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Fritzsche M, Kruse K. Mechanical force matters in early T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404748121. [PMID: 39240966 PMCID: PMC11406235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404748121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force has repeatedly been highlighted to be involved in T cell activation. However, the biological significance of mechanical force for T cell receptor signaling remains under active consideration. Here, guided by theoretical analysis, we provide a perspective on how mechanical forces between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell can influence the bond of a single T cell receptor major histocompatibility complex during early T cell activation. We point out that the lifetime of T cell receptor bonds and thus the degree of their phosphorylation which is essential for T cell activation depends considerably on the T cell receptor rigidity and the average magnitude and frequency of an applied oscillatory force. Such forces could be, for example, produced by protrusions like microvilli during early T cell activation or invadosomes during full T cell activation. These features are suggestive of mechanical force being exploited by T cells to advance self-nonself discrimination in early T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37FY, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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2
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Burgstaller A, Piernitzki N, Küchler N, Koch M, Kister T, Eichler H, Kraus T, Schwarz EC, Dustin ML, Lautenschläger F, Staufer O. Soft Synthetic Cells with Mobile Membrane Ligands for Ex Vivo Expansion of Therapy-Relevant T Cell Phenotypes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401844. [PMID: 38751204 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of T cells ex vivo is crucial for effective immunotherapy but currently limited by a lack of expansion approaches that closely mimic in vivo T cell activation. Taking inspiration from bottom-up synthetic biology, a new synthetic cell technology is introduced based on dispersed liquid-liquid phase-separated droplet-supported lipid bilayers (dsLBs) with tunable biochemical and biophysical characteristics, as artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) for ex vivo T cell expansion. These findings obtained with the dsLB technology reveal three key insights: first, introducing laterally mobile stimulatory ligands on soft aAPCs promotes expansion of IL-4/IL-10 secreting regulatory CD8+ T cells, with a PD-1 negative phenotype, less prone to immune suppression. Second, it is demonstrated that lateral ligand mobility can mask differential T cell activation observed on substrates of varying stiffness. Third, dsLBs are applied to reveal a mechanosensitive component in bispecific Her2/CD3 T cell engager-mediated T cell activation. Based on these three insights, lateral ligand mobility, alongside receptor- and mechanosignaling, is proposed to be considered as a third crucial dimension for the design of ex vivo T cell expansion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burgstaller
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nils Piernitzki
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nadja Küchler
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Building 48, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Kister
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hermann Eichler
- Institute of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Colloid and Interface Chemistry, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Building 48, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Experimental Physics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oskar Staufer
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and, Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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3
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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024; 123:2234-2255. [PMID: 38794795 PMCID: PMC11331051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Manjili MH, Manjili SH. The quantum model of T-cell activation: Revisiting immune response theories. Scand J Immunol 2024; 100:e13375. [PMID: 38750629 PMCID: PMC11250909 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the immune response is far from complete, missing out on more detailed explanations that could be provided by molecular insights. To bridge this gap, we introduce the quantum model of T-cell activation. This model suggests that the transfer of energy during protein phosphorylation within T cells is not a continuous flow but occurs in discrete bursts, or 'quanta', of phosphates. This quantized energy transfer is mediated by oscillating cycles of receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, initiated by dynamic 'catch-slip' pulses in the peptide-major histocompatibility complex-T-cell receptor (pMHC-TcR) interactions. T-cell activation is predicated upon achieving a critical threshold of catch-slip pulses at the pMHC-TcR interface. Costimulation is relegated to a secondary role, becoming crucial only when the frequency of pMHC-TcR catch-slip pulses does not meet the necessary threshold for this quanta-based energy transfer. Therefore, our model posits that it is the quantum nature of energy transfer-not the traditional signal I or signal II-that plays the decisive role in T-cell activation. This paradigm shift highlights the importance of understanding T-cell activation through a quantum lens, offering a potentially transformative perspective on immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Saeed H. Manjili
- AMF Automation Technologies LLC, 2115 W. Laburnum Ave., Richmond, VA 23227
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Hou F, Guo Z, Ho MT, Hui Y, Zhao CX. Particle-Based Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Systems for T Cell Activation in Adoptive T Cell Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8571-8599. [PMID: 38483840 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
T cell-based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a promising treatment for various diseases, particularly cancers. Unlike other immunotherapy modalities, ACT involves directly transferring engineered T cells into patients to eradicate diseased cells; hence, it necessitates methods for effectively activating and expanding T cells in vitro. Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) have been widely developed based on biomaterials, particularly micro- and nanoparticles, and functionalized with T cell stimulatory antibodies to closely mimic the natural T cell-APC interactions. Due to their vast clinical utility, aAPCs have been employed as an off-the-shelf technology for T cell activation in FDA-approved ACTs, and the development of aAPCs is constantly advancing with the emergence of aAPCs with more sophisticated designs and additional functionalities. Here, we review the recent advancements in particle-based aAPCs for T cell activation in ACTs. Following a brief introduction, we first describe the manufacturing processes of ACT products. Next, the design and synthetic strategies for micro- and nanoparticle-based aAPCs are discussed separately to emphasize their features, advantages, and limitations. Then, the impact of design parameters of aAPCs, such as size, shape, ligand density/mobility, and stiffness, on their functionality and biomedical performance is explored to provide deeper insights into the design concepts and principles for more efficient and safer aAPCs. The review concludes by discussing current challenges and proposing future perspectives for the development of more advanced aAPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Zichao Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Minh Trang Ho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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6
