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Krizan I, Solingapuram Sai KK, Damuka N, Macauley SL, Maria Thurman B, Long M, Kavanagh K. Exploratory Dual PET imaging of [ 18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and [ 11C]acetoacetate in type 2 diabetic nonhuman primates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 111:129906. [PMID: 39059565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in imaging (amyloid-PET & tau-PET) and fluid (Aβ42/Aβ40 & Aβ42/ptau) biomarkers, the current standard for in vivo assessment of AD, diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains challenging. We demonstrated in nonhuman primates (NHP) that increased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose correlated with decreased CSF Aβ42 and CSF Aβ40, a hallmark of plaque promoting pathogenesis. Together, our findings demonstrate that altered glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance are associated with Aβ and amyloid in rodent and NHP models. This warranted further exploration into the dynamics of altered brain metabolism in the NHP model of T2D, cross referenced with CSF and blood-based AD markers. Preliminary dual PET ([11C]acetoacetate ([11C]AcAc) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) imaging studies were conducted in an aged cohort of NHPs classified as T2D (n = 5) and pre-diabetic (n = 1) along with corresponding plasma and CSF samples for metabolite analysis. [11C]AcAc and [18F]FDG PET brain standard uptake values (SUV) were highly positively associated (r = 0.88, p = 0.02) in the T2D and pre-diabetic NHPs. Age was not significantly associated with brain SUV (age range 16.5-23.5 years old). Metabolic measures were positively correlated with brain [18F]FDG and CSF Aβ42:40 was positively correlated to fasting glucose values. Although our findings suggest moderate correlations, this study further elucidates that peripheral insulin resistance and poor glycemia control alter AD-related pathology, illustrating how T2D is a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Krizan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Masha Long
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, USA; College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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2
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Balamayooran G, Tooze JA, Gardin JF, Long MC, Caudell DL, Cline JM, Kock ND, Paitsel M, Moore S, Jorgensen MJ. Age and sex associated organ weight differences in vervets/African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12721. [PMID: 39048121 PMCID: PMC11378953 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAfrican green monkeys (AGMs, also known as vervets, Cholorocebus aethiops sabaeus) have been used in a variety of biomedical research studies. The aim of this study was to generate a reference for normal organ weights and percentage organ weights in AGMs of different age categories and sex.MethodsThe organ weights were compiled from 479 AGMs (285 females and 194 males) from 2004 to 2021. Age and sex differences of absolute and relative organ weights were analyzed using analysis of variance.ResultsThe findings demonstrate that males had higher body and organ weights than age‐matched females, but relative organ weights did not differ between males and females. At maturity, adrenal gland, brain, kidney, liver, thymus, and thyroid gland weights as a percentage of body weight declined, but relative weights of prostate gland, testes, and uterus were higher.ConclusionThese data should be beneficial to biomedical researchers and pathologists working with AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathriy Balamayooran
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean F Gardin
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret C Long
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David L Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy D Kock
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monica Paitsel
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacy Moore
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Huang H, Pu J, Zhou Y, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yu X, Dmitry B, Zhou Z, Wang J. A spontaneous hyperglycaemic cynomolgus monkey presents cognitive deficits, neurological dysfunction and cataract. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13863. [PMID: 38650114 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycaemia is a chief feature of diabetes mellitus and complicates with many systematic anomalies. Non-human primates (NHPs) are excellent for studying hyperglycaemia or diabetes and associated comorbidities, but lack behavioural observation. In the study, behavioural, brain imaging and histological analysis were performed in a case of spontaneously hyperglycaemic (HGM) Macaca fascicularis. The results were shown that the HGM monkey had persistent body weight loss, long-term hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, but normal concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, insulin autoantibody, islet cell antibody and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody. Importantly, an impaired working memory in a delayed response task and neurological dysfunctions were found in the HGM monkey. The tendency for atrophy in hippocampus was observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Lenticular opacification, lens fibres disruptions and vacuole formation also occurred to the HGM monkey. The data suggested that the spontaneous HGM monkey might present diabetes-like characteristics and associated neurobehavioral anomalies in this case. This study first reported cognitive deficits in a spontaneous hyperglycaemia NHPs, which might provide evidence to use macaque as a promising model for translational research in diabetes and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdi Huang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianglin Pu
