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Liu H, Liu D, Zhang C, Niu H, Xin X, Yi H, Liu D, Zhang J. Whole-genome analysis, evaluation and regulation of in vitro and in vivo GABA production from Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 421:110787. [PMID: 38878704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is safe and has several health benefits. Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3 was selected from 110 LAB. It exhibited the highest in vitro GABA production level of 970.10 μg/mL. Whole-genome analysis revealed that L. brevis YSJ3 contained gadR, gadC, gadB and gadA. Furthermore, the Luedeking-Piret model was fitted, which indicated that GABA production was divided into three stages. The gadR 0079, gadC 0080, and gadB 0081 were confirmed to promote GABA synthesis. Moreover, 55 metabolites, particularly those involved in arginine metabolism, were significantly different at 6 and 20 h of cultivation. Notably, L. brevis YSJ3 significantly improved sleep in mice and increased GABA levels in the mice's gut compared with the control group. This suggests that the oral administration of L. brevis YSJ3 improves sleep quality, probably by increasing intestinal GABA levels. Overall, L. brevis YSJ3 was confirmed as a GABA-producing strain in vitro and in vivo, making it a promising probiotic candidate for its application in food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Biological Fermentation, Zhejiang Yiming Food Co. Ltd, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Daiyao Liu
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Haiyue Niu
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Xiaoting Xin
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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Colucci Cante R, Nigro F, Passannanti F, Lentini G, Gallo M, Nigro R, Budelli AL. Gut health benefits and associated systemic effects provided by functional components from the fermentation of natural matrices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13356. [PMID: 38767859 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in metabolic health, immunity, behavioral balance, longevity, and intestine comfort has been the object of several studies from scientific communities. They were encouraged by a growing interest from food industries and consumers toward novel fermented ingredients and formulations with powerful biological effects, such as pre, pro, and postbiotic products. Depending on the selected strains, the operating conditions, the addition of suitable reagents or enzymes, the equipment, and the reactor configurations, functional compounds with high bioactivity, such as short-chain fatty acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, bioactive peptides, and serotonin, can be enhanced and/or produced through fermentation of several vegetable matrices. Otherwise, their formation can also be promoted directly in the gut after the dietary intake of fermented foods: In this case, fermentation will aim to increase the content of precursor substances, such as indigestible fibers, polyphenols, some amino acids, and resistant starch, which can be potentially metabolized by endogenous gut microorganisms and converted in healthy molecules. This review provides an overview of the main functional components currently investigated in literature and the associated gut health benefits. The current state of the art about fermentation technology as a promising functionalization tool to promote the direct or indirect formation of gut-health-enhancing components was deepened, highlighting the importance of optimizing microorganism selection, system setups, and process conditions according to the target compound of interest. The collected data suggested the possibility of gaining novel functional food ingredients or products rich in functional molecules through fermentation without performing additional extraction and purification stages, which are needed when conventional culture broths are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Colucci Cante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Nigro
- I. T. P. Innovation and Technology Provider S.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Passannanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- I. T. P. Innovation and Technology Provider S.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Lentini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Gallo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
- I. T. P. Innovation and Technology Provider S.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Nigro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, and Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Adedara IA, Mohammed KA, Canzian J, Ajayi BO, Farombi EO, Emanuelli T, Rosemberg DB, Aschner M. Utility of zebrafish-based models in understanding molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity mediated by the gut-brain axis. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2024; 11:177-208. [PMID: 38741945 PMCID: PMC11090488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbes perform several beneficial functions which impact the periphery and central nervous systems of the host. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is acknowledged as a major contributor to the development of several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Thus, elucidation of how the gut microbiota-brain axis plays a role in health and disease conditions is a potential novel approach to prevent and treat brain disorders. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an invaluable vertebrate model that possesses conserved brain and intestinal features with those of humans, thus making zebrafish a valued model to investigate the interplay between the gut microbiota and host health. This chapter describes current findings on the utility of zebrafish in understanding molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity mediated via the gut microbiota-brain axis. Specifically, it highlights the utility of zebrafish as a model organism for understanding how anthropogenic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and bacteria exposure affect animals and human health via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A. Adedara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Khadija A. Mohammed
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Babajide O. Ajayi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Denis B. Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Noguchi H, Ikenaga T, Ueno S, Kohashi C, Matsumura Y, Kakumoto Y, Kohda N, Hara H, Hira T. Effect of Single Oral Coingestion of GABA and Malic Acid on Postprandial GLP-1, Glucose, and Insulin Responses in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300610. [PMID: 38487986 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE This study examines whether coingestion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and malic acid (MA) before meals enhances glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, and which affects subsequent insulin and glycemic responses in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Initially, a murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cell line is used to verify coadministration of GABA and MA synergistically induces GLP-1 secretion. Next, 22 healthy adults are given water (50 mL) containing 400 mg GABA and 400 mg MA (Test), or only 400 mg citric acid (CA) (Placebo) 20 min before meal tolerance test (MTT). Interval blood samples are taken postprandially over 180 min to determine GLP-1, insulin, and glucose responses. By comparison to preload of Placebo, preload of Test significantly increases plasma GLP-1 (total/active) levels (incremental area under the curve by 1.2- and 1.6-fold), respectively. However, there are no significant differences in postprandial blood glucose and insulin. CONCLUSION Coingestion of GABA and MA before meals enhances postprandial GLP-1 secretion. Future studies should explore optimal dosage regimens to find the efficacy of the mixture on insulin and glycemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Noguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, 520-0002, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikenaga
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, 520-0002, Japan
| | - Shota Ueno
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, 520-0002, Japan
| | - Chieko Kohashi
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, 520-0002, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, 253-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kakumoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kohda
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Otsu, 520-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, 061-3204, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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5
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Boff JM, Shrestha AP, Madireddy S, Viswaprakash N, Della Santina L, Vaithianathan T. The Interplay between Neurotransmitters and Calcium Dynamics in Retinal Synapses during Development, Health, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2226. [PMID: 38396913 PMCID: PMC10889697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johane M Boff
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Abhishek P Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saivikram Madireddy
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nilmini Viswaprakash
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Mullowney MW, Fiebig A, Schnizlein MK, McMillin M, Rose AR, Koval J, Rubin D, Dalal S, Sogin ML, Chang EB, Sidebottom AM, Crosson S. Microbially catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0042623. [PMID: 38174933 PMCID: PMC10810215 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that Bacteroides fragilis strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom B. fragilis P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut. IMPORTANCE BAs are modified in multiple ways by host enzymes and the microbiota to produce a chemically diverse set of molecules that assist in the digestive process and impact many physiological functions. This study reports the discovery of bacterial species that conjugate the neuroactive amines, GABA and tyramine, to primary and secondary BAs. We further present evidence that BA-GABA and BA-tyramine conjugates are present in the human gut, and document a shifting BA-GABA profile in a human pouchitis patient before, during, and after inflammation and antibiotic treatment. GABA and tyramine are common metabolic products of the gut microbiota and potent neuroactive molecules. GABA- and tyramine-conjugated BAs may influence receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms of humans and their gut microbes, and absorption of these molecules and their entry into enterohepatic circulation may impact host physiology at distal tissue sites. This study defines new conjugated bile acids in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew K. Schnizlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary McMillin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amber R. Rose
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason Koval
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sushila Dalal
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Kuo YF, Polychronopoulou E, Raji MA. Signal detection of adverse events associated with gabapentinoid use for chronic pain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5685. [PMID: 37640024 PMCID: PMC10844952 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gabapentinoids (GABA) prescribing as a potential and conceivably safer substitute for opioids has substantially increased. Understanding all potential adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with GABA will guide clinical decision-making for pain management. METHODS A 20% sample of Medicare enrollees with new chronic pain diagnoses in 2017-2018 was selected. GABA users were those with >=30 consecutive days prescription in a year without opioid prescription. Opioid users were similarly defined. The control group used neither of these drugs. Propensity score match across three groups based on demographics and comorbidity was performed. We used proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Gamma Poisson Shrinker, and tree-based scan statistic (TBSS) to detect ADEs within 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS Immunity disorder was detected within 3 months of follow-up by PRR compared to opioid use (PRR:2.33), and by all three methods compared to controls. Complications of transplanted organs/tissues and schizophrenia spectrum/other psychotic disorders were consistently detected by PRR and TBSS within 3 months. Skin disorders were detected by TBSS; and stroke was detected by PRR within 3 months compared to opioid use (PRR:4.74). Some malignancies were detected by PRR within 12 months. Other signals detected in GABA users were neuropathy and nerve disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified expected and unexpected ADE signals in GABA users. Neurological signals likely related to indications for GABA use. Signals for immunity, mental/behavior, and skin disorders were found in the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Unexpected signals of stroke and cancer require further confirmatory analyses to verify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center on Aging,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of
Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical
Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mukaila A Raji
- Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center on Aging,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Jia X, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Asakawa T. Multidirectional associations between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease, updated information from the perspectives of humoral pathway, cellular immune pathway and neuronal pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1296713. [PMID: 38173790 PMCID: PMC10762314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1296713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a diverse range of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which form a vast and complex ecosystem. It has been reported that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in regulating host neuroprotective function. Studies have shown that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and experiments involving germ-free mice and fecal microbiota transplantation from PD patients have revealed the pathogenic role of the gut microbiota in PD. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota in PD, including the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, have also shown efficacy in treating PD. However, the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease remains intricate. This study reviewed the association between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and PD from the perspectives of humoral pathway, cellular immune pathway and neuronal pathway. We found that the interactions among gut microbiota and PD are very complex, which should be "multidirectional", rather than conventionally regarded "bidirectional". To realize application of the gut microbiota-related mechanisms in the clinical setting, we propose several problems which should be addressed in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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9
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Mullowney MW, Fiebig A, Schnizlein MK, McMillin M, Rose AR, Koval J, Rubin D, Dalal S, Sogin ML, Chang EB, Sidebottom AM, Crosson S. Microbially-catalyzed conjugation of GABA and tyramine to bile acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559407. [PMID: 37808758 PMCID: PMC10557584 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, regulate host metabolic processes, and influence physiology of the gut microbiota. Both the host and its microbiome contribute to enzymatic modifications that shape the chemical diversity of BAs in the gut. Several bacterial species have been reported to conjugate standard amino acids to BAs, but it was not known if bacteria conjugate BAs to other amine classes. Here, we show that Bacteroides fragilis strain P207, isolated from a bacterial bloom in the J-pouch of a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC) pouchitis, conjugates standard amino acids and the neuroactive amines γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and tyramine to deoxycholic acid. We extended this analysis to other human gut isolates and identified species that are competent to conjugate GABA and tyramine to primary and secondary BAs, and further identified diverse BA-GABA and BA-tyramine amides in human stool. A longitudinal metabolomic analysis of J-pouch contents of the patient from whom B. fragilis P207 was isolated revealed highly reduced levels of secondary bile acids and a shifting BA amide profile before, during, and after onset of pouchitis, including temporal changes in several BA-GABA amides. Treatment of pouchitis with ciprofloxacin was associated with a marked reduction of nearly all BA amides in the J-pouch. Our study expands the known repertoire of conjugated bile acids produced by bacteria to include BA conjugates to GABA and tyramine and demonstrates that these molecules are present in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mullowney
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Aretha Fiebig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew K Schnizlein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary McMillin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Amber R Rose
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jason Koval
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sushila Dalal
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ashley M Sidebottom
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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10
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Qian X, Zhao X, Yu L, Yin Y, Zhang XD, Wang L, Li JX, Zhu Q, Luo JL. Current status of GABA receptor subtypes in analgesia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115800. [PMID: 37935070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein-producing amino acid synthesized from the excitatory amino acid glutamate via the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, is extensively found in microorganisms, plants and vertebrates, and is abundantly expressed in the spinal cord and brain. It is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. GABA plays crucial roles in the regulation of synaptic transmission, the promotion of neuronal development and relaxation, and the prevention of insomnia and depression. As the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA plays pivotal roles in the regulation of pain sensation, which is initiated by the activation of peripheral nociceptors and transmitted to the spinal cord and brain along nerves. GABA exerts these roles by directly acting on three types of receptors: ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors and G protein-coupled GABAB receptor. The chloride-permeable ion channel receptors GABAA and GABAC mediate fast neurotransmission, while the metabotropic GABAB receptor mediates slow effect. Different GABA receptors regulate pain sensation via different signaling pathways. Here we highlight recent updates on the involvement of specific GABA receptors and their subtypes in the process of pain sensation. Further understanding of different GABA receptors and signaling pathways in pain sensation will benefit the development of novel analgesics for pain management by targeting specific GABA receptor subtypes and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjia Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lulu Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujian Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jia-Lie Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Willemsen Y, Ou Y, Belzer C, Arias Vásquez A, Smidt H, Beijers R, de Weerth C. A longitudinal study of the gut microbiota during the first three years of life: Links with problem behavior and executive functions at preschool age. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37994488 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Early life is a sensitive period when microbiota-gut-brain interactions may have important impact on development. This study investigated the associations of the gut microbiota in the first three years of life (two, six, and 12 weeks, and one and three years) with problem behavior and executive functions in N = 64 three-year-old children. Higher relative abundance of Streptococcus at the age of two weeks, as well as its trajectory over time (including ages two, six and 12 weeks, and one and three years), was related to worse executive functions. Higher relative abundance of [Ruminococcus] torques group at the age of three years, as well as its trajectory from one to three years, was associated with less internalizing behavior. Besides, several robust age-specific associations were identified: higher Bifidobacterium relative abundance (age three years) was associated with more internalizing and externalizing issues; higher Blautia relative abundance (age three years) was linked to less internalizing behavior; and increased relative abundance of an unidentified Enterobacteriaceae genus (age two weeks) was related to more externalizing behavior. Our findings provide important longitudinal evidence that early-life gut microbiota may be linked to behavioral and cognitive development in low-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Willemsen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yangwenshan Ou
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Krishnamurthy HK, Pereira M, Bosco J, George J, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Wang T, Bei K, Rajasekaran JJ. Gut commensals and their metabolites in health and disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1244293. [PMID: 38029089 PMCID: PMC10666787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1244293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review This review comprehensively discusses the role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in health and disease and sheds light on the importance of a holistic approach in assessing the gut. Recent findings The gut microbiome consisting of the bacteriome, mycobiome, archaeome, and virome has a profound effect on human health. Gut dysbiosis which is characterized by perturbations in the microbial population not only results in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms or conditions but can also give rise to extra-GI manifestations. Gut microorganisms also produce metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and so on) that are important for several interkingdom microbial interactions and functions. They also participate in various host metabolic processes. An alteration in the microbial species can affect their respective metabolite concentrations which can have serious health implications. Effective assessment of the gut microbiome and its metabolites is crucial as it can provide insights into one's overall health. Summary Emerging evidence highlights the role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in health and disease. As it is implicated in GI as well as extra-GI symptoms, the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of the host. Effective assessment of the gut microbiome may provide insights into one's health status leading to more holistic care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jophi Bosco
- Vibrant America LLC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Tianhao Wang
- Vibrant Sciences LLC., San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Kang Bei
- Vibrant Sciences LLC., San Carlos, CA, United States
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13