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Jeffreys N, Brockman JM, Zhai Y, Ingber DE, Mooney DJ. Mechanical forces amplify TCR mechanotransduction in T cell activation and function. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 11:011304. [PMID: 38434676 PMCID: PMC10848667 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapies, including engineered T cell receptor (eTCR) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapies, have shown efficacy in treating a subset of hematologic malignancies, exhibit promise in solid tumors, and have many other potential applications, such as in fibrosis, autoimmunity, and regenerative medicine. While immunoengineering has focused on designing biomaterials to present biochemical cues to manipulate T cells ex vivo and in vivo, mechanical cues that regulate their biology have been largely underappreciated. This review highlights the contributions of mechanical force to several receptor-ligand interactions critical to T cell function, with central focus on the TCR-peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). We then emphasize the role of mechanical forces in (i) allosteric strengthening of the TCR-pMHC interaction in amplifying ligand discrimination during T cell antigen recognition prior to activation and (ii) T cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. We then describe approaches to design eTCRs, CARs, and biomaterials to exploit TCR mechanosensitivity in order to potentiate T cell manufacturing and function in adoptive T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunhao Zhai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Sun Y, Lu Z, Taylor JA, Au JLS. Quantitative image analysis of intracellular protein translocation in 3-dimensional tissues for pharmacodynamic studies of immunogenic cell death. J Control Release 2024; 365:89-100. [PMID: 37981052 PMCID: PMC11078532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent development in cancer chemotherapy is to use cytotoxics to induce tumor-specific immune response through immunogenic cell death (ICD). In ICD, calreticulin is translocated from endoplasmic reticulum to cell membrane (ecto-CRT) which serves as the 'eat-me-signal' to antigen-presenting cells. Ecto-CRT measurements, e.g., by ecto-CRT immunostaining plus flow cytometry, can be used to study the pharmacodynamics of ICD in single cells, whereas ICD studies in intact 3-dimensional tissues such as human tumors require different approaches. The present study described a method that used (a) immunostaining with fluorescent antibodies followed by confocal microscopy to obtain the spatial locations of two molecules-of-interest (CRT and a marker protein WGA), and (b) machine-learning (trainable WEKA segmentation) and additional image processing tools to locate the target molecules, remove the interfering signals in the nucleus, cytosol and extracellular space, enable the distinction of the inner and outer edges of the cell membrane and thereby identify the cells with ecto-CRT. This method, when applied to 3-dimensional human bladder cancer cell spheroids, yielded drug-induced ecto-CRT measurements that were qualitatively comparable to the flow cytometry results obtained with single cells disaggregated from spheroids. This new method was applied to study drug-induced ICD in short-term cultures of surgical specimens of human patient bladder tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States of America
| | - Ze Lu
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States of America; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States of America
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States of America
| | - Jessie L S Au
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, United States of America; Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States of America; Optimum Therapeutics LLC, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States of America; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Kumari A, Veena SM, Luha R, Tijore A. Mechanobiological Strategies to Augment Cancer Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42072-42085. [PMID: 38024751 PMCID: PMC10652740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit aberrant extracellular matrix mechanosensing due to the altered expression of mechanosensory cytoskeletal proteins. Such aberrant mechanosensing of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by cancer cells is associated with disease development and progression. In addition, recent studies show that such mechanosensing changes the mechanobiological properties of cells, and in turn cells become susceptible to mechanical perturbations. Due to an increasing understanding of cell biomechanics and cellular machinery, several approaches have emerged to target the mechanobiological properties of cancer cells and cancer-associated cells to inhibit cancer growth and progression. In this Perspective, we summarize the progress in developing mechano-based approaches to target cancer by interfering with the cellular mechanosensing machinery and overall TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajay Tijore
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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Hollis JA, Chan MC, Malik HS, Campbell MG. Evolutionary origin and structural ligand mimicry by the inserted domain of alpha-integrin proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.05.565221. [PMID: 37986796 PMCID: PMC10659397 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.565221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric integrin proteins transmit signals through conformational changes upon ligand binding between their alpha (α) and beta (β) subunits. Early in chordate evolution, some α subunits acquired an "inserted" (I) domain, which expanded their ligand binding capacity but simultaneously obstructed the ancestral ligand-binding pocket. While this would seemingly impede conventional ligand-mediated integrin activation, it was proposed that the I domain itself could serve both as a ligand replacement and an activation trigger. Here, we provide compelling evidence in support of this longstanding hypothesis using high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of two distinct integrin complexes: the ligand-free and E-cadherin-bound states of the αEβ7 integrin with the I domain, as well as the α4β7 integrin lacking the I domain in both a ligand-free state and bound to MadCAM-1. We trace the evolutionary origin of the I domain to an ancestral collagen-collagen interaction domain. Our analyses illuminate how the I domain intrinsically mimics an extrinsic ligand, enabling integrins to undergo the canonical allosteric cascade of conformational activation and dramatically expanding the range of cellular communication mechanisms in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Hollis
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew C. Chan
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melody G. Campbell
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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10
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Dombroski JA, Rowland SJ, Fabiano AR, Knoblauch SV, Hope JM, King MR. Fluid shear stress enhances dendritic cell activation. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152744. [PMID: 37729773 PMCID: PMC10841200 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo activation of dendritic cells (DCs) has been widely explored for targeted therapies, although these treatments remain expensive. Reducing treatment costs while enhancing cell activation could help to make immunotherapies more accessible. Cells can be activated by both internal and external forces including fluid shear stress (FSS). FSS activates cells via opening of mechanosensitive ion channels. In this study, dendritic cells were activated by sustained exposure to circulatory levels of fluid shear stress using a cone-and-plate flow device and analyzed for activation markers. After 1 h of shear stress exposure, an increase in cytokine release was present in immortalized cells as well as phosphorylation of the proteins NF-κB and cFos in primary DCs. Changes in DC morphology, metabolism and proliferation were also observed. These compelling new findings point to the potential for using FSS to activate DCs for ex vivo therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Dombroski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Schyler J Rowland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Abigail R Fabiano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Samantha V Knoblauch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Jacob M Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2414 Highland Ave, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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Wientjes MG, Lu Z, Chan CHF, Turaga K, Au JLS. Surgical management of peritoneal metastasis: Opportunities for pharmaceutical research. J Control Release 2023; 361:717-726. [PMID: 37574051 PMCID: PMC10560040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has emerged as a survival-extending treatment of peritoneal metastasis (PM); recent advances include using intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) at normothermic or hyperthermic temperatures, or under pressure (CRS + IPC). Clinical CRS + IPC research has established its highly variable efficacy and suggested tumor size, tumor locations and presence of ascites as potential determinants. On the other hand, there is limited knowledge on the effects of pharmaceutical properties on treatment outcomes. The present study investigated the inter-subject variability of paclitaxel binding to proteins in patient ascites because some PM patients show accumulation of ascites and because activity and transport of highly protein-bound drugs such as paclitaxel are affected by protein binding. Ascites samples were collected from 26 patients and investigated for their protein contents using LC/MS/MS proteomics analysis and for the concentrations of total proteins and two major paclitaxel-binding proteins (human serum albumin or HSA and α-1-acid glycoprotein or AAG). The association constants of paclitaxel to HSA and AAG and the extent of protein binding of paclitaxel in patient ascites were studied using equilibrium dialysis. Proteomic analysis of four randomly selected samples revealed 288 proteins, >90% of which are also present in human plasma. Between 72% - 94% of paclitaxel was bound to proteins in patient ascites. The