- Deparment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University and Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Yufang Zhou
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Fan
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yanling Li
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yangzhuo Chen
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bulgin Dmitry
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Sochi, Russia
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Deparment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University and Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center and National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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4
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Negrey JD, Frye BM, Craft S, Register TC, Baxter MG, Jorgensen MJ, Shively CA. Executive function mediates age-related variation in social integration in female vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus). GeroScience 2024; 46:841-852. [PMID: 37217631 PMCID: PMC10828467 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, social participation and integration wane with advanced age, a pattern hypothesized to stem from cognitive or physical decrements. Similar age-related decreases in social participation have been observed in several nonhuman primate species. Here, we investigated cross-sectional age-related associations between social interactions, activity patterns, and cognitive function in 25 group-living female vervets (a.k.a. African green monkeys, Chlorocebus sabaeus) aged 8-29 years. Time spent in affiliative behavior decreased with age, and time spent alone correspondingly increased. Furthermore, time spent grooming others decreased with age, but the amount of grooming received did not. The number of social partners to whom individuals directed grooming also decreased with age. Grooming patterns mirrored physical activity levels, which also decreased with age. The relationship between age and grooming time was mediated, in part, by cognitive performance. Specifically, executive function significantly mediated age's effect on time spent in grooming interactions. In contrast, we did not find evidence that physical performance mediated age-related variation in social participation. Taken together, our results suggest that aging female vervets were not socially excluded but decreasingly engaged in social behavior, and that cognitive deficits may underlie this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Negrey
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
| | - Brett M Frye
- Department of Biology, Emory and Henry College, Emory, VA, USA
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gerontology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gerontology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA.
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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5
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Yonamine CY, Michalani MLE, Moreira RJ, Machado UF. Glucose Transport and Utilization in the Hippocampus: From Neurophysiology to Diabetes-Related Development of Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16480. [PMID: 38003671 PMCID: PMC10671460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of diabetes with cognitive dysfunction has at least 60 years of history, which started with the observation that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), who had recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia and consequently low glucose supply to the brain, showed a deficit of cognitive capacity. Later, the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and dementia in aged populations revealed their high association, in which a reduced neuronal glucose supply has also been considered as a key mechanism, despite hyperglycemia. Here, we discuss the role of glucose in neuronal functioning/preservation, and how peripheral blood glucose accesses the neuronal intracellular compartment, including the exquisite glucose flux across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complex network of glucose transporters, in dementia-related areas such as the hippocampus. In addition, insulin resistance-induced abnormalities in the hippocampus of obese/T2D patients, such as inflammatory stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial stress, increased generation of advanced glycated end products and BBB dysfunction, as well as their association with dementia/Alzheimer's disease, are addressed. Finally, we discuss how these abnormalities are accompained by the reduction in the expression and translocation of the high capacity insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in hippocampal neurons, which leads to neurocytoglycopenia and eventually to cognitive dysfunction. This knowledge should further encourage investigations into the beneficial effects of promising therapeutic approaches which could improve central insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression, to fight diabetes-related cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Yogi Yonamine
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Maria Luiza Estimo Michalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Rafael Junges Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.L.E.M.); (R.J.M.)
