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Odum JD, Akhter J, Verma V, Vollmer G, Davidson A, Hyndman KA, Bolisetty S. Myeloid-specific ferritin light chain deletion does not exacerbate sepsis-associated AKI. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F171-F183. [PMID: 38779751 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00043.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a key contributor to the life-threatening sequelae attributed to sepsis. Mechanistically, SA-AKI is a consequence of unabated myeloid cell activation and oxidative stress that induces tubular injury. Iron mediates inflammatory pathways directly and through regulating the expression of myeloid-derived ferritin, an iron storage protein comprising ferritin light (FtL) and ferritin heavy chain (FtH) subunits. Previous work revealed that myeloid FtH deletion leads to a compensatory increase in intracellular and circulating FtL and is associated with amelioration of SA-AKI. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that loss of myeloid FtL and subsequently, circulating FtL will exacerbate the sepsis-induced inflammatory response and worsen SA-AKI. We generated a novel myeloid-specific FtL knockout mouse (FtLLysM-/-) and induced sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture or lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia. As expected, serum ferritin levels were significantly lower in the knockout mice, suggesting that myeloid cells dominantly contribute to circulating ferritin. Interestingly, although sepsis induction led to a marked production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, there was no statistical difference between the genotypes. There was a similar loss of kidney function, as evidenced by a rise in serum creatinine and cystatin C and renal injury identified by expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Finally, RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of pathways for cell cycle arrest and autophagy postsepsis, but no significant differences were observed between genotypes, including in key genes associated with ferroptosis, an iron-mediated form of cell death. The loss of FtL did not impact sepsis-mediated activation of NF-κB or HIF-1a signaling, key inflammatory pathways associated with dysregulated host response. Taken together, while FtL overexpression was shown to be protective against sepsis, the loss of FtL did not influence sepsis pathogenesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hyperferritinemia in sepsis is often associated with a proinflammatory phenotype and poor prognosis. We previously showed the myeloid deletion of FtH results in a compensatory increase in FtL and is associated with reduced circulating cytokines and decreased rates of SA-AKI in animal sepsis models. Here, we show that myeloid deletion of FtL does not impact the severity of SA-AKI following CLP or LPS, suggesting that FtH plays the predominant role in propagating myeloid-induced proinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Odum
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Vivek Verma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Giacynta Vollmer
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ahmad Davidson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Subhashini Bolisetty
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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2
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Frydrych A, Frankowski M, Jurowski K. The toxicological analysis and assessment of essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) in Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) dedicated to oncological patients available in Polish pharmacies. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114768. [PMID: 38810942 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) for oncology patients, available in pharmacies, play a crucial role in providing nutrition and supplementation. However, the scientific literature lacks comprehensive research on the safety of essential trace elements in these products. This study aimed to assess Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn levels in commonly prescribed FSMPs (n = 23) from Polish pharmacies. Using ICP-MS after microwave-induced digestion (using concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide), we evaluated element levels. Our research used three approaches: the raw score for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn; single intake per serving; and the daily ration, compared with the reference values of the European Food Safety Authority. Discrepancies were found between the actual and declared product compositions, influenced by the route of administration and the recommended intake. Despite variations, all products were considered safe for oncological patients based on current evidence. However, it is recommended to have clear guidelines for FSMPs in cancer care. This pioneering study evaluates the safety and quality of prescription FSMPs for cancer patients from toxicological and nutritional perspectives, highlighting the need for standardised protocols in pharmacy-dispensed FSMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Frydrych
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamil Jurowski
- Laboratory of Innovative Toxicological Research and Analyzes, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszów University, Al. mjr. W. Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises in Łódź, ul. Aleksandrowska 67/93, 91-205, Łódź, Poland.
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3
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Neu C, Beckers C, Frank N, Thomas K, Bartneck M, Simon TP, Mossanen J, Peters K, Singendonk T, Martin L, Marx G, Kraemer S, Zechendorf E. Ribonuclease inhibitor 1 emerges as a potential biomarker and modulates inflammation and iron homeostasis in sepsis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14972. [PMID: 38951571 PMCID: PMC11217267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, marked by organ dysfunction, necessitates reliable biomarkers. Ribonuclease inhibitor 1 (RNH1), a ribonuclease (RNase) inhibitor, emerged as a potential biomarker for acute kidney injury and mortality in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm patients. Our study investigates RNH1 dynamics in sepsis, its links to mortality and organ dysfunction, and the interplay with RNase 1 and RNase 5. Furthermore, we explore RNH1 as a therapeutic target in sepsis-related processes like inflammation, non-canonical inflammasome activation, and iron homeostasis. We showed that RNH1 levels are significantly higher in deceased patients compared to sepsis survivors and correlate with creatine kinase, aspartate and alanine transaminase, bilirubin, serum creatinine and RNase 5, but not RNase 1. RNH1 mitigated LPS-induced TNFα and RNase 5 secretion, and relative mRNA expression of ferroptosis-associated genes HMOX1, FTH1 and HAMP in PBMCs. Monocytes were identified as the predominant type of LPS-positive PBMCs. Exogenous RNH1 attenuated LPS-induced CASP5 expression, while increasing IL-1β secretion in PBMCs and THP-1 macrophages. As RNH1 has contradictory effects on inflammation and non-canonical inflammasome activation, its use as a therapeutic agent is limited. However, RNH1 levels may play a central role in iron homeostasis during sepsis, supporting our clinical observations. Hence, RNH1 shows promise as biomarkers for renal and hepatic dysfunction and hepatocyte injury, and may be useful in predicting the outcome of septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Neu
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Beckers
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Frank
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Thomas
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim-Philipp Simon
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Mossanen
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kimmo Peters
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Singendonk
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Martin
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Marx
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kraemer
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Zechendorf
- Department of Intensive and Intermediate Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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4
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Weaver DF. Endogenous Antimicrobial-Immunomodulatory Molecules: Networking Biomolecules of Innate Immunity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400089. [PMID: 38658319 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial-immunomodulatory molecules (EAIMs) are essential to immune-mediated human health and evolution. Conventionally, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been regarded as the dominant endogenous antimicrobial molecule; however, AMPs are not sufficient to account for the full spectrum of antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality occurring within the human body. The threat posed by pathogenic microbes is pervasive with the capacity for widespread impact across many organ systems and multiple biochemical pathways; accordingly, the host needs the capacity to react with an equally diverse response. This can be attained by having EAIMs that traverse the full range of molecular size (small to large molecules) and structural diversity (including molecules other than peptides). This review identifies multiple molecules (peptide/protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, small organic molecule, and metallic cation) as EAIMs and discusses the possibility of cooperative, additive effects amongst the various EAIM classes during the host response to a microbial assault. This comprehensive consideration of the full molecular diversity of EAIMs enables the conclusion that EAIMs constitute a previously uncatalogued structurally diverse and collectively underappreciated immuno-active group of integrated molecular responders within the innate immune system's first line of defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, University of Toronto, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5Y 0S8, Canada
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5
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Odeh D, Oršolić N, Adrović E, Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Žarković I, Lesar N, Balta V. The Impact of the Combined Effect of Inhalation Anesthetics and Iron Dextran on Rats' Systemic Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6323. [PMID: 38928030 PMCID: PMC11203443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of any stage of iron homeostasis, including uptake, utilization, efflux, and storage, can cause progressive damage to peripheral organs. The health hazards associated with occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics (IA) in combination with chronic iron overload are not well documented. This study aimed to investigate changes in the concentration of essential metals in the peripheral organs of rats after iron overload in combination with IA. The aim was also to determine how iron overload in combination with IA affects tissue metal homeostasis, hepcidin-ferritin levels, and MMP levels according to physiological, functional, and tissue features. According to the obtained results, iron accumulation was most pronounced in the liver (19×), spleen (6.7×), lungs (3.1×), and kidneys (2.5×) compared to control. Iron accumulation is associated with elevated heavy metal levels and impaired essential metal concentrations due to oxidative stress (OS). Notably, the use of IA increases the iron overload toxicity, especially after Isoflurane exposure. The results show that the regulation of iron homeostasis is based on the interaction of hepcidin, ferritin, and other proteins regulated by inflammation, OS, free iron levels, erythropoiesis, and hypoxia. Long-term exposure to IA and iron leads to the development of numerous adaptation mechanisms in response to toxicity, OS, and inflammation. These adaptive mechanisms of iron regulation lead to the inhibition of MMP activity and reduction of oxidative stress, protecting the organism from possible damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyana Odeh
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Oršolić
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emanuela Adrović
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Determination of Residues, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Determination of Residues, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Žarković
- Laboratory for Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Lesar
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Balta
