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Banerjee A, Ataman M, Smialek MJ, Mookherjee D, Rabl J, Mironov A, Mues L, Enkler L, Coto-Llerena M, Schmidt A, Boehringer D, Piscuoglio S, Spang A, Mittal N, Zavolan M. Ribosomal protein RPL39L is an efficiency factor in the cotranslational folding of a subset of proteins with alpha helical domains. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:9028-9048. [PMID: 39041433 PMCID: PMC11347166 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasingly many studies reveal how ribosome composition can be tuned to optimally translate the transcriptome of individual cell types. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern, structure within the ribosome and effect on protein synthesis of the ribosomal protein paralog 39L (RPL39L). With a novel mass spectrometric approach we revealed the expression of RPL39L protein beyond mouse germ cells, in human pluripotent cells, cancer cell lines and tissue samples. We generated RPL39L knock-out mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines and demonstrated that RPL39L impacts the dynamics of translation, to support the pluripotency and differentiation, spontaneous and along the germ cell lineage. Most differences in protein abundance between WT and RPL39L KO lines were explained by widespread autophagy. By CryoEM analysis of purified RPL39 and RPL39L-containing ribosomes we found that, unlike RPL39, RPL39L has two distinct conformations in the exposed segment of the nascent peptide exit tunnel, creating a distinct hydrophobic patch that has been predicted to support the efficient co-translational folding of alpha helices. Our study shows that ribosomal protein paralogs provide switchable modular components that can tune translation to the protein production needs of individual cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meric Ataman
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Jerzy Smialek
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Julius Rabl
- Cryo-EM Knowledge Hub (CEMK), ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lea Mues
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Enkler
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Strasbourg, UMR7156 GMGM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mairene Coto-Llerena
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Kang H, Hu Q, Yang Y, Huang G, Li J, Zhao X, Zhu L, Su H, Tang W, Wan M. Urolithin A's Role in Alleviating Severe Acute Pancreatitis via Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Calcium Channel Modulation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13885-13898. [PMID: 38757565 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), characterized by pancreatic acinar cell death, currently lacks effective targeted therapies. Ellagic acid (EA), rich in pomegranate, shows promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in SAP treatment. However, the roles of other forms of EA, such as plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) extracted from pomegranate, and Urolithin A (UA), converted from EA through gut microbiota metabolism in vivo, have not been definitively elucidated. Our research aimed to compare the effects of pomegranate-derived EVs (P-EVs) and UA in the treatment of SAP to screen an effective formulation and to explore its mechanisms in protecting acinar cells in SAP. By comparing the protective effects of P-EVs and UA on injured acinar cells, UA showed superior therapeutic effects than P-EVs. Subsequently, we further discussed the mechanism of UA in alleviating SAP inflammation. In vivo animal experiments found that UA could not only improve the inflammatory environment of pancreatic tissue and peripheral blood circulation in SAP mice but also revealed that the mechanism of UA in improving SAP might be related to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the results including pancreatic tissue transcriptomics and transmission electron microscopy. Further research found that UA could regulate ER-mitochondrial calcium channels and reduce pancreatic tissue necroptosis. In vitro experiments of mouse pancreatic organoids and acinar cells also confirmed that UA could improve pancreatic inflammation by regulating the ER-mitochondrial calcium channel and necroptosis pathway proteins. This study not only explored the therapeutic effect of plant EVs on SAP but also revealed that UA could alleviate SAP by regulating ER-mitochondrial calcium channel and reducing acinar cell necroptosis, providing insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Kang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Hu
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Yang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gaigai Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610299, China
| | - Juan Li
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianlin Zhao
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lv Zhu
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hang Su
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meihua Wan
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610299, China
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3
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Crouse MS, Trotta RJ, Freetly HC, Lindholm-Perry AK, Neville BW, Oliver WT, Hammer CJ, Syring JG, King LE, Neville TL, Reynolds LP, Dahlen CR, Caton JS, Ward AK, Cushman RA. Disrupted one-carbon metabolism in heifers negatively affects their health and physiology. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae144. [PMID: 38770669 PMCID: PMC11176977 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the dose-dependent response of one-carbon metabolite (OCM: methionine, choline, folate, and vitamin B12) supplementation on heifer dry matter intake on fixed gain, organ mass, hematology, cytokine concentration, pancreatic and jejunal enzyme activity, and muscle hydrogen peroxide production. Angus heifers (n = 30; body weight [BW] = 392.6 ± 12.6 kg) were individually fed and assigned to one of five treatments: 0XNEG: total mixed ration (TMR) and saline injections at days 0 and 7 of the estrous cycle, 0XPOS: TMR, rumen-protected methionine (MET) fed at 0.08% of the diet dry matter, rumen-protected choline (CHOL) fed at 60 g/d, and saline injections at days 0 and 7, 0.5X: TMR, MET, CHOL, 5-mg B12, and 80-mg folate injections at days 0 and 7, 1X: TMR, MET CHOL, 10-mg vitamin B12, and 160-mg folate at days 0 and 7, and 2X: TMR, MET, CHOL, 20-mg vitamin B12, and 320-mg folate at days 0 and 7. All heifers were estrus synchronized but not bred, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, and at slaughter (day 14) during which tissues were collected. By design, heifer ADG did not differ (P = 0.96). Spleen weight and uterine weight were affected cubically (P = 0.03) decreasing from 0XPOS to 0.5X. Ovarian weight decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing folate and B12 injection. Hemoglobin and hematocrit percentage were decreased (P < 0.01) in the 0.5X treatment compared with all other treatments. Plasma glucose, histotroph protein, and pancreatic α-amylase were decreased (P ≤ 0.04) in the 0.5X treatment. Heifers on the 2X treatment had greater pancreatic α-amylase compared with 0XNEG and 0.5X treatment. Interleukin-6 in plasma tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in the 0XPOS heifers compared with all other treatments. Lastly, 0XPOS-treated heifers had reduced (P ≤ 0.07) hydrogen peroxide production in muscle compared with 0XNEG heifers. These data imply that while certain doses of OCM do not improve whole animal physiology, OCM supplementation doses that disrupt one-carbon metabolism, such as that of the 0.5X treatment, can induce a negative systemic response that results in negative effects in both the dam and the conceptus during early gestation. