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Remmers MCC, Reijs RP, Hoebe CJPA. Defining and distinguishing early life stress, trauma, adversity, toxic and chronic stress and allostatic load: a descriptive review. Scand J Public Health 2024:14034948241260105. [PMID: 39087715 DOI: 10.1177/14034948241260105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Various concepts are used to study the impact of stress on childhood development. These concepts are often used inconsistently or interchangeably. Our main objectives were to determine how selected stress concepts (chronic stress, toxic stress, allostatic load, early life stress, childhood adversity, childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences; ACEs) are defined, operationalized and described, and to provide a theoretical context to aid the choice for a preferred concept in public health research. METHODS For this descriptive review, we systematically searched for literature published before 4 August 2021, on PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo. Two independent reviewers included studies. Exclusion criteria were: no systematic review, not peer reviewed, not published in English, selected stress concepts were no predetermined variable or a substantial topic in the discussion, full text was unobtainable or study described non-human or non-childhood populations. Data extraction forms were used. Descriptives were gathered, publication fields were identified through Journal Citation Reports categories, and verbatim descriptions were ordered in text and Venn diagrams. RESULTS Of 264 screened studies, 124 were included. ACEs, childhood adversity and childhood trauma were used most. ACEs were the main concept used most frequently (47.6%). A total of 11 of 14 public and environmental health journals used ACEs. All concepts refer to prolonged, repeated, interpersonal stress from 0 to 18 years, that can alter physiological systems. Four concepts were stressor oriented, two concepts focused on stress response and effect and one on the state of challenged homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS ACEs seem most fitting for public health setting, due to their operationalizability, large set of core experiences and widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C C Remmers
- Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Youth Health Care, Public Health Service Limburg-North, Venlo, Netherlands
| | - Rianne P Reijs
- Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Youth Health Care, Living Lab Public Health Mosa, Public Health Service South Limburg, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Christian J P A Hoebe
- Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Living Lab Public Health Mosa, Public Health Service South Limburg, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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de la Rosa R, Le A, Holm S, Ye M, Bush NR, Hessler D, Koita K, Bucci M, Long D, Thakur N. Associations Between Early-Life Adversity, Ambient Air Pollution, and Telomere Length in Children. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:422-430. [PMID: 38588482 PMCID: PMC11142884 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the independent associations and interaction between early-life adversity and residential ambient air pollution exposure on relative buccal telomere length (rBTL). METHODS Experiences of abuse, neglect, household challenges, and related life events were identified in a cross-sectional sample of children aged 1 to 11 years ( n = 197) using the 17-item Pediatric ACEs and Related Life Event Screener (PEARLS) tool. The PEARLS tool was analyzed both as a total score and across established domains (Maltreatment, Household Challenges, and Social Context). Ground-level fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentrations were matched to residential locations for the 1 and 12 months before biospecimen collection. We used multivariable linear regression models to examine for independent associations between continuous PM 2.5 exposure and PEARLS score/domains with rBTL. In addition, effect modification by PEARLS scores and domains on associations between PM 2.5 exposure and rBTL was examined. RESULTS Study participants were 47% girls, with mean (standard deviation) age of 5.9 (3.4) years, median reported PEARLS score of 2 (interquartile range [IQR], 4), median 12-month prior PM 2.5 concentrations of 11.8 μg/m 3 (IQR, 2.7 μg/m 3 ), median 1-month prior PM 2.5 concentrations of 10.9 μg/m 3 (IQR, 5.8 μg/m 3 ), and rBTL of 0.1 (IQR, 0.03). Mean 12-month prior PM 2.5 exposure was inversely associated with rBTL ( β = -0.02, 95% confidence interval = -0.04 to -0.01). Although reported PEARLS scores and domains were not independently associated with rBTL, we observed a greater decrement in rBTL with increment of average annual PM 2.5 as reported Social Context domain items increased ( p -interaction < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that adverse Social Context factors may accelerate the association between chronic PM 2.5 exposure on telomere shortening during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie de la Rosa
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Austin Le
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health
| | - Stephanie Holm
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit
| | - Morgan Ye
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Danielle Hessler
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine
| | | | | | - Dayna Long
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland
| | - Neeta Thakur
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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Connor A, Deschamps A, Busque L, Tardif JC, Bourgoin V, Dubé MP, Busseuil D, D'Antono B. Childhood Maltreatment and Leukocyte Telomere Length: Cardiac Vagal Activity Influences the Relation in Older Adults. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:146-156. [PMID: 38345296 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood maltreatment is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL). However, the influence of cardiac vagal control on this relation is unknown. We examined whether cardiac vagal control at rest and in response to stress moderates or cross-sectionally mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and LTL. METHODS Participants were 1179 men and women (aged 65 [7.2] years) suffering from coronary artery disease or non-cardiovascular chronic disease. They completed a childhood maltreatment questionnaire and underwent a stress protocol while electrocardiogram was monitored. High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) measures were obtained at rest, during stress, and after stress in absolute and normalized units (nu). LTL was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed. RESULT HF-HRV and HF-HRV in normalized units (HFnu) measures did not mediate the childhood maltreatment-LTL relation. However, baseline HFnu ( p = .027) and HFnu reactivity ( p = .051) moderated the relation. Specifically, maltreatment was associated with significantly lower LTL among those with baseline HFnu at ( b = -0.059, p = .003) or below the mean ( b = -0.103, p < .001), but not among those with higher baseline HFnu. It was also associated with significantly lower LTL among participants who showed either blunted ( b = -0.058, p = .004) or increased HFnu ( b = -0.099, p = .001) responses to stress but not in those with large decreases in HFnu. CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment was associated with lower LTL in those who showed a distinct cardiac vagal profile at baseline and in response to stress. The mechanisms and implications remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Connor
