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Giles B, Nakhjavani M, Wiesa A, Knight T, Shigdar S, Samarasinghe RM. Unravelling the Glioblastoma Tumour Microenvironment: Can Aptamer Targeted Delivery Become Successful in Treating Brain Cancers? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4376. [PMID: 37686652 PMCID: PMC10487158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key challenges to treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the heterogeneous and complex nature of the GBM tumour microenvironment (TME) and difficulty of drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The TME is composed of various neuronal and immune cells, as well as non-cellular components, including metabolic products, cellular interactions, and chemical compositions, all of which play a critical role in GBM development and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we aim to unravel the complexity of the GBM TME, evaluate current therapeutics targeting this microenvironment, and lastly identify potential targets and therapeutic delivery vehicles for the treatment of GBM. Specifically, we explore the potential of aptamer-targeted delivery as a successful approach to treating brain cancers. Aptamers have emerged as promising therapeutic drug delivery vehicles with the potential to cross the BBB and deliver payloads to GBM and brain metastases. By targeting specific ligands within the TME, aptamers could potentially improve treatment outcomes and overcome the challenges associated with larger therapies such as antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Giles
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Maryam Nakhjavani
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Andrew Wiesa
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Tareeque Knight
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Rasika M. Samarasinghe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (B.G.); (S.S.); (R.M.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Understanding the Combined Effects of High Glucose Induced Hyper-Osmotic Stress and Oxygen Tension in the Progression of Tumourigenesis: From Mechanism to Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060825. [PMID: 36980166 PMCID: PMC10047272 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG), a hallmark of the tumour microenvironment, is also a biomechanical stressor, as it exerts hyper-osmotic stress (HG-HO), but not much is known regarding how tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG-HO. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate the novel molecular mechanisms by which tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG/HG-HO and whether phytochemical-based interference in these mechanisms can generate tumour-cell-selective vulnerability to cell death. Mannitol and L-glucose were used as hyper-osmotic equivalents of high glucose. The results revealed that the tumour cells can efficiently mechanoadapt to HG-HO only in the normoxic microenvironment. Under normoxic HG/HG-HO stress, tumour cells polySUMOylate a higher pool of mitotic driver pH3(Ser10), which translocates to the nucleus and promotes faster cell divisions. On the contrary, acute hypoxia dampens HG/HG-HO-associated excessive proliferation by upregulating sentrin protease SENP7. SENP7 promotes abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10), thereby restricting its nuclear entry and promoting the M-phase arrest and cell loss. However, the hypoxia-arrested cells that managed to survive showed relapse upon reversal to normoxia as well as upregulation of pro-survival-associated SENP1, and players in tumour growth signalling, autophagy, glycolytic pathways etc. Depletion of SENP1 in both normoxia and hypoxia caused significant loss of tumour cells vs undepleted controls. SENP1 was ascertained to restrict the abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in both normoxia and hypoxia, although not so efficiently in hypoxia, due to the opposing activity of SENP7. Co-treatment with Momordin Ic (MC), a natural SENP1 inhibitor, and Gallic Acid (GA), an inhibitor of identified major pro-tumourigenic signalling (both enriched in Momordica charantia), eliminated surviving tumour cells in normal glucose, HG and HG-HO normoxic and hypoxic microenvironments, suggesting that appropriate and enhanced polySUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in response to HG/HG-HO stress was attenuated by this treatment along with further dampening of other key tumourigenic signalling, due to which tumour cells could no longer proliferate and grow.
