction as new therapeutic opportunity for neurodegenerative diseases and LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Piovesana
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Magrin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Ciccaldo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Sola
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Papin
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Laboratory for Aging Disorders, Laboratories for Translational Research, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- PhD Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.
- Neurocentro della Svizzera Italiana, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.
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Hivare P, Mujmer K, Swarup G, Gupta S, Bhatia D. Endocytic pathways of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. Traffic 2023; 24:434-452. [PMID: 37392160 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is the fundamental uptake process through which cells internalize extracellular materials and species. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by a progressive accumulation of intrinsically disordered protein species, leading to neuronal death. Misfolding in many proteins leads to various NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other disorders. Despite the significance of disordered protein species in neurodegeneration, their spread between cells and the cellular uptake of extracellular species is not entirely understood. This review discusses the major internalization mechanisms of the different conformer species of these proteins and their endocytic mechanisms. We briefly introduce the broad types of endocytic mechanisms found in cells and then summarize what is known about the endocytosis of monomeric, oligomeric and aggregated conformations of tau, Aβ, α-Syn, Huntingtin, Prions, SOD1, TDP-43 and other proteins associated with neurodegeneration. We also highlight the key players involved in internalizing these disordered proteins and the several techniques and approaches to identify their endocytic mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the obstacles involved in studying the endocytosis of these protein species and the need to develop better techniques to elucidate the uptake mechanisms of a particular disordered protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Hivare
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Kratika Mujmer
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Gitanjali Swarup
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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Gorecki AM, Spencer H, Meloni BP, Anderton RS. The Poly-Arginine Peptide R18D Interferes with the Internalisation of α-Synuclein Pre-Formed Fibrils in STC-1 Enteroendocrine Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2089. [PMID: 37626586 PMCID: PMC10452853 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), gut inflammation is hypothesised to contribute to α-synuclein aggregation, but gastrointestinal α-synuclein expression is poorly characterised. Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) are an emerging therapeutic option that exerts various neuroprotective effects and may target the transmission of protein aggregates. This study aimed to investigate endogenous α-synuclein expression in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells and the potential of the CARP, R18D (18-mer of D-arginine), to prevent internalisation of pre-formed α-synuclein fibrils (PFFs) in enteroendocrine cells in vitro. Through confocal microscopy, the immunoreactivity of full-length α-synuclein and the serine-129 phosphorylated form (pS129) was investigated in STC-1 (mouse enteroendocrine) cells. Thereafter, STC-1 cells were exposed to PFFs tagged with Alexa-Fluor 488 (PFF-488) for 2 and 24 h and R18D-FITC for 10 min. After confirming the uptake of both PFFs and R18D-FITC through fluorescent microscopy, STC-1 cells were pre-treated with R18D (5 or 10 μM) for 10 min prior to 2 h of PFF-488 exposure. Immunoreactivity for endogenous α-synuclein and pS129 was evident in STC-1 cells, with prominent pS129 staining along cytoplasmic processes and in perinuclear areas. STC-1 cells internalised PFFs, confirmed through co-localisation of PFF-488 and human-specific α-synuclein immunoreactivity. R18D-FITC entered STC-1 cells within 10 min and pre-treatment of STC-1 cells with R18D interfered with PFF uptake. The endogenous presence of α-synuclein in enteroendocrine cells, coupled with their rapid uptake of PFFs, demonstrates a potential for pathogenic spread of α-synuclein aggregates in the gut. R18D is a novel therapeutic approach to reduce the intercellular transmission of α-synuclein pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja M. Gorecki
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Holly Spencer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
| | - Bruno P. Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, First Floor, G-Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Ryan S. Anderton
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia; (H.S.)
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Peng H, Chen S, Wu S, Shi X, Ma J, Yang H, Li X. Alpha-synuclein in skin as a high-quality biomarker for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120730. [PMID: 37454572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurological motor system disorder, which characterised by the irreversible loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and leads to the deficiency of dopamine in the striatum. Deposited Lewy bodies (LBs) in diseased neurones and nerve terminals are the pathological hallmark of PD, and alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is the most prominent protein in LBs. The tight association between α-Syn and the molecular pathology of PD has generatly increaed the interest in using the α-Syn species as biomarkers to diagnose early PD. α-Syn is not confined to the central nervous system, it is also present in the peripheral tissues, such as human skin. The assessment of skin α-Syn has the potential to be a diagnostic method that not only has excellent sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, but also convenient and acceptable to patients. In this review, we (i) integrate the biochemical, aggregation and structural features of α-Syn; (ii) map the distribution of the α-Syn species present in the brain, biological fluids, and peripheral tissues; and (iii) present a critical and comparative analysis of previous studies that have measured α-Syn in the skin. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future of skin biopsy as a diagnostic approach for PD, and highlight its potential implications for clinical trials, clinical decision-making, treatment strategies as well as the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Peng
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Shaopu Wu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China.