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Deng Z, Li D, Yan X, Lan J, Han D, Fan K, Chang J, Ma Y. Activation of GABA receptor attenuates intestinal inflammation by modulating enteric glial cells function through inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2023; 329:121984. [PMID: 37527767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Emerging research indicates that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) provides substantial benefits during enteritis. Nevertheless, GABA signaling roles on enteric glial cells (EGCs) remain unknown. The study's objective was to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of GABA signaling on EGCs in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS We established LPS-induced mouse models and stimulated EGCs with LPS to mimic intestinal inflammation, and combined GABA, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) or GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonists to explore the exact mechanisms of GABA signaling. KEY FINDINGS EGCs were immunopositive for GAD65, GAD67, GAT1, GABAARα1, GABAARα3, and GABABR1, indicating GABAergic and GABAceptive properties. GABA receptor activation significantly inhibited the high secretions of proinflammatory factors in EGCs upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, we found that EGCs express immune-related molecules such as CD16, CD32, CD80, CD86, MHC II, iNOS, Arg1, and CD206, thus establishing their characterization of E1 and E2 phenotype. EGCs exposed to LPS mainly acted as E1 phenotype, whereas GABABR activation strongly promoted EGCs polarization into E2 phenotype. Transcriptome analysis of EGCs indicated that GABA, GABAAR or GABABR agonists treatment participated in various biological processes, however all of these treatments exhibit inhibitory effects on NF-κB pathway. Notably, in LPS-induced mice, activation of GABABR mitigated intestinal damage through modulating inflammatory factors expressions, strengthening sIgA and IgG levels, inhibiting NF-κB pathway and facilitating EGCs to transform into E2 phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory actions of GABA signaling system offer in enteritis via regulating EGCs-polarized function through impeding NF-κB pathway, thus providing potential targets for intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Lan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deping Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Saengboonmee C, Sorin S, Sangkhamanon S, Chomphoo S, Indramanee S, Seubwai W, Thithuan K, Chiu CF, Okada S, Gingras MC, Wongkham S. γ-aminobutyric acid B2 receptor: A potential therapeutic target for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4416-4432. [PMID: 37576707 PMCID: PMC10415970 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i28.4416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the increased risk and progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been reported with unclear underlying mechanisms. Previous studies showed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B2 receptor (GABBR2) was upregulated in CCA cells cultured in high glucose (HG) conditions. Roles of GABA receptors in CCA progression have also been studied, but their association with DM and hyperglycemia in CCA remains unclarified. AIM To investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on GABBR2 expression and the potential use of GABBR2 as a CCA therapeutic target. METHODS CCA cells, KKU-055 and KKU-213A, were cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 5.6 mmol/L (normal glucose, NG) or 25 mmol/L (HG) glucose and assigned as NG and HG cells, respectively. GABBR2 expression in NG and HG cells was investigated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Expression and localization of GABBR2 in CCA cells were determined using immunocytofluorescence. GABBR2 expression in tumor tissues from CCA patients with and without DM was studied using immunohistochemistry, and the correlations of GABBR2 with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients were analyzed using univariate analysis. Effects of baclofen, a GABA-B receptor agonist, on CCA cell proliferation and clonogenicity were tested using the MTT and clonogenic assays. Phospho-kinases arrays were used to screen the affected signaling pathways after baclofen treatment, and the candidate signaling molecules were validated using the public transcriptomic data and western blot. RESULTS GABBR2 expression in CCA cells was induced by HG in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CCA tissues from patients with DM and hyperglycemia also showed a significantly higher GABBR2 expression compared with tumor tissues from those with euglycemia (P < 0.01). High GABBR2 expression was significantly associated with a poorer non-papillary histological subtype but with smaller sizes of CCA tumors (P < 0.05). HG cells of both tested CCA cell lines were more sensitive to baclofen treatment. Baclofen significantly suppressed the proliferation and clonogenicity of CCA cells in both NG and HG conditions (P < 0.05). Phospho-kinase arrays suggested glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), β-catenin, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as candidate signaling molecules under the regulation of GABBR2, which were verified in NG and HG cells of the individual CCA cell lines. Cyclin D1 and c-Myc, the common downstream targets of GSK3/β-catenin and STAT3 involving cell proliferation, were accordingly downregulated after baclofen treatment. CONCLUSION GABBR2 is upregulated by HG and holds a promising role as a therapeutic target for CCA regardless of the glucose condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supannika Sorin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sakkarn Sangkhamanon
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somsiri Indramanee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thithuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ching-Feng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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15
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Fogarty MJ. Inhibitory Synaptic Influences on Developmental Motor Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086962. [PMID: 37108127 PMCID: PMC10138861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, GABA and glycine play major trophic and synaptic roles in the establishment of the neuromotor system. In this review, we summarise the formation, function and maturation of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses within neuromotor circuits during development. We take special care to discuss the differences in limb and respiratory neuromotor control. We then investigate the influences that GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission has on two major developmental neuromotor disorders: Rett syndrome and spastic cerebral palsy. We present these two syndromes in order to contrast the approaches to disease mechanism and therapy. While both conditions have motor dysfunctions at their core, one condition Rett syndrome, despite having myriad symptoms, has scientists focused on the breathing abnormalities and their alleviation-to great clinical advances. By contrast, cerebral palsy remains a scientific quagmire or poor definitions, no widely adopted model and a lack of therapeutic focus. We conclude that the sheer abundance of diversity of inhibitory neurotransmitter targets should provide hope for intractable conditions, particularly those that exhibit broad spectra of dysfunction-such as spastic cerebral palsy and Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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16
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Elwyn R, Mitchell J, Kohn MR, Driver C, Hay P, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF. Novel ketamine and zinc treatment for anorexia nervosa and the potential beneficial interactions with the gut microbiome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105122. [PMID: 36907256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe illness with diverse aetiological and maintaining contributors including neurobiological, metabolic, psychological, and social determining factors. In addition to nutritional recovery, multiple psychological and pharmacological therapies and brain-based stimulations have been explored; however, existing treatments have limited efficacy. This paper outlines a neurobiological model of glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction, exacerbated by chronic gut microbiome dysbiosis and zinc depletion at a brain and gut level. The gut microbiome is established early in development, and early exposure to stress and adversity contribute to gut microbial disturbance in AN, early dysregulation to glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, interoceptive impairment, and inhibited caloric harvest from food (e.g., zinc malabsorption, competition for zinc ions between gut bacteria and host). Zinc is a key part of glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, and also affects leptin and gut microbial function; systems dysregulated in AN. Low doses of ketamine in conjunction with zinc, could provide an efficacious combination to act on NMDA receptors and normalise glutamatergic, GABAergic and gut function in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiel Elwyn
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jules Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- AYA Medicine Westmead Hospital, CRASH (Centre for Research into Adolescent's Health) Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney University, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Driver
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI) School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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17
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Bastings JJAJ, Venema K, Blaak EE, Adam TC. Influence of the gut microbiota on satiety signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:243-255. [PMID: 36870872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show a link between the gut microbiota and the regulation of satiety and energy intake, processes that contribute to the development and pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. However, this link is predominantly established in animal and in vitro studies, whereas human intervention studies are scarce. In this review we focus on recent evidence linking satiety and the gut microbiome, with specific emphasis on gut microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Based on a systematic search we provide an overview of human studies linking the intake of prebiotics with gut microbial alterations and satiety signaling. Our outcomes highlight the importance of in-depth examination of the gut microbiota in relation to satiety and provide insights into recent and future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J A J Bastings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Campus Venlo, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Gut Microbial Succession Patterns and Metabolic Profiling during Pregnancy and Lactation in a Goat Model. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0295522. [PMID: 36700635 PMCID: PMC9927511 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02955-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The maternal gut microbiome affects the duration of pregnancy, delivery, and lactation. It also coordinates the stability of maternal metabolism by regulating and modulating inflammatory cytokines and reproductive hormones. This has been shown in several species; however, the situation in ruminants remains a black box. Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between the hindgut microbiota, metabolism, and reproductive hormones in domestic goats (Capra hircus) during nonpregnancy, pregnancy, and lactation stages. The hindgut microbiota was altered during these three stages, with a drastic decrease in the abundance of Family_XIII_AD3011_group in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Additionally, a decline in the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Turicibacter was observed from the nonpregnancy stage to late gestation. Family_XIII_AD3011_group and Paeniclostridium were strongly correlated with decreased fecal estradiol and progesterone. Furthermore, we generated a metabolome atlas of the gut and serum from nonpregnancy to lactation to reveal the specific metabolic fingerprints of each physiological stage. Several specific gut metabolites, including carnitine C8:1, γ-aminobutyric acid, and indole-3-carboxylic acid, were negatively correlated with the fecal and serum estradiol concentrations. In contrast, 2'-deoxyinosine, deoxyadenosine, and 5'-deoxyadenosine were positively correlated with the fecal and serum estradiol concentrations. The levels of 2'-deoxyinosine, deoxyadenosine, and 5'-deoxyadenosine in fecal samples were positively correlated with Family_XIII_AD3011_group. Other serum metabolites, such as (±)12-HEPE (hydroxy eicosapentaenoic acid), (±)15-HEPE, (±)18-HEPE, cytidine, uracil, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, were negatively correlated with the serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. Finally, Corynebacterium and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in the fecal samples were positively correlated with the abundance of 11,12-EET (epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid), (±)18-HEPE, (±)15-HEPE, and (±)12-HEPE in the serum. IMPORTANCE Our findings revealed that the activity of Family_XIII_AD3011_group and Corynebacterium is strongly correlated with the beneficial regulation of physiological hormones and metabolic changes during pregnancy and lactation. These findings are key for guiding targeted microbial therapeutic approaches to modulate microbiomes in gestating and lactating mammals.
