Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling and Redox Metabolism in Cancer

Dissecting the pleiotropic roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung cancer: From carcinogenesis toward therapy

Lung cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The specific pulmonary structure to directly connect with ambient air makes it more susceptible to damage from airborne toxins. External oxidative stimuli and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in promoting lung carcinogenesis and development. The biological properties of higher ROS levels in tumor cells than in normal cells make them more sensitive and vulnerable to ROS injury. Therefore, the strategy of targeting ROS has been proposed for cancer therapy for decades. However, it is embarrassing that countless attempts at ROS-based therapies have had very limited success, and no FDA approval in the anticancer list was mechanistically based on ROS manipulation. Even compared with the untargetable proteins, such as transcription factors, ROS are more difficult to be targeted due to their chemical properties. Thus, the pleiotropic roles of ROS provide therapeutic potential for anticancer drug discovery, while a better dissection of the mechanistic action and signaling pathways is a prerequisite for future breakthroughs. This review discusses the critical roles of ROS in cancer carcinogenesis, ROS-inspired signaling pathways, and ROS-based treatment, exemplified by lung cancer. In particular, an eight considerations rule is proposed for ROS-targeting strategies and drug design and development.

Exploration of individual colorectal cancer cell responses to H2O2 eustress using hopping probe scanning ion conductance microscopy

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a widespread malignancy, is closely associated with tumor microenvironmental hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Some clinical trials targeting H2O2 for cancer treatment have revealed its paradoxical role as a promoter of cancer progression. Investigating the dynamics of cancer cell H2O2 eustress at the single-cell level is crucial. In this study, non-contact hopping probe mode scanning ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) with high-sensitive Pt-functionalized nanoelectrodes was employed to measure dynamic extracellular to intracellular H2O2 gradients in individual colorectal cancer Caco-2 cells. We explored the relationship between cellular mechanical properties and H2O2 gradients. Exposure to 0.1 or 1 mmol/L H2O2 eustress increased the extracellular to intracellular H2O2 gradient from 0.3 to 1.91 or 3.04, respectively. Notably, cellular F-actin-dependent stiffness increased at 0.1 mmol/L but decreased at 1 mmol/L H2O2 eustress. This H2O2-induced stiffness modulated AKT activation positively and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) expression negatively. Our findings unveil the failure of some H2O2-targeted therapies due to their ineffectiveness in generating H2O2, which instead acts eustress to promote cancer cell survival. This research also reveals the complex interplay between physical properties and biochemical signaling in cancer cells' antioxidant defense, illuminating the exploitation of H2O2 eustress for survival at the single-cell level. Inhibiting GPX and/or catalase (CAT) enhances the cytotoxic activity of H2O2 eustress against CRC cells, which holds significant promise for developing innovative therapies targeting cancer and other H2O2-related inflammatory diseases.

5-fluorouracil and Rumex obtusifolius extract combination trigger A549 cancer cell apoptosis: uncovering PI3K/Akt inhibition by in vitro and in silico approaches

The continuous increase in cancer rates, failure of conventional chemotherapies to control the disease, and excessive toxicity of chemotherapies clearly demand alternative approaches. Natural products contain many constituents that can act on various bodily targets to induce pharmacodynamic responses. This study aimed to explore the combined anticancer effects of Rumex obtusifolius (RO) extract and the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on specific molecular targets involved in cancer progression. By focusing on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its related components, such as cytokines, growth factors (TNFa, VEGFa), and enzymes (Arginase, NOS, COX-2, MMP-2), this research sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of RO extract, both independently and in combination with 5-FU, in non-small lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The study also investigated the potential interactions of compounds identified by HPLC/MS/MS of RO on PI3K/Akt in the active site pocket through an in silico analysis. The ultimate goal was to identify potent therapeutic combinations that effectively inhibit, prevent or delay cancer development with minimal side effects. The results revealed that the combined treatment of 5-FU and RO demonstrated a significant reduction in TNFa levels, comparable to the effect observed with RO alone. RO modulated the PI3K/Akt pathway, influencing the phosphorylated and total amounts of these proteins during the combined treatment. Notably, COX-2, a key player in inflammatory processes, substantially decreased with the combination treatment. Caspase-3 activity, indicative of apoptosis, increased by 1.8 times in the combined treatment compared to separate treatments. In addition, the in silico analyses explored the binding affinities and interactions of RO's major phytochemicals with intracellular targets, revealing a high affinity for PI3K and Akt. These findings suggest that the combined treatment induces apoptosis in A549 cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Targeting the PI3K/pAKT/mTOR/NF-κB/FOXO3a signaling pathway for suppressing the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats: Role of the natural remedic Suaeda vermiculata forssk

Liver malignancy is well recognized as a prominent health concern, with numerous treatment options available. Natural products are considered a renewable source, providing inspiring chemical moieties that could be used for cancer treatment. Suaeda vermiculata Forssk has traditionally been employed for management of hepatic conditions, including liver inflammation, and liver cirrhosis, as well as to improve general liver function. The findings of our earlier study demonstrated encouraging in vivo hepatoprotective benefits against liver injury generated by paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride. Additionally, Suaeda vermiculata Forssk exhibited cytotoxic activities in vitro against Hep-G2 cell lines and cell lines resistant to doxorubicin. The present investigation aimed to examine the potential in vivo hepatoprotective efficacy of Suaeda vermiculata Forssk extract (SVE) against hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in rats. The potential involvement of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-κB pathway was addressed. Sixty adult male albino rats were allocated into five groups randomly (n = 10). First group received a buffer, whereas second group received SVE only, third group received DENA only, and fourth and fifth groups received high and low doses of SVE, respectively, in the presence of DENA. Liver toxicity and tumor markers (HGFR, p-AKT, PI3K, mTOR, NF-κB, FOXO3a), apoptosis markers, and histopathological changes were analyzed. The current results demonstrated that SVE inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-κB pathway as well as increased expression of apoptotic parameters and FOXO3a levels, which were deteriorated by DENA treatment. Furthermore, SVE improved liver toxicity markers and histopathological changes induced by DENA administration. This study provided evidence for the conventional hepatoprotective properties attributed to SV and investigated the underlying mechanism by which its extract, SVE, could potentially serve as a novel option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment derived from a natural source.

Redox signaling in cell fate: Beyond damage

This review explores the nuanced role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell fate, challenging the traditional view that equates ROS with cellular damage. Through significant technological advancements in detecting localized redox states and identifying oxidized cysteines, a paradigm shift has emerged: from ROS as merely damaging agents to crucial players in redox signaling. We delve into the intricacies of redox mechanisms, which, although confined, exert profound influences on cellular physiological responses. Our analysis extends to both the positive and negative impacts of these mechanisms on cell death processes, including uncontrolled and programmed pathways. By unraveling these complex interactions, we argue against the oversimplified notion of a 'stress response', advocating for a more nuanced understanding of redox signaling. This review underscores the importance of localized redox states in determining cell fate, highlighting the sophistication and subtlety of ROS functions beyond mere damage.

Melanoma-associated melanocortin 1 receptor variants confer redox signaling-dependent protection against oxidative DNA damage

Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation. The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a major melanoma susceptibility gene. Frequent MC1R variants (varMC1R) associated with fair skin and red or yellow hair color display hypomorphic signaling to the cAMP pathway and are associated with higher melanoma risk. This association is thought to be due to production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as well as deficient induction of DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. However, the data on modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by MC1R remain scarce. We recently demonstrated that varMC1R accelerates clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA strand breaks in an AKT-dependent manner. Here we show that varMC1R also protects against ROS-dependent formation of 8-oxodG, the most frequent oxidative DNA lesion. Since the base excision repair (BER) pathway mediates clearance of these DNA lesions, we analyzed induction of BER enzymes in human melanoma cells of varMC1R genotype. Agonist-mediated activation of both wildtype (wtMC1R) and varMC1R significantly induced OGG and APE-1/Ref1, the rate-limiting BER enzymes responsible for repair of 8-oxodG. Moreover, we found that NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of ROS was responsible for AKT activation and oxidative DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. These observations provide a better understanding of the functional properties of melanoma-associated MC1R alleles and may be useful for the rational development of strategies to correct defective varMC1R responses for efficient photoprotection and melanoma prevention in fair-skinned individuals.