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13
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Feller B, Fallon A, Luo W, Nguyen PT, Shlaifer I, Lee AK, Chofflet N, Yi N, Khaled H, Karkout S, Bourgault S, Durcan TM, Takahashi H. α-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils Bind to β-Neurexins and Impair β-Neurexin-Mediated Presynaptic Organization. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071083. [PMID: 37048156 PMCID: PMC10093570 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies form a group of neurodegenerative diseases defined by the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Abnormal accumulation and spreading of α-syn aggregates lead to synapse dysfunction and neuronal cell death. Yet, little is known about the synaptic mechanisms underlying the α-syn pathology. Here we identified β-isoforms of neurexins (β-NRXs) as presynaptic organizing proteins that interact with α-syn preformed fibrils (α-syn PFFs), toxic α-syn aggregates, but not α-syn monomers. Our cell surface protein binding assays and surface plasmon resonance assays reveal that α-syn PFFs bind directly to β-NRXs through their N-terminal histidine-rich domain (HRD) at the nanomolar range (KD: ~500 nM monomer equivalent). Furthermore, our artificial synapse formation assays show that α-syn PFFs diminish excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic organization induced by a specific isoform of neuroligin 1 that binds only β-NRXs, but not α-isoforms of neurexins. Thus, our data suggest that α-syn PFFs interact with β-NRXs to inhibit β-NRX-mediated presynaptic organization, providing novel molecular insight into how α-syn PFFs induce synaptic pathology in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Feller
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fallon
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Irina Shlaifer
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chofflet
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Nayoung Yi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Husam Khaled
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Samer Karkout
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, PROTEO, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, He XZ, Li ZH, Meng JC, Mao RT, Li X, Xue R, Gui Q, Zhang GX, Wang LH. Interaction Between the Glymphatic System and α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2209-2222. [PMID: 36637746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The glymphatic system contributes to the clearance of amyloid-β from the brain and is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. However, whether the system is involved in the removal of α-synuclein (α-syn) and whether it is suppressed in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain largely unknown. In mice receiving the intranigral injection of recombinant human α-syn, we found that the glymphatic suppression via aquaporin-4 (AQP4) gene deletion or acetazolamide treatment reduced the clearance of injected α-syn from the brain. In mice overexpressing the human A53T-α-syn, we revealed that AQP4 deficiency accelerated the accumulation of α-syn, facilitated the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and accelerated PD-like symptoms. We also found that the overexpression of A53T-α-syn reduced the expression/polarization of AQP4 and suppressed the glymphatic activity of mice. The study demonstrates a close interaction between the AQP4-mediated glymphatic system and parenchymal α-syn, indicating that restoring the glymphatic activity is a potential therapeutic target to delay PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Zhong He
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Cai Meng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Ting Mao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Gui
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, 26 Dao-Qian Street, Suzhou, 215002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Xing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Batiha GES, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E. SIRT1 pathway in Parkinson's disease: a faraway snapshot but so close. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:37-56. [PMID: 36580159 PMCID: PMC9957916 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulator (SIRT) has distinctive enzymatic activities and physiological functions to control cell-cycle progression, gene expression, and DNA stability by targeting histone and non-histone proteins. SIRT1 enhances synaptic formation and synaptic activity, and therefore, can reduce the progression of various degenerative brain diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). SIRT1 activity is decreased by aging with a subsequent increased risk for the development of degenerative brain diseases. Inhibition of SIRT1 promotes inflammatory reactions since SIRT1 inhibits transcription of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which also inhibits SIRT1 activation via activation of microRNA and miR-34a which reduce NAD synthesis. SIRT1 is highly expressed in microglia as well as neurons, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review aimed to find the possible role of SIRT1 in PD neuropathology. SIRT1 has neuroprotective effects; therefore, downregulation of SIRT1 during aging promotes p53 expression and may increase the vulnerability of neuronal cell deaths. PD neuropathology is linked with the sequence of inflammatory changes and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis contribute mutually to PD neuropathology. Thus, SIRT1 and SIRT1 activators play a crucial role in the mitigation of PD neuropathology through the amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 AlBeheira Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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16
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Smith JK, Mellick GD, Sykes AM. The role of the endolysosomal pathway in α-synuclein pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1081426. [PMID: 36704248 PMCID: PMC9871505 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain (SNpc). Extensive studies into genetic and cellular models of PD implicate protein trafficking as a prominent contributor to the death of these dopaminergic neurons. Considerable evidence also suggests the involvement of α-synuclein as a central component of the characteristic cell death in PD and it is a major structural constituent of proteinaceous inclusion bodies (Lewy bodies; LB). α-synuclein research has been a vital part of PD research in recent years, with newly discovered evidence suggesting that α-synuclein can propagate through the brain via prion-like mechanisms. Healthy cells can internalize toxic α-synuclein species and seed endogenous α-synuclein to form large, pathogenic aggregates and form LBs. A better understanding of how α-synuclein can propagate, enter and be cleared from the cell is vital for therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Adulla A, Patel U, Ashok A, Katiyar P, Kaulakis M, Kritikos AE, Pillai S, Lee H, Lindner E, Rhee DJ, Singh N. α-Synuclein modulates fibronectin expression in the trabecular meshwork independent of TGFβ2. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109351. [PMID: 36539052 PMCID: PMC10384565 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuromotor disorder with prominent visual symptoms. The underlying cause of motor dysfunction has been studied extensively, and is attributed to the death of dopaminergic neurons mediated in part by intracellular aggregation of α-Syn. The cause of visual symptoms, however, is less clear. Neuroretinal degeneration due to the presence of aggregated α-Syn has been reported, but the evidence is controversial. Other symptoms including those arising from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) are believed to be the side-effects of medications prescribed for PD. Here, we explored the alternative hypothesis that dysfunction of α-Syn in the anterior eye alters the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM), impairing their ability to respond to physiological changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). A similar dysfunction in neurons is responsible for impaired neuritogenesis, a characteristic feature of PD. Using cadaveric human and bovine TM tissue and primary human TM cells as models, we report two main observations: 1) α-Syn is expressed in human and bovine TM cells, and significant amounts of monomeric and oligomeric α-Syn are present in the AH, and 2) primary human TM cells and human and bovine TM tissue endocytose extracellular recombinant monomeric and oligomeric α-Syn via the prion protein (PrPC), and upregulate fibronectin (FN) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibrogenic proteins implicated in POAG. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2), a fibrogenic cytokine implicated in ∼50% cases of POAG, is also increased, and so is RhoA-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK-1). However, silencing of α-Syn in primary human TM cells reduces FN, α-SMA, and ROCK-1 in the absence or presence of over-expressed active TGFβ2, suggesting modulation of FN and ROCK-1 independent of, or upstream of TGFβ2. These observations suggest that extracellular α-Syn modulates ECM proteins in the TM independently or via PrPC by activating the RhoA-ROCK pathway. These observations reveal a novel function of α-Syn in the anterior eye, and offer new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Adulla
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Urvi Patel
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Priya Katiyar
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mare Kaulakis
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Alexander E Kritikos
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sachin Pillai
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - HyunPin Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Douglas J Rhee
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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18
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Okumura H, Kawasaki T, Nakamura K. Probing protein misfolding and dissociation with an infrared free-electron laser. Methods Enzymol 2022; 679:65-96. [PMID: 36682873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding is observed in the mutant proteins that are causative for neurodegenerative disorders such as polyglutamine diseases. These proteins are prone to aggregate in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. To reproduce cells with the aggregated proteins, gene expression system is usually applied, in which the expression construct having the mutated DNA sequence of the interest is transfected into cells. The transfected DNA is finally converted into the mutant protein, which is gradually aggregated in the cells. In addition, a simple method to prepare the cells having aggregates inside has been recently applied. Peptides were first aggregated by incubating them in water. The aggregates are spontaneously taken up by cells because aggregated proteins generally transfer between cells. Peptides with different degrees of aggregation can be made by changing the incubation times and temperatures, which enables to examine contribution of aggregation to the toxicity to the recipient cells. Moreover, such cells can be used for therapeutic researches of diseases in which aggregates are involved. In this chapter, we show methods to induce aggregation of peptides. The functional analyses of the cells with aggregates are also described. Then, experimental dissociation of the aggregates produced using this method by mid infrared free electron laser irradiation and its theoretical support by molecular dynamics simulation are introduced as the therapeutic research for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Okumura
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kawasaki
- Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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19
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Lysophospholipids: A Potential Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123126. [PMID: 36551882 PMCID: PMC9775253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) commonly present misfolded and aggregated proteins. Considerable research has been performed to unearth the molecular processes underpinning this pathological aggregation and develop therapeutic strategies targeting NDs. Fibrillary deposits of α-synuclein (α-Syn), a highly conserved and thermostable protein, are a critical feature in the development of NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Inhibition of α-Syn aggregation can thus serve as a potential approach for therapeutic intervention. Recently, the degradation of target proteins by small molecules has emerged as a new therapeutic modality, gaining the hotspot in pharmaceutical research. Additionally, interest is growing in the use of food-derived bioactive compounds as intervention agents against NDs via functional foods and dietary supplements. According to reports, dietary bioactive phospholipids may have cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective effects, owing to their abilities to influence cognition and mental health in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which lipids may prevent the pathological aggregation of α-Syn warrant further clarification. Here, we review evidence for the potential mechanisms underlying this effect, with a particular focus on how porcine liver decomposition product (PLDP)-derived lysophospholipids (LPLs) may inhibit α-Syn aggregation.