concentrations of HSA and AAG in ascites showed substantial inter-subject variations, ranging from 14.7 - 46.3 mg/mL and 0.13-2.56 mg/mL, respectively. The respective paclitaxel association constants to commercially available HSA and AAG were ∼ 3.5 and ∼ 120 mM. Calculation using these constants and the HSA and AAG concentrations in individual patient ascites indicated that these two proteins accounted for >85% of the total protein-binding of paclitaxel in ascites. The extensive drug binding to ascites proteins, by reducing the pharmacologically active free fraction, may lead to the diminished CRS efficacy in PM patients with ascites. Clinical advances in CRS + IPC have outpaced current knowledge of pharmaceutical properties in this setting. IPC, as a locally acting therapy, is subjected to processes different from those governing systemic treatments. This study, to our knowledge, is the first to illustrate the implications of drug properties in the CRS + IPC efficacy against PM. While drugs are now an integral part of PM patient management, there is limited pharmaceutical research in this treatment setting (e.g., effects of hyperthermia or pressure on drug transport or release from delivery systems, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics). Hence, CRS + IPC of PM represents an area where additional pharmaceutical research can assist further development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ze Lu
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Carlos H F Chan
- Department of Surgery and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kiran Turaga
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jessie L S Au
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Rollins ZA, Faller R, George SC. A dynamic biomimetic model of the membrane-bound CD4-CD3-TCR complex during pMHC disengagement. Biophys J 2023; 122:3133-3145. [PMID: 37381600 PMCID: PMC10432225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated (dis)engagement of the membrane-bound T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3-CD4 complex from the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is fundamental to TCR signal transduction and T cell effector function. As such, an atomic-scale understanding would not only enhance our basic understanding of the adaptive immune response but would also accelerate the rational design of TCRs for immunotherapy. In this study, we explore the impact of the CD4 coreceptor on the TCR-pMHC (dis)engagement by constructing a molecular-level biomimetic model of the CD3-TCR-pMHC and CD4-CD3-TCR-pMHC complexes within a lipid bilayer. After allowing the system complexes to equilibrate (engage), we use steered molecular dynamics to dissociate (disengage) the pMHC. We find that 1) the CD4 confines the pMHC closer to the T cell by 1.8 nm at equilibrium; 2) CD4 confinement shifts the TCR along the MHC binding groove engaging a different set of amino acids and enhancing the TCR-pMHC bond lifetime; 3) the CD4 translocates under load increasing the interaction strength between the CD4-pMHC, CD4-TCR, and CD4-CD3; and 4) upon dissociation, the CD3-TCR complex undergoes structural oscillation and increased energetic fluctuation between the CD3-TCR and CD3-lipids. These atomic-level simulations provide mechanistic insight on how the CD4 coreceptor impacts TCR-pMHC (dis)engagement. More specifically, our results provide further support (enhanced bond lifetime) for a force-dependent kinetic proofreading model and identify an alternate set of amino acids in the TCR that dominate the TCR-pMHC interaction and could thus impact the design of TCRs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Rollins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Ayres CM, Corcelli SA, Baker BM. The Energetic Landscape of Catch Bonds in TCR Interfaces. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:325-332. [PMID: 37459192 PMCID: PMC10361606 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of peptide/MHC complexes by αβ TCRs has traditionally been viewed through the lens of conventional receptor-ligand theory. Recent work, however, has shown that TCR recognition and T cell signaling can be profoundly influenced and tuned by mechanical forces. One outcome of applied force is the catch bond, where TCR dissociation rates decrease (half-lives increase) when limited force is applied. Although catch bond behavior is believed to be widespread in biology, its counterintuitive nature coupled with the difficulties of describing mechanisms at the structural level have resulted in considerable mystique. In this review, we demonstrate that viewing catch bonds through the lens of energy landscapes, barriers, and the ensuing reaction rates can help demystify catch bonding and provide a foundation on which atomic-level TCR catch bond mechanisms can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Ayres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Steve A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- The Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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14
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Hu Y, Duan Y, Salaita K. DNA Nanotechnology for Investigating Mechanical Signaling in the Immune System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302967. [PMID: 37186502 PMCID: PMC11336604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune recognition occurs at specialized cell-cell junctions when immune cells and target cells physically touch. In this junction, groups of receptor-ligand complexes assemble and experience molecular forces that are ultimately generated by the cellular cytoskeleton. These forces are in the range of piconewton (pN) but play crucial roles in immune cell activation and subsequent effector responses. In this minireview, we will review the development of DNA based molecular tension sensors and their applications in mapping and quantifying mechanical forces experienced by immunoreceptors including T-cell receptor (TCR), Lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1), and the B-cell receptor (BCR) among others. In addition, we will highlight the use of DNA as a mechanical gate to manipulate mechanotransduction and decipher how mechanical forces regulate antigen discrimination and receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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15
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Shou Y, Teo XY, Wu KZ, Bai B, Kumar ARK, Low J, Le Z, Tay A. Dynamic Stimulations with Bioengineered Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Hydrogels for Mechano Cell Reprogramming and Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300670. [PMID: 37119518 PMCID: PMC10375194 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells interact with their surrounding environment through a combination of static and dynamic mechanical signals that vary over stimulus types, intensity, space, and time. Compared to static mechanical signals such as stiffness, porosity, and topography, the current understanding on the effects of dynamic mechanical stimulations on cells remains limited, attributing to a lack of access to devices, the complexity of experimental set-up, and data interpretation. Yet, in the pursuit of emerging translational applications (e.g., cell manufacturing for clinical treatment), it is crucial to understand how cells respond to a variety of dynamic forces that are omnipresent in vivo so that they can be exploited to enhance manufacturing and therapeutic outcomes. With a rising appreciation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a key regulator of biofunctions, researchers have bioengineered a suite of ECM-mimicking hydrogels, which can be fine-tuned with spatiotemporal mechanical cues to model complex static and dynamic mechanical profiles. This review first discusses how mechanical stimuli may impact different cellular components and the various mechanobiology pathways involved. Then, how hydrogels can be designed to incorporate static and dynamic mechanical parameters to influence cell behaviors are described. The Scopus database is also used to analyze the relative strength in evidence, ranging from strong to weak, based on number of published literatures, associated citations, and treatment significance. Additionally, the impacts of static and dynamic mechanical stimulations on clinically relevant cell types including mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, are evaluated. The aim is to draw attention to the paucity of studies on the effects of dynamic mechanical stimuli on cells, as well as to highlight the potential of using a cocktail of various types and intensities of mechanical stimulations to influence cell fates (similar to the concept of biochemical cocktail to direct cell fate). It is envisioned that this progress report will inspire more exciting translational development of mechanoresponsive hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and TechnologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Xin Yong Teo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Kenny Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Bingyu Bai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Arun R. K. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and TechnologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117597Singapore