- From the Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (Connor, Tardif, Dubé, Busseuil, D'Antono); Psychology Department, Université de Montréal (Connor, D'Antono); Department of Anesthesiology (Deschamps), Montreal Heart Institute; and Research Center, Hematology Division (Bourgoin), Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (Tardif, Dubé), Montreal, Canada
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Mason CE, Sierra MA, Feng HJ, Bailey SM. Telomeres and aging: on and off the planet! Biogerontology 2024; 25:313-327. [PMID: 38581556 PMCID: PMC10998805 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Improving human healthspan in our rapidly aging population has never been more imperative. Telomeres, protective "caps" at the ends of linear chromosomes, are essential for maintaining genome stability of eukaryotic genomes. Due to their physical location and the "end-replication problem" first envisioned by Dr. Alexey Olovnikov, telomeres shorten with cell division, the implications of which are remarkably profound. Telomeres are hallmarks and molecular drivers of aging, as well as fundamental integrating components of the cumulative effects of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that erode telomere length over time. Ongoing telomere attrition and the resulting limit to replicative potential imposed by cellular senescence serves a powerful tumor suppressor function, and also underlies aging and a spectrum of age-related degenerative pathologies, including reduced fertility, dementias, cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, very little data exists regarding the extraordinary stressors and exposures associated with long-duration space exploration and eventual habitation of other planets, nor how such missions will influence telomeres, reproduction, health, disease risk, and aging. Here, we briefly review our current understanding, which has advanced significantly in recent years as a result of the NASA Twins Study, the most comprehensive evaluation of human health effects associated with spaceflight ever conducted. Thus, the Twins Study is at the forefront of personalized space medicine approaches for astronauts and sets the stage for subsequent missions. We also extrapolate from current understanding to future missions, highlighting potential biological and biochemical strategies that may enable human survival, and consider the prospect of longevity in the extreme environment of space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine and WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Sierra
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine and WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Kertes DA, Clendinen C, Duan K, Rabinowitz JA, Browning C, Kvam P. The Social Environment Matters for Telomere Length and Internalizing Problems During Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:21-35. [PMID: 37747680 PMCID: PMC10761382 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety symptoms are on the rise among adolescents. With increasing evidence that cellular aging may be associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, there is an urgent need to identify the social environment context that may moderate this link. This study addresses this research gap by investigating the moderating role of the social environment on the relation between telomere length and emotional health among adolescents. Participants were 411 non-Hispanic (88.56%) Black (100%) adolescents (M = 14.23 years, SD = 1.85, female = 54%) in a major metropolitan city. Youth and parents reported on an array of social risk and protective factors, and youth provided DNA samples for telomere length measurement. Results demonstrated that the association of telomere length and anxiety symptoms was stronger among youth with higher perceived stress or lower school belongingness, and the association of telomere length with depressive symptoms was stronger under conditions of higher parent inter-partner psychological aggression. The results enhance our understanding of the complex associations between biological aging, the social environment, and mental health in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A Kertes
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA.
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA.
| | - Cherita Clendinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
| | - Ke Duan
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher Browning
- Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, 1885 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Peter Kvam
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 945 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
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Moshfeghinia R, Torabi A, Mostafavi S, Rahbar S, Moradi MS, Sadeghi E, Mootz J, Vardanjani HM. Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy and newborn telomere length: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:947. [PMID: 38102621 PMCID: PMC10724935 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes, and shorter leukocyte telomeres are associated with major group diseases. Maternal psychological stress may be related to the shortening of telomeres in infants. This systematic review and meta-analysis set out to consolidate the varying effect sizes found in studies of maternal psychological stress and telomere length (TL) in newborns and identify moderators of the relationship between stress during pregnancy and newborn TL. METHODS Our systematic review was registered in Prospero. Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete) were searched for records in English from inception to February 10, 2023. Observational studies were included that measured the relationship of psychological stress of the mother during pregnancy on the TL of the newborn. The Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A random-effect model was selected. Statistical analysis performed by Stata software version 17. RESULTS Eight studies were included for qualitative and four for quantitative analysis. There was an inverse statistically significant relationship between maternal stress and newborn TL; A one score increase in maternal psychological stress resulted in a 0.04 decrease in the TL of the newborn (B = -0.04, 95% CI = [-0.08, 0.00], p = 0.05). Selectivity analysis showed that the pooled effect size was sensitive to one study; After removing this study, the pooled effect size remained significant (B = -0.06, 95% CI = [-0. 10, -0.02], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Physiological and environmental factors can significantly affect the TL of newborns. Our results support a significant impact of maternal psychological stress on the TL of a newborn. This association demonstrates the significance of stress in influencing the telomere length, which can be a contributing factor in the infant's future. Therefore, recognizing this association is crucial for understanding and addressing potential health risks and necessitates the need for additional future studies to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moshfeghinia
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Torabi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Rahbar
- Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Research Consultation Center (RCC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jennifer Mootz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NYC, USA.
| | - Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Shiraz, Iran.