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20
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Propagation of Parkinson's disease by extracellular vesicle production and secretion. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1303-1314. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition affecting a significant number of individuals globally, resulting in the presentation of debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, resting tremor, as well as mood and sleep disorders. The pathology of PD has been observed to spread through the central nervous system resulting in progressive brain degeneration and a poor prognosis. Aggregated forms of the protein α-synuclein, particularly intermediary aggregates, referred to as oligomers, or preformed fibrils, have been implicated as the causative agent in the degeneration of neuronal processes, including the dysfunction of axonal transport, mitochondrial activity, and ultimately cellular death. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been strongly implicated in the propagation of PD pathology. Current observations suggest that aggregated α-synuclein is transported between neurons via small EVs in a series of exocytosis and endocytosis cellular processes leading to the observed spread of neurotoxicity and cellular death. Despite some understanding of the role of EVs in neurodegeneration, the exact mechanism by which these lipidic particles participate in the progression of Parkinson's pathology is not entirely understood. Here we review the current understanding of the role of EVs in the propagation of PD and explore their potential as a therapeutic target.
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21
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Ho PWL, Chang EES, Leung CT, Liu H, Malki Y, Pang SYY, Choi ZYK, Liang Y, Lai WS, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Yung S, Mak JCW, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity reduced mouse brain α-synuclein oligomers without adverse effects. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:115. [PMID: 36088364 PMCID: PMC9464237 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in nigrostriatal and cortical brain regions associated with pathogenic α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregate/oligomer accumulation. LRRK2 hyperactivity is a disease-modifying therapeutic target in PD. However, LRRK2 inhibition may be associated with peripheral effects, albeit with unclear clinical consequences. Here, we significantly reduced αSyn oligomer accumulation in mouse striatum through long-term LRRK2 inhibition using GNE-7915 (specific brain-penetrant LRRK2 inhibitor) without causing adverse peripheral effects. GNE-7915 concentrations in wild-type (WT) mouse sera and brain samples reached a peak at 1 h, which gradually decreased over 24 h following a single subcutaneous (100 mg/kg) injection. The same dose in young WT and LRRK2R1441G mutant mice significantly inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity (Thr73-Rab10 and Ser106-Rab12 phosphorylation) in the lung, which dissipated by 72 h post-injection. 14-month-old mutant mice injected with GNE-7915 twice weekly for 18 weeks (equivalent to ~13 human years) exhibited reduced striatal αSyn oligomer and cortical pSer129-αSyn levels, correlating with inhibition of LRRK2 hyperactivity in brain and lung to WT levels. No GNE-7915-treated mice showed increased mortality or morbidity. Unlike reports of abnormalities in lung and kidney at acute high doses of LRRK2 inhibitors, our GNE-7915-treated mice did not exhibit swollen lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes or abnormal vacuolation in the kidney. Functional and histopathological assessments of lung, kidney and liver, including whole-body plethysmography, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) did not reveal abnormalities after long-term GNE-7915 treatment. Long-term inhibition of mutant LRRK2 hyper-kinase activity to physiological levels presents an efficacious and safe disease-modifying therapy to ameliorate synucleinopathy in PD.
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22
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Bayati A, Banks E, Han C, Luo W, Reintsch WE, Zorca CE, Shlaifer I, Del Cid Pellitero E, Vanderperre B, McBride HM, Fon EA, Durcan TM, McPherson PS. Rapid macropinocytic transfer of α-synuclein to lysosomes. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111102. [PMID: 35858558 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system spread of alpha-synuclein fibrils is thought to cause Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies; however, the mechanisms underlying internalization and cellular spread are enigmatic. Here, we use confocal and superresolution microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and electron microscopy (EM) of immunogold-labeled α-synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs) to demonstrate that this form of the protein undergoes rapid internalization and is targeted directly to lysosomes in as little as 2 min. Uptake of PFFs is disrupted by macropinocytic inhibitors and circumvents classical endosomal pathways. Immunogold-labeled PFFs are seen at the highly curved inward edge of membrane ruffles, in newly formed macropinosomes, in multivesicular bodies and in lysosomes. While most fibrils remain in lysosomes, a portion is transferred to neighboring naive cells along with markers of exosomes. These data indicate that PFFs use a unique internalization mechanism as a component of cell-to-cell propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bayati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Chanshuai Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang E Reintsch
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cornelia E Zorca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Irina Shlaifer
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Esther Del Cid Pellitero
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Benoit Vanderperre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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23
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α-Synuclein induced cholesterol lowering increases tonic and reduces depolarization-evoked synaptic vesicle recycling and glutamate release. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:71. [PMID: 35672421 PMCID: PMC9174203 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a key molecule linked to Parkinson's disease pathology. Physiologically, the monomeric α-syn in the presynaptic termini is involved in regulation of neurotransmission, but the pathophysiology of extracellular monomeric α-syn is still unknown. Utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we investigated how extracellular α-syn impact presynaptic structure and function. Our data revealed that treatment with exogenous α-syn leads to increased tonic and decreased depolarization-evoked synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling and glutamate release. This was associated with mobilization of molecularly distinct SV pools and reorganization of active zone components. Our study also showed that exogenous α-syn impaired neuronal cholesterol level and that the cholesterol binding domain of α-syn was sufficient to exert the same presynaptic phenotype as the full-length protein. The present study sheds new light on physiological functions of extracellular α-syn in overall maintenance of presynaptic activity that involves the reorganization of both presynaptic compartment and cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains.
