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Chu HY, Smith Y, Lytton WW, Grafton S, Villalba R, Masilamoni G, Wichmann T. Dysfunction of motor cortices in Parkinson's disease. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae294. [PMID: 39066504 PMCID: PMC11281850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has long been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The impaired cortical function is believed to be a direct and immediate effect of pathologically patterned basal ganglia output, mediated to the cerebral cortex by way of the ventral motor thalamus. However, recent studies in humans with Parkinson's disease and in animal models of the disease have provided strong evidence suggesting that the involvement of the cerebral cortex is much broader than merely serving as a passive conduit for subcortical disturbances. In the present review, we discuss Parkinson's disease-related changes in frontal cortical motor regions, focusing on neuropathology, plasticity, changes in neurotransmission, and altered network interactions. We will also examine recent studies exploring the cortical circuits as potential targets for neuromodulation to treat Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Chu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Yoland Smith
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - William W Lytton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
- Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital, 451 Clarkson Avenue,Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Grafton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, 551 UCEN Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Rosa Villalba
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Gunasingh Masilamoni
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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Borgheai SB, Opri E, Isbaine F, Cole E, Deligani RJ, Laxpati N, Risk BB, Willie JT, Gross RE, Yong NA, McIntyre CC, Miocinovic S. Neural pathway activation in the subthalamic region depends on stimulation polarity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.01.24306044. [PMID: 38746250 PMCID: PMC11092741 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.24306044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, there is limited understanding of which subthalamic pathways are recruited in response to stimulation. Here, by focusing on the polarity of the stimulus waveform (cathodic vs. anodic), our goal was to elucidate biophysical mechanisms that underlie electrical stimulation in the human brain. In clinical studies, cathodic stimulation more easily triggers behavioral responses, but anodic DBS broadens the therapeutic window. This suggests that neural pathways involved respond preferentially depending on stimulus polarity. To experimentally compare the activation of therapeutically relevant pathways during cathodic and anodic subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS, pathway activation was quantified by measuring evoked potentials resulting from antidromic or orthodromic activation in 15 PD patients undergoing DBS implantation. Cortical evoked potentials (cEP) were recorded using subdural electrocorticography, DBS local evoked potentials (DLEP) were recorded from non-stimulating contacts and EMG activity was recorded from arm and face muscles. We measured: 1) the amplitude of short-latency cEP, previously demonstrated to reflect activation of the cortico-STN hyperdirect pathway, 2) DLEP amplitude thought to reflect activation of STN-globus pallidus (GP) pathway, and 3) amplitudes of very short-latency cEP and motor evoked potentials (mEP) for activation of cortico-spinal/bulbar tract (CSBT). We constructed recruitment and strength-duration curves for each EP/pathway to compare the excitability for different stimulation polarities. We compared experimental data with the most advanced DBS computational models. Our results provide experimental evidence that subcortical cathodic and anodic stimulation activate the same pathways in the STN region and that cathodic stimulation is in general more efficient. However, relative efficiency varies for different pathways so that anodic stimulation is the least efficient in activating CSBT, more efficient in activating the HDP and as efficient as cathodic in activating STN-GP pathway. Our experiments confirm biophysical model predictions regarding neural activations in the central nervous system and provide evidence that stimulus polarity has differential effects on passing axons, terminal synapses, and local neurons. Comparison of experimental results with clinical DBS studies provides further evidence that the hyperdirect pathway may be involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS.
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Zapata Amaya V, Aman JE, Johnson LA, Wang J, Patriat R, Hill ME, MacKinnon CD, Cooper SE, Darrow D, McGovern R, Harel N, Molnar GF, Park MC, Vitek JL, Escobar Sanabria D. Low-frequency deep brain stimulation reveals resonant beta-band evoked oscillations in the pallidum of Parkinson's Disease patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1178527. [PMID: 37810764 PMCID: PMC10556241 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1178527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evidence suggests that spontaneous beta band (11-35 Hz) oscillations in the basal ganglia thalamocortical (BGTC) circuit are linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. Previous studies on neural responses in the motor cortex evoked by electrical stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus have suggested that circuit resonance may underlie the generation of spontaneous and stimulation-evoked beta oscillations in PD. Whether these stimulation-evoked, resonant oscillations are present across PD patients in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), a primary output nucleus in the BGTC circuit, is yet to be determined. Methods We characterized spontaneous and stimulation-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) in the GPi of four PD patients (five hemispheres) using deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads externalized after DBS implantation surgery. Results Our analyses show that low-frequency (2-4 Hz) stimulation in the GPi evoked long-latency (>50 ms) beta-band neural responses in the GPi in 4/5 hemispheres. We demonstrated that neural sources generating both stimulation-evoked and spontaneous beta oscillations were correlated in their frequency content and spatial localization. Discussion Our results support the hypothesis that the same neuronal population and resonance phenomenon in the BGTC circuit generates both spontaneous and evoked pallidal beta oscillations. These data also support the development of closed-loop control systems that modulate the GPi spontaneous oscillations across PD patients using beta band stimulation-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua E Aman
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Luke A Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Remi Patriat
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Meghan E Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Colum D MacKinnon
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Scott E Cooper
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robert McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Noam Harel
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gregory F Molnar
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael C Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jerrold L Vitek
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Passera B, Harquel S, Chauvin A, Gérard P, Lai L, Moro E, Meoni S, Fraix V, David O, Raffin E. Multi-scale and cross-dimensional TMS mapping: A proof of principle in patients with Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1004763. [PMID: 37214390 PMCID: PMC10192635 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping has become a critical tool for exploratory studies of the human corticomotor (M1) organization. Here, we propose to gather existing cutting-edge TMS-EMG and TMS-EEG approaches into a combined multi-dimensional TMS mapping that considers local and whole-brain excitability changes as well as state and time-specific changes in cortical activity. We applied this multi-dimensional TMS mapping approach to patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) ON and OFF. Our goal was to identifying one or several TMS mapping-derived markers that could provide unprecedent new insights onto the mechanisms of DBS in movement disorders. Methods Six PD patients (1 female, mean age: 62.5 yo [59-65]) implanted with DBS-STN for 1 year, underwent a robotized sulcus-shaped TMS motor mapping to measure changes in muscle-specific corticomotor representations and a movement initiation task to probe state-dependent modulations of corticospinal excitability in the ON (using clinically relevant DBS parameters) and OFF DBS states. Cortical excitability and evoked dynamics of three cortical areas involved in the neural control of voluntary movements (M1, pre-supplementary motor area - preSMA and inferior frontal gyrus - IFG) were then mapped using TMS-EEG coupling in the ON and OFF state. Lastly, we investigated the timing and nature of the STN-to-M1 inputs using a paired pulse DBS-TMS-EEG protocol. Results In our sample of patients, DBS appeared to induce fast within-area somatotopic re-arrangements of motor finger representations in M1, as revealed by mediolateral shifts of corticomuscle representations. STN-DBS improved reaction times while up-regulating corticospinal excitability, especially during endogenous motor preparation. Evoked dynamics revealed marked increases in inhibitory circuits in the IFG and M1 with DBS ON. Finally, inhibitory conditioning effects of STN single pulses on corticomotor activity were found at timings relevant for the activation of inhibitory GABAergic receptors (4 and 20 ms). Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a predominant role of some markers in explaining beneficial DBS effects, such as a context-dependent modulation of corticospinal excitability and the recruitment of distinct inhibitory circuits, involving long-range projections from higher level motor centers and local GABAergic neuronal populations. These combined measures might help to identify discriminative features of DBS mechanisms towards deep clinical phenotyping of DBS effects in Parkinson's Disease and in other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Passera