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19
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Liu D, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhang C, Yi H, Liu D. Carrot-based fermentation juice rich in sleep-promoting components improved sleep in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1043055. [PMID: 36523330 PMCID: PMC9745110 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1043055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of fermentation by Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3 on sleep-promoting components (SPCs) of carrot juice was evaluated. The contents of acetic acid, isovaleric acid, butyric acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly increased after fermentation. The beneficial effects of fermented carrot juice (FCJ) on sleep were evaluated in animal experiments. Behavioral test reveal SPCs-enriched FCJ could effectively relieve anxiety. The sleep duration in the FCJ group were extended compared to the control (NC) group and the unfermented carrot juice (UCJ) group. Moreover, the relative abundances of Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia in the FCJ group and PC group, respectively, increased significantly, compared to the NC group the UCJ group. The contents of gut short-chain fatty acids in the FCJ group were significantly higher than that in the NC group and the UCJ group. The levels of GABA and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain for the FCJ group also increased significantly, compared to the NC group and the UCJ group. It indicated that SPCs-enriched FCJ effectively improved sleep in mice, which might be related to the fermentation of carrot juice and the compounds produced during the fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Joseph D, Nayak SR, Penmatsa A. Structural insights into GABA transport inhibition using an engineered neurotransmitter transporter. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110735. [PMID: 35796008 PMCID: PMC9340486 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its levels in the synaptic space are controlled by the GABA transporter isoforms (GATs). GATs are structurally related to biogenic amine transporters but display interactions with distinct inhibitors used as anti-epileptics. In this study, we engineer the binding pocket of Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter to resemble GAT1 and determine high-resolution X-ray structures of the modified transporter in the substrate-free state and in complex with GAT1 inhibitors NO711 and SKF89976a that are analogs of tiagabine, a medication prescribed for the treatment of partial seizures. We observe that the primary binding site undergoes substantial shifts in subsite architecture in the modified transporter to accommodate the two GAT1 inhibitors. We also observe that SKF89976a additionally interacts at an allosteric site in the extracellular vestibule, yielding an occluded conformation. Interchanging SKF89976a interacting residue in the extracellular loop 4 between GAT1 and dDAT suggests a role for this motif in the selective control of neurotransmitter uptake. Our findings, therefore, provide vital insights into the organizational principles dictating GAT1 activity and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Joseph
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | | | - Aravind Penmatsa
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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21
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Laroute V, Beaufrand C, Gomes P, Nouaille S, Tondereau V, Daveran-Mingot ML, Theodorou V, Eutamene H, Mercier-Bonin M, Cocaign-Bousquet M. Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 exerts visceral antinociceptive properties in rat via GABA production in the gastro-intestinal tract. eLife 2022; 11:77100. [PMID: 35727704 PMCID: PMC9213000 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut disorders associated to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are combined with anxiety and depression. Evidence suggests that microbially produced neuroactive molecules, like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), can modulate the gut-brain axis. Two natural strains of Lactococcus lactis and one mutant were characterized in vitro for their GABA production and tested in vivo in rat by oral gavage for their antinociceptive properties. L. lactis NCDO2118 significantly reduced visceral hypersensitivity induced by stress due to its glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. L. lactis NCDO2727 with similar genes for GABA metabolism but no detectable GAD activity had no in vivo effect, as well as the NCDO2118 ΔgadB mutant. The antinociceptive effect observed for the NCDO2118 strain was mediated by the production of GABA in the gastro-intestinal tract and blocked by GABAB receptor antagonist. Only minor changes in the faecal microbiota composition were observed after the L. lactis NCDO2118 treatment. These findings reveal the crucial role of the microbial GAD activity of L. lactis NCDO2118 to deliver GABA into the gastro-intestinal tract for exerting antinociceptive properties in vivo and open avenues for this GRAS (Generally Recognized As safe) bacterium in the management of visceral pain and anxious profile of IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laroute
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Beaufrand
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.,Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Nouaille
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Tondereau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Eutamene
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Cocaign-Bousquet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
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22
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Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:43. [PMID: 35715821 PMCID: PMC9204954 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A consequence of our progressively ageing global population is the increasing prevalence of worldwide age-related cognitive decline and dementia. In the absence of effective therapeutic interventions, identifying risk factors associated with cognitive decline becomes increasingly vital. Novel perspectives suggest that a dynamic bidirectional communication system between the gut, its microbiome, and the central nervous system, commonly referred to as the microbiota-gut-brain axis, may be a contributing factor for cognitive health and disease. However, the exact mechanisms remain undefined. Microbial-derived metabolites produced in the gut can cross the intestinal epithelial barrier, enter systemic circulation and trigger physiological responses both directly and indirectly affecting the central nervous system and its functions. Dysregulation of this system (i.e., dysbiosis) can modulate cytotoxic metabolite production, promote neuroinflammation and negatively impact cognition. In this review, we explore critical connections between microbial-derived metabolites (secondary bile acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), tryptophan derivatives and others) and their influence upon cognitive function and neurodegenerative disorders, with a particular interest in their less-explored role as risk factors of cognitive decline.