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24
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Kawahata I, Finkelstein DI, Fukunaga K. Pathogenic Impact of α-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Its Kinases in α-Synucleinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116216. [PMID: 35682892 PMCID: PMC9181156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a protein with a molecular weight of 14.5 kDa and consists of 140 amino acids encoded by the SNCA gene. Missense mutations and gene duplications in the SNCA gene cause hereditary Parkinson’s disease. Highly phosphorylated and abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies found in neuronal cells of patients with sporadic Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in oligodendrocytes with multiple system atrophy. Aggregated α-synuclein is cytotoxic and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned synucleinopathies. In a healthy brain, most α-synuclein is unphosphorylated; however, more than 90% of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies of patients with Parkinson’s disease is phosphorylated at Ser129, which is presumed to be of pathological significance. Several kinases catalyze Ser129 phosphorylation, but the role of phosphorylation enzymes in disease pathogenesis and their relationship to cellular toxicity from phosphorylation are not fully understood in α-synucleinopathy. Consequently, this review focuses on the pathogenic impact of α-synuclein phosphorylation and its kinases during the neurodegeneration process in α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahata
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- BRI Pharma Inc., Sendai 982-0804, Japan
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
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25
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Hivare P, Gadhavi J, Bhatia D, Gupta S. α-Synuclein fibrils explore actin mediated macropinocytosis for cellular entry into model neuroblastoma neurons. Traffic 2022; 23:391-410. [PMID: 35604355 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) or other α-synucleinopathies. Recent investigations propose the transmission of α-Syn protein fibrils, in a prion-like manner, by entering proximal cells to seed further fibrillization in PD. Despite the recent advances, the mechanisms by which extracellular protein aggregates internalize into the cells remain poorly understood. Using a simple cell-based model of human neuroblastoma-derived differentiated neurons, we present the cellular internalization of α-Syn PFF to check cellular uptake and recycling kinetics along with the standard endocytic markers Transferrin (Tf) marking clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and Galectin3 (Gal3) marking clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). Specific inhibition of endocytic pathways using chemical inhibitors reveals no significant involvement of CME, CIE, and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME). A substantial reduction in cellular uptake was observed after perturbation of actin polymerization and treatment with macropinosomes inhibitor. Our results show that α-Syn PFF mainly internalizes into the SH-SY5Y cells and differentiated neurons via the macropinocytosis pathway. The elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanism involved in the α-Syn PFF internalization will help improve the understanding of α-synucleinopathies including PD, and further design specific inhibitors for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Hivare
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Joshna Gadhavi
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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26
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Menon S, Armstrong S, Hamzeh A, Visanji NP, Sardi SP, Tandon A. Alpha-Synuclein Targeting Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease and Related Synucleinopathies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:852003. [PMID: 35614915 PMCID: PMC9124903 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.852003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (asyn) is a key pathogenetic factor in a group of neurodegenerative diseases generically known as synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Although the initial triggers of pathology and progression are unclear, multiple lines of evidence support therapeutic targeting of asyn in order to limit its prion-like misfolding. Here, we review recent pre-clinical and clinical work that offers promising treatment strategies to sequester, degrade, or silence asyn expression as a means to reduce the levels of seed or substrate. These diverse approaches include removal of aggregated asyn with passive or active immunization or by expression of vectorized antibodies, modulating kinetics of misfolding with small molecule anti-aggregants, lowering asyn gene expression by antisense oligonucleotides or inhibitory RNA, and pharmacological activation of asyn degradation pathways. We also discuss recent technological advances in combining low intensity focused ultrasound with intravenous microbubbles to transiently increase blood-brain barrier permeability for improved brain delivery and target engagement of these large molecule anti-asyn biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Menon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Armstrong
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir Hamzeh
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naomi P. Visanji
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Anurag Tandon
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27
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Amyloids facilitate DNA transfection in vivo. Neurosci Res 2022; 180:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Impact of fatty acid-binding proteins and dopamine receptors on α-synucleinopathy. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:248-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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29
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Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. Can the lack of fibrillar form of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies be explained by its catalytic activity? Math Biosci 2022; 344:108754. [PMID: 34890628 PMCID: PMC8882444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Finding the causative pathophysiological mechanisms for Parkinson's disease (PD) is important for developing therapeutic interventions. Until recently, it was believed that Lewy bodies (LBs), the hallmark of PD, are mostly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils. Recent results (Shahmoradian et al. (2019)) demonstrated that the fibrillar form of α-syn is lacking from LBs. Here we propose that this surprising observation can be explained by the catalytic activity of the fibrillar form of α-syn. We assumed that α-syn fibrils catalyze the formation of LBs, but do not become part of them. We developed a mathematical model based on this hypothesis. By using the developed model, we investigated the consequences of this hypothesis. In particular, the model suggests that the long incubation time of PD can be explained by a two-step aggregation process that leads to its development: (i) aggregation of monomeric α-syn into α-syn oligomers and fibrils and (ii) clustering of membrane-bound organelles, which may cause disruption of axonal trafficking and lead to neuron starvation and death. The model shows that decreasing the rate of destruction of α-syn aggregates in somatic lysosomes accelerates the formation of LBs. Another consequence of the model is the prediction that removing α-syn aggregates from the brain after the aggregation of membrane-bound organelles into LBs has started may not stop the progression of PD because LB formation is an autocatalytic process; hence, the formation of LBs will be catalyzed by aggregates of membrane-bound organelles even in the absence of α-syn aggregates. The performed sensitivity study made it possible to establish the hierarchy of model parameters with respect to their effect on the formation of vesicle aggregates in the soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Kuznetsov
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrey V. Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA
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30
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Owada R, Mitsui S, Nakamura K. Exogenous polyserine and polyleucine are toxic to recipient cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1685. [PMID: 35102230 PMCID: PMC8803884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of mRNAs/transcripts responsible for polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases may generate peptides containing different mono amino acid tracts such as polyserine (polyS) and polyleucine (polyL). The propagation of aggregated polyQ from one cell to another is also an intriguing feature of polyQ proteins. However, whether the RAN translation-related polyS and polyL have the ability to propagate remains unclear, and if they do, whether the exogenous polyS and polyL exert toxicity on the recipient cells is also not known yet. In the present study, we found that aggregated polyS and polyL peptides spontaneously enter neuron-like cells and astrocytes in vitro. Aggregated polyS led to the degeneration of the differentiated neuron-like cultured cells. Likewise, the two types of aggregates taken up by astrocytes induced aberrant differentiation and cell death in vitro. Furthermore, injection of each of the two types of aggregates into the ventricles of adult mice resulted in their behavioral changes. The polyS-injected mice showed extensive vacuolar degeneration in the brain. Thus, the RAN translation-related proteins containing polyS and polyL have the potential to propagate and the proteins generated by all polyQ diseases might exert universal toxicity in the recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Owada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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31