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, INSERM, IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan Chauvin
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Gérard
- CNRS UMR 5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et Neurocognition, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Lisa Lai
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Fraix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1106, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Raffin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
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Deep brain stimulation in animal models of dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Schor JS, Gonzalez Montalvo I, Spratt PWE, Brakaj RJ, Stansil JA, Twedell EL, Bender KJ, Nelson AB. Therapeutic deep brain stimulation disrupts movement-related subthalamic nucleus activity in parkinsonian mice. eLife 2022; 11:e75253. [PMID: 35786442 PMCID: PMC9342952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) relieves many motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Since its advent, three major theories have been proposed: (1) DBS inhibits the STN and basal ganglia output; (2) DBS antidromically activates motor cortex; and (3) DBS disrupts firing dynamics within the STN. Previously, stimulation-related electrical artifacts limited mechanistic investigations using electrophysiology. We used electrical artifact-free GCaMP fiber photometry to investigate activity in basal ganglia nuclei during STN DBS in parkinsonian mice. To test whether the observed changes in activity were sufficient to relieve motor symptoms, we then combined electrophysiological recording with targeted optical DBS protocols. Our findings suggest that STN DBS exerts its therapeutic effect through the disruption of movement-related STN activity, rather than inhibition or antidromic activation. These results provide insight into optimizing PD treatments and establish an approach for investigating DBS in other neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Schor
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Isabelle Gonzalez Montalvo
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Perry WE Spratt
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Rea J Brakaj
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jasmine A Stansil
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Emily L Twedell
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Kevin J Bender
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Program, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California,San FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy ChaseUnited States
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Dale J, Schmidt SL, Mitchell K, Turner DA, Grill WM. Evoked potentials generated by deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bahners BH, Waterstraat G, Kannenberg S, Curio G, Schnitzler A, Nikulin V, Florin E. Electrophysiological characterization of the hyperdirect pathway and its functional relevance for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Exp Neurol 2022; 352:114031. [PMID: 35247373 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives input from various cortical areas via hyperdirect pathway (HDP) which bypasses the basal-ganglia loop. Recently, the HDP has gained increasing interest, because of its relevance for STN deep brain stimulation (DBS). To understand the HDP's role cortical responses evoked by STN-DBS have been investigated. These responses have short (<2 ms), medium (2-15 ms), and long (20-70 ms) latencies. Medium-latency responses are supposed to represent antidromic cortical activations via HDP. Together with long-latency responses the medium responses can potentially be used as biomarker of DBS efficacy as well as side effects. We here propose that the activation sequence of the cortical evoked responses can be conceptualized as high frequency oscillations (HFO) for signal analysis. HFO might therefore serve as marker for antidromic activation. Using existing knowledge on HFO recordings, this approach allows data analyses and physiological modeling to advance the pathophysiological understanding of cortical DBS-evoked high-frequency activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahne Hendrik Bahners
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gunnar Waterstraat
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silja Kannenberg
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriel Curio
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vadim Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esther Florin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Oswal A, Cao C, Yeh CH, Neumann WJ, Gratwicke J, Akram H, Horn A, Li D, Zhan S, Zhang C, Wang Q, Zrinzo L, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Bogacz R, Sun B, Husain M, Brown P, Litvak V. Neural signatures of hyperdirect pathway activity in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5185. [PMID: 34465771 PMCID: PMC8408177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the emergence of beta frequency oscillatory synchronisation across the cortico-basal-ganglia circuit. The relationship between the anatomy of this circuit and oscillatory synchronisation within it remains unclear. We address this by combining recordings from human subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi) with magnetoencephalography, tractography and computational modelling. Coherence between supplementary motor area and STN within the high (21-30 Hz) but not low (13-21 Hz) beta frequency range correlated with 'hyperdirect pathway' fibre densities between these structures. Furthermore, supplementary motor area activity drove STN activity selectively at high beta frequencies suggesting that high beta frequencies propagate from the cortex to the basal ganglia via the hyperdirect pathway. Computational modelling revealed that exaggerated high beta hyperdirect pathway activity can provoke the generation of widespread pathological synchrony at lower beta frequencies. These findings suggest a spectral signature and a pathophysiological role for the hyperdirect pathway in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Oswal
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Chunyan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chien-Hung Yeh
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Information and Electronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - James Gratwicke
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harith Akram
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shikun Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Brown
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Vladimir Litvak
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
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Crocker B, Ostrowski L, Williams ZM, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Widge AS, Chu CJ, Cash SS, Paulk AC. Local and distant responses to single pulse electrical stimulation reflect different forms of connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118094. [PMID: 33940142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring connectivity in the human brain involves innumerable approaches using both noninvasive (fMRI, EEG) and invasive (intracranial EEG or iEEG) recording modalities, including the use of external probing stimuli, such as direct electrical stimulation. To examine how different measures of connectivity correlate with one another, we compared 'passive' measures of connectivity during resting state conditions to the more 'active' probing measures of connectivity with single pulse electrical stimulation (SPES). We measured the network engagement and spread of the cortico-cortico evoked potential (CCEP) induced by SPES at 53 out of 104 total sites across the brain, including cortical and subcortical regions, in patients with intractable epilepsy (N=11) who were undergoing intracranial recordings as a part of their clinical care for identifying seizure onset zones. We compared the CCEP network to functional, effective, and structural measures of connectivity during a resting state in each patient. Functional and effective connectivity measures included correlation or Granger causality measures applied to stereoEEG (sEEGs) recordings. Structural connectivity was derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) acquired before intracranial electrode implant and monitoring (N=8). The CCEP network was most similar to the resting state voltage correlation network in channels near to the stimulation location. In contrast, the distant CCEP network was most similar to the DTI network. Other connectivity measures were not as similar to the CCEP network. These results demonstrate that different connectivity measures, including those derived from active stimulation-based probing, measure different, complementary aspects of regional interrelationships in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britni Crocker
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lauren Ostrowski
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129; Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02124; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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11