Deguelin Restores Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Paclitaxel-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells via Inhibition of the EGFR Signaling Pathway

Background

Ovarian cancer is one of women's malignancies with the highest mortality among gynecological cancers. Paclitaxel is used in first-line ovarian cancer chemotherapy. Research on paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer holds significant clinical importance.

Methods

Cell viability and flow cytometric assays were conducted at different time and concentration points of deguelin and paclitaxel treatment. Immunoblotting was performed to assess the activation status of key signaling molecules important for cell survival and proliferation following treatment with deguelin and paclitaxel. The fluo-3 acetoxymethyl assay for P-glycoprotein transport activity assay and cell viability assay in the presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine were also conducted.

Results

Cell viability and flow cytometric assays demonstrated that deguelin resensitized paclitaxel in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cotreatment with deguelin and paclitaxel inhibited EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules, including AKT, ERK, STAT3, and p38 MAPK, in SKOV3-TR cells. Interestingly, cotreatment with deguelin and paclitaxel suppressed the expression level of EGFR via the lysosomal degradation pathway. Cotreatment did not affect the expression and function of P-glycoprotein. N-acetyl-L-cysteine failed to restore cell cytotoxicity when used in combination with deguelin and paclitaxel in SKOV3-TR cells. The expression of BCL-2, MCL-1, and the phosphorylation of the S155 residue of BAD were downregulated. Moreover, inhibition of paclitaxel resistance by deguelin was also observed in HeyA8-MDR cells.

Conclusion

Our research showed that deguelin effectively suppresses paclitaxel resistance in SKOV3-TR ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the EGFR and its downstream signaling pathway and modulating the BCL-2 family proteins. Furthermore, deguelin exhibits inhibitory effects on paclitaxel resistance in HeyA8-MDR ovarian cancer cells, suggesting a potential mechanism for paclitaxel resensitization that may not be cell-specific. These findings suggest that deguelin holds promise as an anticancer therapeutic agent for overcoming chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.

PI3Kγ maintains the self-renewal of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells by regulating the pentose phosphate pathway

ABSTRACT

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy originating from transformed hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. AML prognosis remains poor owing to resistance and relapse driven by leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Targeting molecules essential for LSC function is a promising therapeutic approach. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is often dysregulated in AML. We found that although PI3Kγ is highly enriched in LSCs and critical for self-renewal, it was dispensable for normal hematopoietic stem cells. Mechanistically, PI3Kγ-AKT signaling promotes nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear accumulation, which induces 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) and the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby maintaining LSC stemness. Importantly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ impaired expansion and stemness of murine and human AML cells in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings reveal a key role for PI3Kγ in selectively maintaining LSC function by regulating AKT-NRF2-PGD metabolic pathway. Targeting the PI3Kγ pathway may, therefore, eliminate LSCs without damaging normal hematopoiesis, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for AML.

Synergistic targeting of TrxR1 and ATM/AKT pathway in human colon cancer cells

Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. In our previous research, we discovered several new TrxR1 inhibitors and found that they all have excellent anti-tumor activity. At the same time, we found these TrxR1 inhibitors all lead to an increase in AKT phosphorylation in cancer cells, but the detailed role of AKT phosphorylation in TrxR1 inhibitor-mediated cell death remains unclear. In this study, we identified the combination of AKT and TrxR1 inhibitor displayed a strong synergistic effect in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the synergistic effect of auranofin (TrxR1 inhibitor) and MK-2206 (AKT inhibitor) was caused by ROS accumulation. Importantly, we found that ATM inhibitor KU-55933 can block the increase of AKT phosphorylation caused by auranofin, and exhibited a synergistic effect with auranofin. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the activation of ATM/AKT pathway is a compensatory mechanism to cope with ROS accumulation induced by TrxR1 inhibitor, and synergistic targeting of TrxR1 and ATM/AKT pathway is a promising strategy for treating colon cancer.

The involvement of ROS-regulated programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reactive oxidative species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the regulation of cellular biological activity and function, and aberrant levels of ROS can contribute to the development of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Numerous discoveries have affirmed that this process is strongly associated with "programmed cell death (PCD)," which refers to the suicide protection mechanism initiated by cells in response to external stimuli, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc. Research has demonstrated that ROS-induced PCD is crucial for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These activities serve a dual function in both facilitating and inhibiting cancer, suggesting the existence of a delicate balance within healthy cells that can be disrupted by the abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby influencing the eventual advancement or regression of a tumor. In this review, we summarize how ROS regulates PCD to influence the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Studying how ROS-induced PCD affects the progression of HCC at a molecular level can help develop better prevention and treatment methods and facilitate the design of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.

The Role of Vitamins in Mitigating the Effects of Various Stress Factors in Pigs Breeding

Good practices in farm animal care are crucial for upholding animal well-being, efficiency, and health. Pigs, like other farm animals, are exposed to various stressors, including environmental, nutritional, chemical, psychological, physiological, and metabolic stressors, which can disrupt their internal balance and compromise their well-being. Oxidative stress can adversely affect animal performance, fertility, and immunity, leading to economic losses for farmers. Dietary considerations are hugely important in attaining these objectives. This paper reviews studies investigating the impact of additional vitamin supplementation on stress reduction in pigs. Vitamin A can be beneficial in counteracting viral and parasitic threats. Vitamin B can be a potential solution for reproductive issues, but it might also be beneficial in reducing the effects of inappropriate nutrition. Vitamin C plays a vital role in reducing the effects of heat stress or exposure to toxins in pigs. Vitamin D proves to be beneficial in addressing stress induced mostly by infections and weaning, while vitamin E has been shown to mitigate the effects of toxins, heat stress, or transport stress. This review highlights the potential benefits of these dietary antioxidants in maintaining pig health, enhancing productivity, and counteracting the adverse effects of various stressors. Understanding the role of vitamins in pig nutrition and stress management is vital for optimising farm animal welfare and production efficiency.

Development of a rectally administrable Dnase1 to treat septic shock by targeting NETs

AIMS

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), which is formed by DNA threads, induces septic shock by aggravating systemic inflammation. An intravenous administration of deoxyribonuclease is regarded as a compelling modality for treating septic shock. However, alternative routes should be chosen when cutaneous veins are all collapsed due to hypotension. In this study, we genetically engineered this enzyme to develop a rectal suppository formulation to treat septic shock.

MAIN METHODS

Dnase1 was mutated at two amino acid residues to increase its stability in the blood and fused with a cell-penetrating peptide CR8 to increase its absorption through the rectal mucosa, which is designated AR-CR8. The life-saving effect of AR-CR8 was evaluated in a LPS-induced shock mouse model.

KEY FINDINGS

AR-CR8 was shown to remove NETs effectively in human neutrophils. When AR-CR8 was administered to the mouse rectum, the deoxyribonuclease activity in the mouse serum was significantly increased. In the LPS-induced shock model, 90 % of the control mice died over 72 h after LPS injection. In contrast, the rectal administration of AR-CR8 showed a mortality rate of 30 % by 72 h after LPS injection. The Log-rank test revealed that the survival rate is significantly higher in the AR-CR8 group. The NET markers in the mouse serum were enhanced by LPS, and significantly downregulated in the AR-CR8 group. These results suggest that AR-CR8 ameliorates LPS-induced shock by degrading NETs.

SIGNIFICANCE

The engineered DNASE1 could be developed as a rectal suppository formulation to treat septic shock urgently at out-of-hospital places where no syringe is available.