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Naudé PJW, Stein DJ, Lin J, Zar HJ. Investigating the association of prenatal psychological adversities with mother and child telomere length and neurodevelopment. J Affect Disord 2023; 340:675-685. [PMID: 37591348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to prenatal maternal psychological adversities can negatively affect the offspring's developing brain. Shortened telomere length (TL) has been implicated as a mechanism for the transgenerational effects of maternal psychological adversities on offspring. This study aimed to determine associations between prenatal psychological stressors and distress with maternal and early life TL, and associations between maternal, newborn and child TL with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age. METHODS Follow-up TL was measured in a subgroup of African mothers (n = 138) and their newborns (n = 142) and children (n = 96) at 2-years in the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Prenatal symptoms of depression, distress, intimate partner violence, posttraumatic stress-disorder and childhood trauma were measured at 27 weeks gestation. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III. TLs were measured in whole bloods from mothers and their children at 2-years, and cord bloods in newborns. RESULTS Maternal prenatal stressors and distress were not significantly associated with TL in mothers or their children at birth or at 2-years. Furthermore, maternal psychological measures were not associated with early-life attrition of TL. Longer TL in children at 2-years was associated (p = 0.04) with higher motor functioning. LIMITATIONS Limited numbers of participants and single time-point psychological measures. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to provide information on the association of early life TL with prenatal psychological adversities and neurodevelopmental outcomes in a population of low-income African mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Connor A, Starnino L, Busque L, Tardif JC, Bourgoin V, Dubé MP, Busseuil D, D'Antono B. Childhood maltreatment and leukocyte telomere length in men and women with chronic illness: an evaluation of moderating and mediating influences. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6242-6252. [PMID: 36943406 PMCID: PMC10522448 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment can result in lifelong psychological and physical sequelae, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Mechanisms leading to increased risk of illness may involve emotional dysregulation and shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL). METHODS To evaluate whether (1) childhood maltreatment is associated with shorter LTL among older adults with CAD or other chronic illnesses; (2) sex and/or CAD status influence these results; and (3) symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress moderate or mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and LTL, men and women (N = 1247; aged 65 ± 7.2 years) with and without CAD completed validated questionnaires on childhood maltreatment, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. LTL was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Analyses included bivariate correlations, hierarchical regressions, and moderation/mediation analyses, controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. RESULTS Childhood maltreatment was associated with significantly shorter LTL (r = -0.059, p = 0.038, b = -0.016, p = 0.005). This relation was not moderated by depression, anxiety, nor perceived stress, though there was mitigated evidence for absence of a maltreatment-LTL relation in men with CAD. Stress perception (but not anxiety or depression) partially mediated the relation between childhood maltreatment and LTL [Indirect effect, b = -0.0041, s.e. = 0.002, 95% CI (-0.0085 to -0.0002)]. CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment was associated with accelerated biological aging independently of patient characteristics. Emotional dysregulation resulting in chronic stress may contribute to this process. Whether stress management or other interventions may help prevent or slow premature aging in those who have suffered maltreatment requires study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Connor
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louisia Starnino
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lambert Busque
- Hematology Division, Research Center, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincent Bourgoin
- Hematology Division, Research Center, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Busseuil
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bianca D'Antono
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Rampersaud R, Wu GWY, Reus VI, Lin J, Blackburn EH, Epel ES, Hough CM, Mellon SH, Wolkowitz OM. Shorter telomere length predicts poor antidepressant response and poorer cardiometabolic indices in major depression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10238. [PMID: 37353495 PMCID: PMC10290110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) is a marker of biological aging, and shorter telomeres have been associated with several medical and psychiatric disorders, including cardiometabolic dysregulation and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In addition, studies have shown shorter TL to be associated with poorer response to certain psychotropic medications, and our previous work suggested shorter TL and higher telomerase activity (TA) predicts poorer response to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. Using a new group of unmedicated medically healthy individuals with MDD (n = 48), we sought to replicate our prior findings demonstrating that peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) TL and TA predict response to SSRI treatment and to identify associations between TL and TA with biological stress mediators and cardiometabolic risk indices. Our results demonstrate that longer pre-treatment TL was associated with better response to SSRI treatment (β = .407 p = .007). Additionally, we observed that TL had a negative relationship with allostatic load (β = - .320 p = .017) and a cardiometabolic risk score (β = - .300 p = .025). Our results suggest that PBMC TL reflects, in part, the cumulative effects of physiological stress and cardiovascular risk in MDD and may be a biomarker for predicting SSRI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rampersaud
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Gwyneth W Y Wu
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor I Reus
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Hough
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of OB-GYN and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chen XY, Chan KL, Lo CKM, Ho FK, Leung WC, Ip P. The association between victimization and inflammation: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:108-122. [PMID: 36435395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To meta-analyze the existing studies examining the association of childhood and adulthood victimization with inflammation and to explore the moderating variables that affect these relationships. METHODS Relevant work published before 28th February 2021 was identified by searching five major databases. We analyzed the cross-sectional data extracted from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using the random-effects model to estimate the correlation (r) as the pooled effect size and further conducted subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS A total of 37 articles finally met the inclusion criteria, including studies for C-reactive protein (CRP) (k = 23; NCRP = 11,780), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (k = 31; NIL-6 = 8943), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (k = 14; NTNF-α = 4125). Overall, victimization has a significantly positive association with inflammation, with a small effect size (r = 0.122). Specifically, effect sizes were the largest for TNF-a (r = 0.152), followed by IL-6 (r = 0.119), and CRP (r = 0.084). Additionally, the effect sizes for victimization against children were r = 0.145 (k = 6) for childhood victimization - childhood inflammation, and r = 0.139 (k = 27) for childhood victimization - adulthood inflammation, which appear to be larger than that of victimization against adults (r = 0.039; k = 2). LIMITATIONS Only a small number of studies on adult victimization were included. In addition, we only analyzed the cross-sectional relationship and did not have sufficient data to compare different types of victimization and single vs. multiple victimizations. CONCLUSIONS Victimization is associated with a heightened inflammatory response. As victimization against children may have a stronger effect than victimization against adults, prevention of victimization targeting the childhood period may be necessary. Studies with more robust methodologies (i.e., representative, longitudinal, and multi-country designs) are needed to confirm these findings and to unpack the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Camilla K M Lo
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Frederick K Ho
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wing Cheong Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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11