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Wasserman D, Valero-Cabré A, Dali M, Stengel C, Boyer A, Rheault F, Bonnetblanc F, Mandonnet E. Axono-cortical evoked potentials as a new method of IONM for preserving the motor control network: a first study in three cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:919-935. [PMID: 33161475 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter stimulation in an awake patient is currently the gold standard for identification of functional pathways. Despite the robustness and reproducibility of this method, very little is known about the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the functional disruption. Axono-cortical evoked potentials (ACEPs) provide a reliable technique to explore these mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To describe the shape and spatial patterns of ACEPs recorded when stimulating the white matter of the caudal part of the right superior frontal gyrus while recording in the precentral gyrus. METHODS We report on three patients operated on under awake condition for a right superior frontal diffuse low-grade glioma. Functional sites were identified in the posterior wall of the cavity, whose 2-3-mA stimulation generated an arrest of movement. Once the resection was done, axono-cortical potentials were evoked: recording electrodes were put over the precentral gyrus, while stimulating at 1 Hz the white matter functional sites during 30-60 s. Unitary evoked potentials were averaged off-line. Waveform was visually analyzed, defining peaks and troughs, with quantitative measurements of their amplitudes and latencies. Spatial patterns of ACEPs were compared with patients' own and HCP-derived structural connectomics. RESULTS Axono-cortical evoked potentials (ACEPs) were obtained and exhibited complex shapes and spatial patterns that correlated only partially with structural connectivity patterns. CONCLUSION ACEPs is a new IONM methodology that could both contribute to elucidate the propagation of neuronal activity within a distributed network when stimulating white matter and provide a new technique for preserving motor control abilities during brain tumor resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Wasserman
- Parietal, Inria Saclay Ile-de-France, CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Mélissa Dali
- Institut Neuro-PSI - UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Stengel
- Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Boyer
- Brain Stimulation and Systems Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - François Rheault
- Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Emmanuel Mandonnet
- Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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12
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Howell B, Isbaine F, Willie JT, Opri E, Gross RE, De Hemptinne C, Starr PA, McIntyre CC, Miocinovic S. Image-based biophysical modeling predicts cortical potentials evoked with subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:549-563. [PMID: 33757931 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease and continues to advance technologically with an enormous parameter space. As such, in-silico DBS modeling systems have become common tools for research and development, but their underlying methods have yet to be standardized and validated. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the accuracy of patient-specific estimates of neural pathway activations in the subthalamic region against intracranial, cortical evoked potential (EP) recordings. METHODS Pathway activations were modeled in eleven patients using the latest advances in connectomic modeling of subthalamic DBS, focusing on the hyperdirect pathway (HDP) and corticospinal/bulbar tract (CSBT) for their relevance in human research studies. Correlations between pathway activations and respective EP amplitudes were quantified. RESULTS Good model performance required accurate lead localization and image fusions, as well as appropriate selection of fiber diameter in the biophysical model. While optimal model parameters varied across patients, good performance could be achieved using a global set of parameters that explained 60% and 73% of electrophysiologic activations of CSBT and HDP, respectively. Moreover, restricted models fit to only EP amplitudes of eight standard (monopolar and bipolar) electrode configurations were able to extrapolate variation in EP amplitudes across other directional electrode configurations and stimulation parameters, with no significant reduction in model performance across the cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that connectomic models of DBS with sufficient anatomical and electrical details can predict recruitment dynamics of white matter. These results will help to define connectomic modeling standards for preoperative surgical targeting and postoperative patient programming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Howell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | | | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, USA
| | - Enrico Opri
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A Starr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Cameron C McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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13
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Levinson LH, Caldwell DJ, Cronin JA, Houston B, Perlmutter SI, Weaver KE, Herron JA, Ojemann JG, Ko AL. Intraoperative Characterization of Subthalamic Nucleus-to-Cortex Evoked Potentials in Parkinson's Disease Deep Brain Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:590251. [PMID: 33776665 PMCID: PMC7990794 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.590251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a clinically effective tool for treating medically refractory Parkinson's disease (PD), but its neural mechanisms remain debated. Previous work has demonstrated that STN DBS results in evoked potentials (EPs) in the primary motor cortex (M1), suggesting that modulation of cortical physiology may be involved in its therapeutic effects. Due to technical challenges presented by high-amplitude DBS artifacts, these EPs are often measured in response to low-frequency stimulation, which is generally ineffective at PD symptom management. This study aims to characterize STN-to-cortex EPs seen during clinically relevant high-frequency STN DBS for PD. Intraoperatively, we applied STN DBS to 6 PD patients while recording electrocorticography (ECoG) from an electrode strip over the ipsilateral central sulcus. Using recently published techniques, we removed large stimulation artifacts to enable quantification of STN-to-cortex EPs. Two cortical EPs were observed - one synchronized with DBS onset and persisting during ongoing stimulation, and one immediately following DBS offset, here termed the "start" and the "end" EPs respectively. The start EP is, to our knowledge, the first long-latency cortical EP reported during ongoing high-frequency DBS. The start and end EPs differ in magnitude (p < 0.05) and latency (p < 0.001), and the end, but not the start, EP magnitude has a significant relationship (p < 0.001, adjusted for random effects of subject) to ongoing high gamma (80-150 Hz) power during the EP. These contrasts may suggest mechanistic or circuit differences in EP production during the two time periods. This represents a potential framework for relating DBS clinical efficacy to the effects of a variety of stimulation parameters on EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila H Levinson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David J Caldwell
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeneva A Cronin
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brady Houston
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Steve I Perlmutter
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kurt E Weaver
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Herron
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Raffin E, Harquel S, Passera B, Chauvin A, Bougerol T, David O. Probing regional cortical excitability via input-output properties using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography coupling. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2741-2761. [PMID: 32379389 PMCID: PMC7294059 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The modular organization of the cortex refers to subsets of highly interconnected nodes, sharing specific cytoarchitectural and dynamical properties. These properties condition the level of excitability of local pools of neurons. In this study, we described TMS evoked potentials (TEP) input-output properties to provide new insights into regional cortical excitability. We combined robotized TMS with EEG to disentangle region-specific TEP from threshold to saturation and describe their oscillatory contents. Twenty-two young healthy participants received robotized TMS pulses over the right primary motor cortex (M1), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right superior occipital lobe (SOL) at five stimulation intensities (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% resting motor threshold) and one short-interval intracortical inhibition condition during EEG recordings. Ten additional subjects underwent the same experiment with a realistic sham TMS procedure. The results revealed interregional differences in the TEPs input-output functions as well as in the responses to paired-pulse conditioning protocols, when considering early local components (<80 ms). Each intensity in the three regions was associated with complex patterns of oscillatory activities. The quality of the regression of TEPs over stimulation intensity was used to derive a new readout for cortical excitability and dynamical properties, revealing lower excitability in the DLPFC, followed by SOL and M1. The realistic sham experiment confirmed that these early local components were not contaminated by multisensory stimulations. This study provides an entirely new analytic framework to characterize input-output relations throughout the cortex, paving the way to a more accurate definition of local cortical excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raffin