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Garcia P, Jürgens‐Wemheuer W, Uriarte Huarte O, Michelucci A, Masuch A, Brioschi S, Weihofen A, Koncina E, Coowar D, Heurtaux T, Glaab E, Balling R, Sousa C, Kaoma T, Nicot N, Pfander T, Schulz‐Schaeffer W, Allouche A, Fischer N, Biber K, Kleine‐Borgmann F, Mittelbronn M, Ostaszewski M, Schmit KJ, Buttini M. Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are linked, but independent of alpha‐synuclein inclusions, in a seeding/spreading mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Glia 2022; 70:935-960. [PMID: 35092321 PMCID: PMC9305192 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A key pathological process in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the transneuronal spreading of α‐synuclein. Alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) is a presynaptic protein that, in PD, forms pathological inclusions. Other hallmarks of PD include neurodegeneration and microgliosis in susceptible brain regions. Whether it is primarily transneuronal spreading of α‐syn particles, inclusion formation, or other mechanisms, such as inflammation, that cause neurodegeneration in PD is unclear. We used a model of spreading of α‐syn induced by striatal injection of α‐syn preformed fibrils into the mouse striatum to address this question. We performed quantitative analysis for α‐syn inclusions, neurodegeneration, and microgliosis in different brain regions, and generated gene expression profiles of the ventral midbrain, at two different timepoints after disease induction. We observed significant neurodegeneration and microgliosis in brain regions not only with, but also without α‐syn inclusions. We also observed prominent microgliosis in injured brain regions that did not correlate with neurodegeneration nor with inclusion load. Using longitudinal gene expression profiling, we observed early gene expression changes, linked to neuroinflammation, that preceded neurodegeneration, indicating an active role of microglia in this process. Altered gene pathways overlapped with those typical of PD. Our observations indicate that α‐syn inclusion formation is not the major driver in the early phases of PD‐like neurodegeneration, but that microglia, activated by diffusible, oligomeric α‐syn, may play a key role in this process. Our findings uncover new features of α‐syn induced pathologies, in particular microgliosis, and point to the necessity for a broader view of the process of α‐syn spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Garcia
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
| | - Wiebke Jürgens‐Wemheuer
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Institute of Neuropathology Saarland University Clinic (UKS) Homburg Germany
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Annette Masuch
- Department of Psychiatry University of Freiburg Medical Center Freiburg Germany
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Psychiatry University of Freiburg Medical Center Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Eric Koncina
- Department of Life Science and Medicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Djalil Coowar
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
- Department of Life Science and Medicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Carole Sousa
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Tatjana Pfander
- Institute of Neuropathology Saarland University Clinic (UKS) Homburg Germany
| | | | | | | | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry University of Freiburg Medical Center Freiburg Germany
| | - Felix Kleine‐Borgmann
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
- Department of Cancer Research Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Science and Medicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Kristopher J. Schmit
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology Dudelange Luxembourg
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32
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Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs): decipher underlying basis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:259-268. [PMID: 34285347 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the aggregation of neurotoxic proteins in the central nervous system. Aberrant protein accumulation in NDs is largely caused by the dysfunction of the two principal protein catabolism pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). The two protein quality control pathways are bridged by ubiquitination, a post-translational modification that can induce protein degradation via both the UPS and the ALP. Perturbed ubiquitination leads to the formation of toxic aggregates and inclusion bodies that are deleterious to neurons. Ubiquitination is promoted by a cascade of ubiquitinating enzymes and counter-regulated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). As fine-tuning regulators of ubiquitination and protein degradation, DUBs modulate the stability of ND-associated pathogenic proteins including amyloid β protein, Tau, and α-synuclein. Besides, DUBs also influence ND-associated mitophagy, protein secretion, and neuroinflammation. Given the various and critical functions of DUBs in NDs, DUBs may become potential therapeutic targets for NDs.
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33
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Ganguly U, Singh S, Chakrabarti S, Saini AK, Saini RV. Immunotherapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease: Focus on α-Synuclein. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 129:381-433. [PMID: 35305723 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized classically by motor manifestations. However, nonmotor symptoms appear early in the course of the disease progression, making both diagnosis and treatment difficult. The pathology of PD is complicated by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in intracellular cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies (LBs). The main toxic component of LBs is the protein α-Synuclein which plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis. α-Synuclein can propagate from cell-to-cell exhibiting prion-like properties and spread PD pathology throughout the central nervous system. Immunotherapeutic interventions in PD, both active and passive immunization, have targeted α-Synuclein in both experimental models and clinical trials. In addition, targeting the hyperactive inflammation in PD also holds promise in designing potential immunotherapeutics. The inflammatory and proteotoxic pathways are interlinked and contribute immensely to the disease pathology. In this chapter, we critically review the targets of immunotherapeutic interventions in PD, focusing on the pathogenetic mechanisms of PD, particularly neuroinflammation and α-Synuclein misfolding, aggregation, and propagation. We thoroughly summarized the various immunotherapeutic strategies designed to treat PD-in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. The development of these targeted immunotherapies could open a new avenue in the treatment of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Sukhpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, India
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Reena V Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India.
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34
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Safar MM, Abdelkader NF, Ramadan E, Kortam MA, Mohamed AF. Novel mechanistic insights towards the repositioning of alogliptin in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2021; 287:120132. [PMID: 34774622 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that impairs people's lives tremendously. The development of innovative treatment modalities for PD is a significant unmet medical need. The critical function of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neurodegenerative diseases has raised impetus in investigating the repositioning of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, alogliptin (ALO), as an effective treatment for PD. As a result, the focus of this research was to assess the effect of ALO in a rat rotenone (ROT) model of PD. For 21 days, ROT (1.5 mg/kg) was delivered subcutaneously every other day. ALO (30 mg/kg/day), delivered by gavage for 21 days, recovered motor performance and improved motor coordination in the open-field and rotarod testing. These impacts were highlighted by restoring striatal dopamine content and correcting histological changes that occurred concurrently. The ALO molecular signaling was determined by increasing the quantity of GLP-1 and the protein expression of its downstream signaling pathway, pT172-AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α. Furthermore, it curbed neuroinflammation via hampering HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and conquered striatal microglia activation. Pre-administration of dorsomorphin reversed the neuroprotective effects. In conclusion, the promising neuroprotective effect of ALO highlights the repositioning of ALO as a prospective revolutionary candidate for combating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Safar
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, the British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ramadan
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, the British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A Kortam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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35