| | - Jessalyn Low
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Le
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and TechnologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and TechnologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering ProgramNational University of SingaporeSingapore117510Singapore
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16
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Farr NTH, Klosterhalfen B, Noé GK. Characterization in respect to degradation of titanium-coated polypropylene surgical mesh explanted from humans. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1142-1152. [PMID: 36610021 PMCID: PMC10952695 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Titanium-coated polypropylene (Ti-PP) mesh was introduced in 2002 as a surgical mesh for the treatment of hernias and shortly after for pelvic floor surgery, with the aim of improving biocompatibility when compared to non-titanised/regular PP mesh implants. The application of a titanium coating could also be beneficial to address concerns regarding the exposure of PP in an in vivo environment. Many studies have shown that PP, although it is widely accepted as a stable polymer, is subject to oxidation and degradation, such degradation affects the mechanical behavior, that is, the stiffness and tensile strength of PP mesh. Despite the wide clinical use of Ti-PP surgical meshes, no study has yet investigated the residual material properties post clinical deployment and subsequent explantation. In this study, two explanted Ti-PP mesh samples each having different incorporation durations from two patients were examined. Material analysis conducted within this study includes the following techniques: attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, low voltage - scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM), backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary election hyperspectral imaging (SEHI). The hypothesis of this study is that the Ti coating successfully shields the PP mesh from oxidative stress in vivo and thus protects it from degradation. The results of this analysis show for the first time evidence of bulk oxidation, surface degradation, and environmental stress cracking on explanted Ti-PP meshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. H. Farr
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Insigneo Institute for in silico MedicineSheffieldUK
| | | | - Günter K. Noé
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rheinlandclinics DormagenUniversity of Witten HerdeckeDormagenGermany
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17
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Chen J, Agrawal S, Yi H, Vallejo D, Agrawal A, Lee AP. Cell-Sized Lipid Vesicles as Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Antigen-Specific T Cell Activation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203163. [PMID: 36645182 PMCID: PMC10175210 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, efficient T cell activation is demonstrated using cell-sized artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) with protein-conjugated bilayer lipid membranes that mimic biological cell membranes. The highly uniform aAPCs are generated by a facile method based on standard droplet microfluidic devices. These aAPCs are able to activate the T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, showing a 28-fold increase in interferon gamma (IFNγ) secretion, a 233-fold increase in antigen-specific CD8 T cells expansion, and a 16-fold increase of CD4 T cell expansion. The aAPCs do not require repetitive boosting or additional stimulants and can function at a relatively low aAPC-to-T cell ratio (1:17). The research presents strong evidence that the surface fluidity and size of the aAPCs are critical to the effective formation of immune synapses essential for T cell activation. The findings demonstrate that the microfluidic-generated aAPCs can be instrumental in investigating the physiological conditions and mechanisms for T cell activation. Finally, this method demonstrates the feasibility of customizable aAPCs for a cost-effective off-the-shelf approach to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui‐Yi Chen
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92617USA
| | | | - Hsiu‐Ping Yi
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92617USA
| | - Derek Vallejo
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92617USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92617USA
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA92617USA
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18
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Hyun J, Kim SJ, Cho SD, Kim HW. Mechano-modulation of T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 297:122101. [PMID: 37023528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, despite its promise for future anti-cancer approach, faces significant challenges, such as off-tumor side effects, innate or acquired resistance, and limited infiltration of immune cells into stiffened extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent studies have highlighted the importance of mechano-modulation/-activation of immune cells (mainly T cells) for effective caner immunotherapy. Immune cells are highly sensitive to the applied physical forces and matrix mechanics, and reciprocally shape the tumor microenvironment. Engineering T cells with tuned properties of materials (e.g., chemistry, topography, and stiffness) can improve their expansion and activation ex vivo, and their ability to mechano-sensing the tumor specific ECM in vivo where they perform cytotoxic effects. T cells can also be exploited to secrete enzymes that soften ECM, thus increasing tumor infiltration and cellular therapies. Furthermore, T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, genomic engineered to be spatiotemporally controllable by physical stimuli (e.g., ultrasound, heat, or light), can mitigate adverse off-tumor effects. In this review, we communicate these recent cutting-edge endeavors devoted to mechano-modulating/-activating T cells for effective cancer immunotherapy, and discuss future prospects and challenges in this field.
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19
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Alghamdi B, Jeon HH, Ni J, Qiu D, Liu A, Hong JJ, Ali M, Wang A, Troka M, Graves DT. Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:128-146. [PMID: 36862360 PMCID: PMC10696608 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the role of the immune cells and their interaction with cells found in gingiva, periodontal ligament, and bone that leads to net bone loss in periodontitis or bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement. RECENT FINDINGS Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases causing inflammation in the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and is initiated by bacteria that induce a host response. Although the innate and adaptive immune response function cooperatively to prevent bacterial dissemination, they also play a major role in gingival inflammation and destruction of the connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone characteristic of periodontitis. The inflammatory response is triggered by bacteria or their products that bind to pattern recognition receptors that induce transcription factor activity to stimulate cytokine and chemokine expression. Epithelial, fibroblast/stromal, and resident leukocytes play a key role in initiating the host response and contribute to periodontal disease. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments have added new insight into the roles of various cell types in the response to bacterial challenge. This response is modified by systemic conditions such as diabetes and smoking. In contrast to periodontitis, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a sterile inflammatory response induced by mechanical force. Orthodontic force application stimulates acute inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone stimulated by cytokines and chemokines that produce bone resorption on the compression side. On the tension side, orthodontic forces induce the production of osteogenic factors, stimulating new bone formation. A number of different cell types, cytokines, and signaling/pathways are involved in this complex process. Inflammatory and mechanical force-induced bone remodeling involves bone resorption and bone formation. The interaction of leukocytes with host stromal cells and osteoblastic cells plays a key role in both initiating the inflammatory events as well as inducing a cellular cascade that results in remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement or in tissue destruction in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alghamdi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyeran Helen Jeon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alyssia Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Julie J Hong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mamoon Ali
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael Troka
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA.