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Zhu Z, Fang C, Xu H, Yuan L, Du Y, Ni Y, Xu Y, Shao A, Zhang A, Lou M. Anoikis resistance in diffuse glioma: The potential therapeutic targets in the future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976557. [PMID: 36046036 PMCID: PMC9423707 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant intracranial tumor and exhibits diffuse metastasis and a high recurrence rate. The invasive property of glioma results from cell detachment. Anoikis is a special form of apoptosis that is activated upon cell detachment. Resistance to anoikis has proven to be a protumor factor. Therefore, it is suggested that anoikis resistance commonly occurs in glioma and promotes diffuse invasion. Several factors, such as integrin, E-cadherin, EGFR, IGFR, Trk, TGF-β, the Hippo pathway, NF-κB, eEF-2 kinase, MOB2, hypoxia, acidosis, ROS, Hsp and protective autophagy, have been shown to induce anoikis resistance in glioma. In our present review, we aim to summarize the underlying mechanism of resistance and the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjia Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiqing Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Blaszczak W, Swietach P. What do cellular responses to acidity tell us about cancer? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1159-1176. [PMID: 34850320 PMCID: PMC8825410 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The notion that invasive cancer is a product of somatic evolution is a well-established theory that can be modelled mathematically and demonstrated empirically from therapeutic responses. Somatic evolution is by no means deterministic, and ample opportunities exist to steer its trajectory towards cancer cell extinction. One such strategy is to alter the chemical microenvironment shared between host and cancer cells in a way that no longer favours the latter. Ever since the first description of the Warburg effect, acidosis has been recognised as a key chemical signature of the tumour microenvironment. Recent findings have suggested that responses to acidosis, arising through a process of selection and adaptation, give cancer cells a competitive advantage over the host. A surge of research efforts has attempted to understand the basis of this advantage and seek ways of exploiting it therapeutically. Here, we review key findings and place these in the context of a mathematical framework. Looking ahead, we highlight areas relating to cellular adaptation, selection, and heterogeneity that merit more research efforts in order to close in on the goal of exploiting tumour acidity in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Blaszczak
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, England
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, England.
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Chen J, Lee H, Schmitt P, Choy CJ, Miller DM, Williams BJ, Bearer EL, Frieboes HB. Bioengineered Models to Study Microenvironmental Regulation of Glioblastoma Metabolism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:1012–1023. [PMID: 34524448 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and aggressive therapies, glioblastoma (GBM) remains a central nervous system malignancy with poor prognosis. The varied histopathology of GBM suggests a landscape of differing microenvironments and clonal expansions, which may influence metabolism, driving tumor progression. Indeed, GBM metabolic plasticity in response to differing nutrient supply within these microenvironments has emerged as a key driver of aggressiveness. Additionally, emergent biophysical and biochemical interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are offering new perspectives on GBM metabolism. Perivascular and hypoxic niches exert crucial roles in tumor maintenance and progression, facilitating metabolic relationships between stromal and tumor cells. Alterations in extracellular matrix and its biophysical characteristics, such as rigidity and topography, regulate GBM metabolism through mechanotransductive mechanisms. This review highlights insights gained from deployment of bioengineering models, including engineered cell culture and mathematical models, to study the microenvironmental regulation of GBM metabolism. Bioengineered approaches building upon histopathology measurements may uncover potential therapeutic strategies that target both TME-dependent mechanotransductive and biomolecular drivers of metabolism to tackle this challenging disease. Longer term, a concerted effort integrating in vitro and in silico models predictive of patient therapy response may offer a powerful advance toward tailoring of treatment to patient-specific GBM characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chen
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Hyunchul Lee
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Philipp Schmitt
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Caleb J Choy
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Donald M Miller
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Brian J Williams
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Elaine L Bearer
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, CJC, HBF); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (JC, DMM, HBF); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HL, BJW); Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (PS, DMM); Department of Radiation Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (DMM, BJW, HBF); Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA (HBF); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (ELB)
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Karuppaiah A, Babu D, Selvaraj D, Natrajan T, Rajan R, Gautam M, Ranganathan H, Siram K, Nesamony J, Sankar V. Building and behavior of a pH-stimuli responsive chitosan nanoparticles loaded with folic acid conjugated gemcitabine silver colloids in MDA-MB-453 metastatic breast cancer cell line and pharmacokinetics in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105938. [PMID: 34256103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pH-stimuli release behavior of nanoformulations may enhance the success rate of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancers by site-specific delivery of drugs to cancer tissues. The aim of the present study was to prepare chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) with previously synthesized folic acid (FA) capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded with the anti-cancer drug gemcitabine (GEM) (FA-GEM-AgNPs). The CS-FA-GEM-AgNPs (CS-NPs) were characterized with dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. The in-vitro drug release of GEM was evaluated in media of different pH. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out to determine the cytotoxic effects of the prepared nanoformulations in media with various pH. The time- and pH-dependent apoptotic cell death induced by CS-NPs with MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cell line was observed using acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EtBr) staining. The pharmacokinetic parameters were studied with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Two batches of CS-NPs formulations were prepared, one with AgNPs of particle size 143 nm and the other with 244 nm. The particle size for CS-NPs-I (FA-GEM-AgNPs-143 nm) and CS-NPs-II (FA-GEM-AgNPs-244 nm) was found to be 425 and 545 nm, respectively. The zeta potential was found to be 36.1 and 37.5 mV for CS-NPs-I and CS-NPs-II, respectively. CS-NPs-I and CS-NPs-II showed a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.240 and 0.261, respectively. A TEM study confirmed the spherical nature of the NPs. The nanoformulations exerted pH-dependant effect against MDA-MB-453 cells with relatively higher cytotoxicity at the lower pH than at higher pH levels. The pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of CS-NPs in rats exerted drug release in a pH-dependent manner with enhanced excretion of Ag+. An optimized nanoformulation for pH-stimuli responsive release of GEM was successfully developed for future therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Karuppaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tamilselvan Natrajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Rajan
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Arunachal University Studies, Namasi, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mrinmoy Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hariprasad Ranganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthik Siram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, United States
| | - Jerry Nesamony
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center 114J, University of Toledo, United States
| | - Veintramuthu Sankar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mao YK, Liu ZB, Cai L. Identification of glioblastoma-specific prognostic biomarkers via an integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1619-1628. [PMID: 32724403 PMCID: PMC7377174 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal tumor of the central nervous system. The present study set out to identify reliable prognostic and predictive biomarkers for patients with GBM. RNA-sequencing data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and DNA methylation data were downloaded using the University of California Santa Cruz-Xena database. The expression and methylation differences between patients with GBM, and survival times <1 and ≥1 year were investigated. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed and functional enrichment analyses of differentially expressed and methylated genes were performed. Hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape plug-in cytoHubba software. Survival analysis was performed using the survminer package, in order to determine the prognostic values of the hub genes. The present study identified 71 genes that were hypomethylated and expressed at high levels, and four genes that were hypermethylated and expressed at low levels in GBM. These genes were predominantly enriched in the ‘JAK-STAT signaling pathway’, ‘transcriptional misregulation in cancer’ and the ‘ECM-receptor interaction’, which are associated with GBM development. Among the 24 hub genes identified, 15 possessed potential prognostic value. An integrative analysis approach was implemented in order to analyze the association of DNA methylation with changes in gene expression and to assess the association of gene expression changes with GBM survival time. The results of the present study suggest that these 15 CpG-based genes may be useful and practical tools in predicting the prognosis of patients with GBM. However, future research on gene methylation and/or expression is required in order to develop personalized treatments for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kun Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Gomaraschi M. Role of Lipoproteins in the Microenvironment of Hormone-Dependent Cancers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:256-268. [PMID: 31837908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an attractive target to develop novel strategies for hormone-dependent cancers. Several molecules in the TME can favor tumor development and progression, including lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are taken up by cancer cells, providing them with cholesterol and fatty acids. Cholesterol regulates cell signaling and it is converted into a series of bioactive metabolites, including hormones. The conflicting results of epidemiological and interventional studies suggest that the local availability of lipoproteins in the TME is more relevant for cancer biology than their circulating levels. Thus, reducing lipoprotein uptake and stimulating cell cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) can represent a novel adjuvant strategy for cancer management. HDL-like particles can also act as drug delivery systems for tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gomaraschi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Halcrow P, Datta G, Ohm JE, Soliman ML, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of endolysosomes and pH in the pathogenesis and treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1177. [PMID: 32095788 PMCID: PMC7039640 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a Grade IV astrocytoma with an aggressive disease course and a uniformly poor prognosis. Pathologically, GBM is characterized by rapid development of primary tumors, diffuse infiltration into the brain parenchyma, and robust angiogenesis. The treatment options that are limited and largely ineffective include a combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide. RECENT FINDINGS Similar to many other forms of cancer, the extracellular environment near GBM tumors is acidified. Extracellular acidosis is particularly relevant to tumorgenesis and the concept of tumor cell dormancy because of findings that decreased pH reduces proliferation, increases resistance to apoptosis and autophagy, promotes tumor cell invasion, increases angiogenesis, obscures immune surveillance, and promotes resistance to drug and radio-treatment. Factors known to participate in the acidification process are nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia and high levels of anaerobic glycolysis that lead to increases in lactate. Also involved are endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter termed endolysosomes), acidic organelles with highly regulated stores of hydrogen (H+) ions. Endolysosomes contain more than 60 hydrolases as well as about 50 proteins that are known to affect the number, sizes and distribution patterns of these organelles within cells. Recently, vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), the main proton pump that is responsible for maintaining the acidic environment in endolysosomes, was identified as a novel therapeutic target for glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Thus, a greater understanding of the role of endolysosomes in regulating cellular and extracellular acidity could result in a better elucidation of GBM pathogenesis and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Joyce E. Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and GenomicsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew York