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Arcos M, Liu Z, Villareal LB, Velez PK, Desai SP, Noureddine A, Zheng H, Martin DR, Brinker J, Zhang D, Xue X. Myeloid NCOA4 sequesters KEAP1 to reduce ferroptosis for protection against salmonellosis in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4278310. [PMID: 38798412 PMCID: PMC11118698 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4278310/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, is a significant global threat. Host immunity limits bacterial replication by inducing hepcidin, which degrades ferroportin, reducing iron transfer. However, this boosts macrophage iron storage, aiding intracellular pathogens like Salmonella. Mice lacking ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) in myeloid cells suffer worsened Salmonella infection. Nuclear receptor co-activator 4 (NCOA4) regulates iron release via FTH1 degradation during low iron, but its role in salmonellosis is unclear. Here, we reveal that myeloid NCOA4 deficiency augments spleen iron levels and increases cellular iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages. This deficiency also increases susceptibility to Salmonella-induced colitis in mice. Mechanistically, NCOA4 suppresses oxidative stress by directly binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and stabilizing the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Activation of NRF2 protects myeloid NCOA4 knockout mice from Salmonella-induced colitis. Antioxidant Tempol and myeloid cell-targeted curcumin offer protection against colitis in myeloid NCOA4-deficient mice. A low iron diet and ferroptosis inhibition also mitigate the heightened colitis in these mice. Overexpression of myeloid cell-specific NCOA4 confers protection against Salmonella-induced colitis via upregulating NRF2 signaling. Serum iron was reduced in myeloid NCOA4-overexpressing mice, but not in NCOA4-deficient mice. Targeted serum metabolomics analysis revealed that many lipids were decreased in myeloid NCOA4-deficient mice, while several of them were increased in myeloid NCOA4-overexpressing mice. Together, this study not only advances our understanding of NCOA4/KEAP1/NRF2/ferroptosis axis but also paves the way for novel myeloid cell-targeted therapies to combat salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Arcos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Luke B Villareal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Paloma Kai Velez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Sharina P Desai
- Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Achraf Noureddine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Huayu Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - David R Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jeffrey Brinker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Donna Zhang
- Center for Inflammation Science and Systems Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Wang S, Fang R, Wang H, Li X, Xing J, Li Z, Song N. The role of transcriptional regulators in metal ion homeostasis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360880. [PMID: 38529472 PMCID: PMC10961391 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are essential trace elements for all living organisms and play critical catalytic, structural, and allosteric roles in many enzymes and transcription factors. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), as an intracellular pathogen, is usually found in host macrophages, where the bacterium can survive and replicate. One of the reasons why Tuberculosis (TB) is so difficult to eradicate is the continuous adaptation of its pathogen. It is capable of adapting to a wide range of harsh environmental stresses, including metal ion toxicity in the host macrophages. Altering the concentration of metal ions is the common host strategy to limit MTB replication and persistence. This review mainly focuses on transcriptional regulatory proteins in MTB that are involved in the regulation of metal ions such as iron, copper and zinc. The aim is to offer novel insights and strategies for screening targets for TB treatment, as well as for the development and design of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- Drug Innovation Research Center, SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
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Ge X, Zhou Y, Jin H, Liu K, Zhu K, Yu Y, Xue J, Wang Q, Du X, Wang H, Xiang Y, Li W, Tian S, Yan Z, Qiu S. Genomic insights and antimicrobial resistance profiles of CRKP and non-CRKP isolates in a Beijing geriatric medical center: emphasizing the blaKPC-2 carrying high-risk clones and their spread. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1359340. [PMID: 38414769 PMCID: PMC10897042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The escalating resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a prevalent pathogen in healthcare settings, especially its carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP), to a wide array of antibiotics, notably β-lactams, constitutes a formidable challenge for healthcare and global public health management. Methods This research compared the resistance phenotypes and genomic profiles of CRKP and Non-CRKP isolates in a Beijing hospital, focusing on high-risk blaKPC-2 gene-bearing CRKP clones and the structure of mobile genetic elements facilitating their spread across hospital departments. Forty K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from various departments of the hospital and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to analyze their resistance phenotypes and genomic features. Results The study revealed that among the 31 CRKP isolates, ST11 is the most common sequence type, with K47 and OL101 being the dominant capsule types, primarily observed in the respiratory department. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility: 87.5% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with a high resistance rate of 30% against tigecycline. All CRKP isolates demonstrated resistance to multiple drug classes (≥5 CLSI classes). Non-CRKP isolates also showed high resistance rates to minocycline and doxycycline (77.8%). the ST11-KL47-OL101 type emerged as the predominant clone among the CRKP isolates carrying the blaKPC-2 gene. This dominance appears to be mediated by the pKpnR03_2 plasmid, which harbors not only blaKPC-2 and rmtb but also gene clusters pertinent to iron transport and arsenic resistance. These isolates, clustering in the C3 clade of the phylogenetic tree, exhibited minor genetic variations and close evolutionary relationships, suggesting a plasmid-driven spread across various hospital departments. Conclusion In summary, our study highlights the extensive spread of antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae across various departments in our hospital, with a particular emphasis on the dominant clonal proliferation of the ST11-KL47-OL101 CRKP strain. This finding underscores the significant role of plasmid-mediated gene transfer in the evolution and dissemination of resistant strains within hospital environments. The study emphasizes the necessity for ongoing surveillance of antibiotic resistance and genomic analysis in hospital settings to effectively monitor and manage these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Jin
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yulong Yu
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingzhuang Xue
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Yan
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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9
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Sarate N, Sonawane R, Pai V, Karatela S, Mulkalwar A. Iron Deficiency: A Silent Threat in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Cureus 2024; 16:e53542. [PMID: 38445122 PMCID: PMC10912968 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency is a prevalent and clinically significant comorbidity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite its high prevalence, its impact on clinical outcomes, mortality, and various physiological parameters remains a subject of ongoing investigation. The findings of this study are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into the management and prognosis of patients with HFrEF, potentially informing future interventions and improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess the clinical profile of iron deficiency and its implications on morbidity and mortality in patients with HFrEF. Methodology A prospective cohort study was conducted at King Edward Memorial Hospital, India, involving 371 patients with HFrEF. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical and laboratory assessments, evaluating iron deficiency with signs, symptoms, comorbidities, dyspnea, elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP), past medical history, and various hematological and biochemical parameters. Results Overall, 50% of HFrEF participants were iron deficient (n = 185), of whom 80% (n = 148) had anemia against 43% (n = 81) anemics in iron repletes (n = 186). Of the 185 iron-deficient patients, 44 (11.86%) had absolute iron deficiency and 141 (38%) had functional iron deficiency. Iron deficiency significantly correlated with increased mortality in HFrEF patients (χ2 (1, N = 371) = 3.88, p = 0.048). A large positive correlation was observed between absolute iron deficiency and dyspnea severity (r2 = 0.949, p = 0.026). Statistically significant differences were found in hemoglobin (anemia), serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation between iron-deficient and iron-replete patients (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference in left ventricular ejection fraction between iron-deficient and replete patients was noted. Conclusions Iron deficiency emerges as more than a mere comorbidity in heart failure, becoming a prognostic factor with multifaceted outcomes. Its impact extends beyond cardiovascular consequences, encompassing adverse manifestations such as anemia, ascites, edema, dyspnea, elevated JVP, and a heightened risk of mortality. This intricate interplay positions iron deficiency as a critical determinant, significantly influencing the clinical trajectory and outcomes for patients with HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sarate
- Department of Medicine, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Rahul Sonawane
- Department of Medicine, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Vinayak Pai
- Department of Medicine, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Shifa Karatela
- Department of Medicine, Medical College Baroda and Sir Sayajirao General Hospital, Vadodara, IND
| | - Alhad Mulkalwar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Pune, IND
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10
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Zhang Y, Ding R, Zhang Y, Qi J, Cao W, Deng L, Zhou L, Ye Y, Xue Y, Liu E. Dysfunction of DMT1 and miR-135b in the gut-testis axis in high-fat diet male mice. GENES & NUTRITION 2024; 19:1. [PMID: 38243197 PMCID: PMC10797958 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-024-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese patients have been found to be susceptible to iron deficiency, and malabsorption of dietary iron is the cause of obesity-related iron deficiency (ORID). Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin (FPN), are two transmembrane transporter proteins expressed in the duodenum that are closely associated with iron absorption. However, there have been few studies on the association between these two proteins and the increased susceptibility to iron deficiency in obese patients. Chronic inflammation is also thought to be a cause of obesity-related iron deficiency, and both conditions can have an impact on spermatogenesis and impair male reproductive function. Based on previous studies, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance through gametes was observed in obesity. RESULTS Our results showed that obese mice had decreased blood iron levels (p < 0.01), lower protein and mRNA expression for duodenal DMT1 (p < 0.05), but no statistically significant variation in mRNA expression for duodenal FPN (p > 0.05); there was an increase in sperm miR-135b expression (p < 0.05). Bioinformatics revealed ninety overlapping genes and further analysis showed that they were primarily responsible for epithelial cilium movement, fatty acid beta-oxidation, protein dephosphorylation, fertilization, and glutamine transport, which are closely related to spermatogenesis, sperm development, and sperm viability in mice. CONCLUSIONS In obese mice, we observed downregulation of DMT1 in the duodenum and upregulation of miR-135b in the spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ruike Ding
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- Spring Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd, Fangchenggang, Guangxi, 538000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yun Ye
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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11