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20
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Bomb K, LeValley PJ, Woodward I, Cassel SE, Sutherland BP, Bhattacharjee A, Yun Z, Steen J, Kurdzo E, McCoskey J, Burris D, Levine K, Carbrello C, Lenhoff AM, Fromen CA, Kloxin AM. Cell therapy biomanufacturing: integrating biomaterial and flow-based membrane technologies for production of engineered T-cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201155. [PMID: 37600966 PMCID: PMC10437131 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapies (ATCTs) are increasingly important for the treatment of cancer, where patient immune cells are engineered to target and eradicate diseased cells. The biomanufacturing of ATCTs involves a series of time-intensive, lab-scale steps, including isolation, activation, genetic modification, and expansion of a patient's T-cells prior to achieving a final product. Innovative modular technologies are needed to produce cell therapies at improved scale and enhanced efficacy. In this work, well-defined, bioinspired soft materials were integrated within flow-based membrane devices for improving the activation and transduction of T cells. Hydrogel coated membranes (HCM) functionalized with cell-activating antibodies were produced as a tunable biomaterial for the activation of primary human T-cells. T-cell activation utilizing HCMs led to highly proliferative T-cells that expressed a memory phenotype. Further, transduction efficiency was improved by several fold over static conditions by using a tangential flow filtration (TFF) flow-cell, commonly used in the production of protein therapeutics, to transduce T-cells under flow. The combination of HCMs and TFF technology led to increased cell activation, proliferation, and transduction compared to current industrial biomanufacturing processes. The combined power of biomaterials with scalable flow-through transduction techniques provides future opportunities for improving the biomanufacturing of ATCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Bomb
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Paige J. LeValley
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Ian Woodward
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Samantha E. Cassel
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | | | | - Zaining Yun
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Jonathan Steen
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, an affiliate of Merck, Newark, DE
| | - Emily Kurdzo
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, an affiliate of Merck, Newark, DE
| | - Jacob McCoskey
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, an affiliate of Merck, Newark, DE
| | - David Burris
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Kara Levine
- EMD Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, an affiliate of Merck, Newark, DE
| | | | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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21
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Guo Y, Ao Y, Ye C, Xia R, Mi J, Shan Z, Shi M, Xie L, Chen Z. Nanotopographic micro-nano forces finely tune the conformation of macrophage mechanosensitive membrane protein integrin β 2 to manipulate inflammatory responses. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:1-15. [PMID: 37359074 PMCID: PMC9986042 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Finely tuning mechanosensitive membrane proteins holds great potential in precisely controlling inflammatory responses. In addition to macroscopic force, mechanosensitive membrane proteins are reported to be sensitive to micro-nano forces. Integrin β2, for example, might undergo a piconewton scale stretching force in the activation state. High-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures were found to generate nN-scale biomechanical force. Together with the advantages of uniform and precisely tunable structural parameters, it is fascinating to develop low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures to generate micro-nano forces for finely modulating their conformations and the subsequent mechanoimmiune responses. In this study, low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures were developed to finely manipulate the conformation of integrin β2. The direct interaction of forces and the model molecule integrin αXβ2 was first performed. It was demonstrated that pressing force could successfully induce conformational compression and deactivation of integrin αXβ2, and approximately 270 to 720 pN may be required to inhibit its conformational extension and activation. Three low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic surfaces (nanohemispheres, nanorods, and nanoholes) with various structural parameters were specially designed to generate the micro-nano forces. It was found that the nanorods and nanohemispheres surfaces induce greater contact pressure at the contact interface between macrophages and nanotopographic structures, particularly after cell adhesion. These higher contact pressures successfully inhibited the conformational extension and activation of integrin β2, suppressing focal adhesion activity and the downstream PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, reducing NF-κB signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that nanotopographic structures can be used to finely tune mechanosensitive membrane protein conformation changes, providing an effective strategy for precisely modulating inflammatory responses. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (primer sequences of target genes in RT-qPCR assay; the results of solvent accessible surface area during equilibrium simulation, the ligplut results of hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions; the density of different nanotopographic structures; interaction analysis of the downregulated leading genes of "focal adhesion" signaling pathway in nanohemispheres and nanorods groups; and the GSEA results of "Rap 1 signaling pathway" and "regulation of actin cytoskeleton" in different groups) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5550-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Guo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Yong Ao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Chen Ye
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Ruidi Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Jiaomei Mi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zhengjie Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Mengru Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Lv Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zetao Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
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22
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Sterling S, Ke Y. Unraveling mechanotransduction in T cells with DNA nanotechnology. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Blache U, Ford EM, Ha B, Rijns L, Chaudhuri O, Dankers PY, Kloxin AM, Snedeker JG, Gentleman E. Engineered hydrogels for mechanobiology. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:98. [PMID: 37461429 PMCID: PMC7614763 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells' local mechanical environment can be as important in guiding cellular responses as many well-characterized biochemical cues. Hydrogels that mimic the native extracellular matrix can provide these mechanical cues to encapsulated cells, allowing for the study of their impact on cellular behaviours. Moreover, by harnessing cellular responses to mechanical cues, hydrogels can be used to create tissues in vitro for regenerative medicine applications and for disease modelling. This Primer outlines the importance and challenges of creating hydrogels that mimic the mechanical and biological properties of the native extracellular matrix. The design of hydrogels for mechanobiology studies is discussed, including appropriate choice of cross-linking chemistry and strategies to tailor hydrogel mechanical cues. Techniques for characterizing hydrogels are explained, highlighting methods used to analyze cell behaviour. Example applications for studying fundamental mechanobiological processes and regenerative therapies are provided, along with a discussion of the limitations of hydrogels as mimetics of the native extracellular matrix. The article ends with an outlook for the field, focusing on emerging technologies that will enable new insights into mechanobiology and its role in tissue homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blache
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eden M. Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Byunghang Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Laura Rijns
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Y.W. Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- University Hospital Balgrist and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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24
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Steiner CA, Rieder F. No Longer Stretching Credibility: Mechanical Force Meets Inflammation in Experimental Intestinal Stenosis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1702-1703. [PMID: 34350517 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calen A Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC2-118, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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Taming the Cytokine Storm: Biomechanical Analysis of Selective Restriction of Conformational Interdomainal Junctions of CD4 Coreceptor in A Sepsis Model. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Jung P, Zhou X, Iden S, Qu B, Bischoff M. Characterization of the Elasticity of CD4 + T Cells: An Approach Based on Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4383. [PMID: 35800101 PMCID: PMC9081480 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential players in orchestrating the specific immune response against intracellular pathogens, and in inhibiting tumor development in an early stage. The activation of T cells is triggered by engagement of T cell receptors (TCRs). Here, CD3 and CD28 molecules are key factors, (co)stimulating signaling pathways essential for activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells. T cell activation induces the formation of a tight mechanical bond between T cell and target cell, the so-called immunological synapse (IS). Due to this, mechanical cell properties, including stiffness, play a significant role in modulating cell functions. In the past, many approaches were made to investigate mechanical properties of immune cells, including micropipette aspiration, microplate-based rheometry, techniques based on deformation during cytometry, or the use of optical tweezers. However, the stiffness of T lymphocytes at a subcellular level at the IS still remains largely elusive. With this protocol, we introduce a method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), to investigate the local cellular stiffness of T cells on functionalized glass/Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) surfaces, which mimicks focal stimulation of target cells inducing IS formation by T cells. By applying the peak force nanomechanical mapping (QNM) technique, cellular surface structures and the local stiffness are determined simultaneously, with a resolution of approximately 60 nm. This protocol can be easily adapted to investigate the mechanical impact of numerous factors influencing IS formation and T cell activation. Graphical abstract: Overview of the experimental workflow. Individual experimental steps are shown on the left, hands on and incubation times for each step are shown right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jung