| | - Mahmoud L. Soliman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineBoston University Medical CenterBostonMassachusetts
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
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Halcrow PW, Khan N, Datta G, Ohm JE, Chen X, Geiger JD. Importance of measuring endolysosome, cytosolic, and extracellular pH in understanding the pathogenesis of and possible treatments for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1193. [PMID: 31989117 PMCID: PMC6983952 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a very aggressive form of brain cancer that carries with it a tragically poor prognosis. As with many other forms of cancer, the extracellular environment near GBM tumors is acidified and is relevant to the pathogenesis of GBM because decreased pH promotes tumor cell invasion, increases angiogenesis, decreases immune surveillance, and increases resistance to possible treatments. Recently, vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), a proton pump that helps maintain the acidic environment in endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter referred to endolysosomes) as well as proton gradients across the plasma membrane, was identified as a novel therapeutic target for GBM. However, information is lacking about cancer cell and tissue pH of endolysosomes, cytosol and extracellular fluid. AIM Here, we measured endolysosome, cytosolic, and extracellular pH in U87MG cells in the absence and presence of the v-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. METHODS In vitro measurements of U87MG cells were conducted using LysoSensor dye and a Lysosome-RFP dye for lysosome pH, BCECF-AM for cytosolic pH, and a pH-sensitive microprobe for extracellular pH. RESULTS Bafilomycin A1 increased endolysosome pH from 5.28 to 5.57, decreased cytosolic pH from 7.01 to 6.46, and increased extracellular pH from 7.18 to 7.40. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report the ability to make pH measurements in U87MG glioblastoma cells and discuss these results in the context of GBM pathogenesis and possible treatment. This might be of some importance in understanding the pathogenesis of GBM because the highly regulated stores of hydrogen (H+) ions in endolysosomes can influence cytosolic and extracellular pH as well as the distribution, numbers, and sizes of endolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Joyce E. Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and GenomicsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew York
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
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11
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Bång-Rudenstam A, Cerezo-Magaña M, Belting M. Pro-metastatic functions of lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 38:79-92. [PMID: 30767150 PMCID: PMC6647379 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the overall mortality in cancer is steadily decreasing, major groups of patients still respond poorly to available treatments. The key clinical challenge discussed here relates to the inherent capacity of cancer cells to metabolically adapt to hypoxic and acidic stress, resulting in treatment resistance and a pro-metastatic behavior. Hence, a detailed understanding of stress adaptive responses is critical for the design of more rational therapeutic strategies for cancer. We will focus on the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoprotein particles in cancer cell metabolic stress adaptation and how these pathways may constitute potential Achilles' heels of the cancer cell machinery and alternative treatment targets of metastasis. In this context, common extracellular lipid uptake mechanisms, involving specific cell-surface receptors and endocytic pathways, may operate during remodeling of acidic atherosclerotic plaques as well as the tumor microenvironment. The role of endocytosis in regulating the cellular response to hypoxic and acidic stress through spatial coordination of receptor proteins may be exploited for therapeutic purposes. As a consequence, molecular mechanisms of endocytosis have attracted increasing attention as potential targets for tumor specific delivery of therapeutic substances, such as antibody-drug conjugates. The identification of internalizing surface proteins specific to the acidic tumor niche remains an unmet need of high clinical relevance. Among the currently explored, acidosis-related, internalizing target proteins, we will focus on the cell-surface proteoglycan carbonic anhydrase 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bång-Rudenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Myriam Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Ali SO, Fessas P, Kaggie JD, Zaccagna F, Houston G, Reid S, Graves MJ, Gallagher FA. Evaluation of the sensitivity of R 1ρ MRI to pH and macromolecular density. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 58:156-161. [PMID: 30771445 PMCID: PMC6422633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is characteristically acidic and this extracellular acidosis is known to play a role in carcinogenesis and metastasis and can affect tumor chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity. Intracellular pH has been used as a possible biomarker of salvageable tissue in ischemic stroke. A non-invasive MRI-based approach for the determination and imaging of cerebral pH would be a powerful tool in cancer diagnosis and monitoring, as well as stroke treatment planning. Several pH-based MRI imaging approaches have been proposed but for these to be useful, disentangling the effects of pH from other parameters which may affect the measured MRI signal is crucial to ensure accuracy and specificity. R1 relaxation in the rotating frame (R1ρ) is an example of a method that has been proposed to probe pH in vivo using MRI. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between R1ρ, pH, and macromolecular density in vitro using phantoms and in human volunteers. Here we show that the rate of R1ρ relaxation (=1/T1ρ) varies with pH but only in the presence of macromolecules. At constant pH, phantom macromolecular density inversely correlated with R1ρ. R1ρ imaging of the normal human brain demonstrated regional heterogeneity with significant differences between structurally distinct regions, which are likely to be independent of pH. For example, R1ρ was higher in the basal ganglia compared to grey matter and higher in grey matter compared to white matter. We conclude that R1ρ cannot be reliably used to image tissue pH without deconvolution from the effects of local tissue macromolecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed O Ali
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Fessas
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ.