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)GenevaSwitzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de RéadaptationSionSwitzerland
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNCUniversity of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
- University of Grenoble‐Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, IRMaGeGrenobleFrance
| | - Brice Passera
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
- CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNCUniversity of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Alan Chauvin
- CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNCUniversity of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
- University of Grenoble‐Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, IRMaGeGrenobleFrance
| | - Thierry Bougerol
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
- CNRS, UMR5105, Laboratoire Psychologie et NeuroCognition, LPNCUniversity of Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Olivier David
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
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15
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Chung BS, Park JS. Whole course of pallidothalamic tracts identified on the sectioned images and surface models. Clin Anat 2019; 33:66-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy Dongguk University School of Medicine Gyeongju Republic of Korea
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16
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Basu I, Robertson MM, Crocker B, Peled N, Farnes K, Vallejo-Lopez DI, Deng H, Thombs M, Martinez-Rubio C, Cheng JJ, McDonald E, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Widge AS, Paulk AC, Cash SS. Consistent linear and non-linear responses to invasive electrical brain stimulation across individuals and primate species with implanted electrodes. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:877-892. [PMID: 30904423 PMCID: PMC6752738 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical neuromodulation via implanted electrodes is used in treating numerous neurological disorders, yet our knowledge of how different brain regions respond to varying stimulation parameters is sparse. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that the neural response to electrical stimulation is both region-specific and non-linearly related to amplitude and frequency. METHODS We examined evoked neural responses following 400 ms trains of 10-400 Hz electrical stimulation ranging from 0.1 to 10 mA. We stimulated electrodes implanted in cingulate cortex (dorsal anterior cingulate and rostral anterior cingulate) and subcortical regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala) of non-human primates (NHP, N = 4) and patients with intractable epilepsy (N = 15) being monitored via intracranial electrodes. Recordings were performed in prefrontal, subcortical, and temporal lobe locations. RESULTS In subcortical regions as well as dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex, response waveforms depended non-linearly on frequency (Pearson's linear correlation r < 0.39), but linearly on current (r > 0.58). These relationships between location, and input-output characteristics were similar in homologous brain regions with average Pearson's linear correlation values r > 0.75 between species and linear correlation values between participants r > 0.75 across frequency and current values per brain region. Evoked waveforms could be described by three main principal components (PCs) which allowed us to successfully predict response waveforms across individuals and across frequencies using PC strengths as functions of current and frequency using brain region specific regression models. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a framework for creation of an atlas of input-output relationships which could be used in the principled selection of stimulation parameters per brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Basu
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Madeline M Robertson
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Britni Crocker
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Noam Peled
- Department of Radiology, MGH/HST Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kara Farnes
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Helen Deng
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, MGH/HST Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Matthew Thombs
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clarissa Martinez-Rubio
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer J Cheng
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric McDonald
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Distinct cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus and of the subthalamic nucleus. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:1246-1254. [PMID: 30420259 PMCID: PMC6308824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the spatial and temporal pattern of cortical responses evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM). Methods We investigated 7 patients suffering from Essential tremor (ET) and 7 patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) following the implantation of DBS electrodes (VIM for ET patients, STN for PD patients). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to record cortical responses evoked by electric stimuli that were applied via the DBS electrode in trains of 5 Hz. Dipole fitting was applied to reconstruct the origin of evoked responses. Results Both VIM and STN DBS led to short latency cortical responses at about 1 ms. The pattern of medium and long latency cortical responses following VIM DBS consisted of peaks at 13, 40, 77, and 116 ms. The associated equivalent dipoles were localized within the central sulcus, 3 patients showed an additional response in the cerebellum at 56 ms. STN DBS evoked cortical responses peaking at 4 ms, 11 ms, and 27 ms, respectively. While most dipoles were localized in the pre- or postcentral gyrus, the distribution was less homogenous compared to VIM stimulation and partially included prefrontal brain areas. Conclusion MEG enables localization of cortical responses evoked by DBS of the VIM and the STN, especially in the sensorimotor cortex. Short latency responses of 1 ms suggest cortical modulation which bypasses synaptic transmission, i.e. antidromic activation of corticofugal fiber pathways. Cortical responses evoked by VIM or STN DBS can be precisely described using MEG. Both STN and VIM DBS primarily evoke cortical responses within the sensorimotor region. Short latency responses of 1 ms both observed in VIM and STN DBS suggest antidromic activation of corticofugal fibers.
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18
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Cortical Potentials Evoked by Subthalamic Stimulation Demonstrate a Short Latency Hyperdirect Pathway in Humans. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9129-9141. [PMID: 30201770 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1327-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A monosynaptic projection from the cortex to the subthalamic nucleus is thought to have an important role in basal ganglia function and in the mechanism of therapeutic subthalamic deep-brain stimulation, but in humans the evidence for its existence is limited. We sought physiological confirmation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway using invasive recording techniques in patients with Parkinson's disease (9 men, 1 woman). We measured sensorimotor cortical evoked potentials using a temporary subdural strip electrode in response to low-frequency deep-brain stimulation in patients undergoing awake subthalamic or pallidal lead implantations. Evoked potentials were grouped into very short latency (<2 ms), short latency (2-10 ms), and long latency (10-100 ms) from the onset of the stimulus pulse. Subthalamic and pallidal stimulation resulted in very short-latency evoked potentials at 1.5 ms in the primary motor cortex accompanied by EMG-evoked potentials consistent with corticospinal tract activation. Subthalamic, but not pallidal stimulation, resulted in three short-latency evoked potentials at 2.8, 5.8, and 7.7 ms in a widespread cortical distribution, consistent with antidromic activation of the hyperdirect pathway. Long-latency potentials were evoked by both targets, with subthalamic responses lagging pallidal responses by 10-20 ms, consistent with orthodromic activation of the thalamocortical pathway. The amplitude of the first short-latency evoked potential was predictive of the chronic therapeutic stimulation contact.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This is the first physiological demonstration of the corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway and its topography at high spatial resolution in humans. We studied cortical potentials evoked by deep-brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing awake lead implantation surgery. Subthalamic stimulation resulted in multiple short-latency responses consistent with activation of hyperdirect pathway, whereas no such response was present during pallidal stimulation. We contrast these findings with very short latency, direct corticospinal tract activations, and long-latency responses evoked through polysynaptic orthodromic projections. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating the hyperdirect pathway into models of human basal ganglia function.