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
,
*For correspondence:
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
,Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Investigating Cancerous Exosomes’ Effects on CD8+ T-Cell IL-2 Production in a 3D Unidirectional Flow Bioreactor Using 3D Printed, RGD-Functionalized PLLA Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010030. [PMID: 35323230 PMCID: PMC8950614 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes from cancer cells are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis, carrying immunosuppressive factors that limit the antitumor abilities of immune cells. The development of a real-time, 3D cell/scaffold construct flow perfusion system has been explored as a novel tool in the study of T-cells and exosomes from cancer cells. Exosomes from human lung cancer (H1299 and A549) cells were co-cultured in a unidirectional flow bioreactor with CD8+ T-cells immobilized onto 3D-printed RGD-functionalized poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) scaffolds and assessed for IL-2 production. The IL-2 production was investigated for a wide range of T-cell to exosome ratios. With the successful incorporation of the RGD binding motif onto the PLLA surface at controllable densities, CD8+ T-cells were successfully attached onto 2D disks and 3D printed porous PLLA scaffolds. T-cell attachment increased with increasing RGD surface density. The diameter of the attached T-cells was 7.2 ± 0.2 µm for RGD densities below 0.5 nmoles/mm2 but dropped to 5.1 ± 0.3 µm when the RGD density was 2 nmoles/mm2 due to overcrowding. The higher the number of cancer exosomes, the less the IL-2 production by the surface-attached T-cells. In 2D disks, the IL-2 production was silenced for T-cell to exosome ratios higher than 1:10 in static conditions. IL-2 production silencing in static 3D porous scaffolds required ratios higher than 1:20. The incorporation of flow resulted in moderate to significant T-cell detachment. The portions of T-cells retained on the 3D scaffolds after exposure for 4 h to 0.15 or 1.5 mL/min of perfusion flow were 89 ± 11% and 30 ± 8%, respectively. On 3D scaffolds and in the presence of flow at 0.15 ml/min, both H1299 and A549 cancerous exosomes significantly suppressed IL-2 production for T-cell to exosome ratios of 1:1000. The much higher level of exosomes needed to silence the IL-2 production from T-cells cultured under unidirectional flow, compared to static conditions, denotes the importance of the culturing conditions and the hydrodynamic environment, on the interactions between CD8+ T-cells and cancer exosomes.
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Hamza A, Amit J, Elizabeth L. E, Medha M. P, Michael D. C, Wendy F. L. Ion channel mediated mechanotransduction in immune cells. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 25:100951. [PMID: 35645593 PMCID: PMC9131931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The immune system performs critical functions to defend against invading pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. Immune cells reside within or are recruited to a host of mechanically active tissues throughout the body and, as a result, are exposed to varying types and degrees of mechanical stimuli. Despite their abundance in such tissues, the role of mechanical stimuli in influencing immune cell function and the molecular mechanisms responsible for mechanics-mediated changes are still poorly understood. The recent emergence of mechanically-gated ion channels, particularly Piezo1, has provided an exciting avenue of research within the fields of mechanobiology and immunology. Numerous studies have identified roles for mechanically-gated ion channels in mechanotransduction within various different cell types, with a few recent studies in immune cells. These initial studies provide strong evidence that mechanically-gated ion channels play pivotal roles in regulating the immune system. In this review, we discuss characteristics of ion channel mediated force transduction, review the current techniques used to quantify and visualize ion channel activity in response to mechanical stimuli, and finally we provide an overview of recent studies examining the role of mechanically-gated ion channels in modulating immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcha Hamza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Jairaman Amit
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Evans Elizabeth L.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Pathak Medha M.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Cahalan Michael D.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Liu Wendy F.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
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29
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Jung P, Zhou X, Iden S, Bischoff M, Qu B. T cell stiffness is enhanced upon formation of immunological synapse. eLife 2021; 10:66643. [PMID: 34313220 PMCID: PMC8360652 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are activated by target cells via an intimate contact, termed immunological synapse (IS). Cellular mechanical properties, especially stiffness, are essential to regulate cell functions. However, T cell stiffness at a subcellular level at the IS still remains largely elusive. In this work, we established an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based elasticity mapping method on whole T cells to obtain an overview of the stiffness with a resolution of ~60 nm. Using primary human CD4+ T cells, we show that when T cells form IS with stimulating antibody-coated surfaces, the lamellipodia are stiffer than the cell body. Upon IS formation, T cell stiffness is enhanced both at the lamellipodia and on the cell body. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ abolishes IS-induced stiffening at the lamellipodia but has no influence on cell-body-stiffening, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms of IS-induced stiffening at the lamellipodia and the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jung
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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Abdollahiyan P, Oroojalian F, Baradaran B, de la Guardia M, Mokhtarzadeh A. Advanced mechanotherapy: Biotensegrity for governing metastatic tumor cell fate via modulating the extracellular matrix. J Control Release 2021; 335:596-618. [PMID: 34097925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechano-transduction is the procedure of mechanical stimulus translation via cells, among substrate shear flow, topography, and stiffness into a biochemical answer. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional coactivators which are recognized as relay proteins that promote mechano-transduction within the Hippo pathway. With regard to healthy cells in homeostasis, mechano-transduction regularly restricts proliferation, and TAZ and YAP are totally inactive. During cancer development a YAP/TAZ - stimulating positive response loop is formed between the growing tumor and the stiffening ECM. As tumor developments, local stromal and cancerous cells take advantage of mechanotransduction to enhance proliferation, induce their migratory into remote tissues, and promote chemotherapeutic resistance. As a newly progresses paradigm, nanoparticle-conjunctions (such as magnetic nanoparticles, and graphene derivatives nanoparticles) hold significant promises for remote regulation of cells and their relevant events at molecular scale. Despite outstanding developments in employing nanoparticles for drug targeting studies, the role of nanoparticles on cellular behaviors (proliferation, migration, and differentiation) has still required more evaluations in the field of mechanotherapy. In this paper, the in-depth contribution of mechano-transduction is discussed during tumor progression, and how these consequences can be evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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31
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Li D, Colin-York H, Barbieri L, Javanmardi Y, Guo Y, Korobchevskaya K, Moeendarbary E, Li D, Fritzsche M. Astigmatic traction force microscopy (aTFM). Nat Commun 2021; 12:2168. [PMID: 33846322 PMCID: PMC8042066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying small, rapidly progressing three-dimensional forces generated by cells remains a major challenge towards a more complete understanding of mechanobiology. Traction force microscopy is one of the most broadly applied force probing technologies but ascertaining three-dimensional information typically necessitates slow, multi-frame z-stack acquisition with limited sensitivity. Here, by performing traction force microscopy using fast single-frame astigmatic imaging coupled with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy we improve the temporal resolution of three-dimensional mechanical force quantification up to 10-fold compared to its related super-resolution modalities. 2.5D astigmatic traction force microscopy (aTFM) thus enables live-cell force measurements approaching physiological sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liliana Barbieri
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yousef Javanmardi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yuting Guo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK.