Synergistic cytotoxicity of decitabine and YM155 in leukemia cells through upregulation of SLC35F2 and suppression of MCL1 and survivin expression

The hypomethylation agent decitabine (DAC), in combination with other apoptosis inducers, is considered a potential modality for cancer treatment. We investigated the mechanism underlying the combined cytotoxicity of DAC and YM155 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells because of increasing evidence that YM155 induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Co-administration of DAC and YM155 resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in AML U937 cells, which was characterized by the induction of apoptosis, NOXA-dependent degradation of MCL1 and survivin, and depolarization of mitochondria. Restoration of MCL1 or survivin expression attenuated DAC/YM155-induced U937 cell death. DAC initiated AKT and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in a Ca2+/ROS-dependent manner, thereby promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of β-TrCP mRNA, leading to increased Sp1 expression. DAC-induced Sp1 expression associated with Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) dioxygenases and p300 was used to upregulate the expression of SLC35F2. Simultaneously, the activation of p38 MAPK induced by DAC, promoted CREB-mediated NOXA expression, resulting in survivin and MCL1 degradation. The synergistic cytotoxicity of DAC and YM155 in U937 cells was dependent on elevated SLC35F2 expression. Additionally, YM155 facilitated DAC-induced degradation of MCL1 and survivin. A similar mechanism explained DAC/YM155-mediated cytotoxicity in AML HL-60 cells. Our data demonstrated that the synergistic cytotoxicity of DAC and YM155 in AML cell lines U937 and HL-60 is dependent on AKT- and p38 MAPK-mediated upregulation of SLC35F2 and p38 MAPK-mediated degradation of survivin and MCL1. This indicates that a treatment regimen that amalgamates YM155 and DAC may be beneficial for AML.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum Potentiates Anticancer Activity by Facilitating the Expression of IRS-1/AKT Signalling: An In vitro Study

Sesuvium portulacastrum, a coastal medicinal plant with traditional uses has shown promising biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, the mechanisms of action active ingredients of this plant have not been studied. Aim of the current study is to investigate the anticancer activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum using in vitro and in silico analysis. The in vitro assays included NO radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. The data were analysed by one-way-ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols. Antioxidant activity of S. portulacastrum showed the dose dependent effect of nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. In silico analysis showed a better binding affinity with IR, IRS1 and Akt molecules which demonstrated the action of bioactive compound of S. portulacastrum against IRS-1/AKT signalling pathway.

Quantitative Proteomics Reveal That CB2R Agonist JWH-133 Downregulates NF-κB Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Lysosomal Exocytosis from HIV-Infected Macrophages

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect 15-55% of HIV-positive patients and effective therapies are unavailable. HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) invade the brain of these individuals, promoting neurotoxicity. We demonstrated an increased expression of cathepsin B (CATB), a lysosomal protease, in monocytes and post-mortem brain tissues of women with HAND. Increased CATB release from HIV-infected MDM leads to neurotoxicity, and their secretion is associated with NF-κB activation, oxidative stress, and lysosomal exocytosis. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist, JWH-133, decreases HIV-1 replication, CATB secretion, and neurotoxicity from HIV-infected MDM, but the mechanisms are not entirely understood. We hypothesized that HIV-1 infection upregulates the expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress and that a CB2R agonist could reverse these effects. MDM were isolated from healthy women donors (n = 3), infected with HIV-1ADA, and treated with JWH-133. After 13 days post-infection, cell lysates were labeled by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) and analyzed by LC/MS/MS quantitative proteomics bioinformatics. While HIV-1 infection upregulated CATB, NF-κB signaling, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response, and lysosomal exocytosis, JWH-133 treatment downregulated the expression of the proteins involved in these pathways. Our results suggest that JWH-133 is a potential alternative therapy against HIV-induced neurotoxicity and warrant in vivo studies to test its potential against HAND.

Effect of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species on signaling pathways in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which fats, lipids, cholesterol, calcium, proliferating smooth muscle cells, and immune cells accumulate in the intima of the large arteries, forming atherosclerotic plaques. A complex interplay of various vascular and immune cells takes place during the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Multiple reports indicate that tight control of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) production is critical for maintaining vascular health. Unrestricted ROS and RNS generation may lead to activation of various inflammatory signaling pathways, facilitating atherosclerosis. Given these deleterious consequences, it is important to understand how ROS and RNS affect the signaling processes involved in atherogenesis. Conversely, RSS appears to exhibit an atheroprotective potential and can alleviate the deleterious effects of ROS and RNS. Herein, we review the literature describing the effects of ROS, RNS, and RSS on vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages and focus on how changes in their production affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review also discusses the contribution of ROS, RNS, and RSS in mediating various post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosylation, and sulfation, of the molecules involved in inflammatory signaling.

The Role of Methionine Restriction in Gastric Cancer: A Summary of Mechanisms and a Discussion on Tumor Heterogeneity

Gastric cancer is ranked as the fifth most prevalent cancer globally and has long been a topic of passionate discussion among numerous individuals. However, the incidence of gastric cancer in society has not decreased, but instead has shown a gradual increase in recent years. For more than a decade, the treatment effect of gastric cancer has not been significantly improved. This is attributed to the heterogeneity of cancer, which makes popular targeted therapies ineffective. Methionine is an essential amino acid, and many studies have shown that it is involved in the development of gastric cancer. Our study aimed to review the literature on methionine and gastric cancer, describing its mechanism of action to show that tumor heterogeneity in gastric cancer does not hinder the effectiveness of methionine-restricted therapies. This research also aimed to provide insight into the inhibition of gastric cancer through metabolic reprogramming with methionine-restricted therapies, thereby demonstrating their potential as adjuvant treatments for gastric cancer.

NUPR1 contributes to activate TFE3-dependent autophagy leading to cervical cancer proliferation

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the cervix of women and endangers their lives. In this study, we aimed to assess the roles of NUPR1 and TFE3 in cervical cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to assess the correlation between NUPR1 and TFE3 expression in cervical cancer. By silencing NUPR1 and TFE3, and through 3-MA treatment, we determined whether their silencing could lead to lysosomal dysfunction, thereby inhibiting autophagy and cervical cancer cell proliferation. Their roles were further analyzed using molecular biological methods. Silencing NUPR1 and TFE3 inhibited cell proliferation and decreased the expression levels of autophagy-related genes, p62 and LC3B. By tracing lysosomes within cells, NUPR1 and TFE3 knockdown were found to induce lysosomal dysfunction, thereby inhibiting autophagy. In vivo experimental studies have shown that knockdown of NUPR1 and TFE3 can inhibit tumor growth, while reducing the ki67, p62, and LC3B expression levels and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression levels of lamp1 and lamp2, and the phosphorylation of PI3K (p-PI3K) and Akt (p-Akt) were significantly reduced after NUPR1 and TFE3 knockdown. However, treatment with 3-MA and overexpression of TFE3 could partially reverse the effect of silencing NUPR1. Overall, silencing NUPR1 reduced autophagy by inhibiting TFE3 in cervical cancer. Our results supply new evidence for the use of NUPR1 as a therapeutic target in cervical cancer.

DEHP and DBP, common phthalates, induce glucose metabolism disorders in rats via oxidative damage of PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are environmental endocrine disruptors thought to interfere with glucose metabolism in humans. Most of the related research has focused on population epidemiological studies, with the underlying mechanisms remaining unresolved. Using an in vivo animal model, we examined the effects of oral administration of two commonly used PAEs [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)] on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. DEHP (750 mg/kg, 1/40 LD50), DBP (500 mg/kg, 1/40 LD50), and DEHP (750 mg/kg) + DBP (500 mg/kg) exert an influence on glucose metabolism and elicit a reduction in insulin sensitivity in rats. Furthermore, these substances induce detrimental effects on the structure and functionality of pancreatic β-cells. DEHP and/or DBP triggered an increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; a reduction in the phosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt473) proteins; an increase in the relative expression of Bax, Caspase-8, cleaved-Caspase-9, and cleaved-Caspase-3; and a reduction in the relative expression of Bcl-2-related Bax in pancreatic tissue and of gastrocnemius glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in the gastrocnemius muscle. Based on these findings, these PAEs can disrupt glucose metabolism, possibly via oxidative damage of the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 pathway; this damage induces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, affects pancreatic β-cell function, and affects glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to show that the combined effect of the two PAEs affects glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats that is significantly higher than the effects of each PAE. Thus, safety standards and studies do not consider this effect as a significant oversight when blending PAEs. We assert that this must be addressed and corrected for establishing more impactful and safer standards.