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Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ukibe NR, Oyebadejo SA. Anemia, iron, and HIV: decoding the interconnected pathways: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e36937. [PMID: 38215133 PMCID: PMC10783375 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the intricate relationship between anemia, iron metabolism, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), aiming to unravel the interconnected pathways that contribute to the complex interplay between these 3 entities. A systematic exploration of relevant literature was conducted, encompassing studies examining the association between anemia, iron status, and HIV infection. Both clinical and preclinical investigations were analyzed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking these components. Chronic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV infection, disrupts iron homeostasis, impacting erythropoiesis and contributing to anemia. Direct viral effects on bone marrow function further compound red blood cell deficiencies. Antiretroviral therapy, while essential for managing HIV, introduces potential complications, including medication-induced anemia. Dysregulation of iron levels in different tissues adds complexity to the intricate network of interactions. Effective management of anemia in HIV necessitates a multifaceted approach. Optimization of antiretroviral therapy, treatment of opportunistic infections, and targeted nutritional interventions, including iron supplementation, are integral components. However, challenges persist in understanding the specific molecular mechanisms governing these interconnected pathways. Decoding the interconnected pathways of anemia, iron metabolism, and HIV is imperative for enhancing the holistic care of individuals with HIV/AIDS. A nuanced understanding of these relationships will inform the development of more precise interventions, optimizing the management of anemia in this population. Future research endeavors should focus on elucidating the intricate molecular mechanisms, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies in the context of HIV-associated anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nkiruka Rose Ukibe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Samson Adewale Oyebadejo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Fundamental Applied Sciences, Institut d’ Enseignement Superiuor de Ruhengeri (INES-RUHENGERI), Musanze District, Northern Region, Rwanda
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12
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Kumar V, Kaushik NK, Tiwari SK, Singh D, Singh B. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles: Sources and multifarious biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127017. [PMID: 37742902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles is a highly fascinating research area and has gained importance due to reliable, sustainable and ecofriendly protocol for synthesizing nanoparticles, along with the easy availability of plant materials and their pharmacological significance. As an alternate to physical and chemical synthesis, the biological materials, like microorganisms and plants are considered to be less costly and environment-friendly. Iron nanoparticles with diverse morphology and size have been synthesized using biological extracts. Microbial (bacteria, fungi, algae etc.) and plant extracts have been employed in green synthesis of iron nanoparticles due to the presence of various metabolites and biomolecules. Physical and biochemical properties of biologically synthesized iron nanoparticles are superior to that are synthesized using physical and chemical agents. Iron nanoparticles have magnetic property with thermal and electrical conductivity. Iron nanoparticles below a certain size (generally 10-20 nm), can exhibit a unique form of magnetism called superparamagnetism. They are non-toxic and highly dispersible with targeted delivery, which are suitable for efficient drug delivery to the target. Green synthesized iron nanoparticles have been explored for multifarious biotechnological applications. These iron nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial and anticancerous properties. Iron nanoparticles adversely affect the cell viability, division and metabolic activity. Iron nanoparticles have been used in the purification and immobilization of various enzymes/proteins. Iron nanoparticles have shown potential in bioremediation of various organic and inorganic pollutants. This review describes various biological sources used in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their potential applications in biotechnology, diagnostics and mitigation of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - S K Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Balana, Satnali Road, Mahendragarh 123029, Haryana, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India; Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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13
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Stefanache A, Lungu II, Butnariu IA, Calin G, Gutu C, Marcu C, Grierosu C, Bogdan Goroftei ER, Duceac LD, Dabija MG, Popa F, Damir D. Understanding How Minerals Contribute to Optimal Immune Function. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:3355733. [PMID: 37946846 PMCID: PMC10632063 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3355733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient mineral supply is vital not only for the innate immune system but also for the components of the adaptive immune defense, which encompass defense mechanisms against pathogens and the delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulation in the long term. Generally, a well-balanced diet is capable of providing the necessary minerals to support the immune system. Nevertheless, specific vulnerable populations should be cautious about obtaining adequate amounts of minerals such as magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium. Inadequate levels of these minerals can temporarily impair immune competence and disrupt the long-term regulation of systemic inflammation. Therefore, comprehending the mechanisms and sources of these minerals is crucial. In exceptional circumstances, mineral deficiencies may necessitate supplementation; however, excessive intake of supplements can have adverse effects on the immune system and should be avoided. Consequently, any supplementation should be approved by medical professionals and administered in recommended doses. This review emphasizes the crucial significance of minerals in promoting optimal functioning of the immune system. It investigates the indispensable minerals required for immune system function and the regulation of inflammation. Moreover, it delves into the significance of maintaining an optimized intake of minerals from a nutritional standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Stefanache
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Ionut-Iulian Lungu
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Calin
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Street, Iasi 700511, Romania
| | - Cristian Gutu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Constantin Marcu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Carmen Grierosu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 11 Pacurari Street, Iasi 700511, Romania
| | | | - Letitia-Doina Duceac
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | | | - Florina Popa
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Dunarea de Jos, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008, Romania
| | - Daniela Damir
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 700115, Romania
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14
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Shestovskaya MV, Luss AL, Bezborodova OA, Makarov VV, Keskinov AA. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Cell Responses and the Potency to Improve Radiosensitivity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2406. [PMID: 37896166 PMCID: PMC10610190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main concept of radiosensitization is making the tumor tissue more responsive to ionizing radiation, which leads to an increase in the potency of radiation therapy and allows for decreasing radiation dose and the concomitant side effects. Radiosensitization by metal oxide nanoparticles is widely discussed, but the range of mechanisms studied is not sufficiently codified and often does not reflect the ability of nanocarriers to have a specific impact on cells. This review is focused on the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles while they occupied a special niche among the prospective radiosensitizers due to unique physicochemical characteristics and reactivity. We collected data about the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitizing effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the main approaches to increase their therapeutic efficacy by variable modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Shestovskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
| | - Anna L. Luss
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
- The Department of Technology of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products Mendeleev of University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga A. Bezborodova
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinskiy p. 3, Moscow 125284, Russia;
| | - Valentin V. Makarov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
| | - Anton A. Keskinov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Schukinskaya st. 5/1, Moscow 119435, Russia; (A.L.L.)
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15
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Tripathi S, Tarabichi S, Parvizi J, Rajgopal A. Current relevance of biomarkers in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection: an update. ARTHROPLASTY 2023; 5:41. [PMID: 37525262 PMCID: PMC10391917 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-023-00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With a significant rise in the number of arthroplasty procedures performed worldwide, the increasing revision burden posed by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a matter of growing concern. In spite of various attempts to diagnose PJI, there are no defined tests that can be called a gold standard. Given the importance of early diagnosis in PJI, newer tests and biomarkers have been introduced to improve cumulative diagnostic accuracy. Novel biomarkers like calprotectin, lipocalcin, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-mean platelet volume ratio have demonstrated a potential as diagnostic biomarkers for PJI. This article discusses the relevance of available and newly described diagnostic biomarkers to provide a perspective on the practical applicability in current medical practice, as well as highlights some recent advances in biomarkers for the diagnosis of PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saksham Tripathi
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Orthopaedics, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurugram, HR, 122001, India.
| | - Saad Tarabichi
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ashok Rajgopal
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Orthopaedics, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurugram, HR, 122001, India
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16
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Gao M, Zhao T, Zhang C, Li P, Wang J, Han J, Zhang N, Pang B, Liu S. Ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition in RUTIs: Tug-of-war between UPEC and host. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114859. [PMID: 37167722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main pathogen of recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs). Urinary tract infection is a complicated interaction between UPEC and the host. During infection, UPEC can evade the host's immune response and retain in bladder epithelial cells, which requires adequate nutritional support. Iron is the first necessary trace element in life and a key nutritional factor, making it an important part of the competition between UPEC and the host. On the one hand, UPEC grabs iron to satisfy its reproduction, on the other hand, the host relies on iron to build nutritional immunity defenses against UPEC. Ferritinophagy is a selective autophagy of ferritin mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4, which is not only a way for the host to regulate iron metabolism to maintain iron homeostasis, but also a key point of competition between the host and UPEC. Although recent studies have confirmed the role of ferritinophagy in the progression of many diseases, the mechanism of potential interactions between ferritinophagy in UPEC and the host is poorly understood. In this paper, we reviewed the potential mechanisms of ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition in the UPEC-host interactions. This competitive relationship, like a tug-of-war, is a confrontation between the capability of UPEC to capture iron and the host's nutritional immunity defense, which could be the trigger for RUTIs. Therefore, understanding ferritinophagy-mediated iron competition may provide new strategies for exploring effective antibiotic alternative therapies to prevent and treat RUTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory 9 Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory 9 Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiazhe Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiatong Han
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bo Pang
- International Medical Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China.