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19
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Kumaravelu K, Oza CS, Behrend CE, Grill WM. Model-based deconstruction of cortical evoked potentials generated by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:662-680. [PMID: 29694280 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00862.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with altered neural activity in the motor cortex. Chronic high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is effective in suppressing parkinsonian motor symptoms and modulates cortical activity. However, the anatomical pathways responsible for STN DBS-mediated cortical modulation remain unclear. Cortical evoked potentials (cEP) generated by STN DBS reflect the response of cortex to subcortical stimulation, and the goal of this study was to determine the neural origin of STN DBS-generated cEP using a two-step approach. First, we recorded cEP over ipsilateral primary motor cortex during different frequencies of STN DBS in awake healthy and unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned parkinsonian rats. Second, we used a detailed, biophysically based model of the thalamocortical network to deconstruct the neural origin of the recorded cEP. The in vivo cEP included short (R1)-, intermediate (R2)-, and long-latency (R3) responses. Model-based cortical responses to simulated STN DBS matched remarkably well the in vivo responses. The short-latency response was generated by antidromic activation of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, whereas recurrent activation of layer 5 pyramidal neurons via excitatory axon collaterals reproduced the intermediate-latency response. The long-latency response was generated by polysynaptic activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons via the cortico-thalamic-cortical pathway. Antidromic activation of the hyperdirect pathway and subsequent intracortical and cortico-thalamo-cortical synaptic interactions were sufficient to generate cortical potential evoked by STN DBS, and orthodromic activation through basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex pathways was not required. These results demonstrate the utility of cEP to determine the neural elements activated by STN DBS that might modulate cortical activity and contribute to the suppression of parkinsonian symptoms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Cortical potentials evoked by STN DBS in patients with PD exhibit consistent short-latency (1-3 ms), intermediate-latency (5-15 ms), and long-latency (18-25 ms) responses. The short-latency response occurs as a result of antidromic activation of the hyperdirect pathway comprising corticosubthalamic axons. However, the neural origins of intermediate- and long-latency responses remain elusive, and the dominant view is that these are produced through the orthodromic pathway (basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex). By combining in vivo electrophysiology with computational modeling, we demonstrate that antidromic activation of the cortico-thalamic-cortical pathway is sufficient to generate the intermediate- and long-latency cortical responses to STN DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Kumaravelu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chintan S Oza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christina E Behrend
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Vuong J, Devergnas A. The role of the basal ganglia in the control of seizure. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:531-545. [PMID: 28766041 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a network disorder and each type of seizure involves distinct cortical and subcortical network, differently implicated in the control and propagation of the ictal activity. The role of the basal ganglia has been revealed in several cases of focal and generalized seizures. Here, we review the data that show the implication of the basal ganglia in absence, temporal lobe, and neocortical seizures in animal models (rodent, cat, and non-human primate) and in human. Based on these results and the advancement of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease, basal ganglia neuromodulation has been tested with some success that can be equally seen as promising or disappointing. The effect of deep brain stimulation can be considered promising with a 76% in seizure reduction in temporal lobe epilepsy patients, but also disappointing, since only few patients have become seizure free and the antiepileptic effects have been highly variable among patients. This variability could probably be explained by the heterogeneity among the patients included in these clinical studies. To illustrate the importance of specific network identification, electrophysiological activity of the putamen and caudate nucleus has been recorded during penicillin-induced pre-frontal and motor seizures in one monkey. While an increase of the firing rate was found in putamen and caudate nucleus during pre-frontal seizures, only the activity of the putamen cells was increased during motor seizures. These preliminary results demonstrate the implication of the basal ganglia in two types of neocortical seizures and the necessity of studying the network to identify the important nodes implicated in the propagation and control of each type of seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vuong
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Annaelle Devergnas
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Dopamine Release in the Nonhuman Primate Caudate and Putamen Depends upon Site of Stimulation in the Subthalamic Nucleus. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6022-9. [PMID: 27251623 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0403-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for medically refractory Parkinson's disease. Although DBS has recognized clinical utility, its biologic mechanisms are not fully understood, and whether dopamine release is a potential factor in those mechanisms is in dispute. We tested the hypothesis that STN DBS-evoked dopamine release depends on the precise location of the stimulation site in the STN and the site of recording in the caudate and putamen. We conducted DBS with miniature, scaled-to-animal size, multicontact electrodes and used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the best dopamine recording site in the brains of nonhuman primates (rhesus macaques), which are highly representative of human brain anatomy and circuitry. Real-time stimulation-evoked dopamine release was monitored using in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. This study demonstrates that STN DBS-evoked dopamine release can be reduced or increased by redirecting STN stimulation to a slightly different site. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Electrical stimulation of deep structures of the brain, or deep brain stimulation (DBS), is used to modulate pathological brain activity. However, technological limitations and incomplete understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS prevent personalization of this therapy and may contribute to less-than-optimal outcomes. We have demonstrated that DBS coincides with changes in dopamine neurotransmitter release in the basal ganglia. Here we mapped relationships between DBS and changes in neurochemical activity. Importantly, this study shows that DBS-evoked dopamine release can be reduced or increased by refocusing the DBS on a slightly different stimulation site.
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22
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Wichmann T, Bergman H, DeLong MR. Basal ganglia, movement disorders and deep brain stimulation: advances made through non-human primate research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:419-430. [PMID: 28601961 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies in non-human primates (NHPs) have led to major advances in our understanding of the function of the basal ganglia and of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypokinetic movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic disorders such as chorea and dystonia. Since the brains of NHPs are anatomically very close to those of humans, disease states and the effects of medical and surgical approaches, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), can be more faithfully modeled in NHPs than in other species. According to the current model of the basal ganglia circuitry, which was strongly influenced by studies in NHPs, the basal ganglia are viewed as components of segregated networks that emanate from specific cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia, and ventral thalamus, and return to the frontal cortex. Based on the presumed functional domains of the different cortical areas involved, these networks are designated as 'motor', 'oculomotor', 'associative' and 'limbic' circuits. The functions of these networks are strongly modulated by the release of dopamine in the striatum. Striatal dopamine release alters the activity of striatal projection neurons which, in turn, influences the (inhibitory) basal ganglia output. In parkinsonism, the loss of striatal dopamine results in the emergence of oscillatory burst patterns of firing of basal ganglia output neurons, increased synchrony of the discharge of neighboring basal ganglia neurons, and an overall increase in basal ganglia output. The relevance of these findings is supported by the demonstration, in NHP models of parkinsonism, of the antiparkinsonian effects of inactivation of the motor circuit at the level of the subthalamic nucleus, one of the major components of the basal ganglia. This finding also contributed strongly to the revival of the use of surgical interventions to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. While ablative procedures were first used for this purpose, they have now been largely replaced by DBS of the subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal segment. These procedures are not only effective in the treatment of parkinsonism, but also in the treatment of hyperkinetic conditions (such as chorea or dystonia) which result from pathophysiologic changes different from those underlying Parkinson's disease. Thus, these interventions probably do not counteract specific aspects of the pathophysiology of movement disorders, but non-specifically remove the influence of the different types of disruptive basal ganglia output from the relatively intact portions of the motor circuitry downstream from the basal ganglia. Knowledge gained from studies in NHPs remains critical for our understanding of the pathophysiology of movement disorders, of the effects of DBS on brain network activity, and the development of better treatments for patients with movement disorders and other neurologic or psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Research (ELSC), The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Kammermeier S, Pittard D, Hamada I, Wichmann T. Effects of high-frequency stimulation of the internal pallidal segment on neuronal activity in the thalamus in parkinsonian monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2869-2881. [PMID: 27683881 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00104.