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6
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Ruggiero AD, Vemuri R, Blawas M, Long M, DeStephanis D, Williams AG, Chen H, Justice JN, Macauley SL, Day SM, Kavanagh K. Long-term dasatinib plus quercetin effects on aging outcomes and inflammation in nonhuman primates: implications for senolytic clinical trial design. GeroScience 2023; 45:2785-2803. [PMID: 37261678 PMCID: PMC10643765 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence increases with aging and results in secretion of pro-inflammatory factors that induce local and systemic tissue dysfunction. We conducted the first preclinical trial in a relevant middle-aged nonhuman primate (NHP) model to allow estimation of the main translatable effects of the senolytic combination dasatinib (D) and quercetin (Q), with and without caloric restriction (CR). A multi-systemic survey of age-related changes, including those on immune cells, adipose tissue, the microbiome, and biomarkers of systemic organ and metabolic health are reported. Age-, weight-, sex-, and glycemic control-matched NHPs (D + Q, n = 9; vehicle [VEH] n = 7) received two consecutive days of D + Q (5 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) monthly for 6 months, where in month six, a 10% CR was implemented in both D + Q and VEH NHPs to induce equal weight reductions. D + Q reduced senescence marker gene expressions in adipose tissue and circulating PAI-1 and MMP-9. Improvements were observed in immune cell types with significant anti-inflammatory shifts and reductions in microbial translocation biomarkers, despite stable microbiomes. Blood urea nitrogen showed robust improvements with D + Q. CR resulted in significant positive body composition changes in both groups with further improvement in immune cell profiles and decreased GDF15 (p = 0.05), and the interaction of D + Q and CR dramatically reduced glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (p = 0.03). This work indicates that 6 months of intermittent D + Q exposure is safe and may combat inflammaging via immune benefits and improved intestinal barrier function. We also saw renal benefits, and with CR, improved metabolic health. These data are intended to provide direction for the design of larger controlled intervention trials in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistaire D Ruggiero
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ravichandra Vemuri
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Megan Blawas
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Masha Long
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Darla DeStephanis
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Abigail G Williams
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jamie N Justice
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven M Day
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Grizzanti J, Moritz WR, Pait MC, Stanley M, Kaye SD, Carroll CM, Constantino NJ, Deitelzweig LJ, Snipes JA, Kellar D, Caesar EE, Pettit-Mee RJ, Day SM, Sens JP, Nicol NI, Dhillon J, Remedi MS, Kiraly DD, Karch CM, Nichols CG, Holtzman DM, Macauley SL. KATP channels are necessary for glucose-dependent increases in amyloid-β and Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e162454. [PMID: 37129980 PMCID: PMC10386887 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood glucose levels, or hyperglycemia, can increase brain excitability and amyloid-β (Aβ) release, offering a mechanistic link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the cellular mechanisms governing this relationship are poorly understood, we explored whether ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which couple changes in energy availability with cellular excitability, play a role in AD pathogenesis. First, we demonstrate that KATP channel subunits Kir6.2/KCNJ11 and SUR1/ABCC8 were expressed on excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the human brain, and cortical expression of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 changed with AD pathology in humans and mice. Next, we explored whether eliminating neuronal KATP channel activity uncoupled the relationship between metabolism, excitability, and Aβ pathology in a potentially novel mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis and neuronal KATP channel ablation (i.e., amyloid precursor protein [APP]/PS1 Kir6.2-/- mouse). Using both acute and chronic paradigms, we demonstrate that Kir6.2-KATP channels are metabolic sensors that regulate hyperglycemia-dependent increases in interstitial fluid levels of Aβ, amyloidogenic processing of APP, and amyloid plaque formation, which may be dependent on lactate release. These studies identify a potentially new role for Kir6.2-KATP channels in AD and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of Kir6.2-KATP channels holds therapeutic promise in reducing Aβ pathology in patients with diabetes or prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Grizzanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - William R. Moritz
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Morgan C. Pait
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Molly Stanley
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sarah D. Kaye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Carroll
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Constantino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lily J. Deitelzweig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A. Snipes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derek Kellar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily E. Caesar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noelle I. Nicol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jasmeen Dhillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria S. Remedi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research
| | | | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology; and
| | - Colin G. Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology; and
| | - Shannon L. Macauley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- Center on Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
- Center for Precision Medicine; and
- Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Liu R, Zhang L, You H. Insulin Resistance and Impaired Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221147. [PMID: 37125547 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complicated and involves multiple contributing factors. Mounting evidence supports the concept that AD is an age-related metabolic neurodegenerative disease mediated in part by brain insulin resistance, and sharing similar metabolic dysfunctions and brain pathological characteristics that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other insulin resistance disorders. Brain insulin signal pathway is a major regulator of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. In the past several years, impaired BCAA metabolism has been described in several insulin resistant states such as obesity, T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Disrupted BCAA metabolism leading to elevation in circulating BCAAs and related metabolites is an early metabolic phenotype of insulin resistance and correlated with future onset of T2DM. Brain is a major site for BCAA metabolism. BCAAs play pivotal roles in normal brain function, especially in signal transduction, nitrogen homeostasis, and neurotransmitter cycling. Evidence from animal models and patients support the involvement of BCAA dysmetabolism in neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and maple syrup urine disease. More recently, growing studies have revealed altered BCAA metabolism in AD, but the relationship between them is poorly understood. This review is focused on the recent findings regarding BCAA metabolism and its role in AD. Moreover, we will explore how impaired BCAA metabolism influences brain function and participates in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao You