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Sumner JA, Cleveland S, Chen T, Gradus JL. Psychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:25. [PMID: 36707505 PMCID: PMC9883529 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and experiences of psychological trauma have been associated with subsequent CVD onset. Identifying key pathways connecting trauma with CVD has the potential to inform more targeted screening and intervention efforts to offset elevated cardiovascular risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence for key psychological and biological mechanisms linking experiences of trauma with CVD risk. Additionally, we describe various methodologies for measuring these mechanisms in an effort to inform future research related to potential pathways. With regard to mechanisms involving posttraumatic psychopathology, the vast majority of research on psychological distress after trauma and CVD has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even though posttraumatic psychopathology can manifest in other ways as well. Substantial evidence suggests that PTSD predicts the onset of a range of cardiovascular outcomes in trauma-exposed men and women, yet more research is needed to better understand posttraumatic psychopathology more comprehensively and how it may relate to CVD. Further, dysregulation of numerous biological systems may occur after trauma and in the presence of posttraumatic psychopathology; these processes of immune system dysregulation and elevated inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, and accelerated biological aging may all contribute to subsequent cardiovascular risk, although more research on these pathways in the context of traumatic stress is needed. Given that many of these mechanisms are closely intertwined, future research using a systems biology approach may prove fruitful for elucidating how processes unfold to contribute to CVD after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shiloh Cleveland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Lakkireddy SP, Balachander S, Dayalamurthy P, Bhattacharya M, Joseph MS, Kumar P, Kannampuzha AJ, Mallappagari S, Narayana S, Alexander AC, Muthukumaran M, Sheth S, Puzhakkal JC, Ramesh V, Thatikonda NS, Selvaraj S, Ithal D, Sreeraj VS, Mahadevan J, Holla B, Venkatasubramanian G, John JP, Murthy P, Benegal V, Reddy YCJ, Jain S, Viswanath B. Neurocognition and its association with adverse childhood experiences and familial risk of mental illness. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110620. [PMID: 35995305 PMCID: PMC7615105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may affect neurocognition, an endophenotype for several mental illnesses. This study examines the effect of ACEs on neurocognitive performance in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with severe mental illness to determine whether familial risk has a moderating effect on the relationship between ACEs and neurocognition. Unaffected FDRs from multiplex families with severe mental illnesses (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or alcohol use disorder) (n = 324) and healthy controls (with no familial risk) (n = 188) underwent neurocognitive tests for processing speed, new learning, working memory and Theory of Mind. ACEs were measured using the WHO ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Regression models were done to predict each neurocognitive domain by the effect of familial risk, ACE-IQ Score and their interaction (familial risk*ACE-IQ score). The main effect of familial risk predicted poor performance in all domains of neurocognition (p < 0.01), and the interaction had a negative association with global neurocognition (β = -0.093, p = 0.009), processing speed (β = -0.109, p = 0.003) and working memory (β = -0.092, p = 0.01). Among the ACEs sub-domains, only maltreatment (specifically the main effect of physical neglect and the interaction effect of sexual abuse with familial risk) predicted poorer neurocognition. In FDRs of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, only the main effects of familial risk were significantly associated with poorer neurocognition. We conclude that there is a relationship between ACEs (especially maltreatment) and neurocognitive functioning, which is moderated by the familial risk of mental illnesses. Genetic/familial vulnerability may have a stronger association with neurocognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Lakkireddy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Balachander
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pavithra Dayalamurthy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahashweta Bhattacharya
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mino Susan Joseph
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand Jose Kannampuzha
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Mallappagari
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Narayana
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Alen Chandy Alexander
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Moorthy Muthukumaran
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sweta Sheth
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Joan C Puzhakkal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinutha Ramesh
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Navya Spurthi Thatikonda
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Selvaraj
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhruva Ithal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayant Mahadevan
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - John P John
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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13
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Iannarelli NJ, Wade TJ, Dempster KS, Moore J, MacNeil AJ, O'Leary DD. No Mediation Effect of Telomere Length or Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number on the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Central Arterial Stiffness. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026619. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Previous reports have suggested that accelerated biological aging—indexed by telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn)—may contribute to associations between ACEs and cardiovascular health outcomes. Here, we examine the potential mediating effects of TL and mtDNAcn on the association between ACEs and central arterial stiffness—an intermediate cardiovascular health outcome—as a novel pathway linking ACEs to CVD risk among young adults.
Methods and Results
One hundred and eighty‐five (n=102 women; mean age, 22.5±1.5 years) individuals provided information on ACEs. TL (kb per diploid cell) and mtDNAcn (copies per diploid cell) were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques. Central arterial stiffness was measured as carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV; m/s). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the associations between ACEs, TL, mtDNAcn, and cfPWV. ACEs were positively associated with cfPWV (
β
=0.147,
P
=0.035). TL (
β
=−0.170,
P
=0.011) and mtDNAcn (
β
=−0.159,
P
=0.019) were inversely associated with cfPWV. Neither TL (
β
=−0.027,
P
=0.726) nor mtDNAcn (
β
=0.038,
P
=0.620) was associated with ACEs. Neither marker mediated the association between ACEs and cfPWV.
Conclusions
An increasing number of ACEs were associated with a faster cfPWV and thus, a greater degree of central arterial stiffness. ACEs were not associated with either TL or mtDNAcn, suggesting that these markers do not represent a mediating pathway linking ACEs to central arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Iannarelli
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
- Brock‐Niagara Centre for Health and Well‐Being Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Terrance J. Wade
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
- Brock‐Niagara Centre for Health and Well‐Being Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Kylie S. Dempster
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
- Brock‐Niagara Centre for Health and Well‐Being Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Jessy Moore
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Adam J. MacNeil
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Deborah D. O'Leary
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
- Brock‐Niagara Centre for Health and Well‐Being Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
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14
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Chen XY, Lo CKM, Chan KL, Leung WC, Ip P. Association between Childhood Exposure to Family Violence and Telomere Length: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912151. [PMID: 36231453 PMCID: PMC9566190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this meta-analysis were to examine the association between childhood exposure to family violence and telomere length and the moderating variables that influence this association. Relevant works published on or before 1st September 2022 were identified through a search in five major databases in English and 19 articles (N = 18,977) finally met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was conducted to compute the pooled effect size (correlation; r), and moderator analyses were performed using a random effects meta-analytic model. The studies yielded a significant inverse association between childhood exposure to family violence and telomere length, with a small effect size (r = -0.038, 95% CI [-0.070, -0.005], p = 0.025). Furthermore, the strength of this association was stronger in studies examining the co-occurrence of multiple types of violence than in those examining just one type (Q = 8.143, p = 0.004). These findings suggested that victims' telomere length may be negatively influenced by childhood exposure to family violence and that such impairment appears to be stronger for those who are exposed to multiple types of violence. Future studies are necessary to examine the moderating and mediating factors underlying the association between childhood exposure to family violence and telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Camilla K. M. Lo
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: (C.K.M.L.); (K.L.C.); Tel.: +852-2766-5760 (C.K.M.L.); +852-2766-5709 (K.L.C.)