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) is a major treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. The effects of this intervention on electrical activity patterns in targets of GPi output, specifically in the thalamus, are poorly understood. The experiments described here examined these effects using electrophysiological recordings in two Rhesus monkeys rendered moderately parkinsonian through treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), after sampling control data in the same animals. Analysis of spontaneous spiking activity of neurons in the basal ganglia-receiving areas of the ventral thalamus showed that MPTP-induced parkinsonism is associated with a reduction of firing rates of segments of the data that contained neither bursts nor decelerations, and with increased burst firing. Spectral analyses revealed an increase of power in the 3- to 13-Hz band and a reduction in the γ-range in the spiking activity of these neurons. Electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral motor territory of GPi with macroelectrodes, mimicking deep brain stimulation in parkinsonian patients (bipolar electrodes, 0.5 mm intercontact distance, biphasic stimuli, 120 Hz, 100 μs/phase, 200 μA), had antiparkinsonian effects. The stimulation markedly reduced oscillations in thalamic firing in the 13- to 30-Hz range and uncoupled the spiking activity of recorded neurons from simultaneously recorded local field potential (LFP) activity. These results confirm that oscillatory and nonoscillatory characteristics of spontaneous activity in the basal ganglia receiving ventral thalamus are altered in MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Electrical stimulation of GPi did not entrain thalamic activity but changed oscillatory activity in the ventral thalamus and altered the relationship between spikes and simultaneously recorded LFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kammermeier
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Damien Pittard
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ikuma Hamada
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; .,School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and.,Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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24
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Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality? Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:264-83. [PMID: 26956115 PMCID: PMC4824026 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective for both hypo- and hyperkinetic movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. The clinical use of DBS is, in part, empiric, based on the experience with prior surgical ablative therapies for these disorders, and, in part, driven by scientific discoveries made decades ago. In this review, we consider anatomical and functional concepts of the basal ganglia relevant to our understanding of DBS mechanisms, as well as our current understanding of the pathophysiology of two of the most commonly DBS-treated conditions, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Finally, we discuss the proposed mechanism(s) of action of DBS in restoring function in patients with movement disorders. The signs and symptoms of the various disorders appear to result from signature disordered activity in the basal ganglia output, which disrupts the activity in thalamocortical and brainstem networks. The available evidence suggests that the effects of DBS are strongly dependent on targeting sensorimotor portions of specific nodes of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit, that is, the subthalamic nucleus and the internal segment of the globus pallidus. There is little evidence to suggest that DBS in patients with movement disorders restores normal basal ganglia functions (e.g., their role in movement or reinforcement learning). Instead, it appears that high-frequency DBS replaces the abnormal basal ganglia output with a more tolerable pattern, which helps to restore the functionality of downstream networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Oswal A, Beudel M, Zrinzo L, Limousin P, Hariz M, Foltynie T, Litvak V, Brown P. Deep brain stimulation modulates synchrony within spatially and spectrally distinct resting state networks in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:1482-96. [PMID: 27017189 PMCID: PMC4845255 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease leads to progressive motor and cognitive impairment, which is associated with the emergence of characteristic patterns of synchronous oscillatory activity within cortico-basal-ganglia circuits. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but its influence on synchronous activity in cortico-basal-ganglia loops remains to be fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that deep brain stimulation selectively suppresses certain spatially and spectrally segregated resting state subthalamic nucleus-cortical networks. To this end we used a validated and novel approach for performing simultaneous recordings of the subthalamic nucleus and cortex using magnetoencephalography (during concurrent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation). Our results highlight that clinically effective subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation suppresses synchrony locally within the subthalamic nucleus in the low beta oscillatory range and furthermore that the degree of this suppression correlates with clinical motor improvement. Moreover, deep brain stimulation relatively selectively suppressed synchronization of activity between the subthalamic nucleus and mesial premotor regions, including the supplementary motor areas. These mesial premotor regions were predominantly coupled to the subthalamic nucleus in the high beta frequency range, but the degree of deep brain stimulation-associated suppression in their coupling to the subthalamic nucleus was not found to correlate with motor improvement. Beta band coupling between the subthalamic nucleus and lateral motor areas was not influenced by deep brain stimulation. Motor cortical coupling with subthalamic nucleus predominantly involved driving of the subthalamic nucleus, with those drives in the higher beta frequency band having much shorter net delays to subthalamic nucleus than those in the lower beta band. These observations raise the possibility that cortical connectivity with the subthalamic nucleus in the high and low beta bands may reflect coupling mediated predominantly by the hyperdirect and indirect pathways to subthalamic nucleus, respectively, and that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation predominantly suppresses the former. Yet only the change in strength of local subthalamic nucleus oscillations correlates with the degree of improvement during deep brain stimulation, compatible with the current view that a strengthened hyperdirect pathway is a prerequisite for locally generated beta activity but that it is the severity of the latter that may determine or index motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Oswal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Martijn Beudel
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Marwan Hariz
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Tom Foltynie
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Vladimir Litvak
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Peter Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, UK
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Pavlides A, Hogan SJ, Bogacz R. Computational Models Describing Possible Mechanisms for Generation of Excessive Beta Oscillations in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004609. [PMID: 26683341 PMCID: PMC4684204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, an increase in beta oscillations within the basal ganglia nuclei has been shown to be associated with difficulty in movement initiation. An important role in the generation of these oscillations is thought to be played by the motor cortex and by a network composed of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe). Several alternative models have been proposed to describe the mechanisms for generation of the Parkinsonian beta oscillations. However, a recent experimental study of Tachibana and colleagues yielded results which are challenging for all published computational models of beta generation. That study investigated how the presence of beta oscillations in a primate model of Parkinson's disease is affected by blocking different connections of the STN-GPe circuit. Due to a large number of experimental conditions, the study provides strong constraints that any mechanistic model of beta generation should satisfy. In this paper we present two models consistent with the data of Tachibana et al. The first model assumes that Parkinsonian beta oscillation are generated in the cortex and the STN-GPe circuits resonates at this frequency. The second model additionally assumes that the feedback from STN-GPe circuit to cortex is important for maintaining the oscillations in the network. Predictions are made about experimental evidence that is required to differentiate between the two models, both of which are able to reproduce firing rates, oscillation frequency and effects of lesions carried out by Tachibana and colleagues. Furthermore, an analysis of the models reveals how the amplitude and frequency of the generated oscillations depend on parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pavlides