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17
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Brunson DN, Colomer-Winter C, Lam LN, Lemos JA. Identification of Multiple Iron Uptake Mechanisms in Enterococcus faecalis and Their Relationship to Virulence. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0049622. [PMID: 36912636 PMCID: PMC10112239 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the unfavorable conditions bacteria encounter within the host is restricted access to essential trace metals such as iron. To overcome iron deficiency, bacteria deploy multiple strategies to scavenge iron from host tissues, with abundant examples of iron acquisition systems being implicated in bacterial pathogenesis. Yet the mechanisms utilized by the major nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecalis to maintain intracellular iron balance are poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation to identify and characterize the iron acquisition mechanisms of E. faecalis and to determine their contribution to virulence. Bioinformatic analysis and literature surveys revealed that E. faecalis possesses three conserved iron uptake systems. Through transcriptomics, we discovered two novel ABC-type transporters that mediate iron uptake. While inactivation of a single transporter had minimal impact on the ability of E. faecalis to maintain iron homeostasis, inactivation of all five systems (Δ5Fe strain) disrupted intracellular iron homeostasis and considerably impaired cell growth under iron deficiency. Virulence of the Δ5Fe strain was generally impaired in different animal models but showed niche-specific variations in mouse models, leading us to suspect that heme can serve as an iron source to E. faecalis during mammalian infections. Indeed, heme supplementation restored growth of Δ5Fe under iron depletion and virulence in an invertebrate infection model. This study revealed that the collective contribution of five iron transporters promotes E. faecalis virulence and that the ability to acquire and utilize heme as an iron source is critical to the systemic dissemination of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra N. Brunson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cristina Colomer-Winter
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ling Ning Lam
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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18
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Pita-Rodríguez GM, Basabe-Tuero B, Díaz-Sánchez ME, Alfonso-Sagué K, Álvarez AMG, Montero-Díaz M, Valdés-Perdomo S, Chávez-Chong C, Rodríguez-Martinez E, Díaz-Fuentes Y, Llera-Abreu E, Calzadilla-Cámbara A, Ríos-Castillo I. Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Women of Reproductive Age in Cuba and Associated Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5110. [PMID: 36982031 PMCID: PMC10049065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in women of reproductive age and the association with inflammation, global overweight, adiposity, and menorrhagia. A sample design of women of reproductive age from the Eastern, Central, and Havana Regions was carried out. Biochemical determinations of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and homocysteine were performed. Serum ferritin was also adjusted by inflammation. Nutritional status was assessed, and menstrual characteristics were collected by survey. A total of 742 women were studied. The prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, iron storage deficiency at 16.0%, and erythropoietic dysfunction at 5.4%, with inflammation at 47.0% and elevated homocysteine at 18.6%. Global overweight was 46.2% and increased adiposity at 58.4%. Anemia is associated with iron deposition deficiency (OR = 3.023 (1.816-5.033)) and with erythropoietic deficiency (OR = 5.62 (3.03-10.39)), but not with inflammation, global overweight, and adiposity. Global overweight was found to be associated with inflammation (OR = 2.23 (1.41-3.53)). Anemia was associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (OR = 1.92 (1.34-2.76)). Homocysteine was associated with inflammation (OR = 2.05 (1.08-3.90)), but not with anemia. In conclusion, anemia in Cuba is classified as a moderate public health problem, but not iron deficiency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found, associated with inflammation, but not with anemia or iron deficiency. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a factor associated with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Basabe-Tuero
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | - Karen Alfonso-Sagué
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | | | - Sonia Valdés-Perdomo
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | | | - Yoandry Díaz-Fuentes
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | - Elisa Llera-Abreu
- National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology (INHEM), Havana 10300, Cuba
| | | | - Israel Ríos-Castillo
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Sub Regional Office in Mesoamerica, Panama City 0843-00006, Panama
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, University of Panama, Panama City 3366, Panama
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19
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Gehrer CM, Mitterstiller AM, Grubwieser P, Meyron-Holtz EG, Weiss G, Nairz M. Advances in Ferritin Physiology and Possible Implications in Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4659. [PMID: 36902088 PMCID: PMC10003477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its advantageous redox properties, iron plays an important role in the metabolism of nearly all life. However, these properties are not only a boon but also the bane of such life forms. Since labile iron results in the generation of reactive oxygen species by Fenton chemistry, iron is stored in a relatively safe form inside of ferritin. Despite the fact that the iron storage protein ferritin has been extensively researched, many of its physiological functions are hitherto unresolved. However, research regarding ferritin's functions is gaining momentum. For example, recent major discoveries on its secretion and distribution mechanisms have been made as well as the paradigm-changing finding of intracellular compartmentalization of ferritin via interaction with nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). In this review, we discuss established knowledge as well as these new findings and the implications they may have for host-pathogen interaction during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Is Associated with Elevated Hepcidin Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021630. [PMID: 36675141 PMCID: PMC9862144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
EBV and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cause highly prevalent persistent infections as early as in childhood. Both pathogens are associated with gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori interferes with iron metabolism, enhancing the synthesis of acute-phase proteins hepcidin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and α-1 glycoprotein (AGP), but we do not know whether EBV does the same. In this study, we correlated the EBV antibody levels and the serum levels of hepcidin, CRP, and AGP in 145 children from boarding schools in Mexico City. We found that children IgG positive to EBV antigens (VCA, EBNA1, and EA) presented hepcidin, AGP, and CRP levels higher than uninfected children. Hepcidin and AGP remained high in children solely infected with EBV, while CRP was only significantly high in coinfected children. We observed positive correlations between hepcidin and EBV IgG antibodies (p < 0.5). Using the TCGA gastric cancer database, we also observed an association between EBV and hepcidin upregulation. The TCGA database also allowed us to analyze the two important pathways controlling hepcidin expression, BMP−SMAD and IL-1β/IL-6. We observed only the IL-1β/IL-6-dependent inflammatory pathway being significantly associated with EBV infection. We showed here for the first time an association between EBV and enhanced levels of hepcidin. Further studies should consider EBV when evaluating iron metabolism and anemia, and whether in the long run this is an important mechanism of undernourishment and EBV gastric carcinogenesis.
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Host Cell Amplification of Nutritional Stress Contributes To Persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis. mBio 2022; 13:e0271922. [PMID: 36377897 PMCID: PMC9765610 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02719-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence, a viable but non-replicating growth state, has been implicated in diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Starvation of distinct nutrients produces a superficially similar persistent state, implying convergence on a common intracellular environment. We employed host-pathogen dual RNA-sequencing under both iron- and tryptophan-starved conditions to systematically characterize the persistent chlamydial transcriptome and to define common contributions of the host cell transcriptional stress response in shaping the intracellular environment. The transcriptome of the infected host cells was highly specific to each nutritional stress, despite comparable effects on chlamydial growth and development in each condition. In contrast, the chlamydial transcriptomes between nutritional conditions were highly similar, suggesting some overlap in host cell responses to iron limitation and tryptophan starvation that contribute to a common persistent phenotype. We demonstrate that a commonality in the host cell responses is the suppression of GTP biosynthesis, a nucleotide for which Chlamydia are auxotrophic. Pharmacological inhibition of host IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis, resulted in comparable GTP depletion to both iron and tryptophan starvation and induced chlamydial persistence. Moreover, IMPDH1 inhibition and iron starvation acted synergistically to control chlamydial growth. Thus, host cell reduction in GTP levels amplifies the nutritional stress to intracellular chlamydiae in infection-relevant models of persistence, illustrating the determinative role the infected host cell plays in bacterial stress responses. IMPORTANCE Bacteria respond to nutritional stress through universal and unique mechanisms. Genome reduction in the Chlamydiaceae, a consequence of coevolution with their obligate eukaryotic hosts, has reduced their repertoire of stress response mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the infected host cell may provide the context within which universal stress responses emerge for Chlamydia trachomatis. We report that during starvation of the essential nutrients iron or tryptophan, a common response of the infected epithelial cell is the suppression of GTP biosynthesis, which induces a persistent developmental state in the pathogen. Thus, chlamydial persistence results from the combined effects of primary stresses on the pathogen and the host, with the latter eliciting a secondary host cell response that intensifies the inhospitable intracellular environment.
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Vitamins, microelements and the immune system: current standpoint in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2131-2146. [PMID: 35057876 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease associated with severe systemic inflammation. The optimal status of vitamins and microelements is considered crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system and necessary for successful recovery. Most patients with respiratory distress in COVID-19 are vitamin and microelement deficient, with vitamin D and Se deficiency being the most common. Anyway, various micronutrient supplements are widely and arbitrarily used for prevention or in the treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to summarise current knowledge about molecular and physiological mechanisms of vitamins (D, A, C, B6, B9 and B12) and microelements (Se, Zn, Cu and Fe) involved in the immune system regulation in consideration with COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as recent findings related to their usage and effects in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In the early course of the pandemic, several, mainly observational, studies reported an association of some micronutrients, such as vitamin C, D and Zn, with severity reduction and survival improvement. Still, emerging randomised controlled trials showed no effect of vitamin D on hospitalisation length and no effect of vitamin C and Zn on symptom reduction. Up to date, there is evidence neither for nor against the use of micronutrients in the treatment of COVID-19. The doses that exceed the recommended for the general population and age group should not be used, except in clinical trials. Benefits of supplementation are primarily expected in populations prone to micronutrient deficiencies, who are, as well, at a higher risk of worse outcomes in COVID-19.
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Ali HA, Deraz TE, Reyad NI, Mohammed YH, Husseiny AA. Iron status and its relation to lung function in pediatric asthmatics: a cross-sectional study. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43168-022-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Asthma and iron deficiency are common pediatric conditions. In addition, iron deficiency may affect spirometry results in asthmatic children. So, we aimed to assess the effect of ion status on lung function in childhood asthma.
Results
In this cross-sectional study, fifty asthmatic pediatric patients aged from 6 to 16 years presented to our institute during the period from (June 2018 to December 2018) were enrolled. Asthmatic patients were classified according to their complete blood count and iron profile into 2 groups: group 1, asthmatic children without iron deficiency anemia (IDA); and group 2, asthmatic children with IDA. All patients underwent full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, asthma control test, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The study showed that PFTs’ parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % of predicted, FEV1/forced vital capacity, and maximal mid expiratory flow (MMEF) 25–75% of predicted) were significantly lower among asthmatics with IDA (80.62 ± 18.13, 78.36 ± 11.22, 62.35 ± 26.67) than among asthmatics without IDA (93.45 ± 15.51, 87.68 ± 10.81, 82.10 ± 24.74), respectively (p =0.012, 0.006, 0.012). Also, poorly controlled asthma was significantly higher among asthmatics with IDA (p =0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between forced spirometry parameters, hemoglobin, and ferritin level (p=0.012, 0.042). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin level and MMEF 25–75% of predicted (p=0.012).