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23
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Horvath TD, Ihekweazu FD, Haidacher SJ, Ruan W, Engevik KA, Fultz R, Hoch KM, Luna RA, Oezguen N, Spinler JK, Haag AM, Versalovic J, Engevik MA. Bacteroides ovatus colonization influences the abundance of intestinal short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters. iScience 2022; 25:104158. [PMID: 35494230 PMCID: PMC9038548 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes can synthesize multiple neuro-active metabolites. We profiled neuro-active compounds produced by the gut commensal Bacteroides ovatus in vitro and in vivo by LC-MS/MS. We found that B. ovatus generates acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid. In vitro, B. ovatus consumed tryptophan and glutamate and synthesized the neuro-active compounds glutamine and GABA. Consistent with our LC-MS/MS-based in vitro data, we observed elevated levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the intestines of B. ovatus mono-associated mice compared with germ-free controls. B. ovatus mono-association also increased the concentrations of intestinal GABA and decreased the concentrations of tryptophan and glutamine compared with germ-free controls. Computational network analysis revealed unique links between SCFAs, neuro-active compounds, and colonization status. These results highlight connections between microbial colonization and intestinal neurotransmitter concentrations, suggesting that B. ovatus selectively influences the presence of intestinal neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Faith D. Ihekweazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sigmund J. Haidacher
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Fultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Hoch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Numan Oezguen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Spinler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony M. Haag
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 621, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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24
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Cook TM, Mansuy-Aubert V. Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2068365. [PMID: 35482894 PMCID: PMC9067538 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2068365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trillions of bacteria reside within our gastrointestinal tract, ideally forming a mutually beneficial relationship between us. However, persistent changes in diet and lifestyle in the western diet and lifestyle contribute to a damaging of the gut microbiota-host symbiosis leading to diseases such as obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. Many symptoms and comorbidities associated with these diseases stem from dysfunctional signaling in peripheral neurons. Our peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of a variety of sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons which coordinate key homeostatic functions such as gastrointestinal motility, digestion, immunity, feeding behavior, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and more. The composition and signaling of bacteria in our gut dramatically influences how our peripheral neurons regulate these functions, and we are just beginning to uncover the molecular mechanisms mediating this communication. In this review, we cover the general anatomy and function of the PNS, and then we discuss how the molecules secreted or stimulated by gut microbes signal through the PNS to alter host development and physiology. Finally, we discuss how leveraging the power of our gut microbes on peripheral nervous system signaling may offer effective therapies to counteract the rise in chronic diseases crippling the western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA,CONTACT Virginie Mansuy-Aubert Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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25
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Mousavi R, Walid M, Hassan H, Gomaa A, Audet MC, Riadh H. Screening, characterization, and growth of γ-aminobutyric acid-producing probiotic candidates from food origin under simulated colonic conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4452-4465. [PMID: 35338685 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to isolate probiotic bacteria candidates from various starter cultures and fermented foods and characterize their ability to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is a major inhibitory neuromediator of the central and enteric nervous systems with a role in several health disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from food environment and screened for the presence of the glutamate decarboxylase (gadB) gene using PCR and GAD enzymatic assay. The identified potent GABA-producers included Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. GC-FID analyses confirmed the high GABA production capacity of S. thermophilus ST16 (1641.5 ± 154.15 μmol l-1 ), S. thermophilus ST8 (1724.5±48.08 μmol/L). In a lesser extent, Bifidobacterium animalis ST20, Lactobacillus acidophilus LP16-2, and Enterococcus faecium ST3 produced 947.5 ± 70.71, 918.0 ± 121.42, and 907.83 ± 55.15 μmol/L of GABA, respectively. These potent strains were able to grow and produce GABA in MRS broth and pre-fermented Macfarlane broth, the latter medium mimicking the nutrient and metabolome composition encountered in the colon. The identified bioactive strains exhibited strong biological safety and probiotic potential profiles as indicated by sensitivity to antibiotics, absence of virulence factors, and survival in gastrointestinal conditions CONCLUSIONS: Several GABA producing probiotic candidates, including B. animals ST20, S. thermophilus ST8, L. acidophilus LP16-2, L. plantarum LP6 & LP9, and E. faecium ST3, have shown potential to grow under simulated colonic conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Findings from this study provide evidence of the suitability of the isolated GABA-producing probiotic candidates for the development of health-oriented functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojaalsadat Mousavi
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mottawea Walid
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hebatoallah Hassan
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,National Research Center, Nutrition and Food Science Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marie-Claude Audet
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hammami Riadh
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Liu L, Shang L, Jin D, Wu X, Long B. General anesthesia bullies the gut: a toxic relationship with dysbiosis and cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:709-728. [PMID: 35187594 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common surgery outcome affecting up to a third of the elderly patients, and it is associated with high morbidity and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease development. PND is characterized by cognitive impairment that can manifest acutely in the form of postoperative delirium (POD) or after hospital discharge as postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Although POD and POCD are clinically distinct, their development seems to be mediated by a systemic inflammatory reaction triggered by surgical trauma that leads to dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and facilitates the occurrence of neuroinflammation. Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiota composition may play a pivotal role in the PND development by modulating the risk of neuroinflammation establishment. In fact, modulation of gut microbiome composition with pre- and probiotics seems to be effective for the prevention and treatment of PND in animals. Interestingly, general anesthetics seem to have major responsibility on the gut microbiota composition changes following surgery and, consequently, can be an important element in the process of PND initiation. This concept represents an important milestone for the understanding of PND pathogenesis and may unveil new opportunities for the development of preventive or mitigatory strategies against the development of these conditions. The aim of this review is to discuss how anesthetics used in general anesthesia can interact and alter the gut microbiome composition and contribute to PND development by favoring the emergence of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lihua Shang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongxue Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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27
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Luo F, Qin G, Wang L, Fang X. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Reveals GABAB Receptor Aggregation State Changes. Front Chem 2022; 9:779940. [PMID: 35127643 PMCID: PMC8807474 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.779940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAB receptor is a typical G protein–coupled receptor, and its functional impairment is related to a variety of diseases. While the premise of GABAB receptor activation is the formation of heterodimers, the receptor also forms a tetramer on the cell membrane. Thus, it is important to study the effect of the GABAB receptor aggregation state on its activation and signaling. In this study, we have applied single-molecule photobleaching step counting and single-molecule tracking methods to investigate the formation and change of GABAB dimers and tetramers. A single-molecule stoichiometry assay of the wild-type and mutant receptors revealed the key sites on the interface of ligand-binding domains of the receptor for its dimerization. Moreover, we found that the receptor showed different aggregation behaviors at different conditions. Our results offered new evidence for a better understanding of the molecular basis for GABAB receptor aggregation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - GeGe Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohong Fang,
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28
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Chen M, Ruan G, Chen L, Ying S, Li G, Xu F, Xiao Z, Tian Y, Lv L, Ping Y, Cheng Y, Wei Y. Neurotransmitter and Intestinal Interactions: Focus on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:817100. [PMID: 35250873 PMCID: PMC8888441 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.817100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology. IBS is caused by a disruption in the gut-brain axis. Given the importance of the gut microbiota in maintaining local and systemic homeostasis of immunity, endocrine, and other physiological processes, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been proposed as a key regulator in IBS. Neurotransmitters have been shown to affect blood flow regulation, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption, the gastrointestinal immune system, and the microbiota in recent studies. It has the potential role to play a function in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal and neurological systems. Transmitters and their receptors, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and histamine, play an important role in IBS, especially in visceral sensitivity and gastrointestinal motility. Studies in this field have shed light on revealing the mechanism by which neurotransmitters act in the pathogenesis of IBS and discovering new therapeutic strategies based on traditional pharmacological approaches that target the nervous system or novel therapies that target the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangcong Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Senhong Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guanhu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Linling Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Ping
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanling Wei, ; Yi Cheng,
| | - Yanling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanling Wei, ; Yi Cheng,
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29
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Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: Is There a Connection with Gut Microbiota? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122549. [PMID: 34946150 PMCID: PMC8703706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by severe impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and its symptoms are suggestive of partial or complete intestinal obstruction in the absence of any lesion restricting the intestinal lumen. Diagnosis and therapy of CIPO patients still represent a significant challenge for clinicians, despite their efforts to improve diagnostic workup and treatment strategies for this disease. The purpose of this review is to better understand what is currently known about the relationship between CIPO patients and intestinal microbiota, with a focus on the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the intestinal endocrine system (IES) in intestinal motility, underling the importance of further studies to deeply understand the causes of gut motility dysfunction in these patients.