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32
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Fritzsche M. What Is the Right Mechanical Readout for Understanding the Mechanobiology of the Immune Response? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612539. [PMID: 33718355 PMCID: PMC7946994 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, United Kingdom.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lei K, Kurum A, Tang L. Mechanical Immunoengineering of T cells for Therapeutic Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2777-2790. [PMID: 33258577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells, a key component in adaptive immunity, are central to many immunotherapeutic modalities aimed at treating various diseases including cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in immunotherapy, which aims at activation or suppression of the immune responses for disease treatments. Most strikingly, cancer immunotherapy has led to curative responses in a fraction of patients with relapsed or refractory cancers. However, extending those clinical benefits to a majority of cancer patients remains challenging. In order to improve both efficacy and safety of T cell-based immunotherapies, significant effort has been devoted to modulating biochemical signals to enhance T cell proliferation, effector functions, and longevity. Such strategies include discovery of new immune checkpoints, design of armored chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and targeted delivery of stimulatory cytokines and so on.Despite the intense global research effort in developing novel cancer immunotherapies, a major dimension of the interactions between cancer and the immune system, its biomechanical aspect, has been largely underappreciated. Throughout their lifecycle, T cells constantly survey a multitude of organs and tissues and experience diverse biomechanical environments, such as shear force in the blood flow and a broad range of tissue stiffness. Furthermore, biomechanical properties of tissues or cells may be altered in disease and inflammation. Biomechanical cues, including both passive mechanical cues and active mechanical forces, have been shown to govern T cell development, activation, migration, differentiation, and effector functions. In other words, T cells can sense, respond to, and adapt to both passive mechanical cues and active mechanical forces.Biomechanical cues have been intensively studied at a fundamental level but are yet to be extensively incorporated in the design of immunotherapies. Nonetheless, the growing knowledge of T cell mechanobiology has formed the basis for the development of novel engineering strategies to mechanically modulate T cell immunity, a nascent field that we termed "mechanical immunoengineering". Mechanical immunoengineering exploits biomechanical cues (e.g., stiffness and external forces) to modulate T cell differentiation, proliferation, effector functions, etc., for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. It provides an additional dimension, complementary to traditional modulation of biochemical cues (e.g., antigen density and co-stimulatory signals), to tailor T cell immune responses and enhance therapeutic outcomes. For example, stiff antigen-presenting matrices have been shown to enhance T cell proliferation independently of the intensity of biochemical stimulatory signals. Current strategies of mechanical immunoengineering of T cells can be categorized into two major fields including passive mechanical cue-oriented and active force-oriented strategies. In this Account, we first present a brief overview of T cell mechanobiology. Next, we summarize recent advances in mechanical immunoengineering, discuss the roles of chemistry and material science in the development of these engineering strategies, and highlight potential therapeutic applications. Finally, we present our perspective on the future directions in mechanical immunoengineering and critical steps to translate mechanical immunoengineering strategies into therapeutic applications in the clinic.
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34
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Li R, Ma C, Cai H, Chen W. The CAR T-Cell Mechanoimmunology at a Glance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002628. [PMID: 33344135 PMCID: PMC7740088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell transfer is a novel paradigm of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. When coming into contact with a target cancer cell, CAR T-cell forms a nonclassical immunological synapse with the cancer cell and dynamically orchestrates multiple critical forces to commit cytotoxic immune function. Such an immunologic process involves a force transmission in the CAR and a spatiotemporal remodeling of cell cytoskeleton to facilitate CAR activation and CAR T-cell cytotoxic function. Yet, the detailed understanding of such mechanotransduction at the interface between the CAR T-cell and the target cell, as well as its molecular structure and signaling, remains less defined and is just beginning to emerge. This article summarizes the basic mechanisms and principles of CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology, and various lessons that can be comparatively learned from interrogation of mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse in normal cytotoxic T-cell. The recent development and future application of novel bioengineering tools for studying CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology is also discussed. It is believed that this progress report will shed light on the CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology and encourage future researches in revealing the less explored yet important mechanosensing and mechanotransductive mechanisms involved in CAR T-cell immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health instituteNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
- Department of RadiologyNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer CenterNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
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35
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Kolawole EM, Lamb TJ, Evavold BD. Relationship of 2D Affinity to T Cell Functional Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7969. [PMID: 33120989 PMCID: PMC7662510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical for a functioning adaptive immune response and a strong correlation exists between T cell responses and T cell receptor (TCR): peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) binding. Studies that utilize pMHC tetramer, multimers, and assays of three-dimensional (3D) affinity have provided advancements in our understanding of T cell responses across different diseases. However, these technologies focus on higher affinity and avidity T cells while missing the lower affinity responders. Lower affinity TCRs in expanded polyclonal populations almost always constitute a significant proportion of the response with cells mediating different effector functions associated with variation in the proportion of high and low affinity T cells. Since lower affinity T cells expand and are functional, a fully inclusive view of T cell responses is required to accurately interpret the role of affinity for adaptive T cell immunity. For example, low affinity T cells are capable of inducing autoimmune disease and T cells with an intermediate affinity have been shown to exhibit an optimal anti-tumor response. Here, we focus on how affinity of the TCR may relate to T cell phenotype and provide examples where 2D affinity influences functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (E.M.K.); (T.J.L.)