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Iizuka Y, Owada R, Kawasaki T, Hayashi F, Sonoyama M, Nakamura K. Toxicity of internalized polyalanine to cells depends on aggregation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23441. [PMID: 34873226 PMCID: PMC8648788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In polyalanine (PA) diseases, the disease-causing transcription factors contain an expansion of alanine repeats. While aggregated proteins that are responsible for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders show cell-to-cell propagation and thereby exert toxic effects on the recipient cells, whether this is also the case with expanded PA has not been studied. It is also not known whether the internalized PA is toxic to recipient cells based on the degree of aggregation. In this study, we therefore prepared different degrees of aggregation of a peptide having 13 alanine repeats without flanking sequences of PA disease-causative proteins (13A). The aggregated 13A was spontaneously taken up by neuron-like cultured cells. Functionally, strong aggregates but not weak aggregates displayed a deficit in neuron-like differentiation in vitro. Moreover, the injection of strong but not weak 13A aggregates into the ventricle of mice during the neonatal stage led to enhanced spontaneous motor activity later in life. Thus, PA in the extracellular space has the potential to enter adjacent cells, and may exert toxicity depending on the degree of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Iizuka
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryuji Owada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayasu Kawasaki
- Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Organization for Promotion of Research and University Industry Collaboration, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masashi Sonoyama
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.,Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan.,Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness (GUCFW), Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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36
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Menon S, Kofoed RH, Nabbouh F, Xhima K, Al-Fahoum Y, Langman T, Mount HTJ, Shihabuddin LS, Sardi SP, Fraser PE, Watts JC, Aubert I, Tandon A. Viral alpha-synuclein knockdown prevents spreading synucleinopathy. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab247. [PMID: 34761222 PMCID: PMC8576194 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy is thought to involve a common prion-like mechanism, whereby misfolded α-syn provides a conformational template for further accumulation of pathological α-syn. We tested whether silencing α-syn gene expression could reduce native non-aggregated α-syn substrate and thereby disrupt the propagation of pathological α-syn initiated by seeding with synucleinopathy-affected mouse brain homogenates. Unilateral intracerebral injections of adeno-associated virus serotype-1 encoding microRNA targeting the α-syn gene reduced the extent and severity of both the α-syn pathology and motor deficits. Importantly, a moderate 50% reduction in α-syn was sufficient to prevent the spread of α-syn pathology to distal brain regions. Our study combines behavioural, immunohistochemical and biochemical data that strongly support α-syn knockdown gene therapy for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Menon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Rikke H Kofoed
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Fadl Nabbouh
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Yasmeen Al-Fahoum
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Tammy Langman
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Howard T J Mount
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lamya S Shihabuddin
- Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
- Present address: 5AM Ventures, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence to: Anurag Tandon, PhD Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada E-mail:
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Bhatia TN, Clark RN, Needham PG, Miner KM, Jamenis AS, Eckhoff EA, Abraham N, Hu X, Wipf P, Luk KC, Brodsky JL, Leak RK. Heat Shock Protein 70 as a Sex-Skewed Regulator of α-Synucleinopathy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2541-2564. [PMID: 34528172 PMCID: PMC8804008 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), is not typically studied as a function of biological sex, but by addressing this gap we might improve our understanding of proteinopathic disorders that predominate in one sex. Therefore, we exposed male or female primary hippocampal cultures to preformed α-synuclein fibrils in a model of early-stage Lewy pathology. We first discovered that two mechanistically distinct inhibitors of Hsp70 function increased phospho-α-synuclein+ inclusions more robustly in male-derived neurons. Because Hsp70 is released into extracellular compartments and may restrict cell-to-cell transmission/amplification of α-synucleinopathy, we then tested the effects of low-endotoxin, exogenous Hsp70 (eHsp70) in primary hippocampal cultures. eHsp70 was taken up by and reduced α-synuclein+ inclusions in cells of both sexes, but pharmacological suppression of Hsp70 function attenuated the inhibitory effect of eHsp70 on perinuclear inclusions only in male neurons. In 20-month-old male mice infused with α-synuclein fibrils in the olfactory bulb, daily intranasal eHsp70 delivery also reduced inclusion numbers and the time to locate buried food. eHsp70 penetrated the limbic system and spinal cord of male mice within 3 h but was cleared within 72 h. Unexpectedly, no evidence of eHsp70 uptake from nose into brain was observed in females. A trend towards higher expression of inducible Hsp70-but not constitutive Hsp70 or Hsp40-was observed in amygdala tissues from male subjects with Lewy body disorders compared to unaffected male controls, supporting the importance of this chaperone in human disease. Women expressed higher amygdalar Hsp70 levels compared to men, regardless of disease status. Together, these data provide a new link between biological sex and a key chaperone that orchestrates proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel N Clark
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick G Needham
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristin M Miner
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anuj S Jamenis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Eckhoff
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nevil Abraham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Dept. of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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38
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Teixeira M, Sheta R, Idi W, Oueslati A. Alpha-Synuclein and the Endolysosomal System in Parkinson's Disease: Guilty by Association. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091333. [PMID: 34572546 PMCID: PMC8472725 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of the protein α- synuclein (α-syn) into proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) is the neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that LB are also composed of other cellular components such as cellular membrane fragments and vesicular structures, suggesting that dysfunction of the endolysosomal system might also play a role in LB formation and neuronal degeneration. Yet the link between α-syn aggregation and the endolysosomal system disruption is not fully elucidated. In this review, we discuss the potential interaction between α-syn and the endolysosomal system and its impact on PD pathogenesis. We propose that the accumulation of monomeric and aggregated α-syn disrupt vesicles trafficking, docking, and recycling, leading to the impairment of the endolysosomal system, notably the autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. Reciprocally, PD-linked mutations in key endosomal/lysosomal machinery genes (LRRK2, GBA, ATP13A2) also contribute to increasing α-syn aggregation and LB formation. Altogether, these observations suggest a potential synergistic role of α-syn and the endolysosomal system in PD pathogenesis and represent a viable target for the development of disease-modifying treatment for PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Teixeira
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Razan Sheta
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Walid Idi
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abid Oueslati
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.T.); (R.S.); (W.I.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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39
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Szegő ÉM, Boß F, Komnig D, Gärtner C, Höfs L, Shaykhalishahi H, Wördehoff MM, Saridaki T, Schulz JB, Hoyer W, Falkenburger BH. A β-Wrapin Targeting the N-Terminus of α-Synuclein Monomers Reduces Fibril-Induced Aggregation in Neurons. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:696440. [PMID: 34326719 PMCID: PMC8313869 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.696440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing α-synuclein pathology constitutes a plausible strategy against Parkinson’s disease. As we recently demonstrated, the β-wrapin protein AS69 binds an N-terminal region in monomeric α-synuclein, interferes with fibril nucleation, and reduces α-synuclein aggregation in vitro and in a fruit fly model of α-synuclein toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AS69 also reduces α-synuclein pathology in mammalian neurons. To induce α-synuclein pathology, primary mouse neurons were exposed to pre-formed fibrils (PFF) of human α-synuclein. PFF were also injected into the striatum of A30P-α-synuclein transgenic mice. The extent of α-synuclein pathology was determined by phospho-α-synuclein staining and by Triton X-100 solubility. The degeneration of neuronal somata, dendrites, and axon terminals was determined by immunohistochemistry. AS69 and PFF were taken up by primary neurons. AS69 did not alter PFF uptake, but AS69 did reduce PFF-induced α-synuclein pathology. PFF injection into mouse striatum led to α-synuclein pathology and dystrophic neurites. Co-injection of AS69 abrogated PFF-induced pathology. AS69 also reduced the PFF-induced degeneration of dopaminergic axon terminals in the striatum and the degeneration of dopaminergic dendrites in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. AS69 reduced the activation of astroglia but not microglia in response to PFF injection. Collectively, AS69 reduced PFF-induced α-synuclein pathology and the associated neurodegeneration in primary neurons and in mouse brain. Our data therefore suggest that small proteins binding the N-terminus of α-synuclein monomers are promising strategies to modify disease progression in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva M Szegő