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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9
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Day SM, Gironda SC, Clarke CW, Snipes JA, Nicol NI, Kamran H, Vaughan W, Weiner JL, Macauley SL. Ethanol exposure alters Alzheimer's-related pathology, behavior, and metabolism in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105967. [PMID: 36535550 PMCID: PMC10010148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies identified alcohol use disorder (AUD) as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet there is conflicting evidence on how alcohol use promotes AD pathology. In this study, a 10-week moderate two-bottle choice drinking paradigm was used to identify how chronic ethanol exposure alters amyloid-β (Aβ)-related pathology, metabolism, and behavior. Ethanol-exposed APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice showed increased brain atrophy and an increased number of amyloid plaques. Further analysis revealed that ethanol exposure led to a shift in the distribution of plaque size in the cortex and hippocampus. Ethanol-exposed mice developed a greater number of smaller plaques, potentially setting the stage for increased plaque proliferation in later life. Ethanol drinking APP/PS1 mice also exhibited deficits in nest building, a metric of self-care, as well as increased locomotor activity and central zone exploration in an open field test. Ethanol exposure also led to a diurnal shift in feeding behavior which was associated with changes in glucose homeostasis and glucose intolerance. Complementary in vivo microdialysis experiments were used to measure how acute ethanol directly modulates Aβ in the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF). Acute ethanol transiently increased hippocampal ISF glucose levels, suggesting that ethanol directly affects cerebral metabolism. Acute ethanol also selectively increased ISF Aβ40, but not ISF Aβ42, levels during withdrawal. Lastly, chronic ethanol drinking increased N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and decreased γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR) mRNA levels, indicating a potential hyperexcitable shift in the brain's excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. Collectively, these experiments suggest that ethanol may increase Aβ deposition by disrupting metabolism and the brain's E/I balance. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that a moderate drinking paradigm culminates in an interaction between alcohol use and AD-related phenotypes with a potentiation of AD-related pathology, behavioral dysfunction, and metabolic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Day
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Stephen C Gironda
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Caitlin W Clarke
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - J Andy Snipes
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Noelle I Nicol
- Section on Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hana Kamran
- Section on Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Warner Vaughan
- Section on Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Weiner
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Section on Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.
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10
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Wee AS, Nhu TD, Khaw KY, San Tang K, Yeong KY. Linking Diabetes to Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Roles of Glucose Metabolism and Alpha-Glucosidase. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2036-2048. [PMID: 36372924 PMCID: PMC10556372 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21999221111102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are more prevalent with ageing and cause a substantial global socio-economic burden. The biology of these two conditions is well elaborated, but whether AD and type 2 DM arise from coincidental roots in ageing or are linked by pathophysiological mechanisms remains unclear. Research findings involving animal models have identified mechanisms shared by both AD and type 2 DM. Deposition of β-amyloid peptides and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks of AD. Type 2 DM, on the other hand, is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Several studies show that improving type 2 DM can delay or prevent the development of AD, and hence, prevention and control of type 2 DM may reduce the risk of AD later in life. Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that is commonly associated with hyperglycaemia in type 2 DM. However, it is uncertain if this enzyme may play a role in the progression of AD. This review explores the experimental evidence that depicts the relationship between dysregulation of glucose metabolism and AD. We also delineate the links between alpha-glucosidase and AD and the potential role of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sze Wee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thao Dinh Nhu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 , Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology (TMB) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Song X, Zhu Z, Qian X, Liu X, Chen S, Tang H. Multi-Omics Characterization of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Cognitive Impairment in the db/db Mouse Model. Molecules 2022; 27:1904. [PMID: 35335269 PMCID: PMC8951264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment. Contributing factors such as modern lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and gene environmental interactions have been postulated, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we attempt to investigate the potential mechanisms and interventions underlying T2DM-induced cognitive deficits from the brain-gut axis perspective. A combined analysis of the brain transcriptome, plasma metabolome, and gut microbiota in db/db mice with cognitive decline was conducted. Transcriptome analysis identified 222 upregulated gene sets and 85 downregulated gene sets, mainly related to mitochondrial respiratory, glycolytic, and inflammation. In metabolomic analysis, a total of 75 significantly altered metabolites were identified, correlated with disturbances of glucose, lipid, bile acid, and steroid metabolism under disease state. Gut microbiota analysis suggested that the species abundance and diversity of db/db mice were significantly increased, with 23 significantly altered genus detected. Using the multi-omics integration, significant correlations among key genes (n = 33), metabolites (n = 41), and bacterial genera (n = 21) were identified. Our findings suggest that disturbed circulation and brain energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial-related disturbances, may contribute to cognitive impairment in db/db mice. This study provides novel insights into the functional interactions among the brain, circulating metabolites, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Song
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.S.); (Z.Z.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.S.); (Z.Z.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaohang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.S.); (Z.Z.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China;
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.S.); (Z.Z.); (X.Q.)