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Chin MW, Norman MDA, Gentleman E, Coppens MO, Day RM. A Hydrogel-Integrated Culture Device to Interrogate T Cell Activation with Physicochemical Cues. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47355-47367. [PMID: 33027591 PMCID: PMC7586298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent rise of adoptive T cell therapy (ATCT) as a promising cancer immunotherapy has triggered increased interest in therapeutic T cell bioprocessing. T cell activation is a critical processing step and is known to be modulated by physical parameters, such as substrate stiffness. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about how biophysical factors regulate immune cells, such as T cells. Understanding how T cell activation is modulated by physical and biochemical cues may offer novel methods to control cell behavior for therapeutic cell processing. Inspired by T cell mechanosensitivity, we developed a multiwell, reusable, customizable, two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogel-integrated culture device to study the physicochemical stimulation of Jurkat T cells. Substrate stiffness and ligand density were tuned by concentrations of the hydrogel cross-linker and antibody in the coating solution, respectively. We cultured Jurkat T cells on 2D hydrogels of different stiffnesses that presented surface-immobilized stimulatory antibodies against CD3 and CD28 and demonstrated that Jurkat T cells stimulated by stiff hydrogels (50.6 ± 15.1 kPa) exhibited significantly higher interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion, but lower proliferation, than those stimulated by softer hydrogels (7.1 ± 0.4 kPa). In addition, we found that increasing anti-CD3 concentration from 10 to 30 μg/mL led to a significant increase in IL-2 secretion from cells stimulated on 7.1 ± 0.4 and 9.3 ± 2.4 kPa gels. Simultaneous tuning of substrate stiffness and stimulatory ligand density showed that the two parameters synergize (two-way ANOVA interaction effect: p < 0.001) to enhance IL-2 secretion. Our results demonstrate the importance of physical parameters in immune cell stimulation and highlight the potential of designing future immunostimulatory biomaterials that are mechanically tailored to balance stimulatory strength and downstream proliferative capacity of therapeutic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
H. W. Chin
- Centre
for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Marc-Olivier Coppens
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Day
- Centre
for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Nature Inspired Engineering, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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37
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Chin MH, Gentleman E, Coppens MO, Day RM. Rethinking Cancer Immunotherapy by Embracing and Engineering Complexity. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1054-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Cardle II, Cheng EL, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Biomaterials in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Process Development. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1724-1738. [PMID: 32786336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the cancer treatment landscape, utilizing ex vivo modified autologous T cells to treat relapsed or refractory B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. However, the therapy's broader impact has been limited, in part, by a complicated, lengthy, and expensive production process. Accordingly, as CAR T-cell therapies are further advanced to treat other cancers, continual innovation in cell manufacturing will be critical to their successful clinical implementation. In this Account, we describe our research efforts using biomaterials to improve the three fundamental steps in CAR T-cell manufacturing: (1) isolation, (2) activation, and (3) genetic modification.Recognizing that clinical T-cell isolation reagents have high cost and supply constraints, we developed a synthetic DNA aptamer and complementary reversal agent technology that isolates label-free CD8+ T cells with high purity and yield from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Encouragingly, CAR T cells manufactured from both antibody- and aptamer-isolated T cells were comparable in therapeutic potency. Discovery and design of other T-cell specific aptamers and corresponding reversal reagents could fully realize the potential of this approach, enabling inexpensive isolation of multiple distinct T-cell populations in a single isolation step.Current ex vivo T-cell activation materials do not accurately mimic in situ T-cell activation by antigen presenting cells (APCs). They cause unequal CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell expansion, necessitating separate production of CD4+ and CD8+ CAR T cells for therapies that call for balanced infusion compositions. To address these shortcomings, we designed a panel of biodegradable cell-templated silica microparticles with supported lipid bilayers that display stimulatory ligands for T-cell activation. High membrane fluidity, elongated shape, and rough surface topography, all properties of endogenous APCs, were found to be favorable parameters for activation, promoting unbiased and efficient CD4/CD8 T-cell expansion while not terminally differentiating the cells.Viral and electroporation-based gene delivery systems have various drawbacks. Viral vectors are expensive and have limited cargo sizes, whereas electroporation is highly cytotoxic. Thus, low-cost nonviral platforms that transfect T cells with low cytotoxicity and high efficiency are needed for CAR gene delivery. Our group thus synthesized a panel of cationic polymers with different architectures and evaluated their T-cell transfection ability. We identified a comb-shaped polymer formulation that transfected primary T cells with low cytotoxicity, although transfection efficiency was low compared to conventional methods. Analysis of intracellular and extracellular barriers to transfection revealed low uptake of polyplexes and high endosomal pH in T cells, alluding to biological and polymer properties that could be further improved.These innovations represent just a few recent developments in the biomaterials field for addressing CAR T-cell production needs. Together, these technologies and their future advancement will pave the way for economical and straightforward CAR T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian I. Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
- Research and Development, Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Emmeline L. Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Michael C. Jensen
- Research and Development, Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
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39
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Orbach R, Su X. Surfing on Membrane Waves: Microvilli, Curved Membranes, and Immune Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2187. [PMID: 33013920 PMCID: PMC7516127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton, and found on almost all cell types. A growing body of evidence suggests that the dynamic lymphocyte microvilli, with their highly curved membranes, play an important role in signal transduction leading to immune responses. Nevertheless, challenges in modulating local membrane curvature and monitoring the high dynamicity of microvilli hampered the investigation of the curvature-generation mechanism and its functional consequences in signaling. These technical barriers have been partially overcome by recent advancements in adapted super-resolution microscopy. Here, we review the up-to-date progress in understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of microvillus formation in T cell signaling. We discuss how the deformation of local membranes could potentially affect the organization of signaling proteins and their biochemical activities. We propose that curved membranes, together with the underlying cytoskeleton, shape microvilli into a unique compartment that sense and process signals leading to lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Orbach
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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40
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Michalick L, Kuebler WM. TRPV4-A Missing Link Between Mechanosensation and Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:413. [PMID: 32210976 PMCID: PMC7076180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4) cation channel is widely expressed in all tissues as well as in immune cells and its function as mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel seems to be conserved throughout all mammalian species. Of late, emerging evidence has implicated TRPV4 in the activation and differentiation of innate immune cells, especially in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. As such, TRPV4 has been shown to mediate neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis, as well as production of reactive oxygen species in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. In macrophages, TRPV4 mediates formation of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and regulates phagocytosis, thus facilitating bacterial clearance and resolution of infection. Importantly, TRPV4 may present a missing link between mechanical forces and immune responses. This connection has been exemplary highlighted by the demonstrated role of TRPV4 in macrophage activation and subsequent induction of lung injury following mechanical overventilation. Mechanosensation via TRPV4 is also expected to activate innate immune cells and establish a pro-inflammatory loop in fibrotic diseases with increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and substrate stiffness. Likewise, TRPV4 may be activated by cell migration through the endothelium or the extracellular matrix, or even by circulating immune cells squeezing through the narrow passages of the pulmonary or systemic capillary bed, a process that has recently been linked to neutrophil priming and depriming. Here, we provide an overview over the emerging role of TRPV4 in innate immune responses and highlight two distinct modes for the activation of TRPV4 by either mechanical forces ("mechanoTRPV4") or by pathogens ("immunoTRPV4").
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Michalick
- Institute of Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Genkel VV, Kuznetcova AS, Shaposhnik II. Biomechanical Forces and Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 16:187-197. [PMID: 31362692 PMCID: PMC7536809 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190730095153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The article provides an overview of current views on the role of biomechanical forces in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The importance of biomechanical forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis is considered. We provide descriptions of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. The roles of wall shear stress and circumferential wall stress in the initiation, progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque are described. The data on the possibilities of assessing biomechanical factors in clinical practice and the clinical significance of this approach are presented. The article concludes with a discussion on current therapeutic approaches based on the modulation of biomechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Genkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alla S Kuznetcova
- Department of Hospital Therapy Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I Shaposhnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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