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabian Boß
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlott Gärtner
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lennart Höfs
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hamed Shaykhalishahi
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael M Wördehoff
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoyer
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Dresden, Germany
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40
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Watson MD, Lee JC. Coupling chemical biology and vibrational spectroscopy for studies of amyloids in vitro and in cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 64:90-97. [PMID: 34186291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are characterized by the aggregation of various proteins to form insoluble β-sheet-rich fibrils leading to cell death. Vibrational spectroscopies have emerged as attractive methods to study this process because of the rich structural information that can be extracted without large, perturbative probes. Importantly, specific vibrations such as the amide-I band directly report on secondary structure changes, which are key features of amyloid formation. Beyond intrinsic vibrations, the incorporation of unnatural vibrational probes can improve sensitivity for secondary structure determination (e.g. isotopic labeling), can provide residue-specific information of the surrounding polarity (e.g. unnatural amino acid), and are translatable into cellular studies. Here, we review the latest studies that have leveraged tools from chemical biology for the incorporation of novel vibrational probes into amyloidogenic proteins for both mechanistic and cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Watson
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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41
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Streubel-Gallasch L, Giusti V, Sandre M, Tessari I, Plotegher N, Giusto E, Masato A, Iovino L, Battisti I, Arrigoni G, Shimshek D, Greggio E, Tremblay ME, Bubacco L, Erlandsson A, Civiero L. Parkinson's Disease-Associated LRRK2 Interferes with Astrocyte-Mediated Alpha-Synuclein Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3119-3140. [PMID: 33629273 PMCID: PMC8257537 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative, progressive disease without a cure. To prevent PD onset or at least limit neurodegeneration, a better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular disease mechanisms is crucial. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene represent one of the most common causes of familial PD. In addition, LRRK2 variants are risk factors for sporadic PD, making LRRK2 an attractive therapeutic target. Mutations in LRRK2 have been linked to impaired alpha-synuclein (α-syn) degradation in neurons. However, in which way pathogenic LRRK2 affects α-syn clearance by astrocytes, the major glial cell type of the brain, remains unclear. The impact of astrocytes on PD progression has received more attention and recent data indicate that astrocytes play a key role in α-syn-mediated pathology. In the present study, we aimed to compare the capacity of wild-type astrocytes and astrocytes carrying the PD-linked G2019S mutation in Lrrk2 to ingest and degrade fibrillary α-syn. For this purpose, we used two different astrocyte culture systems that were exposed to sonicated α-syn for 24 h and analyzed directly after the α-syn pulse or 6 days later. To elucidate the impact of LRRK2 on α-syn clearance, we performed various analyses, including complementary imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and proteomic approaches. Our results show that astrocytes carrying the G2019S mutation in Lrrk2 exhibit a decreased capacity to internalize and degrade fibrillar α-syn via the endo-lysosomal pathway. In addition, we demonstrate that the reduction of α-syn internalization in the Lrrk2 G2019S astrocytes is linked to annexin A2 (AnxA2) loss of function. Together, our findings reveal that astrocytic LRRK2 contributes to the clearance of extracellular α-syn aggregates through an AnxA2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Sandre
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,PNC, Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Derya Shimshek
- Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy. .,IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy.
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42
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Castonguay AM, Gravel C, Lévesque M. Treating Parkinson's Disease with Antibodies: Previous Studies and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:71-92. [PMID: 33104039 PMCID: PMC7990466 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Degenerating neurons contain abnormal aggregates called Lewy bodies, that are predominantly composed of the misfolded and/or mutated alpha-synuclein protein. Post-translational modifications, cellular stress, inflammation and gene mutations are thought to trigger its pathological misfolding and aggregation. With alpha-synuclein pathology being strongly associated with dopaminergic neuronal toxicity, strategies aimed to reduce its burden are expected to be beneficial in slowing disease progression. Moreover, multiple sources of evidence suggest a cell-to-cell transmission of pathological alpha-synuclein in a prion-like manner. Therefore, antibodies targeting extra- or intracellular alpha-synuclein could be efficient in limiting the aggregation and transmission. Several active and passive immunization strategies have been explored to target alpha-synuclein. Here, we summarize immunotherapeutic approaches that were tested in pre-clinical or clinical studies in the last two decades in an attempt to treat Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Castonguay
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Gravel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada
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43
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Interaction between Parkin and α-Synuclein in PARK2-Mediated Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020283. [PMID: 33572534 PMCID: PMC7911026 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and α-synuclein are two key proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurotoxic alterations of α-synuclein that lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and fibrils contribute to PD through synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, defective endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi function, and nuclear dysfunction. In half of the cases, the recessively inherited early-onset PD is caused by loss of function mutations in the PARK2 gene that encodes the E3-ubiquitin ligase, parkin. Parkin is involved in the clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. PARK2-related PD is generally thought not to be associated with Lewy body formation although it is a neuropathological hallmark of PD. In this review article, we provide an overview of post-mortem neuropathological examinations of PARK2 patients and present the current knowledge of a functional interaction between parkin and α-synuclein in the regulation of protein aggregates including Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we describe prevailing hypotheses about the formation of intracellular micro-aggregates (synuclein inclusions) that might be more likely than Lewy bodies to occur in PARK2-related PD. This information may inform future studies aiming to unveil primary signaling processes involved in PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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44
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Pinnell JR, Cui M, Tieu K. Exosomes in Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:413-428. [PMID: 33372290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease, in which the formation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein is a key neuropathological hallmark. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles such as exosomes present a potential mechanism for propagation of pathological α-synuclein throughout the brain. The ability of exosomes to transport proteins and genetic material between cells, including mRNA and microRNAs which have been implicated in PD pathology, provides critical insights as to how exosomes may contribute to pathological progression in PD. Advances have also been made in the investigation of exosomes as potential tools for the modulation of Parkinson's pathology; their detection extracellularly may facilitate their use as biomarkers, while their small size could be utilised as vectors for the delivery of therapeutics. The aim of this review was to highlight our current knowledge of the role of exosomes in PD and potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Pinnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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45