Novel Sulforaphane Analog Disrupts Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase-Protein Kinase B Pathway and Inhibits Cancer Cell Progression via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Caspase-Independent Apoptosis

Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, has gained attention due to its tremendous anticancer potential. Thus, an array of sulforaphane analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic potentials on a wide range of malignant cell lines. Among these derivatives, compound 4a displayed exceptional potency in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cell lines and a negligible effect on normal cell lines through G2/M phase arrest. The lead compound induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies established the interaction of the compound 4a with the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-R1) and blocking of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway. This led to suppression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF-2) protein expression, thus increasing the free radicals in the tumor cells. Moreover, compound 4a induced ROS-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis. Finally, compound 4a reduced tumor progression in a 4T1 injected BALB/c syngeneic mice tumor model. In conclusion, this study summarizes the mechanism of compound 4a-mediated ROS-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis. According to the study's findings, compound 4a can be used as a powerful new anticancer agent to enhance cancer treatment.

New Emerging Targets in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Role of B7-H3

Immune checkpoints (ICs) are molecules implicated in the fine-tuning of immune response via co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory signals, and serve to secure minimized host damage. Targeting ICs with various therapeutic modalities, including checkpoint inhibitors/monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and CAR-T cells has produced remarkable results, especially in immunogenic tumors, setting a paradigm shift in cancer therapeutics through the incorporation of these IC-targeted treatments. However, the large proportion of subjects who experience primary or secondary resistance to available IC-targeted options necessitates further advancements that render immunotherapy beneficial for a larger patient pool with longer duration of response. B7-H3 (B7 Homolog 3 Protein, CD276) is a member of the B7 family of IC proteins that exerts pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects both in physiologic and pathologic contexts. Mounting evidence has demonstrated an aberrant expression of B7-H3 in various solid malignancies, including tumors less sensitive to current immunotherapeutic options, and has associated its expression with advanced disease, worse patient survival and impaired response to IC-based regimens. Anti-B7-H3 agents, including novel mAbs, bispecific antibodies, ADCs, CAR-T cells, and radioimmunotherapy agents, have exhibited encouraging antitumor activity in preclinical models and have recently entered clinical testing for several cancer types. In the present review, we concisely present the functional implications of B7-H3 and discuss the latest evidence regarding its prognostic significance and therapeutic potential in solid malignancies, with emphasis on anti-B7-H3 modalities that are currently evaluated in clinical trial settings. Better understanding of B7-H3 intricate interactions in the tumor microenvironment will expand the oncological utility of anti-B7-H3 agents and further shape their role in cancer therapeutics.

Interplay of oxidative stress, cellular communication and signaling pathways in cancer

Cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Oxidative stress, characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, plays a critical role in the development of cancer by affecting genomic stability and signaling pathways within the cellular microenvironment. Elevated levels of ROS disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to the loss of normal cellular functions, which are associated with the initiation and progression of various types of cancer. In this review, we have focused on elucidating the downstream signaling pathways that are influenced by oxidative stress and contribute to carcinogenesis. These pathways include p53, Keap1-NRF2, RB1, p21, APC, tumor suppressor genes, and cell type transitions. Dysregulation of these pathways can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, and evasion of cell death, all of which are hallmark features of cancer development. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting oxidative stress have emerged as a critical area of investigation for molecular biologists. The objective is to limit the response time of various types of cancer, including liver, breast, prostate, ovarian, and lung cancers. By modulating the redox balance and restoring cellular homeostasis, it may be possible to mitigate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. The development of targeted therapies and interventions that specifically address the impact of oxidative stress on cancer initiation and progression holds great promise in improving patient outcomes. These approaches may include antioxidant-based treatments, redox-modulating agents, and interventions that restore normal cellular function and signaling pathways affected by oxidative stress. In summary, understanding the role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis and targeting this process through therapeutic interventions are of utmost importance in combating various types of cancer. Further research is needed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-related pathways and to develop effective strategies that can be translated into clinical applications for the management and treatment of cancer. Video Abstract.

The master antioxidant defense is activated during EBV latent infection

IMPORTANCE

To our knowledge, this is the first report delineating the activation of the master antioxidant defense during EBV latency. We show that EBV-triggered reactive oxygen species production activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway in EBV-transformed cells, and LMP1 plays a major role in this event, and the stress-related kinase TBK1 is required for NRF2 activation. Moreover, we show that the Keap1-NRF2 pathway is important for cell proliferation and EBV latency maintenance. Our findings disclose how EBV controls the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, which greatly improve our understanding of EBV latency and pathogenesis and may be leveraged to opportunities toward the improvement of therapeutic outcomes in EBV-associated diseases.

Melatonin Inhibits Testosterone Synthesis in Rooster Leydig Cells by Targeting CXCL14 through miR-7481-3p

Melatonin has been proved to be involved in testosterone synthesis, but whether melatonin participates in testosterone synthesis by regulating miRNA in Leydig cells is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism of melatonin on Leydig cells testosterone synthesis from the perspective of miRNA. Our results showed that melatonin could significantly inhibit testosterone synthesis in rooster Leydig cells. miR-7481-3p and CXCL14 were selected as the target of melatonin based on RNA-seq and miRNA sequencing. The results of dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-7481-3p targeted the 3'-UTR of CXCL14. The overexpression of miR-7481-3p significantly inhibited the expression of CXCL14 and restored the inhibitory role of melatonin testosterone synthesis and the expression of StAR, CYP11A1, and 3β-HSD in rooster Leydig cells. Similarly, interference with CXCL14 could reverse the inhibitory effect of melatonin on the level of testosterone synthesis and the expression of StAR, CYP11A1, and 3β-HSD in rooster Leydig cells. The RNA-seq results showed that melatonin could activate the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. Interference with CXCL14 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation level of PI3K and AKT, and the inhibited PI3K/AKT signal pathway could reverse the inhibitory effect of CXCL14 on testosterone synthesis and the expression of StAR, CYP11A1 and 3β-HSD in rooster Leydig cells. Our results indicated that melatonin inhibits testosterone synthesis by targeting miR-7481-3p/CXCL14 and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Klotho inhibits IGF1R/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway and protects the heart from oxidative stress during ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) of the heart involves the activation of oxidative and proapoptotic pathways. Simultaneously Klotho protein presents anti-aging, antiapoptotic and antioxidative properties. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Klotho protein on oxidative stress in hearts subjected to IRI. Isolated rat hearts perfused with the Langendorff method were subjected to ischemia, followed by reperfusion, in the presence or absence of recombinant rat Klotho protein. The factors involved in the activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signalling pathway were evaluated. IRI caused activation of the IGF1R (p = 0.0122)/PI3K (p = 0.0022) signalling, as compared to the aerobic control group. Infusion supply of Klotho protein during IRI significantly reduced the level of phospho-IGF1R (p = 0.0436), PI3K (p = 0.0218) and phospho-AKT (p = 0.0020). Transcriptional activity of forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3) was reduced (p = 0.0207) in hearts subjected to IRI, compared to aerobic control. Administration of Klotho decreased phosphorylation of FOXO3 (p = 0.0355), and enhanced activity of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.0452) and superoxide dismutase (p = 0.0060) in IRI + Klotho group. The levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) (p = 0.0480) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (p = 0.0460), and heart injury (p = 0.0005) were significantly increased in hearts from the IRI group in comparison to the aerobic group. Klotho reduced NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) (p = 0.0390), ROS/RNS (p = 0.0435) and H2O2 (p = 0.0392) levels, and heart damage (p = 0.0286) in the hearts subjected to IRI. In conclusion, Klotho contributed to the protection of the heart against IRI and oxidative stress via inhibition of the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT pathway, thus can be recognized as a novel cardiopreventive/cardioprotective agent.