Conclusions
Lower iron status negatively affects the lung function in asthmatic children with a more obstructive pattern among asthmatics with IDA.
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Gehrer CM, Hoffmann A, Hilbe R, Grubwieser P, Mitterstiller AM, Talasz H, Fang FC, Meyron-Holtz EG, Atkinson SH, Weiss G, Nairz M. Availability of Ferritin-Bound Iron to Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13087. [PMID: 36361875 PMCID: PMC9657528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequestration of iron in case of infection, termed nutritional immunity, is an established strategy of host defense. However, the interaction between pathogens and the mammalian iron storage protein ferritin is hitherto not completely understood. To better characterize the function of ferritin in Gram-negative infections, we incubated iron-starved cultures of Salmonella Typhimurium and knockout mutant strains defective for major iron uptake pathways or Escherichia coli with horse spleen ferritin or ionic iron as the sole iron source. Additionally, we added bovine superoxide dismutase and protease inhibitors to the growth medium to assess the effect of superoxide and bacterial proteases, respectively, on Salmonella proliferation and reductive iron release. Compared to free ionic iron, ferritin-bound iron was less available to Salmonella, but was still sufficient to significantly enhance the growth of the bacteria. In the absence of various iron acquisition genes, the availability of ferritin iron further decreased. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase significantly reduced the growth of the ΔentC knockout strain with holoferritin as the sole iron source in comparison with ionic ferrous iron. In contrast, this difference was not observed in the wildtype strain, suggesting that superoxide dismutase undermines bacterial iron uptake from ferritin by siderophore-independent mechanisms. Ferritin seems to diminish iron availability for bacteria in comparison to ionic iron, and its iron sequestering effect could possibly be enhanced by host superoxide dismutase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M. Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Universitiy of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7110, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | - Esther G. Meyron-Holtz
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Genetic Aspects of Micronutrients Important for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101623. [PMID: 36295058 PMCID: PMC9604584 DOI: 10.3390/life12101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are complex diseases whose etiology is associated with genetic and environmental risk factors, among which are diet and gut microbiota. To date, IBD is an incurable disease and the main goal of its treatment is to reduce symptoms, prevent complications, and improve nutritional status and the quality of life. Patients with IBD usually suffer from nutritional deficiency with imbalances of specific micronutrient levels that contribute to the further deterioration of the disease. Therefore, along with medications usually used for IBD treatment, therapeutic strategies also include the supplementation of micronutrients such as vitamin D, folic acid, iron, and zinc. Micronutrient supplementation tailored according to individual needs could help patients to maintain overall health, avoid the triggering of symptoms, and support remission. The identification of individuals’ genotypes associated with the absorption, transport and metabolism of micronutrients can modify future clinical practice in IBD and enable individualized treatment. This review discusses the personalized approach with respect to genetics related to micronutrients commonly used in inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
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Abbas M, Hayirli Z, Drakesmith H, Andrews SC, Lewis MC. Effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation at the host-microbiota interface: Could a piglet model unravel complexities of the underlying mechanisms? Front Nutr 2022; 9:927754. [PMID: 36267902 PMCID: PMC9577221 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent human micronutrient deficiency, disrupting the physiological development of millions of infants and children. Oral iron supplementation is used to address iron-deficiency anemia and reduce associated stunting but can promote infection risk since restriction of iron availability serves as an innate immune mechanism against invading pathogens. Raised iron availability is associated with an increase in enteric pathogens, especially Enterobacteriaceae species, accompanied by reductions in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and may skew the pattern of gut microbiota development. Since the gut microbiota is the primary driver of immune development, deviations from normal patterns of bacterial succession in early life can have long-term implications for immune functionality. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding how both iron deficiency and luminal iron availability affect gut microbiota development, or the subsequent impact on immunity, which are likely to be contributors to the increased risk of infection. Piglets are naturally iron deficient. This is largely due to their low iron endowments at birth (primarily due to large litter sizes), and their rapid growth combined with the low iron levels in sow milk. Thus, piglets consistently become iron deficient within days of birth which rapidly progresses to anemia in the absence of iron supplementation. Moreover, like humans, pigs are omnivorous and share many characteristics of human gut physiology, microbiota and immunity. In addition, their precocial nature permits early maternal separation, individual housing, and tight control of nutritional intake. Here, we highlight the advantages of piglets as valuable and highly relevant models for human infants in promoting understanding of how early iron status impacts physiological development. We also indicate how piglets offer potential to unravel the complexities of microbiota-immune responses during iron deficiency and in response to iron supplementation, and the link between these and increased risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hayirli
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Rittase WB, Slaven JE, Suzuki YJ, Muir JM, Lee SH, Rusnak M, Brehm GV, Bradfield DT, Symes AJ, Day RM. Iron Deposition and Ferroptosis in the Spleen in a Murine Model of Acute Radiation Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911029. [PMID: 36232330 PMCID: PMC9570444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Total body irradiation (TBI) can result in death associated with hematopoietic insufficiency. Although radiation causes apoptosis of white blood cells, red blood cells (RBC) undergo hemolysis due to hemoglobin denaturation. RBC lysis post-irradiation results in the release of iron into the plasma, producing a secondary toxic event. We investigated radiation-induced iron in the spleens of mice following TBI and the effects of the radiation mitigator captopril. RBC and hematocrit were reduced ~7 days (nadir ~14 days) post-TBI. Prussian blue staining revealed increased splenic Fe3+ and altered expression of iron binding and transport proteins, determined by qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Captopril did not affect iron deposition in the spleen or modulate iron-binding proteins. Caspase-3 was activated after ~7–14 days, indicating apoptosis had occurred. We also identified markers of iron-dependent apoptosis known as ferroptosis. The p21/Waf1 accelerated senescence marker was not upregulated. Macrophage inflammation is an effect of TBI. We investigated the effects of radiation and Fe3+ on the J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line. Radiation induced p21/Waf1 and ferritin, but not caspase-3, after ~24 h. Radiation ± iron upregulated several markers of pro-inflammatory M1 polarization; radiation with iron also upregulated a marker of anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. Our data indicate that following TBI, iron accumulates in the spleen where it regulates iron-binding proteins and triggers apoptosis and possible ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Bradley Rittase
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John E. Slaven
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yuichiro J. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jeannie M. Muir
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Milan Rusnak
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Grace V. Brehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dmitry T. Bradfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J. Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-295-3236; Fax: +1-301-295-3220
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28
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Stoudenmire JL, Greenawalt AN, Cornelissen CN. Stealthy microbes: How Neisseria gonorrhoeae hijacks bulwarked iron during infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1017348. [PMID: 36189345 PMCID: PMC9519893 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1017348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are essential for metalloprotein function among all domains of life. Humans utilize nutritional immunity to limit bacterial infections, employing metalloproteins such as hemoglobin, transferrin, and lactoferrin across a variety of physiological niches to sequester iron from invading bacteria. Consequently, some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to pirate the sequestered metals and thrive in these metal-restricted environments. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, causes devastating disease worldwide and is an example of a bacterium capable of circumventing human nutritional immunity. Via production of specific outer-membrane metallotransporters, N. gonorrhoeae is capable of extracting iron directly from human innate immunity metalloproteins. This review focuses on the function and expression of each metalloprotein at gonococcal infection sites, as well as what is known about how the gonococcus accesses bound iron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cynthia Nau Cornelissen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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29
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Hu H, Tian M, Yin Y, Zuo D, Guan X, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella induces heme oxygenase-1 expression to promote its infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2697-2711. [PMID: 34918880 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and contagious infectious disease caused by Brucella spp, which causes substantial economic losses to animal husbandry and leads to severe public health problems. Brucella have evolved multiple strategies to escape host immunity and survive within host cells. Elucidating the immune evasion strategies during Brucella infection will facilitate the control of brucellosis. The host enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is a multifunctional protein that functions during inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. However, how HO-1 functions during Brucella infection is rarely studied. In this study, we evaluated the role of HO-1 during Brucella infection. We found that Brucella infection induced HO-1 expression in macrophages. We further showed that HO-1 was regulated by PI3K, AMPK kinase, and nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in macrophages. Interestingly, knocking out HO-1 or inhibiting the activity of HO-1 significantly decreased Brucella intracellular growth. Inducing the expression of HO-1 by treatment with CoPP promoted Brucella intracellular growth. Mechanistic analyses indicated that the effect of HO-1 was not meditated by HO-1 metabolites, but by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-α, and IL-1β. Moreover, Brucella induced HO-1 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and mice. When the expression of HO-1 was knocked down in BMDMs, the intracellular survival of Brucella was reduced. Furthermore, the induction of HO-1 by CoPP significantly increased bacterial loads in vivo. Thus, we demonstrated that Brucella induced HO-1 expression to promote its survival and growth in vitro and in vivo. This study also identified HO-1 as a novel innate immune evasion factor during Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zuo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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Teichman J, Geddes M, Zhu N, Keating MM, Sabloff M, Christou G, Leber B, Khalaf D, St-Hilaire E, Finn N, Shamy A, Yee KW, Storring JM, Nevill TJ, Delage R, Elemary M, Banerji V, Houston B, Mozessohn L, Chodirker L, Zhang L, Siddiqui M, Parmentier A, Leitch HA, Buckstein RJ. High transferrin saturation predicts inferior clinical outcomes in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 2022; 108:532-542. [PMID: 35979720 PMCID: PMC9890030 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.280723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload (IO) reflected by elevated ferritin is associated with increased mortality in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), however, ferritin is an imperfect metric. Elevated labile plasma iron correlates with clinical outcomes and transferrin saturation (TSAT) >80%, but is not readily measurable. The trajectory of TSAT, and its association with clinical outcomes remain undefined. Canadian MDS registry patients were evaluated. Mean TSAT, mean ferritin and transfusion dose density (TDD) were determined. Survival was evaluated by TSAT and ferritin (<50%, 50-80%, >80%), (≤500 μg/L, 501-800 μg/L, >800 μg/L). In 718 patients, median age was 74 years; 12%, 31%, 29%, 15% and 13% were IPSS-R very low, low, intermediate, high and very high. TSAT and ferritin were moderately correlated (r=0.63, P<0.0001). TSAT increased over time in transfusion- dependent patients (P=0.006). Higher TSAT and ferritin were associated with inferior 5-year overall (OS), progression- free (PFS), and leukemia-free survival (LFS) (P≤0.008) and higher TDD with inferior 5-year OS. TSAT >80% trended with inferior cardiac death-free survival (P=0.053). In univariate analysis, age, IPSS-R, blast percentage by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status, frailty, Charlson Comorbidity Index, iron chelation (Y/N), TDD, TSAT and ferritin were significantly associated with inferior OS. By multivariable analysis, TSAT >80% (P=0.007) remained significant for OS (R2 30.3%). In MDS, TSAT >80% and ferritin >800 μg/L portended inferior OS, PFS and LFS. TSAT may indicate the presence of oxidative stress, and is readily measurable in a clinical setting. The relationship between TSAT and cardiac death-free survival warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Zhu
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eve St-Hilaire
- Dr. Georges-L-Dumont University Hospital Center, Moncton, New Brunswick
| | - Nicholas Finn
- Dr. Georges-L-Dumont University Hospital Center, Moncton, New Brunswick
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Versha Banerji
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario,QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | | | | | | | - Liying Zhang
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario
| | | | | | - Heather A. Leitch
- St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,HAL and RJB contributed equally as co-senior authors
| | - Rena J. Buckstein
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario,HAL and RJB contributed equally as co-senior authors
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31
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, Castrillo A, Boscá L. Unraveling the interplay between iron homeostasis, ferroptosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106386. [PMID: 35933006 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron participates in myriad processes necessary to sustain life. During the past decades, great efforts have been made to understand iron regulation and function in health and disease. Indeed, iron is associated with both physiological (e.g., immune cell biology and function and hematopoiesis) and pathological (e.g., inflammatory and infectious diseases, ferroptosis and ferritinophagy) processes, yet few studies have addressed the potential functional link between iron, the aforementioned processes and extramedullary hematopoiesis, despite the obvious benefits that this could bring to clinical practice. Further investigation in this direction will shape the future development of individualized treatments for iron-linked diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, including extramedullary hematopoiesis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Maciag K, Raychowdhury R, Smith K, Schneider AM, Coers J, Mumbach MR, Schwartz S, Hacohen N. IRF3 inhibits IFN-γ-mediated restriction of intracellular pathogens in macrophages independently of IFNAR. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:257-271. [PMID: 34826345 PMCID: PMC9550582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-069rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages use an array of innate immune sensors to detect intracellular pathogens and to tailor effective antimicrobial responses. In addition, extrinsic activation with the cytokine IFN-γ is often required as well to tip the scales of the host-pathogen balance toward pathogen restriction. However, little is known about how host-pathogen sensing impacts the antimicrobial IFN-γ-activated state. It was observed that in the absence of IRF3, a key downstream component of pathogen sensing pathways, IFN-γ-primed macrophages more efficiently restricted the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This effect did not require IFNAR, the receptor for Type I IFNs known to be induced by IRF3, nor the sensing adaptors MyD88/TRIF, MAVS, or STING. This effect also did not involve differential activation of STAT1, the major signaling protein downstream of both Type 1 and Type 2 IFN receptors. IRF3-deficient macrophages displayed a significantly altered IFN-γ-induced gene expression program, with up-regulation of microbial restriction factors such as Nos2. Finally, we found that IFN-γ-primed but not unprimed macrophages largely excluded the activated form of IRF3 from the nucleus following bacterial infection. These data are consistent with a relationship of mutual inhibition between IRF3 and IFN-γ-activated programs, possibly as a component of a partially reversible mechanism for modulating the activity of potent innate immune effectors (such as Nos2) in the context of intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Karen Smith
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexis M. Schneider
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Computational Modeling of Macrophage Iron Sequestration during Host Defense against Aspergillus. mSphere 2022; 7:e0007422. [PMID: 35862797 PMCID: PMC9429928 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential to the virulence of Aspergillus species, and restricting iron availability is a critical mechanism of antimicrobial host defense. Macrophages recruited to the site of infection are at the crux of this process, employing multiple intersecting mechanisms to orchestrate iron sequestration from pathogens. To gain an integrated understanding of how this is achieved in aspergillosis, we generated a transcriptomic time series of the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to Aspergillus and used this and the available literature to construct a mechanistic computational model of iron handling of macrophages during this infection. We found an overwhelming macrophage response beginning 2 to 4 h after exposure to the fungus, which included upregulated transcription of iron import proteins transferrin receptor-1, divalent metal transporter-1, and ZIP family transporters, and downregulated transcription of the iron exporter ferroportin. The computational model, based on a discrete dynamical systems framework, consisted of 21 3-state nodes, and was validated with additional experimental data that were not used in model generation. The model accurately captures the steady state and the trajectories of most of the quantitatively measured nodes. In the experimental data, we surprisingly found that transferrin receptor-1 upregulation preceded the induction of inflammatory cytokines, a feature that deviated from model predictions. Model simulations suggested that direct induction of transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) after fungal recognition, independent of the iron regulatory protein-labile iron pool (IRP-LIP) system, explains this finding. We anticipate that this model will contribute to a quantitative understanding of iron regulation as a fundamental host defense mechanism during aspergillosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a major cause of death among immunosuppressed individuals despite the best available therapy. Depriving the pathogen of iron is an essential component of host defense in this infection, but the mechanisms by which the host achieves this are complex. To understand how recruited macrophages mediate iron deprivation during the infection, we developed and validated a mechanistic computational model that integrates the available information in the field. The insights provided by this approach can help in designing iron modulation therapies as anti-fungal treatments.
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Chen P, De Schutter K, Pauwels J, Gevaert K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Binding of Orysata lectin induces an immune response in insect cells. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:717-729. [PMID: 34473412 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, plant lectinshave been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties, acting in both the innate and adaptive immune system to modulate the production of mediators of the immune response, ultimately improving host defences. At present, knowledge of immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins in insects is scarce. Treatment of insect cells with the Orysa sativa lectin, Orysata, was previously reported to induce cell aggregation, mimicking the immune process of encapsulation. In this project we investigated the potential immunomodulatory effects of this mannose-binding lectin using Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Identification of the Orysata binding partners on the surface of S2 cells through a pull-down assay and proteomic analysis revealed 221 putative interactors, several of which were immunity-related proteins. Subsequent qPCR analysis revealed the upregulation of Toll- and immune deficiency (IMD)-regulated antimicrobial peptides (Drs, Mtk, AttA, and Dpt) and signal transducers (Rel and Hid) belonging to the IMD pathway. In addition, the iron-binding protein Transferrin 3 was identified as a putative interactor for Orysata, and treatment of S2 cells with Orysata was shown to reduce the intracellular iron concentration. All together, we believe these results offer a new perspective on the effects by which plant lectins influence insect cells and contribute to the study of their immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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35
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Ferrous Iron Uptake Is Required for Salmonella to Persist within Vacuoles of Host Cells. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0014922. [PMID: 35536027 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00149-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential oligoelement that incorporates into proteins as a biocatalyst or electron carrier. The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) takes iron as free reduced ferrous cation or as oxidized ferric cation complexed to siderophores or ferrichromes. Deficiencies in ferrous or ferric iron uptake attenuate S. Typhimurium virulence, but how the uptake systems are used in the intracellular environment remains poorly understood. Here, using S. Typhimurium mutants deficient in multiple iron uptake systems, we show that SitABCD and FeoABC, involved in ferrous iron uptake, are central for this pathogen to persist within vacuoles of fibroblasts. Assays at the protein level showed that components of these two uptake systems, SitD and FeoB, are produced at high levels by intravacuolar bacteria. Despite not being essential for viability inside the vacuole, intracellular bacteria also upregulate transporters involved in ferric iron uptake such as IroN, FepA, and CirA. In addition, an unprecedented cleavage at the N-terminal region of FepA was observed as a distinctive feature of nonproliferating intravacuolar bacteria. Collectively, our findings indicate that SitABCD and FeoABC contribute to S. Typhimurium virulence by promoting iron acquisition within the vacuolar compartment.