- MRC Unit for Brain Network Dynamics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S. John Hogan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- MRC Unit for Brain Network Dynamics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gmel GE, Hamilton TJ, Obradovic M, Gorman RB, Single PS, Chenery HJ, Coyne T, Silburn PA, Parker JL. A new biomarker for subthalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease--a pilot study. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:066013. [PMID: 26469805 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/6/066013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become the standard treatment for advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other motor disorders. Although the surgical procedure has improved in accuracy over the years thanks to imaging and microelectrode recordings, the underlying principles that render DBS effective are still debated today. The aim of this paper is to present initial findings around a new biomarker that is capable of assessing the efficacy of DBS treatment for PD which could be used both as a research tool, as well as in the context of a closed-loop stimulator. APPROACH We have used a novel multi-channel stimulator and recording device capable of measuring the response of nervous tissue to stimulation very close to the stimulus site with minimal latency, rejecting most of the stimulus artefact usually found with commercial devices. We have recorded and analyzed the responses obtained intraoperatively in two patients undergoing DBS surgery in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for advanced PD. MAIN RESULTS We have identified a biomarker in the responses of the STN to DBS. The responses can be analyzed in two parts, an initial evoked compound action potential arising directly after the stimulus onset, and late responses (LRs), taking the form of positive peaks, that follow the initial response. We have observed a morphological change in the LRs coinciding with a decrease in the rigidity of the patients. SIGNIFICANCE These initial results could lead to a better characterization of the DBS therapy, and the design of adaptive DBS algorithms that could significantly improve existing therapies and help us gain insights into the functioning of the basal ganglia and DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit E Gmel
- Implant Systems Group, National Information and Communications Technology Australia, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia. School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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Direct Functional Connectivity between the Thalamus (Vim) and the Contralateral Motor Cortex: Just a Single Case Observation or a Common Pathway in the Human Brain? Brain Stimul 2015; 8:1230-3. [PMID: 26386658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Knight EJ, Testini P, Min HK, Gibson WS, Gorny KR, Favazza CP, Felmlee JP, Kim I, Welker KM, Clayton DA, Klassen BT, Chang SY, Lee KH. Motor and Nonmotor Circuitry Activation Induced by Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Parkinson Disease: Intraoperative Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Deep Brain Stimulation. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:773-85. [PMID: 26046412 PMCID: PMC4469128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis suggested by previous studies that subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with Parkinson disease would affect the activity of motor and nonmotor networks, we applied intraoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to patients receiving DBS. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten patients receiving STN DBS for Parkinson disease underwent intraoperative 1.5-T fMRI during high-frequency stimulation delivered via an external pulse generator. The study was conducted between January 1, 2013, and September 30, 2014. RESULTS We observed blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes (false discovery rate <0.001) in the motor circuitry (including the primary motor, premotor, and supplementary motor cortices; thalamus; pedunculopontine nucleus; and cerebellum) and in the limbic circuitry (including the cingulate and insular cortices). Activation of the motor network was observed also after applying a Bonferroni correction (P<.001) to the data set, suggesting that across patients, BOLD changes in the motor circuitry are more consistent compared with those occurring in the nonmotor network. CONCLUSION These findings support the modulatory role of STN DBS on the activity of motor and nonmotor networks and suggest complex mechanisms as the basis of the efficacy of this treatment modality. Furthermore, these results suggest that across patients, BOLD changes in the motor circuitry are more consistent than those in the nonmotor network. With further studies combining the use of real-time intraoperative fMRI with clinical outcomes in patients treated with DBS, functional imaging techniques have the potential not only to elucidate the mechanisms of DBS functioning but also to guide and assist in the surgical treatment of patients affected by movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01809613.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Knight
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paola Testini
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | | | - Inyong Kim
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Su-youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Hartmann CJ, Chaturvedi A, Lujan JL. Quantitative analysis of axonal fiber activation evoked by deep brain stimulation via activation density heat maps. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:28. [PMID: 25713510 PMCID: PMC4322637 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cortical modulation is likely to be involved in the various therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, it is currently difficult to predict the changes of cortical modulation during clinical adjustment of DBS. Therefore, we present a novel quantitative approach to estimate anatomical regions of DBS-evoked cortical modulation. Methods: Four different models of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS were created to represent variable electrode placements (model I: dorsal border of the posterolateral STN; model II: central posterolateral STN; model III: central anteromedial STN; model IV: dorsal border of the anteromedial STN). Axonal fibers of passage near each electrode location were reconstructed using probabilistic tractography and modeled using multi-compartment cable models. Stimulation-evoked activation of local axon fibers and corresponding cortical projections were modeled and quantified. Results: Stimulation at the border of the STN (models I and IV) led to a higher degree of fiber activation and associated cortical modulation than stimulation deeply inside the STN (models II and III). A posterolateral target (models I and II) was highly connected to cortical areas representing motor function. Additionally, model I was also associated with strong activation of fibers projecting to the cerebellum. Finally, models III and IV showed a dorsoventral difference of preferentially targeted prefrontal areas (models III: middle frontal gyrus; model IV: inferior frontal gyrus). Discussion: The method described herein allows characterization of cortical modulation across different electrode placements and stimulation parameters. Furthermore, knowledge of anatomical distribution of stimulation-evoked activation targeting cortical regions may help predict efficacy and potential side effects, and therefore can be used to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of individual adjustments in DBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA ; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany ; Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Chaturvedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
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Min HK, Ross EK, Lee KH, Dennis K, Han SR, Jeong JH, Marsh MP, Striemer B, Felmlee JP, Lujan JL, Goerss S, Duffy PS, Blaha C, Chang SY, Bennet KE. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces motor network BOLD activation: use of a high precision MRI guided stereotactic system for nonhuman primates. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:603-607. [PMID: 24933029 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful method for identifying in vivo network activation evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS). OBJECTIVE Identify the global neural circuitry effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in nonhuman primates (NHP). METHOD An in-house developed MR image-guided stereotactic targeting system delivered a mini-DBS stimulating electrode, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during STN DBS in healthy NHP was measured by combining fMRI with a normalized functional activation map and general linear modeling. RESULTS STN DBS significantly increased BOLD activation in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, cingulate, insular cortex, and cerebellum (FDR < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that STN DBS evokes neural network grouping within the motor network and the basal ganglia. Taken together, these data highlight the importance and specificity of neural circuitry activation patterns and functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendall Dennis
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seong Rok Han
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael P Marsh
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bryan Striemer
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steve Goerss
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Penelope S Duffy
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Charles Blaha
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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George JS, Strunk J, Mak-McCully R, Houser M, Poizner H, Aron AR. Dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease decreases cortical beta band coherence in the resting state and increases cortical beta band power during executive control. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:261-70. [PMID: 24273711 PMCID: PMC3814961 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is not yet well understood how dopaminergic therapy improves cognitive and motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). One possibility is that it reduces the pathological synchronization within and between the cortex and basal ganglia, thus improving neural communication. We tested this hypothesis by recording scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in PD patients when On and Off medication, during a brief resting state epoch (no task), and during performance of a stop signal task that is thought to engage two partially overlapping (or different) frontal-basal-ganglia circuits. For resting state EEG, we measured pair-wise coherence between scalp electrodes in several frequency bands. Consistent with previous studies, in the Off medication state, those patients with the greatest clinical impairment had the strongest coherence, especially in the beta band, indicating pathological over-synchronization. Dopaminergic medication reduced this coherence. For the stop signal task, On vs. Off medication increased beta band power over right frontal cortex for successful stopping and over bilateral sensorimotor cortex for going, especially for those patients who showed greater clinical improvement. Thus, medication reduced pathological coherence in beta band at rest and increased task related beta power for two potentially dissociable cortico-basal ganglia circuits. These results support the hypothesis that dopaminergic medication in PD improves neural communication both at rest and for executive and motor function. EEG measured in PD while On/Off medication during rest and an executive control task. Dopaminergic therapy reduces pathological locking jointly with clinical improvement. Medication increases beta power during successful stopping over right frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobi S George