The molecular perspective on the melanoma and genome engineering of T-cells in targeting therapy

Melanoma, an aggressive malignant tumor originating from melanocytes in humans, is on the rise globally, with limited non-surgical treatment options available. Recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immune escape, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and cancer metastasis have paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Combination therapy targeting multiple pathways simultaneously has been shown to be promising in treating melanoma, eliciting favorable responses in most melanoma patients. CAR T-cells, engineered to overcome the limitations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-dependent tumor cell detection associated with T-cell receptors, offer an alternative approach. By genetically modifying apheresis-collected allogeneic or autologous T-cells to express chimeric antigen receptors, CAR T-cells can appreciate antigens on cell surfaces independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), providing a significant cancer cell detection advantage. However, identifying the most effective target antigen is the initial step, as it helps mitigate the risk of toxicity due to "on-target, off-tumor" and establishes a targeted therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, evaluating signaling pathways and critical molecules involved in melanoma pathogenesis remains insufficient. This study emphasizes the novel approaches of CAR T-cell immunoediting and presents new insights into the molecular signaling pathways associated with melanoma.

MELK promotes HCC carcinogenesis through modulating cuproptosis-related gene DLAT-mediated mitochondrial function

Cuproptosis caused by copper overload is mediated by a novel regulatory mechanism that differs from previously documented mechanisms regulating cell death. Cells dependent on mitochondrial respiration showed increased sensitivity to a copper ionophore elesclomol that induced cuproptosis. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase(MELK) promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression through the PI3K/mTOR pathway, which exerts its effects partly by targeting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(PDHc) and reprogramming the morphology and function of mitochondria. However, the role of MELK in cuproptosis remains unclear. Here, we validated that elevated MELK expression enhanced the activity of PI3K/mTOR signaling and subsequently promoted Dihydrolipoamide S-Acetyltransferase (DLAT) expression and stabilized mitochondrial function. This regulatory effect helped to improve mitochondrial respiration, eliminate excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduce intracellular oxidative stress/damage and the possibility of mitochondria-induced cell fate alternations, and ultimately promote the progression of HCC. Meanwhile, elesclomol reduced translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20(TOM 20) expression and increased DLAT oligomers. Moreover, the above changes of MELK to HCC were abolished by elesclomol. In conclusion, MELK enhanced the levels of the cuproptosis-related signature(CRS) gene DLAT (especially the proportion of DLAT monomer) by activating the PI3K/mTOR pathway, thereby promoting elesclomol drug resistance, altering mitochondrial function, and ultimately promoting HCC progression.

Disruption of the Keap1-mTORC2 axis by cancer-derived Keap1/mLST8 mutations leads to oncogenic mTORC2-AKT activation

The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which participates in the regulation of cellular growth and metabolism, is aberrantly regulated in various cancer types. The mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which consists of the core components mTOR, Rictor, mSin1, and mLST8, primarily responds to growth signals. However, the coordination between mTORC2 assembly and activity remains poorly understood. Keap1, a major sensor of oxidative stress in cells, functions as a substrate adaptor for Cullin 3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) to promote proteasomal degradation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which is a transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative and electrophilic stress. In the present study, we demonstrate that Keap1 binds to mLST8 via a conserved ETGE motif. The CRL3Keap1 ubiquitin ligase complex promotes non-degradative ubiquitination of mLST8, thus reducing mTORC2 complex integrity and mTORC2-AKT activation. However, this effect can be prevented by oxidative/electrophilic stresses and growth factor signaling-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. Cancer-derived Keap1 or mLST8 mutations disrupt the Keap1-mLST8 interaction and allow mLST8 to evade Keap1-mediated ubiquitination, thereby enhancing mTORC2-AKT activation and promoting cell malignancy and remodeling cell metabolism. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Keap1/mLST8 mutation-driven tumorigenesis by promoting mTORC2-AKT activation, which is independent of the canonical NRF2 pathway.

Logic-Based Modeling of Inflammatory Macrophage Crosstalk with Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetic kidney disease is a complication in 1 out of 3 patients with diabetes. Aberrant glucose metabolism in diabetes leads to an immune response causing inflammation and to structural and functional damage in the glomerular cells of the kidney. Complex cellular signaling lies at the core of metabolic and functional derangement. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying the role of inflammation in glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction during diabetic kidney disease is not fully understood. Computational models in systems biology allow the integration of experimental evidence and cellular signaling networks to understand mechanisms involved in disease progression. We built a logic-based ordinary differential equations model to study macrophage-dependent inflammation in glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease progression. We studied the crosstalk between macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells in the kidney using a protein signaling network stimulated with glucose and lipopolysaccharide. The network and model were built using the open-source software package Netflux. This modeling approach overcomes the complexity of studying network models and the need for extensive mechanistic details. The model simulations were fitted and validated against available biochemical data from in vitro experiments. The model identified mechanisms responsible for dysregulated signaling in macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease. In addition, we investigated the influence of signaling interactions and species that on glomerular endothelial cell morphology through selective knockdown and downregulation. We found that partial knockdown of VEGF receptor 1, PLC-γ, adherens junction proteins, and calcium partially recovered the endothelial cell fenestration size. Our model findings contribute to understanding signaling and molecular perturbations that affect the glomerular endothelial cells in the early stage of diabetic kidney disease.

Lactate-upregulated NADPH-dependent NOX4 expression via HCAR1/PI3K pathway contributes to ROS-induced osteoarthritis chondrocyte damage

Increasing evidence shows that metabolic factors are involved in the pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA). Lactate has been shown to contribute to the onset and progression of diseases. While whether lactate is involved in the pathogenesis of OA through impaired chondrocyte function and its mechanism remains unclear. This study confirmed that serum lactate levels were elevated in OA patients compared to healthy controls and were positively correlated with synovial fluid lactate levels, which were also correlated with fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride. Lactate treatment could up-regulate expressions of the lactate receptor hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) and lactate transporters in human chondrocytes. We demonstrated the dual role of lactate, which as a metabolite increased NADPH levels by shunting glucose metabolism to the pentose phosphate pathway, and as a signaling molecule up-regulated NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through receptor HCAR1. Particularly, lactate could promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and chondrocyte damage, which was attenuated by pre-treatment with the NOX4 inhibitor GLX351322. We also confirmed that lactate could increase expression of catabolic enzymes (MMP-3/13, ADAMTS-4), reduce the synthesis of type II collagen, promote expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CCL-3/4), and induce cellular hypertrophy and aging in chondrocytes. Subsequently, we showed that chondrocyte damage mediated by lactate could be reversed by pre-treatment with N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, ROS scavenger). Finally, we further verified in vivo that intra-articular injection of lactate in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat models could damage cartilage and exacerbate the progression of OA models that could be countered by the NOX4 inhibitor GLX351322. Our study highlights the involvement of lactate as a metabolic factor in the OA process, providing a theoretical basis for potential metabolic therapies of OA in the future.