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Drwiega EN, Griffith NC, Danziger LH. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefiderocol for the treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative infections. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:245-259. [PMID: 35594628 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic and first of its kind approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) and hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) in patients 18 years or older caused by susceptible organisms. Cefiderocol's unique mechanism of iron chelation improves Gram-negative membrane penetration as the bacteria's iron uptake mechanism recognizes the chelated iron antibiotic and iron for entry. This also allows for the evasion of cefiderocol from cell entry-related resistance mechanisms. AREAS COVERED This review covers the mechanism of action, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics in various patient populations, and pharmacodynamics. Relevant literature evaluating efficacy and safety are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Limited treatment options are available for the treatment of carbapenem-resistantorganisms. Clinical trials have demonstrated that cefiderocol is no worse than alternative treatment options for cUTIs and HABP/VABP, but more data are currently available to support the use of beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor agents, where susceptible. Mortality differences demonstrated in patients with pneumonia and bloodstream infections must further be explored and logistical and practical considerations regarding susceptibility testing and use as monotherapy vs. combination therapy must be considered prior to confidently recommending cefiderocol for regular use in systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Drwiega
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicaco, IL, USA
| | - Nicole C Griffith
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicaco, IL, USA
| | - Larry H Danziger
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicaco, IL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bonilla DA, Moreno Y, Petro JL, Forero DA, Vargas-Molina S, Odriozola-Martínez A, Orozco CA, Stout JR, Rawson ES, Kreider RB. A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review on Iron Metabolism and Immune System to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Exercise Stress-Induced Immunosuppression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030724. [PMID: 35327526 PMCID: PMC8945881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune function is closely related to iron (Fe) homeostasis and allostasis. The aim of this bioinformatics-assisted review was twofold; (i) to update the current knowledge of Fe metabolism and its relationship to the immune system, and (ii) to perform a prediction analysis of regulatory network hubs that might serve as potential biomarkers during stress-induced immunosuppression. Several literature and bioinformatics databases/repositories were utilized to review Fe metabolism and complement the molecular description of prioritized proteins. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to build a protein-protein interactions network for subsequent network topology analysis. Importantly, Fe is a sensitive double-edged sword where two extremes of its nutritional status may have harmful effects on innate and adaptive immunity. We identified clearly connected important hubs that belong to two clusters: (i) presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system with the involvement of redox reactions of Fe, heme, and Fe trafficking/transport; and (ii) ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation processes of proteins related to Fe metabolism in immune cells (e.g., macrophages). The identified potential biomarkers were in agreement with the current experimental evidence, are included in several immunological/biomarkers databases, and/or are emerging genetic markers for different stressful conditions. Although further validation is warranted, this hybrid method (human-machine collaboration) to extract meaningful biological applications using available data in literature and bioinformatics tools should be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogota 110311, Colombia; (Y.M.); (J.L.P.)
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogota 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Yurany Moreno
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogota 110311, Colombia; (Y.M.); (J.L.P.)
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogota 110311, Colombia
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogota 110311, Colombia; (Y.M.); (J.L.P.)
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (D.A.F.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Adrián Odriozola-Martínez
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Orozco
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (D.A.F.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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38
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Song X, Xin S, Zhang Y, Mao J, Duan C, Cui K, Chen L, Li F, Liu Z, Wang T, Liu J, Liu X, Song W. Identification and Quantification of Iron Metabolism Landscape on Therapy and Prognosis in Bladder Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:810272. [PMID: 35265613 PMCID: PMC8899848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.810272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity of bladder cancer (BLCA) is high and has gradually elevated in recent years. BLCA is also characterized by high recurrence and high invasiveness. Due to the drug resistance and lack of effective prognostic indicators, the prognosis of patients with BLCA is greatly affected. Iron metabolism is considered to be a pivot of tumor occurrence, progression, and tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumors, but there is little research in BLCA. Herein, we used univariate COX regression analysis to screen 95 prognosis-related iron metabolism-related genes (IMRGs) according to transcription RNA sequencing and prognosis information of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. TCGA-BLCA cohort was clustered into four distinct iron metabolism patterns (C1, C2, C3, and C4) by the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm. Survival analysis showed that C1 and C3 patterns had a better prognosis. Gene set variant analysis (GSVA) revealed that C2 and C4 patterns were mostly enriched in carcinogenic and immune activation pathways. ESTIMATE and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) also confirmed the level of immune cell infiltration in C2 and C4 patterns was significantly elevated. Moreover, the immune checkpoint genes in C2 and C4 patterns were observably overexpressed. Studies on somatic mutations showed that the tumor mutation burden (TMB) of C1 and C4 patterns was the lowest. Chemotherapy response assessment revealed that C2 pattern was the most sensitive to chemotherapy, while C3 pattern was the most insensitive. Then we established the IMRG prognosis signature (IMRGscore) by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), including 13 IMRGs (TCIRG1, CTSE, ATP6V0A1, CYP2C8, RNF19A, CYP4Z1, YPEL5, PLOD1, BMP6, CAST, SCD, IFNG, and ASIC3). We confirmed IMRGscore could be utilized as an independent prognostic indicator. Therefore, validation and quantification of iron metabolism landscapes will help us comprehend the formation of the BLCA immunosuppressive microenvironment, guide the selection of chemotherapeutic drugs and immunotherapy, and predict the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Song
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Xin
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaquan Mao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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39
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Rufini A, Malisan F, Condò I, Testi R. Drug Repositioning in Friedreich Ataxia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:814445. [PMID: 35221903 PMCID: PMC8863941 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.814445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by insufficient levels of the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. It is a severely debilitating disease that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected patients and reduces their life expectancy, however, an adequate cure is not yet available for patients. Frataxin function, although not thoroughly elucidated, is associated with assembly of iron-sulfur cluster and iron metabolism, therefore insufficient frataxin levels lead to reduced activity of many mitochondrial enzymes involved in the electron transport chain, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, reduced ATP production and inefficient anti-oxidant response. As a consequence, neurons progressively die and patients progressively lose their ability to coordinate movement and perform daily activities. Therapeutic strategies aim at restoring sufficient frataxin levels or at correcting some of the downstream consequences of frataxin deficiency. However, the classical pathways of drug discovery are challenging, require a significant amount of resources and time to reach the final approval, and present a high failure rate. Drug repositioning represents a viable alternative to boost the identification of a therapy, particularly for rare diseases where resources are often limited. In this review we will describe recent efforts aimed at the identification of a therapy for Friedreich ataxia through drug repositioning, and discuss the limitation of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rufini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Rufini,
| | - Florence Malisan
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
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40
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Aulicino A, Antanaviciute A, Frost J, Sousa Geros A, Mellado E, Attar M, Jagielowicz M, Hublitz P, Sinz J, Preciado-Llanes L, Napolitani G, Bowden R, Koohy H, Drakesmith H, Simmons A. Dual RNA sequencing reveals dendritic cell reprogramming in response to typhoidal Salmonella invasion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:111. [PMID: 35121793 PMCID: PMC8816929 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica represent a major disease burden worldwide. S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is responsible for potentially life-threatening Typhoid fever affecting 10.9 million people annually. While non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars usually trigger self-limiting diarrhoea, invasive NTS bacteraemia is a growing public health challenge. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen presenting cells of the human immune system. The ability of pathogenic bacteria to subvert DC functions and prevent T cell recognition contributes to their survival and dissemination within the host. Here, we adapted dual RNA-sequencing to define how different Salmonella pathovariants remodel their gene expression in tandem with that of infected DCs. We find DCs harness iron handling pathways to defend against invading Salmonellas, which S. Typhi is able to circumvent by mounting a robust response to nitrosative stress. In parallel, we uncover the alternative strategies invasive NTS employ to impair DC functions. Aulicino, Antanaviciute et al investigate the transcriptional response to invasive Salmonella strains in dendritic cells (DCs). They show that S. Typhi mount a response against nitrosative stress pathways and propose a role of iron uptake and transport in preventing infection, which the pathogen can bypass. In parallel, they find that invasive Salmonella employs several mechanisms targeting more classic aspects of immunity to impair DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aulicino
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joe Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Sousa Geros
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Esther Mellado
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Genome Engineering Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julia Sinz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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41
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Guz D, Gafter-Gvili A, Lev N, Sahaf Levin G, Lev S. Tocilizumab Treatment Effect on Iron Homeostasis in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Acta Haematol 2022; 145:440-447. [PMID: 35100583 PMCID: PMC9059034 DOI: 10.1159/000522307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Tocilizumab has been proposed as an effective treatment for severe COVID-19. We aimed to investigate whether tocilizumab administration is associated with increased availability of serum iron which may possibly be associated with adverse effects on clinical outcomes. Methods We performed an observational, retrospective cohort study. We included adults, who were hospitalized in ICU with the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 infection eligible for tocilizumab treatment. Laboratory data including serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels of all patients were collected shortly before and 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after tocilizumab administration. Results During the study period, 15 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were eligible to receive tocilizumab treatment. Tocilizumab therapy was associated with a prominent increase in serum iron and transferrin saturation levels (26 ± 13 μg/dL and 15 ± 8% before treatment and 79 ± 32 μg/dL and 41 ± 15% 72 h after treatment, respectively, p < 0.001) and decrease in serum ferritin levels (1,921 ± 2,071 ng/mL before and 1,258 ± 1,140 ng/mL 72 h after treatment, p = 0.027). Conclusion Treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab is associated with a profound increase in serum iron and ferritin saturation levels along with a decrease in ferritin levels. This may represent an undesirable side effect that may potentiate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Guz
- Department of Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Dmitri Guz,
| | - Anat Gafter-Gvili
- Department of Medicine A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nirit Lev