| | - Huidong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.S.); (Z.Z.); (X.Q.)
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Guangci Memorial Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
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12
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Frye BM, Craft S, Latimer CS, Keene CD, Montine TJ, Register TC, Orr ME, Kavanagh K, Macauley SL, Shively CA. Aging-related Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology and functional decline in captive vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23260. [PMID: 33818801 PMCID: PMC8626867 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurodegeneration characteristic of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) begins in middle age, well before symptoms. Translational models to identify modifiable risk factors are needed to understand etiology and identify therapeutic targets. Here, we outline the evidence supporting the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) as a model of aging-related AD-like neuropathology and associated phenotypes including cognitive function, physical function, glucose handling, intestinal physiology, and CSF, blood, and neuroimaging biomarkers. This review provides the most comprehensive multisystem description of aging in vervets to date. This review synthesizes a large body of evidence that suggests that aging vervets exhibit a coordinated suite of traits consistent with early AD and provide a powerful, naturally occurring model for LOAD. Notably, relationships are identified between AD-like neuropathology and modifiable risk factors. Gaps in knowledge and key limitations are provided to shape future studies to illuminate mechanisms underlying divergent neurocognitive aging trajectories and to develop interventions that increase resilience to aging-associated chronic disease, particularly, LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M. Frye
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- J. Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Caitlin S. Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington-Seattle
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington-Seattle
| | | | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
- J. Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Shannon L. Macauley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Wake Forest Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
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13
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Shively CA, Lacreuse A, Frye BM, Rothwell ES, Moro M. Nonhuman primates at the intersection of aging biology, chronic disease, and health: An introduction to the American Journal of Primatology Special Issue on aging, cognitive decline, and neuropathology in nonhuman primates. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23309. [PMID: 34403529 PMCID: PMC8935964 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aging across the Primate Order is poorly understood because ages of individuals are often unknown, there is a dearth of aged animals available for study, and because aging is best characterized by longitudinal studies which are difficult to carry out in long-lived species. The human population is aging rapidly, and advanced age is a primary risk factor for several chronic diseases and conditions that impact healthspan. As lifespan has increased, diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) have become more prevalent, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias have become epidemic. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models are key to understanding the aging primate CNS. This Special Issue presents a review of current knowledge about NHP CNS aging across the Primate Order. Similarities and differences to human aging, and their implications for the validity of NHP models of aging are considered. Topics include aging-related brain structure and function, neuropathologies, cognitive performance, social behavior and social network characteristics, and physical, sensory, and motor function. Challenges to primate CNS aging research are discussed. Together, this collection of articles demonstrates the value of studying aging in a breadth of NHP models to advance our understanding of human and nonhuman primate aging and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett M. Frye
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily S. Rothwell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuel Moro
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
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14
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Russin KJ, Nair KS, Montine TJ, Baker LD, Craft S. Diet Effects on Cerebrospinal Fluid Amino Acids Levels in Adults with Normal Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:843-853. [PMID: 34602470 PMCID: PMC8673538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exploration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acids and the impact of dietary intake on central levels may provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic component of Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of two diets with varied nutrient compositions on change in CSF amino acids levels in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognition (NC). Secondary objectives were to assess the correlations between the change in CSF amino acids and change in Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Methods: In a randomized, parallel, controlled feeding trial, adults (NC, n = 20; MCI, n = 29) consumed a high saturated fat (SFA)/glycemic index (GI) diet [HIGH] or a low SFA/GI diet [LOW] for 4 weeks. Lumbar punctures were performed at baseline and 4 weeks. Results: CSF valine increased and arginine decreased after the HIGH compared to the LOW diet in MCI (ps = 0.03 and 0.04). This pattern was more prominent in MCI versus NC (diet by diagnosis interaction ps = 0.05 and 0.09), as was an increase in isoleucine after the HIGH diet (p = 0.05). Changes in CSF amino acids were correlated with changes in Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers Aβ42, total tau, and p-Tau 181, with distinct patterns in the relationships by diet intervention and cognitive status. Conclusion: Dietary intake affects CSF amino acid levels and the response to diet is differentially affected by cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J Russin