HDGF stimulates liver tumorigenesis by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria

Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) overexpression and uncontrolled reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation are involved in malignant transformation and poor prognosis in various types of cancer. However, the interplay between HDGF and ROS generation has not been elucidated in hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we first analyzed the profile of HDGF expression and ROS production in newly generated orthotopic hepatomas by ultrasound-guided implantation. In situ superoxide detection showed that HDGF-overexpressing hepatomas had significantly elevated ROS levels compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. Consistently, liver tissues from HDGF-deficient mice exhibited lower ROS fluorescence than those from age- and sex-matched WT mice. ROS-detecting fluorescent dyes and flow cytometry revealed that recombinant HDGF (rHDGF) stimulated the production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and mitochondrial ROS generation in cultured hepatoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the inactive Ser103Ala rHDGF mutant failed to promote ROS generation or oncogenic behaviors. Seahorse metabolic flux assays revealed that rHDGF dose dependently upregulated bioenergetics through enhanced basal and total oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate, and oxidative phosphorylation in hepatoma cells. Moreover, antioxidants of N-acetyl cysteine and MitoQ treatment significantly inhibited HDGF-mediated cell proliferation and invasive capacity. Genetic silencing of superoxide dismutase 2 augmented the HDGF-induced ROS generation and oncogenic behaviors of hepatoma cells. Finally, genetic knockdown nucleolin (NCL) and antibody neutralization of surface NCL, the HDGF receptor, abolished the HDGF-induced increase in ROS and mitochondrial energetics. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated for the first time that the HDGF/NCL signaling axis induces ROS generation by elevating ROS generation in mitochondria, thereby stimulating liver carcinogenesis.

Green tea catechin prevents oxidative stress-regulated autophagy and apoptosis signaling, and inhibits tenderness in postmortem bovine longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle

Although green tea catechin has been reported to be an antioxidant and preservative in meat, the extent to which it affects the tenderization of bovine muscle remains largely unknown. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of catechin on the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy, and subsequently, the development of bovine muscle tenderness. The results indicate that catechin significantly alleviated oxidative stress. A concomitant reduction of autophagic markers LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1, and Atg7 levels were caused by catechin. Besides, aforementioned autophagy inhibition was further augmented by PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation. Additionally, catechin protected against mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited mitochondria-dependent caspase apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, there was a reciprocal inhibition between autophagy and apoptosis. Ultimately, tenderness at 24 and 120 h, an increase in the gap between muscle fiber bundles, and disintegration of myofibrillar architectures were all inhibited by catechin. Therefore, despite alleviating oxidative stress, catechin may hamper tenderization pattern of postmortem bovine muscle.

Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines.

Aging, oxidative stress and degenerative diseases: mechanisms, complications and emerging therapeutic strategies

Aging accompanied by several age-related complications, is a multifaceted inevitable biological progression involving various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The major factor in this process is oxidative stress, caused by an abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ROS and RNS pose a threat by disrupting signaling mechanisms and causing oxidative damage to cellular components. This oxidative stress affects both the ER and mitochondria, causing proteopathies (abnormal protein aggregation), initiation of unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal cellular senescence, ultimately leading to inflammaging (chronic inflammation associated with aging) and, in rare cases, metastasis. RONS during oxidative stress dysregulate multiple metabolic pathways like NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf-2/Keap-1/ARE and PI3K/Akt which may lead to inappropriate cell death through apoptosis and necrosis. Inflammaging contributes to the development of inflammatory and degenerative diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and retinopathy. The body's antioxidant systems, sirtuins, autophagy, apoptosis, and biogenesis play a role in maintaining homeostasis, but they have limitations and cannot achieve an ideal state of balance. Certain interventions, such as calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, dietary habits, and regular exercise, have shown beneficial effects in counteracting the aging process. In addition, interventions like senotherapy (targeting senescent cells) and sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) enhance autophagy and apoptosis for efficient removal of damaged oxidative products and organelles. Further, STACs enhance biogenesis for the regeneration of required organelles to maintain homeostasis. This review article explores the various aspects of oxidative damage, the associated complications, and potential strategies to mitigate these effects.

The implications of exercise in Drosophila melanogaster: insights into Akt/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway associated with Hsp70 regulation in redox balance maintenance

This study investigated the potential effects of exercise on the responses of energy metabolism, redox balance maintenance, and apoptosis regulation in Drosophila melanogaster to shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the increased performance that this emerging exercise model provides. Three groups were evaluated for seven days: the control (no exercise or locomotor limitations), movement-limited flies (MLF) (no exercise, with locomotor limitations), and EXE (with exercise, no locomotor limitations). The EXE flies demonstrated greater endurance-like tolerance in the swimming test, associated with increased citrate synthase activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lactate levels, and metabolic markers in exercise. Notably, the EXE protocol regulated the Akt/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway, which was associated with decreased Hsp70 activation, culminating in glutathione turnover regulation. Moreover, reducing the locomotion environment in the MLF group decreased endurance-like tolerance and did not alter citrate synthase activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity, or lactate levels. The MLF treatment promoted a pro-oxidant effect, altering the Akt/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway and increasing Hsp70 levels, leading to a poorly-regulated glutathione system. Lastly, we demonstrated that exercise could modulate major metabolic responses in Drosophila melanogaster aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, associated with apoptosis and cellular redox balance maintenance in an emergent exercise model.

Pharmacological Akt and JNK Kinase Inhibitors 10-DEBC and SP600125 Potentiate Anti-Glioblastoma Effect of Menadione and Ascorbic Acid Combination in Human U251 Glioblastoma Cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by a highly invasive nature and therapy resistance. Combination of menadione and ascorbic acid (AA+MD) exerts strong ROS-mediated anti-GBM activity in vitro. The objective of this study was to improve AA+MD anti-GBM potential by modulating the activity of Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), molecules with an important role in GBM development. The effects of Akt and JNK modulation on AA+MD toxicity in U251 human glioblastoma cells were assessed by cell viability assays, flow cytometry, RNA interference and plasmid overexpression, and immunoblot analysis. The AA+MD induced severe oxidative stress, an early increase in Akt phosphorylation followed by its strong inhibition, persistent JNK activation, and U251 cell death. Small molecule Akt kinase inhibitor 10-DEBC enhanced, while pharmacological and genetic Akt activation decreased, AA+MD-induced toxicity. The U251 cell death potentiation by 10-DEBC correlated with an increase in the combination-induced autophagic flux and was abolished by genetic autophagy silencing. Additionally, pharmacological JNK inhibitor SP600125 augmented combination toxicity toward U251 cells, an effect linked with increased ROS accumulation. These results indicate that small Akt and JNK kinase inhibitors significantly enhance AA+MD anti-GBM effects by autophagy potentiation and amplifying deleterious ROS levels.

Neuroprotective Effects of Sparassis crispa Ethanol Extract through the AKT/NRF2 and ERK/CREB Pathway in Mouse Hippocampal Cells

Sparassis crispa, known as the "Cauliflower mushroom", is an edible medicinal fungus found in Asia, Europe, and North America. Its fruiting bodies contain active biological and pharmacological ingredients with antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of various Sparassis crispa extract against glutamate-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in hippocampal HT22 cells. Cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses served to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Sparassis crispa ethanol extract (SCE) and their fractions partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc; SCE-E) and water (SCE-W) in HT22 cells. SCE and SCE-E treatment reduced glutamate-induced cell death and ROS generation. SCE-E reduced apoptosis and ROS levels by regulating anti-apoptotic proteins. Under glutamate treatment, SCE-E activated nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT signals at late stages. SCE-E increased the protein expression of cAMP response element binding (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and decreased the Nrf2 protein expression. Moreover, co-treatment of SCE-E and wortmannin did not activate Nrf2 expression. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of SCE-E is likely due to Nrf2 and CREB activation through AKT and ERK phosphorylation, which effectively suppress glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. Accordingly, a daily supplement of SCE-E could become a potential treatment for oxidative-stress-related neurological diseases.