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, USA
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Mathai A, Wichmann T, Smith Y. More than meets the eye-myelinated axons crowd the subthalamic nucleus. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1811-5. [PMID: 23852565 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a successful treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, it is currently believed that the beneficial effects of the stimulation are mediated either by alleviating pathological basal ganglia output patterns of activity or by activation of the axons of passage that arise from the cerebral cortex and other sources. In this study, we show that the anatomical composition of the primate STN provides a substrate through which DBS may elicit widespread changes in brain activity via stimulation of fibers of passage. Using quantitative high-resolution electron microscopy, we found that the primate STN is traversed by numerous myelinated axons, which occupy as much as 45% of its sensorimotor territory and 36% of its associative region. In comparison, myelinated axons occupy only 27% of the surface areas of the sensorimotor and associative regions of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), another target for therapeutic DBS in PD. We also noted that myelinated axons in the STN, on average, have a larger diameter than those in GPi, which may render them more susceptible to electrical stimulation. Because axons are more excitable than other neuronal elements, our findings support the hypothesis that STN DBS, even when carried out entirely within the confines of the nucleus, mediates some of its effects by activating myelinated axons of passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mathai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
There have been a large number of basic research studies of noninvasive brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Initial work focused on measuring: (1) the excitability of corticospinal output with threshold and input-output measures, and (2) the effectiveness of intracortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory systems using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), and silent period measures. Early suggestions of increased excitability and reduced inhibition have been progressively modified. There are conflicting reports on changes in excitability, silent period, and LICI, and the more consistent reduction in SICI is now viewed as a superimposed excitation rather than a primary deficit in a GABAergic mechanism. A small number of studies have suggested that premovement increases in corticospinal excitability may be prolonged in Parkinson's disease, consistent with the suggestion of slower buildup of the motor command to move; there are also modifications of interhemispheric connections in patients with mirror movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has also been used to explore the involvement of motor cortex and cerebellum in resting and postural tremors by examining how readily they can be reset by single TMS pulses over each area. It can also probe the effects of deep brain stimulation of motor cortex excitability. Finally, new TMS techniques that examine synaptic plasticity in motor cortex have shown reduced excitability in patients off therapy which is restored when on therapy. Data are also emerging about the possible role of cortical plasticity in compensating for gradual loss of dopaminergic function prior to onset of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Rothwell
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Rubin JE, McIntyre CC, Turner RS, Wichmann T. Basal ganglia activity patterns in parkinsonism and computational modeling of their downstream effects. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2213-28. [PMID: 22805066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of suitable animal models and the opportunity to record electrophysiologic data in movement disorder patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures has allowed researchers to investigate parkinsonism-related changes in neuronal firing patterns in the basal ganglia and associated areas of the thalamus and cortex. These studies have shown that parkinsonism is associated with increased activity in the basal ganglia output nuclei, along with increases in burst discharges, oscillatory firing and synchronous firing patterns throughout the basal ganglia. Computational approaches have the potential to play an important role in the interpretation of these data. Such efforts can provide a formalized view of neuronal interactions in the network of connections between the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex, allow for the exploration of possible contributions of particular network components to parkinsonism, and potentially result in new conceptual frameworks and hypotheses that can be subjected to biological testing. It has proven very difficult, however, to integrate the wealth of the experimental findings into coherent models of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the abnormalities in neuronal activity that have been associated with parkinsonism. Subsequently, we discuss some particular efforts to model the pathophysiologic mechanisms that may link abnormal basal ganglia activity to the cardinal parkinsonian motor signs and may help to explain the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. We emphasize the logical structure of these computational studies, making clear the assumptions from which they proceed and the consequences and predictions that follow from these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Rubin
- Department of Mathematics and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 301 Thackeray Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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van Dijk A, Klompmakers AA, Feenstra MGP, Denys D. Deep brain stimulation of the accumbens increases dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 2012; 123:897-903. [PMID: 23061486 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is effective in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. However, little is known about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the rapid and effective changes of DBS. One of the hypotheses is that DBS modulates activity of monoamine neurotransmitters. In this study, we evaluated the effects of DBS in the NAc core on the extracellular concentration of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the medial (mPFC) and orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC). Freely moving rats were bilaterally stimulated in the NAc core for 2 h while dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline were measured using in vivo microdialysis in the mPFC and the OFC. We report rapid increases in the release of dopamine and serotonin to a maximum of 177% and 127% in the mPFC and an increase up to 171% and 166% for dopamine and noradrenaline in the OFC after onset of stimulation in the NAc core. These results provide further evidence for the distal effects of DBS and corroborate previous clinical and pre-clinical findings of altered neuronal activity in prefrontal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addy van Dijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was introduced as a treatment for patients with parkinsonism and other movement disorders in the early 1990s. The technique rapidly became the treatment of choice for these conditions, and is now also being explored for other diseases, including Tourette syndrome, gait disorders, epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. Although the mechanism of action of DBS remains unclear, it is recognized that DBS works through focal modulation of functionally specific circuits. The fact that the same DBS parameters and targets can be used in multiple diseases suggests that DBS does not counteract the pathophysiology of any specific disorder, but acts to replace pathologic activities in disease-affected brain circuits with activity that is more easily tolerated. Despite the progress made in the use of DBS, much remains to be done to fully realize the potential of this therapy. We describe some of the most active areas of research in this field, both in terms of exploration of new targets and stimulation parameters, and in terms of new electrode or stimulator designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlon DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Montgomery EB. H(2)(15)O PET responses to deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:657-9. [PMID: 22410478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Rosa M, Giannicola G, Marceglia S, Fumagalli M, Barbieri S, Priori A. Neurophysiology of Deep Brain Stimulation. EMERGING HORIZONS IN NEUROMODULATION - NEW FRONTIERS IN BRAIN AND SPINE STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404706-8.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The realization that medications used to treat movement disorders and psychiatric conditions of basal ganglia origin have significant shortcomings, as well as advances in the understanding of the functional organization of the brain, has led to a renaissance in functional neurosurgery, and particularly the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS). Movement disorders are now routinely being treated with DBS of 'motor' portions of the basal ganglia output nuclei, specifically the subthalamic nucleus and the internal pallidal segment. These procedures are highly effective and generally safe. Use of DBS is also being explored in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, with targeting of the 'limbic' basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. The results of these procedures are also encouraging, but many unanswered questions remain in this emerging field. This review summarizes the scientific rationale and practical aspects of using DBS for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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