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30
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Dai Z, Wu Z, Zhu W, Wu G. Amino Acids in Microbial Metabolism and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:127-143. [PMID: 34807440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) not only serve as building blocks for protein synthesis in microorganisms but also play important roles in their metabolism, survival, inter-species crosstalk, and virulence. Different AAs have their distinct functions in microbes of the digestive tract and this in turn has important impacts on host nutrition and physiology. Deconjugation and re-conjugation of glycine- or taurine- conjugated bile acids in the process of their enterohepatic recycling is a good example of the bacterial adaptation to harsh gut niches, inter-kingdom cross-talk with AA metabolism, and cell signaling as the critical control point. It is also a big challenge for scientists to modulate the homeostasis of the pools of AAs and their metabolites in the digestive tract with the aim to improve nutrition and regulate AA metabolism related to anti-virulence reactions. Diversity of the metabolic pathways of AAs and their multi-functions in modulating bacterial growth and survival in the digestive tract should be taken into consideration in recommending nutrient requirements for animals. Thus, the concept of functional amino acids can guide not only microbiological studies but also nutritional and physiological investigations. Cutting edge discoveries in this research area will help to better understand the mechanisms responsible for host-microbe interactions and develop new strategies for improving the nutrition, health, and well-being of both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, TX, USA
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31
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Vlachou S. A Brief History and the Significance of the GABA B Receptor. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 52:1-17. [PMID: 34595739 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA type B (GABAB) receptors (GABABRs) are the only metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors for GABA and can be found distributed not only in the central nervous system, but also in the periphery. This chapter introduces important, fundamental knowledge related to GABABR function and the various potential therapeutic applications of the development of novel GABABR-active compounds, as documented through extensive studies presented in subsequent chapters of this Current Topic in Behavioral Neurosciences volume on the role of the neurobiology of GABABR function. The compounds that have received increased attention in the last few years compared to GABABR agonists and antagonists - the positive allosteric modulators - exhibit better pharmacological profiles and fewer side effects. As we continue to unveil the mystery of GABABRs at the molecular and cellular levels, we further understand the significance of these receptors. Future directions should aim for developing highly selective GABABR compounds for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and their symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Vlachou
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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Queen bee larva consumption improves sleep disorder and regulates gut microbiota in mice with PCPA-induced insomnia. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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33
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Chidambaram SB, Essa MM, Rathipriya AG, Bishir M, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tousif AH, Sakharkar MK, Kashyap RS, Friedland RP, Monaghan TM. Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107988. [PMID: 34536490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts and a decreased number of symbionts, termed gut dysbiosis or microbial intestinal dysbiosis, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Clinical reports confirm that GI symptoms often precede neurological symptoms several years before the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Pathologically, gut dysbiosis disrupts the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to ingress of pathobionts and toxic metabolites into the systemic circulation causing GBA dysregulation. Subsequently, chronic neuroinflammation via dysregulated immune activation triggers the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins in and around CNS cells resulting in neuronal death. Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to the aggravation and/or spread of proteinopathies from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS and defective autophagy-mediated proteinopathies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in NDDs, and highlights a vicious cycle of gut dysbiosis, immune-mediated chronic neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and proteinopathies, which contributes to the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of gut dysbiosis through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics or dietary interventions, and faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) in the management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India.
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai 600 094, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - A H Tousif
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Meena K Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Research Centre, Dr G. M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Banerjee S, Poore M, Gerdes S, Nedveck D, Lauridsen L, Kristensen HT, Jensen HM, Byrd PM, Ouwehand AC, Patterson E, Morovic W. Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:173. [PMID: 34488774 PMCID: PMC8419935 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the many neurotransmitters in humans, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shows potential for improving several mental health indications such as stress and anxiety. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway for GABAergic effects, as microbially-secreted GABA within the gut can affect host mental health outcomes. Understanding the molecular characteristics of GABA production by microbes within the gut can offer insight to novel therapies for mental health. RESULTS Three strains of Levilactobacillus brevis with syntenous glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) operons were evaluated for overall growth, glutamate utilization, and GABA production in typical synthetic growth media supplemented with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-6108™ (Lbr-6108), formerly known as L. brevis DPC 6108, and Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-35 ™ (Lbr-35) had similar growth profiles but differed significantly in GABA secretion and acid resistance. Lbr-6108 produced GABA early within the growth phase and produced significantly more GABA than Lbr-35 and the type strain Levilactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 after the stationary phase. The global gene expression during GABA production at several timepoints was determined by RNA sequencing. The GAD operon, responsible for GABA production and secretion, activated in Lbr-6108 after only 6 h of fermentation and continued throughout the stationary phase. Furthermore, Lbr-6108 activated many different acid resistance mechanisms concurrently, which contribute to acid tolerance and energy production. In contrast, Lbr-35, which has a genetically similar GAD operon, including two copies of the GAD gene, showed no upregulation of the GAD operon, even when cultured with MSG. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate whole transcriptome changes in Levilactobacillus brevis during GABA production in different growth phases. The concurrent expression of multiple acid-resistance mechanisms reveals niche-specific metabolic functionality between common human commensals and highlights the complex regulation of GABA metabolism in this important microbial species. Furthermore, the increased and rapid GABA production of Lbr-6108 highlights the strain's potential as a therapeutic and the overall value of screening microbes for effector molecule output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Poore
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Derek Nedveck
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Phillip M Byrd
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Wesley Morovic
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
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35
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Gros M, Gros B, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Neurotransmitter Dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Emerging Approaches for Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153429. [PMID: 34362210 PMCID: PMC8347293 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder whose aetiology is still unknown. Most hypotheses point out the gut-brain axis as a key factor for IBS. The axis is composed of different anatomic and functional structures intercommunicated through neurotransmitters. However, the implications of key neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA or acetylcholine in IBS are poorly studied. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence about neurotransmitter dysfunction in IBS and explore the potential therapeutic approaches. IBS patients with altered colorectal motility show augmented norepinephrine and acetylcholine levels in plasma and an increased sensitivity of central serotonin receptors. A decrease of colonic mucosal serotonin transporter and a downregulation of α2 adrenoceptors are also correlated with visceral hypersensitivity and an increase of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels, enhanced expression of high affinity choline transporter and lower levels of GABA. Given these neurotransmitter dysfunctions, novel pharmacological approaches such as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and 5-HT4 receptor agonists are being explored for IBS management, for their antiemetic and prokinetic effects. GABA-analogous medications are being considered to reduce visceral pain. Moreover, agonists and antagonists of muscarinic receptors are under clinical trials. Targeting neurotransmitter dysfunction could provide promising new approaches for IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gros
- Centro de Salud Univérsitas, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Belén Gros
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Emilio Mesonero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.G.); (J.E.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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36
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Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108721. [PMID: 34274348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 articles can be retrieved from PubMed with the keywords "gut microbiota and physiology", showing the constant progress and impact of gut microbes in scientific life. As a result, numerous therapeutic perspectives have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota composition and/or bioactive factors released from microbes to restore our body functions. Currently, the gut is considered a primary site for the development of pathologies that modify brain functions such as neurodegenerative (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and metabolic (type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.) disorders. Deciphering the mode of interaction between microbiota and the brain is a real original option to prevent (and maybe treat in the future) the establishment of gut-brain pathologies. The objective of this review is to describe recent scientific elements that explore the communication between gut microbiota and the brain by focusing our interest on the enteric nervous system (ENS) as an intermediate partner. The ENS, which is known as the "second brain", could be under the direct or indirect influence of the gut microbiota and its released factors (short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, gaseous factors, etc.). Thus, in addition to their actions on tissue (adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc.), microbes can have an impact on local ENS activity. This potential modification of ENS function has global repercussions in the whole body via the gut-brain axis and represents a new therapeutic strategy.