Ipatasertib exhibits anti‑tumorigenic effects and enhances sensitivity to paclitaxel in endometrial cancer in vitro and in vivo

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer and one of the only cancers for which incidence and mortality is steadily increasing. Although curable with surgery in the early stages, endometrial cancer presents a significant clinical challenge in the metastatic and recurrent setting with few novel treatment strategies emerging in the past fifty years. Ipatasertib (IPAT) is an orally bioavailable pan‑AKT inhibitor, which targets all three AKT isoforms and has demonstrated anti‑tumor activity in pre‑clinical models, with clinical trials emerging for many cancer types. In the present study, the MTT assay was employed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of IPAT or IPAT in combination with paclitaxel (PTX) in endometrial cancer cell lines and primary cultures of endometrial cancer. The effect of IPAT and PTX on the growth of endometrial tumors was evaluated in a transgenic mouse model of endometrial cancer. Apoptosis was assessed using cleaved caspase assays and cellular stress was assessed using ROS, JC1 and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester assays. The protein expression levels of markers of apoptosis and cellular stress, and DNA damage were evaluated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. IPAT significantly inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle G1 phase arrest, and induced cellular stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in human endometrial cancer cell lines. Combined treatment with low doses of IPAT and PTX led to synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cleaved caspase 3 activity in the human endometrial cancer cell lines and the primary cultures. Furthermore, IPAT effectively reduced tumor growth, accompanied by decreased protein expression levels of Ki67 and phosphorylation of S6 in the Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl mouse model of endometrioid endometrial cancer. The combination of IPAT and PTX resulted in increased expression of phosphorylated‑H2AX and KIF14, markers of DNA damage and microtubule dysfunction respectively, as compared with IPAT alone, PTX alone or placebo‑treated mice. The results of the present study provide a biological rationale to evaluate IPAT and the combination of IPAT and PTX in future clinical trials for endometrial cancer.

Turicibacter fermentation enhances the inhibitory effects of Antrodia camphorata supplementation on tumorigenic serotonin and Wnt pathways and promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis of Caco-2 cells

Introduction: Diet-induced obesity has been shown to decrease the abundance of Turicibacter, a genus known to play a role in the serotonin signaling system, which is associated with colorectal tumorigenesis, making the presence of Turicibacter potentially influential in the protection of intestinal tumorigenesis. Recently, Antrodia camphorata (AC), a medicinal fungus native to Taiwan, has emerged as a promising candidate for complementary and alternative cancer therapy. Small molecules and polysaccharides derived from AC have been reported to possess health-promoting effects, including anti-cancer properties. Methods: Bacterial culture followed with cell culture were used in this study to determine the role of Turicibacter in colorectal tumorigenesis and to explore the anti-cancer mechanism of AC with Turicibacter fermentation. Results: Turicibacter fermentation and the addition of AC polysaccharide led to a significant increase in the production of nutrients and metabolites, including α-ketoglutaric acid and lactic acid (p < 0.05). Treatment of Turicibacter fermented AC polysaccharide was more effective in inhibiting serotonin signaling-related genes, including Tph1, Htr1d, Htr2a, Htr2b, and Htr2c (p < 0.05), and Wnt-signaling related protein and downstream gene expressions, such as phospho-GSK-3β, active β-catenin, c-Myc, Ccnd1, and Axin2 (p < 0.05). Additionally, it triggered the highest generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling and resulted in cleaved caspase-3 expression. In comparison, the treatment of AC polysaccharide without Turicibacter fermentation displayed a lesser effect. Discussion: Our findings suggest that AC polysaccharide effectively suppresses the tumorigenic serotonin and Wnt-signaling pathways, and promotes ROS-mediated apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. These processes are further enhanced by Turicibacter fermentation.

New Ideas for the Prevention and Treatment of Preeclampsia and Their Molecular Inspirations

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder affecting 4-10% of all expectant women. It greatly increases the risk of maternal and foetal death. Although the main symptoms generally appear after week 20 of gestation, scientific studies indicate that the mechanism underpinning PE is initiated at the beginning of gestation. It is known that the pathomechanism of preeclampsia is strongly related to inflammation and oxidative stress, which influence placentation and provoke endothelial dysfunction in the mother. However, as of yet, no "key players" regulating all these processes have been discovered. This might be why current therapeutic strategies intended for prevention or treatment are not fully effective, and the only effective method to stop the disease is the premature induction of delivery, mostly by caesarean section. Therefore, there is a need for further research into new pharmacological strategies for the treatment and prevention of preeclampsia. This review presents new preventive methods and therapies for PE not yet recommended by obstetrical and gynaecological societies. As many of these therapies are in preclinical studies or under evaluation in clinical trials, this paper reports the molecular targets of the tested agents or methods.

Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells

Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals from cells, preventing cell damage. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) will ameliorate the maximum dose of acrylamide and alpha (α)-solanine synergistic toxic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. These toxic compounds are consumed worldwide by eating potato products. BEAS-2B cells were simultaneously treated with BHA 10 μM and BHT 20 μM and incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h, followed by individual or combined treatment with acrylamide (3.5 mM) and α-solanine (44 mM) for 48 h, including the controls. Cell morphology, DNA, RNA, and protein were analyzed. The antioxidants did not prevent acrylamide and α-solanine synergistic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. However, cell morphology was altered; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed reduced RNA constituents but not DNA. In addition, the toxic compounds synergistically inhibited AKT/PKB expression and its downstream genes. The study showed BHA and BHT are not protective against the synergetic toxic effects of acrylamide and α-solanine in exposed BEAS-2B cells.

The Interplay of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney: What Do We Know?

BACKGROUND

Autophagy, as an indispensable metabolism, plays pivotal roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Nutritional stress, amino acid deficiency, oxidative stress, and hypoxia can trigger its initiation. Oxidative stress in the kidney activates essential signal molecules, like mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), to stimulate autophagy, ultimately leading to degradation of intracellular oxidative substances and damaged organelles. Growing evidence suggests that autophagy protects the kidney from oxidative stress during acute ischemic kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and even aging.

SUMMARY

This review emphasizes the cross talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways and autophagy during renal homeostasis and chronic kidney disease according to the current latest research and provides therapeutic targets during kidney disorders by adjusting autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress.

KEY MESSAGES

ROS arise through an imbalance of oxidation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to impaired cellular and organ function. Targeting the overproduction of ROS and reactive nitrogen species, reducing the antioxidant enzyme activity and the recovery of the prooxidative-antioxidative balance provide novel therapeutic regimens to contribute to recovery in acute and chronic renal failure. Although, in recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and autophagy in acute and chronic renal failure, the focus on clinical therapies is still in its infancy. The growing number of studies on the interactive mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated autophagy will be of great importance for the future treatment and prevention of kidney diseases.

Antioxidant and Wound Healing Bioactive Potential of Extracts Obtained from Bark and Needles of Softwood Species

Interest in the extraction of phytochemical bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols from biomass, has recently increased due to their valuable biological potential as natural sources of antioxidants, which could be used in a wide range of applications, from foods and pharmaceuticals to green polymers and bio-based materials. The present research study aimed to provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of the phytochemical composition of forest biomass (bark and needles) of softwood species (Picea abies L., H. Karst., and Abies alba Mill.) and to investigate their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities to assess their potential in treating and healing infected chronic wounds. The DPPH radical-scavenging method and P-LD were used for a mechanistic explanation of the biomolecular effects of the investigated bioactive compounds. (+)-Catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, 4 hydroxybenzoic and p-cumaric acids, kaempherol, and apigenin were the main quantified polyphenols in coniferous biomass (in quantities around 100 µg/g). Also, numerous phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, terpenes, lignans, secoiridoids, and indanes with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihemolytic, and anti-carcinogenic potential were identified. The Abies alba needle extract was more toxic to microbial strains than the eukaryotic cells that provide its active wound healing principles. In this context, developing industrial upscaling strategies is imperative for the long-term success of biorefineries and incorporating them as part of a circular bio-economy.

The deacetylation of Akt by SIRT1 inhibits inflammation in macrophages and protects against sepsis

Sepsis is characterized by uncontrolled inflammatory response and altered polarization of macrophages at the early phase. Akt is known to drive macrophage inflammatory response. However, how macrophage inflammatory response is fine-tuned by Akt is poorly understood. Here, we found that Lys14 and Lys20 of Akt is deacetylated by the histone deacetylase SIRT1 during macrophage activation to suppress macrophages inflammatory response. Mechanistically, SIRT1 promotes Akt deacetylation to inhibit the activation of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Loss of SIRT1 facilitates Akt acetylation and thus promotes inflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages, potentially worsen the progression of sepsis in mice. By contrast, the upregulation of SIRT1 in macrophages further contributes to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines via Akt activation in sepsis. Taken together, our findings establish Akt deacetylation as an essential negative regulatory mechanism that curtails M1 polarization.