- Department of Neurology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sahaf Levin
- Intensive Care Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah- Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Lev
- Intensive Care Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah- Tikva, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020215. [PMID: 35205082 PMCID: PMC8869171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk. Abstract The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
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Patidar A, Malhotra H, Chaudhary S, Kumar M, Dilawari R, Chaubey GK, Dhiman A, Modanwal R, Talukdar S, Raje CI, Raje M. Host glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-mediated iron acquisition is hijacked by intraphagosomal Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:62. [PMID: 35001155 PMCID: PMC11072694 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Availability of iron is a key factor in the survival and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) within host macrophage phagosomes. Despite host cell iron regulatory machineries attempts to deny supply of this essential micronutrient, intraphagosomal M.tb continues to access extracellular iron. In the current study, we report that intracellular M.tb exploits mammalian secreted Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sGAPDH) for the delivery of host iron carrier proteins lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf). Studying the trafficking of iron carriers in infected cells we observed that sGAPDH along with the iron carrier proteins are preferentially internalized into infected cells and trafficked to M.tb containing phagosomes where they are internalized by resident mycobacteria resulting in iron delivery. Collectively our findings provide a new mechanism of iron acquisition by M.tb involving the hijack of host sGAPDH. This may contribute to its successful pathogenesis and provide an option for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patidar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Himanshu Malhotra
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Surbhi Chaudhary
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Rahul Dilawari
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Asmita Dhiman
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Radheshyam Modanwal
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sharmila Talukdar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
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Fang YP, Zhang HJ, Guo Z, Ren CH, Zhang YF, Liu Q, Wang Z, Zhang X. Effect of Serum Ferritin on the Prognosis of Patients with Sepsis: Data from the MIMIC-IV Database. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:2104755. [PMID: 36523541 PMCID: PMC9747303 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of serum ferritin in critically ill patients with sepsis by using the MIMIC-IV database. METHODS Data were extracted from the MIMIC-IV database. Adult patients who met the sepsis-3 criteria and had the test of ferritin were included. Patients were divided into subgroups according to the initial serum ferritin. The association between initial serum ferritin and in-hospital mortality was performed by using Lowessregression, logistic regression, and ROC analysis. Subgroup analysis was used to search for the interacting factors and verify the robustness of the results. RESULTS Analysis of the 2,451 patients revealed a positive linear relationship between serum ferritin and in-hospital mortality. Patients with high-ferritin had a higher risk of in-hospital mortality, but no significant association was found in the low-ferritin subgroup compared with those whose ferritin was in the normal reference range. Serum ferritin had moderate predictive power for in-hospital mortality (AUC = 0.651), with an optimal cut-off value of 591.5 ng/ml. Ferritin ≥591.5 ng/ml acted as an independent prognostic predictor of in-hospital mortality, which increased the risk of in-hospital mortality by 119%. Our findings were still robust in subgroup analysis, and acute kidney injury and anemia were considered interactive factors. CONCLUSION High-level serum ferritin was an independent prognostic marker for the prediction of mortality in patients with sepsis. Further high-quality research is needed to confirm the relationship between ferritin and the prognosis of septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Guo
- Department of Liver Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hong Ren
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of General Practice Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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45
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Hu Y, Cheng X, Mao H, Chen X, Cui Y, Qiu Z. Causal Effects of Genetically Predicted Iron Status on Sepsis: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747547. [PMID: 34869523 PMCID: PMC8639868 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Several observational studies showed a significant association between elevated iron status biomarkers levels and sepsis with the unclear direction of causality. A two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was designed to identify the causal direction between seven iron status traits and sepsis. Methods: Seven iron status traits were studied, including serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, transferrin, hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, and reticulocyte count. MR analysis was first performed to estimate the causal effect of iron status on the risk of sepsis and then performed in the opposite direction. The multiplicative random-effects and fixed-effects inverse-variance weighted, weighted median-based method and MR-Egger were applied. MR-Egger regression, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and Cochran's Q statistic methods were used to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results: Genetically predicted high levels of serum iron (OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.13-1.29, p = 3.16 × 10-4), ferritin (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.07-1.62, p =0.009) and transferrin saturation (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.06-1.23, p = 5.43 × 10-4) were associated with an increased risk of sepsis. No significant causal relationships between sepsis and other four iron status biomarkers were observed. Conclusions: This present bidirectional MR analysis suggested the causal association of the high iron status with sepsis susceptibility, while the reverse causality hypothesis did not hold. The levels of transferrin, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and reticulocytes were not significantly associated with sepsis. Further studies will be required to confirm the potential clinical value of such a prevention and treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huaiyu Mao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, China
| | - Xianhai Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanjun Qiu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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46
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Kurz K, Weiss G. Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis-Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:3732. [PMID: 34835988 PMCID: PMC8619077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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47
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Figueredo KC, Guex CG, da Silva ARH, Lhamas CL, Engelmann AM, Maciel RM, Danesi CC, Duarte T, Duarte MMMF, Lopes GHH, Bauermann LDF. In silico and in vivo protective effect of Morus nigra leaves on oxidative damage induced by iron overload. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2814-2824. [PMID: 34663156 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1991946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Morus nigra L. is a plant popularly known as 'amoreira preta', very used in folk medicine. Iron overload (hemochromatosis) is a clinical condition that causes damage to various tissues due to oxidative stress. Therapy to control iron overload is still unsatisfactory. The protective effect on oxidative stress induced by iron overload was verified. Phytochemical characterization was evaluated by UHPLC-MS/MS. The in silico toxicity predictions of the main phytochemicals were performed via computer simulation. To induce iron overload, the animals received iron dextran (50 mg/kg/day). The test groups received doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of M. nigra extract for six weeks. Body weight, organosomatic index, serum iron, hepatic markers, cytokines, interfering factors in iron metabolism, enzymatic and histopathological evaluations were analyzed. Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 6-hydroxycoumarin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercitrin, resveratrol, apigenin and kaempferol were identified in the extract. In addition, in silico toxic predictions showed that the main compounds presented a low probability of toxic risk. The extract of M. nigra showed to control the mediators of inflammation and to reduce iron overload in several tissues. Our findings illustrate a novel therapeutic action of M. nigra leaves on hemochromatosis caused by iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia Caroline Figueredo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camille Gaube Guex
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Lima Lhamas
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thiago Duarte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Haschka D, Grander M, Eibensteiner J, Dichtl S, Koppelstätter S, Weiss G. Nifedipine Potentiates Susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium to Different Classes of Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101200. [PMID: 34680781 PMCID: PMC8532624 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium channel blocker nifedipine induces cellular iron export, thereby limiting the availability of the essential nutrient iron for intracellular pathogens, resulting in bacteriostatic activity. To study if nifedipine may exert a synergistic anti-microbial activity when combined with antibiotics, we used the mouse macrophage cell line RAW267.4, infected with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium, and exposed the cells to varying concentrations of nifedipine and/or ampicillin, azithromycin and ceftriaxone. We observed a significant additive effect of nifedipine in combination with various antibiotics, which was not observed when using Salmonella, with defects in iron uptake. Of interest, increasing intracellular iron levels increased the bacterial resistance to treatment with antibiotics or nifedipine or their combination. We further showed that nifedipine increases the expression of the siderophore-binding peptide lipocalin-2 and promotes iron storage within ferritin, where the metal is less accessible for bacteria. Our data provide evidence for an additive effect of nifedipine with conventional antibiotics against Salmonella, which is partly linked to reduced bacterial access to iron.
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Mertens C, Marques O, Horvat NK, Simonetti M, Muckenthaler MU, Jung M. The Macrophage Iron Signature in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168457. [PMID: 34445160 PMCID: PMC8395084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mertens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K. Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
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50
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Hoffmann A, de Souza LV, Seifert M, von Raffay L, Haschka D, Grubwieser P, Grander M, Mitterstiller AM, Nairz M, Poli M, Weiss G. Pharmacological Targeting of BMP6-SMAD Mediated Hepcidin Expression Does Not Improve the Outcome of Systemic Infections With Intra-Or Extracellular Gram-Negative Bacteria in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:705087. [PMID: 34368018 PMCID: PMC8342937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.705087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepcidin is the systemic master regulator of iron metabolism as it degrades the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In bacterial infections, hepcidin is upregulated to limit circulating iron for pathogens, thereby increasing iron retention in macrophages. This mechanism withholds iron from extracellular bacteria but could be of disadvantage in infections with intracellular bacteria. We aimed to understand the role of hepcidin in infections with intra- or extracellular bacteria using different hepcidin inhibitors. Methods For the experiments LDN-193189 and oversulfated heparins were used, which interact with the BMP6-SMAD pathway thereby inhibiting hepcidin expression. We infected male C57BL/6N mice with either the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium or the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli and treated these mice with the different hepcidin inhibitors. Results Both inhibitors effectively reduced hepcidin levels in vitro under steady state conditions and upon stimulation with the inflammatory signals interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitors also reduced hepcidin levels and increased circulating iron concentration in uninfected mice. However, both compounds failed to decrease liver- and circulating hepcidin levels in infected mice and did not affect ferroportin expression in the spleen or impact on serum iron levels. Accordingly, both BMP-SMAD signaling inhibitors did not influence bacterial numbers in different organs in the course of E.coli or S.Tm sepsis. Conclusion These data indicate that targeting the BMP receptor or the BMP-SMAD pathway is not sufficient to suppress hepcidin expression in the course of infection with both intra- or extracellular bacteria. This suggests that upon pharmacological inhibition of the central SMAD-BMP pathways during infection, other signaling cascades are compensatorily induced to ensure sufficient hepcidin formation and iron restriction to circulating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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