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37
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The Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115830. [PMID: 34072450 PMCID: PMC8198395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response to food intake are interesting targets for body-weight management, for example, through interventions that reinforce the gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes to obesity. Gut microbiota-diet interactions might interfere in nutrient sensing and signalling from the gut to the brain, where the information is processed to control energy homeostasis. This gut microbiota-brain crosstalk is mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites and subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut-endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways or pass to systemic circulation and then reach the brain. Feeding time and dietary composition are the main drivers of the gut microbiota structure and function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns or unhealthy diets might alter gut microbiota-diet interactions and modify nutrient availability and/or microbial ligands transmitting information from the gut to the brain in response to food intake, thus impairing energy homeostasis. Herein, we update the scientific evidence supporting that gut microbiota is a source of novel dietary and non-dietary biological products that may beneficially regulate gut-to-brain communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, we evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and the advances required to clinically apply microbiome-based strategies to improve the gut-brain axis function and, thus, combat obesity.
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Pugh JN, Lydon K, O'Donovan CM, O'Sullivan O, Madigan SM. More than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health? Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:755-764. [PMID: 33944684 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1921853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As with much of science, the female athlete is under researched, particularly in the area of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Gut function is of pivotal importance to athletes in that it supports digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as providing a barrier between the external environment and the circulation. While sex-derived differences in GI structure and function have been well characterised at rest, there remains a paucity of data examining this during exercise. The wider impact of the GI system has begun to be realised and it is now widely acknowledged to play a role in more systemic bodily systems. In the current review, we discuss localised issues including the GI structure, function, and microbiome of male and females. We also discuss GI-related symptoms experienced by athletes, highlight the differences in incidence between males and females, and discuss contributing factors. We then move beyond the gut to discuss wider biological processes that have been shown to have both sex-related differences and that are impacted by the GI system. Some of these areas include immune function and risk of illness, sleep, hormones, bone health and the gut-brain-axis. The magnitude of such effects and relationships is currently unknown but there is enough mechanistic data for future studies to consider a more central role that the gastrointestinal tract may play in overall female athlete health.Highlights There are both clear similarities and differences in male-female gastrointestinal structure and function.Females typically reported a greater prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms at rest, in particular during menstruation, but not during exercise.The links between female microbiome, oestrogen, and systemic physiological and biological processes are yet to be fully elucidated.Many of the male-female differences seen (e.g. in immune function) may be, at least in part, influenced by such GI related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Lydon
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Trinity College Dublin/Health Service Executive Specialist Training Scheme in General Practice, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara M O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon M Madigan
- Sport Ireland Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Different Biliary Microbial Flora Influence Type of Complications after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102180. [PMID: 34070003 PMCID: PMC8157867 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterobilia is associated with postoperative morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), mostly due to infectious complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacteria species isolated from intraoperative biliary cultures, and related complications after PD. METHODS An ANOVA test was used to assess the prevalence of isolated bacterial species and postoperative complications. The odds ratio was computed to evaluate the association between biliary cultures and each complication, Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography (ERCP) and each complication, ERCP and biliary cultures, Delayed Gastric Emptying (DGE) and Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula (POPF). RESULTS Positive biliary cultures were found in 162/244 (66%) PDs. Different prevalences of polymicrobial biliary culture were detected in patients with postoperative complications. In SSIs, a significant prevalence of biliary culture positive for E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniæ and Enterococcus fæcalis (p < 0.001) was detected. Prevalences of polymicrobial biliary cultures with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniæ, Enterococcus fæcalis and Enterococcus fæcium were significantly associated with POPF (p < 0.001). Biliary culture positive for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus fæcalis and Enterococcus fæcium showed a higher prevalence of intra-abdominal collection and DGE (p < 0.001). Notably, Escherichia coli was significantly associated with DGE as a unique complication (OR = 2.94 (1.30-6.70); p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Specific prevalences of polymicrobial bacterobilia are associated with major complications, while monomicrobial Escherichia coli bacterobilia is associated with DGE as a unique complication after PD.
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40
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Zhao X, Wei L, Pang G, Xie J. A Novel GABA
B
R1a Receptor Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Chitosan‐horseradish Peroxidase. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhao
- Biotechnology & food Science College Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin 300134 PR China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Biotechnology & food Science College Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin 300134 PR China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- Biotechnology & food Science College Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin 300134 PR China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617 PR China
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41
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Ferreira ACFM, Eveloff RJ, Freire M, Santos MTBR. The Impact of Oral-Gut Inflammation in Cerebral Palsy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619262. [PMID: 33717115 PMCID: PMC7953843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral-gut inflammation has an impact on overall health, placing subjects at risk to acquire chronic conditions and infections. Due to neuromotor disturbances, and medication intake, cerebral palsy (CP) subjects present intestinal constipation, impacting their quality of life (QOL). We aimed to investigate how oral inflammatory levels predicted gut phenotypes and response to therapy. Methods: A total of 93 subjects aging from 5 to 17 years were included in the study, and assigned into one of the 4 groups: CP with constipation (G1, n = 30), CP without constipation (G2, n = 33), and controls without CP with constipation (G3, n = 07) and without CP and without constipation (G4, n = 23). In addition to characterizing subjects' clinical demographics, medication intake, disease severity levels, salivary cytokine levels [TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10], and Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD). Statistical significance was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilks, Student's T-Test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA analysis. Results: Salivary proinflammatory cytokines were highly correlated with the severe form of gut constipation in G1 (P < 0.001), and out of all cytokines IL-1β levels demonstrated highest correlation with all gut constipation (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was found between the type of medication, in which subjects taking Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and GABA+ (GABA in association with other medication) were more likely to be constipated than the other groups (P < 0.01). Cleary salivary inflammatory levels and gut constipation were correlated, and impacted QOL of CP subjects. G1 presented a lower QOL mean score of CPCHILD (49.0 ± 13.1) compared to G2 (71.5 ± 16.7), when compared to G3 (88.9 ± 7.5), and G4 (95.5 ± 5.0) (P < 0.01). We accounted for gingival bleeding as a cofounder of oral inflammation, and here were no differences among groups regarding gender (P = 0.332) and age (P = 0.292). Conclusions: Collectively, the results suggest that saliva inflammatory levels were linked to gut constipation, and that the clinical impact of medications that controlled gut was reliably monitored via oral cytokine levels, providing reliable and non-invasive information in precision diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J Eveloff
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Individuals With Special Needs, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dentistry, Association for Assistance to Disabled Children, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Spangler JR, Caruana JC, Medintz IL, Walper SA. Harnessing the potential of Lactobacillus species for therapeutic delivery at the lumenal-mucosal interface. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO671. [PMID: 33815818 PMCID: PMC8015674 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species have been studied for over 30 years in their role as commensal organisms in the human gut. Recently there has been a surge of interest in their abilities to natively and recombinantly stimulate immune activities, and studies have identified strains and novel molecules that convey particular advantages for applications as both immune adjuvants and immunomodulators. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in Lactobacillus-related activity at the gut/microbiota interface, the efforts to probe the boundaries of the direct and indirect therapeutic potential of these bacteria, and highlight the continued interest in harnessing the native capacity for the production of biogenic compounds shown to influence nervous system activity. Taken together, these aspects underscore Lactobacillus species as versatile therapeutic delivery vehicles capable of effector production at the lumenal-mucosal interface, and further establish a foundation of efficacy upon which future engineered strains can expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Spangler
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow sited in US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Julie C Caruana
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow sited in US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Scott A Walper
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC, 20375, USA
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43