Electromagnetic fields regulate calcium-mediated cell fate of stem cells: osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and apoptosis

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are increasing in popularity as a safe and non-invasive therapy. On the one hand, it is widely acknowledged that EMF can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, promoting the undifferentiated cells capable of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and chondroblast differentiation to achieve bone repair purpose. On the other hand, EMF can inhibit tumor stem cells proliferation and promote apoptosis to suppress tumor growth. As an essential second messenger, intracellular calcium plays a role in regulating cell cycle, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that the modulation of intracellular calcium ion by EMF leads to differential outcomes in different stem cells. This review summarizes the regulation of channels, transporters, and ion pumps by EMF-induced calcium oscillations. It furtherly discusses the role of molecules and pathways activated by EMF-dependent calcium oscillations in promoting bone and cartilage repair and inhibiting tumor stem cells growth.

Uncovering the active constituents and mechanisms of Rujin Jiedu powder for ameliorating LPS-induced acute lung injury using network pharmacology and experimental investigations

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical disease with high mortality. Rujin Jiedu powder (RJJD) has been clinically utilized for the treatment of ALI in China, but the active constituents in RJJD and its protective mechanisms against ALI are still unclear. Methodology: ALI mice were established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS to test the effectiveness of RJJD in treating ALI. Histopathologic analysis was used to assess the extent of lung injury. An MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity assay was used to evaluate neutrophil infiltration. Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential targets of RJJD against ALI. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining were performed to detect apoptotic cells in lung tissues. RAW264.7 and BEAS-2B cells were used to explore the protective mechanisms of RJJD and its components on ALI in vitro. The inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18) in serum, BALF and cell supernatant were assayed using ELISA. Western blotting was performed to detect apoptosis-related markers in lung tissues and BEAS-2B cells. Results: RJJD ameliorated pathological injury and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of ALI mice and decreased the levels of inflammatory factors in serum and BALF. Network pharmacology investigations suggested that RJJD treated ALI via regulating apoptotic signaling pathways, with AKT1 and CASP3 as crucial targets and PI3K-AKT signaling as the main pathway. Meanwhile, baicalein, daidzein, quercetin and luteolin were identified as key constituents in RJJD targeting on the above crucial targets. Experimental investigations showed that RJJD significantly upregulated the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and Bcl-2, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in ALI mice, and attenuated lung tissue apoptosis. Four active constituents in RJJD (baicalein, daidzein, quercetin and luteolin) inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Among these components, daidzein and luteolin activated the PI3K-AKT pathway and downregulated the expression of apoptosis-related markers induced by LPS in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusion: RJJD alleviates the inflammatory storm and prevents apoptosis in the lungs of ALI mice. The mechanism of RJJD in treating ALI is related to the activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical application of RJJD.

Reversion of breast epithelial polarity alterations caused by obesity

Molecular links between breast cancer risk factors and pro-oncogenic tissue alterations are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to characterize the impact of overweight and obesity on tissue markers of risk, using normal breast biopsies, a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, and cultured breast acini. Proliferation and alteration of epithelial polarity, both necessary for tumor initiation, were quantified by immunostaining. High BMI (>30) and elevated leptin were associated with compromised epithelial polarity whereas overweight was associated with a modest increase in proliferation in human and mice mammary glands. Human serum with unfavorable adipokine levels altered epithelial polarization of cultured acini, recapitulating the effect of leptin. Weight loss in mice led to metabolic improvements and restored epithelial polarity. In acini cultures, alteration of epithelial polarity was prevented by antioxidants and could be reverted by normalizing culture conditions. This study shows that obesity and/or dietary factors modulate tissue markers of risk. It provides a framework to set target values for metabolic improvements and to assess the efficacy of interventional studies aimed at reducing breast cancer risk.

Liraglutide limits the immunogenic cell death-mediated ROS propagation and PI3K/AKT inactivation after doxorubicin-induced gonadotoxicity in rats: Involvement of the canonical Hedgehog trajectory

Chemotherapy-accompanied reproductive dysfunction has lately begun to draw the attention of the scientific community owing to the irreversible impact on the patient's quality of life. Here we tended to investigate the potential role of liraglutide (LRG) in modulating the canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in doxorubicin (DXR)-induced gonadotoxicity in rats. Female virgin Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups; control, DXR-treated (25 mg/kg, single i.p. injection), LRG-treated (150 μg/Kg/day, s.c) and itraconazole (ITC; 150 mg/kg/day, p.o)-pretreated group, as the Hh pathway inhibitor. Treatment with LRG potentiated the PI3K/AKT/p-GSK3β cascade and relieved the oxidative burden-induced by the DXR-driven immunogenic cell death (ICD). LRG also upregulated the expression of the Desert hedgehog ligand (DHh) and the patched-1 (PTCH1) receptor and augmented the protein level of Indian hedgehog (IHh) ligand, Gli1 and cyclin-D1 (CD1). Besides, hypertranscription of IHh, DHh, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1/2 and CD1 genes along with a transcriptional recession of Gli3 gene were reported in LRG-treated group. ITC pre-administration partially abrogated this positive effect of LRG, proving the implication of the examined pathway. Microscopically, LRG ameliorated the follicular atresia noticed in the DXR group; effect that was, at least partially, declined by ITC pre-treatment. These findings end to a conclusion that LRG treatment might hinder the DXR-associated reproductive toxicity, resultant from ROS generated by the cells undergoing ICD, and trigger follicular growth and repair by the PI3K/AKT- dependent switching-on of the canonical Hh pathway.

Activation of Nrf2 pathway as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress-induced diseases: Potential of astaxanthin

Astaxanthin, a red-orange liposoluble carotenoid, has been the centre of considerable attention in recent years for its numerous biological activities, notably its potent antioxidant activity. It is reported that astaxanthin elicits these biological activities via a number of cellular pathways. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is a major regulator of the antioxidant defence system of cells; it modulates the expression of a plethora of genes related to redox homeostasis as well as cellular detoxification. The pathway has received lots of attention as a prospective therapeutic target for diseases related to oxidative stress and aging. Several reports have shown that the pathway is inducible by many natural compounds. This present work reviews the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, its regulation and involvement in diseases, provides a brief overview of naturally occurring compounds as activators of the pathway as well as discusses the effect of astaxanthin on the pathway.

An ellagitannin-loaded CS-PEG decorated PLGA nano-prototype promotes cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Egypt, as a developing country, has a high-rise incidence of cancer. The current study objective was to investigate the antitumor influences of ellagitannin-loaded CS-PEG-decorated PLGA nano-prototypes against human colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT 116 as well as Caco-2) in vitro. Doxorubicin (DOX), punicalin (PN), and punicalagin (PNG)-encapsulated chitosan-polyethylene glycol-decorated PLGA (PLGA-CS-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) were described. The cytotoxicity of each preparation was evaluated using MTT assays in HCT 116 as well as Caco-2 cells during G0, G1, S, and G2 cell cycle phases. Cell cycle-related gene expression and protein levels were measured after treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also measured. Both PN and PNG PLGA-CS-PEG NPs induce colon cancer cell death with cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in vitro. Caco-2 cells were more sensitive to the nano-therapy than HCT 116 cells. Upon treatment, the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 expression was increased following nano-therapy, with increased levels of Cas-3 and decreased expression of Bcl-2, PI3k, and NF-ĸB compared to control. The nitric oxide level (NO), a marker of ROS, was increased following nano-therapy compared to control. In conclusion, ROS-mediated cell cycle arrest can be induced by PN as well as PNG nano-therapy in cell lines of colorectal cancer.