- Department of Internal Medicine- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Laura D Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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15
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Vittal Rao H, Bihaqi SW, Iannucci J, Sen A, Grammas P. Thrombin Signaling Contributes to High Glucose-Induced Injury of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:211-224. [PMID: 33252072 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the strongest disease-related risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In diabetics, hyperglycemia-induced microvascular complications are the major cause of end-organ injury, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Microvascular pathology is also an important and early feature of AD. The cerebral microvasculature may be a point of convergence of both diseases. Several lines of evidence also implicate thrombin in AD as well as in diabetes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the role of thrombin in glucose-induced brain microvascular endothelial injury. METHODS Cultured Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) were treated with 30 mM glucose±100 nM thrombin and±250 nM Dabigatran or inhibitors of PAR1, p38MAPK, MMP2, or MMP9. Cytotoxicity and thrombin activity assays on supernatants and western blotting for protein expression in lysates were performed. RESULTS reatment of HBMVECs with 30 mM glucose increased thrombin activity and expression of inflammatory proteins TNFα, IL-6, and MMPs 2 and 9; this elevation was reduced by the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran. Direct treatment of brain endothelial cells with thrombin upregulated p38MAPK and CREB, and induced TNFα, IL6, MMP2, and MMP9 as well as oxidative stress proteins NOX4 and iNOS. Inhibition of thrombin, thrombin receptor PAR1 or p38MAPK decrease expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress proteins, implying that thrombin may play a central role in glucose-induced endothelial injury. CONCLUSION Since preventing brain endothelial injury would preserve blood-brain barrier integrity, prevent neuroinflammation, and retain intact functioning of the neurovascular unit, inhibiting thrombin, or its downstream signaling effectors, could be a therapeutic strategy for mitigating diabetes-induced dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Vittal Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Syed Waseem Bihaqi
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.,Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Iannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.,George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Abhik Sen
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.,Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Paula Grammas
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.,George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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16
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Zhang S, Lachance BB, Mattson MP, Jia X. Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102089. [PMID: 34118354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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17
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Kubis-Kubiak A, Dyba A, Piwowar A. The Interplay between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease-In the Hunt for Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082744. [PMID: 32326589 PMCID: PMC7215807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is an organ in which energy metabolism occurs most intensively and glucose is an essential and dominant energy substrate. There have been many studies in recent years suggesting a close relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as they have many pathophysiological features in common. The condition of hyperglycemia exposes brain cells to the detrimental effects of glucose, increasing protein glycation and is the cause of different non-psychiatric complications. Numerous observational studies show that not only hyperglycemia but also blood glucose levels near lower fasting limits (72 to 99 mg/dL) increase the incidence of AD, regardless of whether T2DM will develop in the future. As the comorbidity of these diseases and earlier development of AD in T2DM sufferers exist, new AD biomarkers are being sought for etiopathogenetic changes associated with early neurodegenerative processes as a result of carbohydrate disorders. The S100B protein seem to be interesting in this respect as it may be a potential candidate, especially important in early diagnostics of these diseases, given that it plays a role in both carbohydrate metabolism disorders and neurodegenerative processes. It is therefore necessary to clarify the relationship between the concentration of the S100B protein and glucose and insulin levels. This paper draws attention to a valuable research objective that may in the future contribute to a better diagnosis of early neurodegenerative changes, in particular in subjects with T2DM and may be a good basis for planning experiments related to this issue as well as a more detailed explanation of the relationship between the neuropathological disturbances and changes of glucose and insulin concentrations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Dyba
- Students Science Club of the Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
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