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An J, Seok H, Ha EM. GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits metastatic properties and induces apoptosis of 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells via GABA B receptor signaling. J Microbiol 2021; 59:202-216. [PMID: 33527319 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an essential drug in systemic chemotherapy treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite the development of several treatment strategies over the past decades, the patient benefits of 5-FU-based therapies have been compromised by the development of chemoresistance. Differences in treatment responses among CRC patients may be due to genetic and epigenetic factors unique to individuals. Therefore, important factors for realizing personalized medicine are to accurately understand the causes and mechanisms of drug resistance to 5-FU-based therapies and to identify and validate prognostic biomarkers. Gut microbes that interact directly with the host contribute to human health and cancer control. Lactobacillus plantarum, in particular, has the potential to be a therapeutic agent by producing bioactive compounds that may benefit the host. Here, we investigated the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABAB receptor (GABABR)-dependent signaling pathway as a treatment option for 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. GABA-producing L. plantarum activates anti-proliferative, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects against 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells. The inhibitory effects of GABA-producing L. plantarum are mediated via GABABR. Activated GABABR induces apoptosis through the inhibition of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) expression. Thus, the GABAergic system has potential in 5-FU-resistant HT-29 cells as a predictive biomarker. In addition, GABA-producing L. plantarum is promising as an adjuvant treatment for 5-FU-resistant CRC, and its intervention in neurobiological signaling imply new possibilities for chemoprevention and the treatment of colon cancer-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeJin An
- Medical Convergence Materials Commercialization Center, Gyeongsan, 38408, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- Korea Brain bank, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, 38430, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Yao ZD, Cao YN, Peng LX, Yan ZY, Zhao G. Coarse Cereals and Legume Grains Exert Beneficial Effects through Their Interaction with Gut Microbiota: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:861-877. [PMID: 33264009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coarse cereals and legume grains (CCLGs) are rich in specific macro- and functional elements that are considered important dietary components for maintaining human health. Therefore, determining the precise nutritional mechanism involved in exerting the health benefits of CCLGs can help understand dietary nutrition in a better manner. Evidence suggests that gut microbiota play a crucial role in the function of CCLGs via their complicated interplay with CCLGs. First, CCLGs modulate gut microbiota and function. Second, gut microbiota convert CCLGs into compounds that perform different functions. Third, gut microbiota mediate interactions among different CCLG components. Therefore, using gut microbiota to expound the nutritional mechanism of CCLGs is important for future studies. A precise and rapid gut microbiota research model is required to screen and evaluate the quality of CCLGs. The outcomes of such research may promote the rapid discovery, classification, and evaluation of CCLG resources, thereby opening a new opportunity to guide nutrition-based development of CCLG products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Yun Yan
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, People's Republic of China
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Bacterial Metabolites of Human Gut Microbiota Correlating with Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239234. [PMID: 33287416 PMCID: PMC7730936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global threat to mental health that affects around 264 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, no reliable biomarkers that have contributed to objective diagnoses and clinical therapy currently exist. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis induced scientists to study the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of depression. Over the last decade, many of studies were conducted in this field. The productions of metabolites and compounds with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties among mechanisms such as the mediating effects of the GM on the brain, have been identified. This comprehensive review was focused on low molecular weight compounds implicated in depression as potential products of the GM. The other possible mechanisms of GM involvement in depression were presented, as well as changes in the composition of the microbiota of patients with depression. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of functional foods and psychobiotics in relieving depression were considered. The described biomarkers associated with GM could potentially enhance the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in clinical practice and represent a potential future diagnostic tool based on metagenomic technologies for assessing the development of depressive disorders.
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Haas-Neill S, Forsythe P. A Budding Relationship: Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238899. [PMID: 33255332 PMCID: PMC7727686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has revolutionized our understanding of systemic influences on brain function and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. A parallel revolution has occurred in the field of intercellular communication, with the realization that endosomes, and other extracellular vesicles, rival the endocrine system as regulators of distant tissues. These two paradigms shifting developments come together in recent observations that bacterial membrane vesicles contribute to inter-kingdom signaling and may be an integral component of gut microbe communication with the brain. In this short review we address the current understanding of the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and the roles they play in the survival of microbes and in intra and inter-kingdom communication. We identify recent observations indicating that bacterial membrane vesicles, particularly those derived from probiotic organisms, regulate brain function. We discuss mechanisms by which bacterial membrane vesicles may influence the brain including interaction with the peripheral nervous system, and modulation of immune activity. We also review evidence suggesting that, unlike the parent organism, gut bacteria derived membrane vesicles are able to deliver cargo, including neurotransmitters, directly to the central nervous system and may thus constitute key components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Haas-Neill
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-905-522-1155 (ext. 35890)
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Jakubczyk K, Maciejewska-Markiewicz D, Janda K, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Kaczmarczyk M, Łoniewski I, Marlicz W. Gut Biofactory-Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3369. [PMID: 33139656 PMCID: PMC7693392 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota have gained much scientific attention recently. Apart from unravelling the taxonomic data, we should understand how the altered microbiota structure corresponds to functions of this complex ecosystem. The metabolites of intestinal microorganisms, especially bacteria, exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism and contribute to the host systemic balance. These molecules play key roles in regulating immune and metabolic processes. A subset of them affect the gut brain axis signaling and balance the mental wellbeing. Neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, bile acids and phosphatidylcholine, choline, serotonin, and L-carnitine metabolites possess high neuroactive potential. A scoping literature search in PubMed/Embase was conducted up until 20 June 2020, using three major search terms "microbiota metabolites" AND "gut brain axis" AND "mental health". This review aimed to enhance our knowledge regarding the gut microbiota functional capacity, and support current and future attempts to create new compounds for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | | | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- The Centre for Digestive Diseases Endoklinika, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland
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Gao J, Gao Y, Lin S, Zou X, Zhu Y, Chen X, Wan H, Zhu H. Effects of activating GABAB1 receptor on proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:126. [PMID: 33099319 PMCID: PMC7585685 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of activating GABAB1 receptor by baclofen on proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS One hundred μmol/L, 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L were selected as low, medium and high baclofen concentrations respectively. Cells were divided into four groups: Control, 100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L. Compared with the control group, the viability, colony formation, migration and invasion of SKOV3 cells were inhibited, and the apoptosis of SKOV3 cells were enhanced significantly at 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L baclofen. Moreover, they changed significantly with the increase of baclofen concentration. Compared with the control group, the expression of E-cadherin and GABAB1 increased and the N-cadherin expression decreased significantly in 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L groups. Higher concentration of baclofen induced higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of N-cadherin. CONCLUSION Baclofen inhibited the proliferation, cloning, migration, invasion and EMT of ovarian cancer cells by activating GABAB1 receptor. These results might contribute a lot to clarify the role and possible mechanism of GABAB1 receptor in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shixin Lin
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yukai Zhu
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
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Ochoa-Repáraz J, Ramelow CC, Kasper LH. A Gut Feeling: The Importance of the Intestinal Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:510113. [PMID: 33193297 PMCID: PMC7604426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.510113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota constitutes a complex ecosystem in constant reciprocal interactions with the immune, neuroendocrine, and neural systems of the host. Recent molecular technological advances allow for the exploration of this living organ and better facilitates our understanding of the biological importance of intestinal microbes in health and disease. Clinical and experimental studies demonstrate that intestinal microbes may be intimately involved in the progression of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including those of affective and psychiatric nature. Gut microbes regulate neuroinflammatory processes, play a role in balancing the concentrations of neurotransmitters and could provide beneficial effects against neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore some of these reciprocal interactions between gut microbes and the CNS during experimental disease and suggest that therapeutic approaches impacting the gut-brain axis may represent the next avenue for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lloyd H. Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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Jang SH, Woo YS, Lee SY, Bahk WM. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis in Psychiatry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7122. [PMID: 32992484 PMCID: PMC7583027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beginning with the concept of the brain-gut axis, the importance of the interaction between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract has been extended to the microbiome with increasing clinical applications. With the recent development of various techniques for microbiome analysis, the number of relevant preclinical and clinical studies on animals and human subjects has rapidly increased. Various psychotic symptoms affect the intestinal microbiome through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis. Conversely, the intestinal microbiome regulates the gastrointestinal tract environment and affects psychological factors by means of the microorganisms or their metabolites, either acting directly on the brain or through the synthesis of various neurotransmitters. This review discusses the clinical applicability of the brain-gut-microbiome axis and directions for improving psychological symptoms based on the studies published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Young Sup Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea;
| | - Sang-Yeol Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Won-Myong Bahk
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 07345, Korea;
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