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
- Correspondence: (C.K.M.L.); (K.L.C.); Tel.: +852-2766-5760 (C.K.M.L.); +852-2766-5709 (K.L.C.)
| | - Wing Cheong Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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15
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Bürgin D, Clemens V, Varghese N, Eckert A, Huber M, Bruttin E, Boonmann C, Unternährer E, O'Donovan A, Schmid M. Adverse and traumatic exposures, posttraumatic stress disorder, telomere length, and hair cortisol – Exploring associations in a high-risk sample of young adult residential care leavers. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100524. [PMID: 36213488 PMCID: PMC9535425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood adversities (CAs), potentially traumatic exposures (PTEs), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are known to increase the risk for poor health outcomes, including diseases of aging and early mortality. Telomere length (TL) and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) are biomarkers known to be associated with CA and PTEs, and PTSD, but there is considerable heterogeneity in findings. Objectives This study aims to investigate the association of CAs, PTEs, and PTSD with TL and HCC in a high-risk sample of young adults who were previously placed in youth residential care institutions throughout Switzerland. Method Our sample includes 130 participants (30.8% women, M Age = 26.5 ± 3.7 years) with previous youth residential care placements (MPlacements= 3.9). CAs and PTEs, as well as PTSD, were assessed with self-reported questionnaires and semi-structured clinical interviews. Immune cell TL was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in whole blood. Hair samples were collected for HCC measurement and assayed with high-sensitivity ELISA. Multivariate regression models were fitted to describe the associations between CAs, PTEs, and PTSD with TL and HCC, adjusting for covariates. Results In our high-risk sample, a higher burden of CAs, PTEs, Criterion A trauma, and PTSD was associated with longer TL. PTEs, Criterion A trauma, and PTSD were associated with lower HCC, however no significant associations between CAs and HCC were found. The magnitude of these effects varied depending on the dimensional or categorical nature of the stress-phenotype and the specific measure used. Conclusions Our findings are in contrast with many, but not all, previous studies of associations between adversity and both TL and HCC. For instance, our findings are in line with other studies that find a state of hypocortisolism in PTSD. Better measurement of adversities and trauma, multisystem biomarker approaches, and more research in larger high-risk samples at the upper end of the adversity-continuum is warranted. In this high-risk sample,childhood adversities, potential traumatic exposures, criterion A trauma, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with longer telomere length (TL). Potentially traumatic exposures, criterion A trauma, and PTSD were associated with lower hair cortisol concentrations. The magnitude of these effects varied depending on the dimensional or categorical nature of the stress-phenotype and the specific measure used. Hypocortisolism might explain findings of longer TL in participants with cumulated adverse and traumatic exposures. Research in high-risk populations is strongly needed as results across the entire spectrum of adversity exposures may not generalize to the top end of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bürgin
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Wilhelm-Klein Strasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Vera Clemens
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nimmy Varghese
- Neurobiological Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiological Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mara Huber
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Bruttin
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Unternährer
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aoife O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marc Schmid
- Research Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Hospitals Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Higher hair cortisol concentrations associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length in high-risk young adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11730. [PMID: 35821228 PMCID: PMC9276815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is associated with accelerated biological aging as indexed by short age-adjusted leukocyte telomere length (LTL). Exploring links of biological stress responses with LTL has proved challenging due to the lack of biological measures of chronic psychological stress. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) has emerged as a measure of chronic hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activation, allowing the examination of relationships between aggregate cortisol concentrations over time and LTL. Our sample includes 92 participants (38% women, Mage = 26 ± 3.7 years) from a high-risk sample of young adults with previous residential care placements. Two cm hair was collected for HCC, reflecting approximately eight weeks of cortisol secretion. LTL was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in whole blood samples. All samples for LTL were run in triplicate and assayed twice. Linear and polynomial regression models were used to describe the association between HCC and LTL, adjusting for age and sex. HCC and LTL showed negative associations (std. ß = − 0.67, 95% CI [− 0.83, − 0.52], p < .001) in age- and sex-adjusted analyses, indicating that higher HCCs are associated with shorter LTL. Using polynomial regression, we found a curvilinear relationship indicating a stronger negative association at lower cortisol concentrations. Higher HCCs were associated with shorter LTL, supporting the hypothesized involvement of prolonged cortisol secretion in telomere attrition. Thus, HCC may prove useful as a biological indicator of chronic stress associated with aging-related processes in samples exposed to high levels of stress.