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Li X, Feng Y, Wang XX, Truong D, Wu YC. The Critical Role of SIRT1 in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanism and Therapeutic Considerations. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1608-1622. [PMID: 33269110 PMCID: PMC7673849 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silence information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin family, targets histones and many non-histone proteins and participates in various physiological functions. The enzymatic activity of SIRT1 is decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), which may reduce their ability to resist neuronal damage caused by various neurotoxins. As far as we know, SIRT1 can induce autophagy by regulating autophagy related proteins such as AMP-activated protein kinase, light chain 3, mammalian target of rapamycin, and forkhead transcription factor 1. Furthermore, SIRT1 can regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress mainly by maintaining peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in a deacetylated state and thus maintaining a constant level of PGC-1α. Other studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD by regulating neuroinflammation. SIRT1 deacetylases nuclear factor-kappa B and thus reduces its transcriptional activity, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels. SIRT1 can also upregulate heat shock protein 70 by deacetylating heat shock factor 1 to increase the degradation of α-synuclein oligomers. Few studies have focused on the relationship between SIRT1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and PD risk, so this topic requires further research. Based on the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 on PD, many in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that some SIRT1 activators, notably resveratrol, have potential neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic neuronal damage caused by various neurotoxins. Thus, SIRT1 plays a critical role in PD development and might be a potential target for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ya Feng
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Daniel Truong
- 2The Truong Neurosciences Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA.,3Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Eymsh B, Drobny A, Heyn TR, Xiang W, Lucius R, Schwarz K, Keppler JK, Zunke F, Arnold P. Toxic Metamorphosis-How Changes from Lysosomal to Cytosolic pH Modify the Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pattern. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4673-4684. [PMID: 32986422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a cytosolic, aggregation-prone protein that is associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, the protein can appear in different conformations, including monomeric and oligomeric forms as well as amyloid fibrils. Its individual structural constituents seem to be dependent on various factors and the composition of the respective cellular surroundings. Although under physiological conditions, most aSyn is found in the cytosol and synapses of neurons, aSyn can also be found in lysosomal compartments, where it gets degraded. We here compare the assembly speed, morphology, folding state, and spreading of aSyn at cytosolic pH (pH 7.4) and lysosomal pH (pH 5) using Thioflavin T, transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Interestingly, we found substantial differences between aSyn aggregation under neutral and acidic pH conditions, like those present in cytosolic and lysosomal cellular compartments. Also, lysosomal aSyn enriched from an aSyn-overexpressing cell line was able to seed aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed that aSyn aggregates formed under in vitro lysosomal pH (pH 5) conditions were not stable at neutral pH and collapsed into partly soluble aggregates with changed structural characteristics. Our findings have meaningful implications in intracellular toxicity events as well as in lysis procedures for molecular and structural characterization of intracellular aSyn conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisher Eymsh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timon R Heyn
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91045 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia K Keppler
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.,MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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47
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Zheng H, Shi C, Luo H, Fan L, Yang Z, Hu X, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: Does a Prion-Like Mechanism of Propagation from Periphery to the Brain Play a Role? Neuroscientist 2020; 27:367-387. [PMID: 32729773 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, defined as motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and a decreased release of dopamine (DA). Currently, PD patients are believed to have a neuropathological basis denoted by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites (LNs), which mostly comprise α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. Remarkably, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the inclusions undergo template-directed aggregation and propagation via template-directed among the brain and peripheral organs, mainly in a prion-like manner. Interestingly, some studies reported that an integral loop was reminiscent of the mechanism of Parkinson's disease, denoting that α-syn as prionoid was transmitted from the periphery to the brain via specific pathways. Also the systematic life cycle of α-syn in the cellular level is illustrated. In this review, we critically assess landmark evidence in the field of Parkinson's disease with a focus on the genesis and prion-like propagation of the α-syn pathology. The anatomical and cell-to-cell evidences are discussed to depict the theory behind the propagation and transferred pathways. Furthermore, we highlight effective therapeutic perspectives and clinical trials targeting prion-like mechanisms. Major controversies surrounding this topic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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48
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Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Degradation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113779. [PMID: 32471089 PMCID: PMC7312529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems govern physiological functions related to locomotion, and their dysfunction leads to movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa disease). Previous studies revealed that expression of the gene encoding nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis, is reduced in Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia; however, the mechanism of TH depletion in these disorders remains unclear. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism underlying the neurodegeneration process in dopamine-containing neurons and focus on the novel degradation pathway of TH through the ubiquitin-proteasome system to advance our understanding of the etiology of Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia. We also introduce the relation of α-synuclein propagation with the loss of TH protein in Parkinson’s disease as well as anticipate therapeutic targets and early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahata
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
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49
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Bendifallah M, Redeker V, Monsellier E, Bousset L, Bellande T, Melki R. Interaction of the chaperones alpha B-crystallin and CHIP with fibrillar alpha-synuclein: Effects on internalization by cells and identification of interacting interfaces. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:760-769. [PMID: 32430178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spread of fibrillar alpha-synuclein from affected to naïve neuronal cells is thought to contribute to the progression of synucleinopathies. The binding of fibrillar alpha-synuclein to the plasma membrane is key in this process. We and others previously showed that coating fibrillar alpha-synuclein by the molecular chaperone Hsc70 affects fibrils properties. Here we assessed the effect of the two molecular chaperones alpha B-crystallin and CHIP on alpha-synuclein fibrils uptake by Neuro-2a cells. We demonstrate that both chaperones diminish fibrils take up by cells. We identify through a cross-linking and mass spectrometry strategy the interaction interfaces between alpha-synuclein fibrils and alpha B-crystallin or CHIP. Our results open the way for designing chaperone-derived polypeptide binders that interfere with the propagation of pathogenic alpha-synuclein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bendifallah
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Elodie Monsellier
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Luc Bousset
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tracy Bellande
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- CEA, Institut François Jacob (MIRcen) and CNRS, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (U9199), 18 Route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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50
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A myosin-7B-dependent endocytosis pathway mediates cellular entry of α-synuclein fibrils and polycation-bearing cargos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10865-10875. [PMID: 32366666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918617117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of misfolding-prone α-synuclein (α-Syn) has emerged as a key pathological event in Parkinson's disease. This process is initiated when α-Syn-bearing fibrils enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using a CRISPR-mediated knockout screen, we identify SLC35B2 and myosin-7B (MYO7B) as critical endocytosis regulators for α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs). We show that SLC35B2, as a key regulator of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis, is essential for recruiting α-Syn PFFs to the cell surface because this process is mediated by interactions between negatively charged sugar moieties of HSPGs and clustered K-T-K motifs in α-Syn PFFs. By contrast, MYO7B regulates α-Syn PFF cell entry by maintaining a plasma membrane-associated actin network that controls membrane dynamics. Without MYO7B or actin filaments, many clathrin-coated pits fail to be severed from the membrane, causing accumulation of large clathrin-containing "scars" on the cell surface. Intriguingly, the requirement for MYO7B in endocytosis is restricted to α-Syn PFFs and other polycation-bearing cargos that enter cells via HSPGs. Thus, our study not only defines regulatory factors for α-Syn PFF endocytosis, but also reveals a previously unknown endocytosis mechanism for HSPG-binding cargos in general, which requires forces generated by MYO7B and actin filaments.
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