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ
| | | | - Scott Reid
- GE Healthcare, Amersham, United Kingdom, HP7 9JQ
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ.
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13
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Angelova MI, Bitbol AF, Seigneuret M, Staneva G, Kodama A, Sakuma Y, Kawakatsu T, Imai M, Puff N. pH sensing by lipids in membranes: The fundamentals of pH-driven migration, polarization and deformations of lipid bilayer assemblies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2042-2063. [PMID: 29501601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most biological molecules contain acido-basic groups that modulate their structure and interactions. A consequence is that pH gradients, local heterogeneities and dynamic variations are used by cells and organisms to drive or regulate specific biological functions including energetic metabolism, vesicular traffic, migration and spatial patterning of tissues in development. While the direct or regulatory role of pH in protein function is well documented, the role of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in modulating the properties of lipid assemblies such as bilayer membranes is only beginning to be understood. Here, we review approaches using artificial lipid vesicles that have been instrumental in providing an understanding of the influence of pH gradients and local variations on membrane vectorial motional processes: migration, membrane curvature effects promoting global or local deformations, crowding generation by segregative polarization processes. In the case of pH induced local deformations, an extensive theoretical framework is given and an application to a specific biological issue, namely the structure and stability of mitochondrial cristae, is described. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglena I Angelova
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, UFR 925 Physics, Paris F-75005, France; University Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Anne-Florence Bitbol
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laboratory Jean Perrin, UMR 8237 CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Michel Seigneuret
- University Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Galya Staneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atsuji Kodama
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakuma
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Imai
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nicolas Puff
- Sorbonne University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, UFR 925 Physics, Paris F-75005, France; University Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC) UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris F-75013, France
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14
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John S, Sivakumar KC, Mishra R. Bacoside A Induces Tumor Cell Death in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines through Catastrophic Macropinocytosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:171. [PMID: 28663722 PMCID: PMC5471305 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of brain tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Recent evidences have shown that the "biomechanical imbalances" induced in GBM patient-derived glioblastoma cells (GC) and in vivo via the administration of synthetic small molecules, may effectively inhibit disease progression and prolong survival of GBM animal models. This novel concept associated with de novo anti-GBM drug development has however suffered obstacles in adequate clinical utility due to the appearance of unrelated toxicity in the prolonged therapeutic windows. Here, we took a "drug repurposing approach" to trigger similar physico-chemical disturbances in the GBM tumor cells, wherein, the candidate therapeutic agent has been previously well established for its neuro-protective roles, safety, efficacy, prolonged tolerance and excellent brain bioavailability in human subjects and mouse models. In this study, we show that the extracts of an Indian traditional medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (BM) and its bioactive component Bacoside A can generate dosage associated tumor specific disturbances in the hydrostatic pressure balance of the cell via a mechanism involving excessive phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIA (CaMKIIA/CaMK2A) enzyme that is further involved in the release of calcium from the smooth endoplasmic reticular networks. High intracellular calcium stimulated massive macropinocytotic extracellular fluid intake causing cell hypertrophy in the initial stages, excessive macropinosome enlargement and fluid accumulation associated organellar congestion, cell swelling, cell rounding and membrane rupture of glioblastoma cells; with all these events culminating into a non-apoptotic, physical non-homeostasis associated glioblastoma tumor cell death. These results identify glioblastoma tumor cells to be a specific target of the tested herbal medicine and therefore can be exploited as a safe anti-GBM therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K C Sivakumar
- Distributed Information Sub-Centre, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram, India
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