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17
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Elam KK, Johnson SL, Ruof A, Eisenberg DTA, Rej PH, Sandler I, Wolchik S. Examining the influence of adversity, family contexts, and a family-based intervention on parent and child telomere length. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2088935. [PMID: 35789082 PMCID: PMC9248961 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2088935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background: Exposure to adversity, trauma, and negative family environments can prematurely shorten telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. Conversely, some evidence indicates that positive environments and psychosocial interventions can buffer the shortening of telomere length (TL). However, most work has examined individual aspects of the family environment as predictive of TL with little work investigating multiple risk and protective factors. Further, most research has not examined parent TL relative to child TL despite its heritability. Objective: In the current study, we examined interparental conflict, positive parenting, alcohol use, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and a family-based intervention as predictive of parent TL. We also examined interparental conflict, positive parenting, ACEs, and a family-based intervention as predictive of child TL. Method: Parents and adolescents from a sample of divorced families participated in either a 10-session family-based intervention, the New Beginnings Programme (NBP), or a 2-week active control condition. Approximately six years after the intervention, a subsample of parents (n = 45) and adolescents (n = 41) were assessed for TL. Parents reported on interparental conflict, ACEs, and alcohol use. Children reported on interparental conflict, positive parenting, and ACEs. In separate models, these constructs and the NBP intervention condition were examined as predictors of parent TL and child TL. Results: Findings indicated that the family-based intervention was associated with longer TL in parents. Also, positive parenting was associated with longer TL in children. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for the role of the family and family-based preventive interventions in buffering parent and child biological stress. HIGHLIGHTS Across multiple indices of psychosocial functioning, we found a family-based intervention associated with longer telomere length in parents and positive parenting associated with longer telomere length in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit K Elam
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Lindstrom Johnson
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ariana Ruof
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter H Rej
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irwin Sandler
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sharlene Wolchik
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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18
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Nwanaji-Enwerem JC, Van Der Laan L, Kogut K, Eskenazi B, Holland N, Deardorff J, Cardenas A. Maternal adverse childhood experiences before pregnancy are associated with epigenetic aging changes in their children. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25653-25669. [PMID: 34923483 PMCID: PMC8751604 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests associations of physical and psychosocial stressors with epigenetic aging. Although this work has included early-life exposures, data on maternal exposures and epigenetic aging of their children remain sparse. Using longitudinally collected data from the California, Salinas Valley CHAMACOS study, we examined relationships between maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) reported up to 18 years of life, prior to pregnancy, with eight measures (Horvath, Hannum, SkinBloodClock, Intrinsic, Extrinsic, PhenoAge, GrimAge, and DNAm telomere length) of blood leukocyte epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) in their children at ages 7, 9, and 14 years (N = 238 participants with 483 observations). After adjusting for maternal chronological age at delivery, pregnancy smoking/alcohol use, parity, child gestational age, and estimated leukocyte proportions, higher maternal ACEs were significantly associated with at least a 0.76-year increase in child Horvath and Intrinsic EAA. Higher maternal ACEs were also associated with a 0.04 kb greater DNAm estimate of telomere length of children. Overall, our data suggests that maternal preconception ACEs are associated with biological aging in their offspring in childhood and that preconception ACEs have differential relationships with EAA measures, suggesting different physiologic utilities of EEA measures. Studies are necessary to confirm these findings and to elucidate potential pathways to explain these relationships, which may include intergenerational epigenetic inheritance and persistent physical and social exposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaji C Nwanaji-Enwerem
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.,Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lars Van Der Laan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research of Community Health, CERCH, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Environmental Research of Community Health, CERCH, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Environmental Research of Community Health, CERCH, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research of Community Health, CERCH, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Environmental Research of Community Health, CERCH, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Chen MA, LeRoy AS, Majd M, Chen JY, Brown RL, Christian LM, Fagundes CP. Immune and Epigenetic Pathways Linking Childhood Adversity and Health Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2021; 12:788351. [PMID: 34899540 PMCID: PMC8662704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.788351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with a host of mental and physical health problems across the lifespan. Individuals who have experienced childhood adversity (e.g., child abuse and neglect, family conflict, poor parent/child relationships, low socioeconomic status or extreme poverty) are at a greater risk for morbidity and premature mortality than those not exposed to childhood adversity. Several mechanisms likely contribute to the relationship between childhood adversity and health across the lifespan (e.g., health behaviors, cardiovascular reactivity). In this paper, we review a large body of research within the field of psychoneuroimmunology, demonstrating the relationship between early life stress and alterations of the immune system. We first review the literature demonstrating that childhood adversity is associated with immune dysregulation across different indices, including proinflammatory cytokine production (and its impact on telomere length), illness and infection susceptibility, latent herpesvirus reactivation, and immune response to a tumor. We then summarize the growing literature on how childhood adversity may alter epigenetic processes. Finally, we propose future directions related to this work that have basic and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Chen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Angie S LeRoy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marzieh Majd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Y Chen
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ryan L Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa M Christian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health and the Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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20
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Fox ST, Reid N, Tornvall I, Weerasekera S, Gordon E, Hubbard RE. Anticipating the ageing trajectories of superheroes in the Marvel cinematic universe. BMJ 2021; 375:e068001. [PMID: 34903583 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Fox
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha Reid
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ida Tornvall
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shavini Weerasekera
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Gordon
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E Hubbard
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Womersley JS, Xulu KR, Sommer J, Hinsberger M, Kidd M, Elbert T, Weierstall R, Kaminer D, Malan-Müller S, Seedat S, M J Hemmings S. Associations between telomere length and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and appetitive aggression in trauma-exposed men. Neurosci Lett 2021; 769:136388. [PMID: 34890718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to community violence is common in South Africa and negatively impacts on biopsychosocial health. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, hypervigilance and negative alterations in cognition and mood, and can develop consequent to trauma exposure. Individuals who repeatedly experience and witness violence may also come to view it as appealing and rewarding. This appetitive aggression (AA) increases the likelihood of perpetrating violence. Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomere length (TL) attrition is a stress-sensitive marker of biological aging that has been associated with a range of psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between TL and symptoms of PTSD and AA in South African men residing in areas with high community violence. PTSD and AA symptom severity was assessed in 290 men using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale - Interview (PSS-I) and Appetitive Aggression Scale (AAS), respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on DNA extracted from saliva and used to calculate relative TL (rTL). Regression models were used to assess the relationships between rTL and PSS-I and AAS scores. Network analyses using EBIC glasso methods were performed using rTL and items from each of the AAS and PSS-I measures. Both PSS-I (p = 0.023) and AAS (p = 0.016) scores were positively associated with rTL. Network analyses indicated that rTL was weakly related to two PSS-I and five AAS items but performed poorly on indicators of centrality and was not strongly associated with measure items either directly or indirectly. The positive association between rTL and measures of AA and PTSD may be due to the induction of protective homeostatic mechanisms, which reduce TL attrition, following early life trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Khethelo R Xulu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jessica Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics & Actuarial Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Roland Weierstall
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Oberberg Clinics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Debbie Kaminer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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22
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Shortened leukocyte telomere length in young adults who use methamphetamine. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:519. [PMID: 34628468 PMCID: PMC8502172 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use, most prevalent in young adults, has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The relationship between METH use and accelerated biological aging, which can be measured using leukocyte telomere length (LTL), remains unclear. We examined whether young adult METH users have shorter LTL and explored the relationship between characteristics of METH use and LTL by using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We compared the LTL for 187 METH users and 159 healthy individuals aged between 25 and 34 years and examined the relationship of LTL with METH use variables (onset age, duration, and maximum frequency of METH use) by using regression analyses. In addition, 2-stage-least-squares (2SLS) MR was also performed to possibly avoid uncontrolled confounding between characteristics of METH use and LTL. We found METH users had significantly shorter LTL compared to controls. Multivariate regression analysis showed METH use was negatively associated with LTL (β = -0.36, P < .001). Among METH users, duration of METH use was negatively associated with LTL after adjustment (β = -0.002, P = .01). We identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6585206 genome-wide associated with duration of METH use. This SNP was used as an instrumental variable to avoid uncontrolled confounding for the relationship between the use duration and LTL shortening. In conclusion, we show that young adult METH users may have shorter LTL compared with controls and longer duration of METH use was significantly associated with telomere shortening. These observations suggest that METH use may accelerate biological senescence.
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23
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Womersley JS, Spies G, Tromp G, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Longitudinal telomere length profile does not reflect HIV and childhood trauma impacts on cognitive function in South African women. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:735-749. [PMID: 34448146 PMCID: PMC8602727 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) present a challenge in South Africa where the burden of HIV infection is the highest. Identification of biological correlates of HAND is required to improve diagnosis and inform interventions. Telomeres maintain genomic integrity and their shortening is a marker of biological aging sensitive to environmental influences. This study examined relative telomere length (rTL) as a predictor of cognitive function in the context of HIV and childhood trauma (CT), a risk factor for HAND. Two hundred and eighty-six women completed a neurocognitive assessment battery and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for amplification of telomeric repeats and the reference gene human beta-globin was used to calculate rTL. Neurocognitive and rTL assessments were repeated at 1 year in 110 participants. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were assessed using linear and mixed models, respectively. Participants with HIV (n = 135 in cross-sectional and n = 62 in longitudinal study groups) reported more severe CT and had shorter baseline rTL compared to seronegative controls. Participants without HIV had a greater 1-year decline in rTL. Global cognitive and attention/working memory scores declined in participants with HIV. Our data indicate that baseline rTL in the context of CT and HIV did not predict decline in cognitive scores. HIV-associated pathophysiological processes driving cognitive decline may also engage mechanisms that protect against telomere shortening. The results highlight the importance of examining biological correlates in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Samantha Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Georgina Spies
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Bioinformatics Unit, South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Ämmälä AJ, Suvisaari J, Kananen L, Lönnqvist J, Ripatti S, Pirkola S, Paunio T, Hovatta I. Childhood adversities are associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length at adult age in a population-based study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 130:105276. [PMID: 34051657 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are repeat sequences and an associated protein complex located at the end of the chromosomes. They shorten with every cell division and are regarded markers for cellular aging. Shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been observed in many complex diseases, including psychiatric disorders. However, analyses focusing on psychiatric disorders are mainly based on clinical samples and the significance of shorter LTL on the population level remains uncertain. We addressed this question in a population-based sample from Finland (N = 7142). The survey was performed and the blood samples were collected in 2000-2001 to assess major public health problems and their determinants. DSM-IV diagnoses of major psychiatric illnesses were obtained by interview using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Information regarding their risk factors, including the number of self-reported childhood adversities, recent psychological distress, and sleep difficulties was collected by questionnaires. LTL was measured by qPCR. None of the studied psychiatric illnesses, sleep difficulties, or recent psychological distress associated with LTL. However, individuals with three or more childhood adversities had shorter LTL at adult age (β = -0.006, P = 0.005). Also, current occupational status was associated with LTL (β = -0.03, P = 0.04). These effects remained significant after adjusting for known LTL-associated lifestyle or sociodemographic factors. In conclusion, relatively common childhood adversities were associated with shorter LTL at adult age in a nationally representative population-based cohort, implying that childhood adversities may cause accelerated telomere shortening. Our finding has potentially important implications as it supports the view that childhood adversities have an impact on psychological and somatic well-being later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Jussi Ämmälä
- Department of Genetics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Kananen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Finland
| | - Sami Pirkola
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Genetics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Lincoln KD, Nguyen AW. Biopsychosocial Risk Profiles among African American and Non-Hispanic White Adults: Findings from The Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:e82-e88. [PMID: 33406248 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to Whites, African Americans have elevated risk for earlier onset fatal and non-fatal chronic conditions and accelerated aging. Despite these persistent race disparities, the causes remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define a biopsychosocial risk typology that might explain accelerated aging in African Americans. METHODS Analyses were based on the African American and White subsample of the Health and Retirement Study (N=8,269). Latent class analysis was used to identify risk types. Chronic health conditions, salivary telomere length (STL), emotional support from family, negative interaction with family, early life adversities, and discrimination were used as class indicators. Latent class multinomial logistic regression was used to identify racial and demographic differences in risk type membership. RESULTS Three distinct risk types were identified: high risk, health risk, and psychosocial risk. African Americans were more likely than Whites to be assigned to the high risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, strained social relationships and high psychosocial stress. African Americans were less likely than Whites to be assigned to the health risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, optimal social relationships and low psychosocial stress. CONCLUSIONS The biopsychosocial risk typology accounted for population heterogeneity, identified high-risk profiles and modifiable factors within risk types that can inform current clinical interventions. The risk types also revealed different patterns of risk and resilience factors and shed light on the interplay between telomere length, stress exposure, chronic disease and accelerated aging in African Americans.
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26
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Bürgin D, Kind N, Schröder M, Clemens V, Fegert JM, Eckert A, Buchheim A, O'Donovan A, Boonmann C, Schmid M. The Stress of Caring-Resilience and HPA-Axis Activity in Hair Samples of Youth Residential Caregivers. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:556486. [PMID: 33408649 PMCID: PMC7779549 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Professional caregivers in youth residential care institutions experience frequent verbal and physical aggression as well as multiple stressors as part of their everyday work, leading to high levels of burnout and staff turnover. Resilience might buffer against psychophysiological stress response and therefore be crucial for well-being in professional caregivers. Objectives: We aimed to investigate if measures related to resilience [sense of coherence (SoC), self-efficacy and self-care] and attachment security of caregivers were cross-sectionally associated with stress markers in hair samples [cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)]. Method: Participants (n = 134; 64.2% women) reported on individual resilience measures and provided hair samples for cortisol and DHEA assays. Attachment was assessed in a subsample using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP, n = 69). Linear regression models were fitted to estimate the association between resilience measures and the Cortisol:DHEA ratio, cortisol and DHEA, controlling for gender and age. Results: SoC was associated with a lower Cortisol:DHEA ratio (β = -0.36, p < 0.001), driven by a positive association between SoC and DHEA levels (β = 0.28, p = 0.002). Self-care was also associated with lower Cortisol:DHEA ratios (β = -0.24, p = 0.005), due to self-care being associated with higher DHEA (β = 0.21, p = 0.016). HPA-axis measures were not associated with self-efficacy nor with attachment patterns in a subsample. Conclusions: Our findings imply that youth residential care institutions might benefit from programs focusing on enhancing SoC and self-care practices. Fostering a meaningful, comprehensible and manageable professional climate in caregiving environments and implementing self-care in routine practices might enhance not only well-being but also physical health of professional caregivers and in this way buffer adverse health effects of chronic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bürgin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, University Psychiatric Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Kind
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, University Psychiatric Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schröder
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, University Psychiatric Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Clemens
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiological Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aoife O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Mental Health Services, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, University Psychiatric Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schmid
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, University Psychiatric Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Warner ET, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Taporoski TP, Pereira A, DeVivo I, Spence ND, Cozier Y, Palmer JR, Kanaya AM, Kandula NR, Cole SA, Tworoger S, Shields A. Physical and sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence and leukocyte telomere length: A pooled analysis of the study on psychosocial stress, spirituality, and health. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241363. [PMID: 33125425 PMCID: PMC7598522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We examined whether abuse in childhood and/or adolescence was associated with shorter telomere length in a pooled analysis of 3,232 participants from five diverse cohorts. We also assessed whether religion or spirituality (R/S) could buffer deleterious effects of abuse. Methods Physical and sexual abuse in childhood (age <12) and adolescence (age 12–18) was assessed using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale and questions from a 1995 Gallup survey. We measured relative leukocyte telomere lengths (RTL) using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. We used generalized estimating equations to assess associations of physical and sexual abuse with log-transformed RTL z-scores. Analyses were conducted in each cohort, overall, and stratified by extent of religiosity or spirituality and religious coping in adulthood. We pooled study‐specific estimates using random‐effects models and assessed between-study heterogeneity. Results Compared to no abuse, severe sexual abuse was associated with lower RTL z-scores, in childhood: -15.6%, 95% CI: -25.9, -4.9; p-trend = 0.04; p-heterogeneity = 0.58 and in adolescence: -16.5%, 95% CI: -28.1, -3.0; p-trend = 0.08; p-heterogeneity = 0.68. Sexual abuse experienced in both childhood and adolescence was associated with 11.3% lower RTL z-scores after adjustment for childhood and demographic covariates (95% CI: -20.5%, -2.0%; p-trend = 0.03; p-heterogeneity = 0.62). There was no evidence of effect modification by R/S. Physical abuse was not associated with telomere length. Conclusions Sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence was associated with a marker of accelerated biological aging, decreased telomere length. The lack of moderation by R/S may be due to inability to capture the appropriate time period for those beliefs and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T. Warner
- MGH/Harvard Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Zhang
- MGH/Harvard Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yue Gu
- MGH/Harvard Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tâmara P. Taporoski
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Medicine), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Immaculata DeVivo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Spence
- MGH/Harvard Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvette Cozier
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie R. Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alka M. Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Califonia, United States of America
| | - Namratha R. Kandula
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shelley Tworoger
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Shields
- MGH/Harvard Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Miller JG, Ho TC, Humphreys KL, King LS, Foland-Ross LC, Colich NL, Ordaz SJ, Lin J, Gotlib IH. Early Life Stress, Frontoamygdala Connectivity, and Biological Aging in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Investigation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4269-4280. [PMID: 32215605 PMCID: PMC7264647 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) may accelerate frontoamygdala development related to socioemotional processing, serving as a potential source of resilience. Whether this circuit is associated with other proposed measures of accelerated development is unknown. In a sample of young adolescents, we examined the relations among ELS, frontoamygdala circuitry during viewing of emotional faces, cellular aging as measured by telomere shortening, and pubertal tempo. We found that greater cumulative severity of ELS was associated with stronger negative coupling between bilateral centromedial amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a pattern that may reflect more mature connectivity. More negative frontoamygdala coupling (for distinct amygdala subdivisions) was associated with slower telomere shortening and pubertal tempo over 2 years. These potentially protective associations of negative frontoamygdala connectivity were most pronounced in adolescents who had been exposed to higher ELS. Our findings provide support for the formulation that ELS accelerates maturation of frontoamygdala connectivity and provide novel evidence that this neural circuitry confers protection against accelerated biological aging, particularly for adolescents who have experienced higher ELS. Although negative frontoamygdala connectivity may be an adaptation to ELS, frontoamygdala connectivity, cellular aging, and pubertal tempo do not appear to be measures of the same developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Lucy S King
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lara C Foland-Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sarah J Ordaz
- Ordaz Psychological Health, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Biological embedding of maternal postpartum depressive symptoms: The potential role of cortisol and telomere length. Biol Psychol 2019; 150:107809. [PMID: 31734351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although maternal postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are associated with child behavior problems, the underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. Thus, the current study focused on 193 healthy mother-child dyads and investigated child cortisol and telomere length as potential mediating factors. At 3 and 6 months postpartum, mothers reported on PDS. At age 6, children provided saliva and buccal swab samples. At age 10, mothers and children reported on child behavior problems. Structural equation modelling revealed (a) no association between PDS and child behavior problems and thus no possibility of mediation, but that (b) lower cortisol forecast more child-reported internalizing problems, and (c) shorter telomere length predicted more child-reported internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings raise mediational questions about the determinants of these biomarkers.
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