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously establish an optimal OCM dose that increases circulating concentrations for use by the dam and the conceptus, while avoiding potential negative side effects of a disruptive OCM, to evaluate the long-term impacts of OCM supplementation of offspring programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Crouse
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Harvey C Freetly
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | | | - Bryan W Neville
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - William T Oliver
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Carrie J Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jessica G Syring
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Layla E King
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN 56716, USA
| | - Tammi L Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A2, Canada
| | - Robert A Cushman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Zhu G, Wilhelm SJ, George LG, Cassidy BM, Zino S, Luke CJ, Hanna M, Stone S, Phan N, Matiwala N, Ballentine SJ, Lowe ME, Xiao X. Preclinical mouse model of a misfolded PNLIP variant develops chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2022-327960. [PMID: 36631248 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence implicates mutation-induced protein misfolding and endoplasm reticulum (ER) stress in the pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis (CP). The paucity of animal models harbouring genetic risk variants has hampered our understanding of how misfolded proteins trigger CP. We previously showed that pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PNLIP) p.T221M, a variant associated with steatorrhoea and possibly CP in humans, misfolds and elicits ER stress in vitro suggesting proteotoxicity as a potential disease mechanism. Our objective was to create a mouse model to determine if PNLIP p.T221M causes CP and to define the mechanism. DESIGN We created a mouse model of Pnlip p.T221M and characterised the structural and biochemical changes in the pancreas aged 1-12 months. We used multiple methods including histochemistry, immunostaining, transmission electron microscopy, biochemical assays, immunoblotting and qPCR. RESULTS We demonstrated the hallmarks of human CP in Pnlip p.T221M homozygous mice including progressive pancreatic atrophy, acinar cell loss, fibrosis, fatty change, immune cell infiltration and reduced exocrine function. Heterozygotes also developed CP although at a slower rate. Immunoblot showed that pancreatic PNLIP T221M misfolded as insoluble aggregates. The level of aggregates in homozygotes declined with age and was much lower in heterozygotes at all ages. The Pnlip p.T221M pancreas had increased ER stress evidenced by dilated ER, increased Hspa5 (BiP) mRNA abundance and a maladaptive unfolded protein response leading to upregulation of Ddit3 (CHOP), nuclear factor-κB and cell death. CONCLUSION Expression of PNLIP p.T221M in a preclinical mouse model results in CP caused by ER stress and proteotoxicity of misfolded mutant PNLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Putuo People's Hospital, School of Medicine,Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven J Wilhelm
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leah G George
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brett M Cassidy
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sammy Zino
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cliff J Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mina Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nhung Phan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Neel Matiwala
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samuel J Ballentine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark E Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xunjun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Casey AK, Gray HF, Chimalapati S, Hernandez G, Moehlman AT, Stewart N, Fields HA, Gulen B, Servage KA, Stefanius K, Blevins A, Evers BM, Krämer H, Orth K. Fic-mediated AMPylation tempers the unfolded protein response during physiological stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208317119. [PMID: 35914137 PMCID: PMC9371680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208317119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper balance of synthesis, folding, modification, and degradation of proteins, also known as protein homeostasis, is vital to cellular health and function. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated when the mechanisms maintaining protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum become overwhelmed. However, prolonged or strong UPR responses can result in elevated inflammation and cellular damage. Previously, we discovered that the enzyme filamentation induced by cyclic-AMP (Fic) can modulate the UPR response via posttranslational modification of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) by AMPylation during homeostasis and deAMPylation during stress. Loss of fic in Drosophila leads to vision defects and altered UPR activation in the fly eye. To investigate the importance of Fic-mediated AMPylation in a mammalian system, we generated a conditional null allele of Fic in mice and characterized the effect of Fic loss on the exocrine pancreas. Compared to controls, Fic-/- mice exhibit elevated serum markers for pancreatic dysfunction and display enhanced UPR signaling in the exocrine pancreas in response to physiological and pharmacological stress. In addition, both fic-/- flies and Fic-/- mice show reduced capacity to recover from damage by stress that triggers the UPR. These findings show that Fic-mediated AMPylation acts as a molecular rheostat that is required to temper the UPR response in the mammalian pancreas during physiological stress. Based on these findings, we propose that repeated physiological stress in differentiated tissues requires this rheostat for tissue resilience and continued function over the lifetime of an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Casey
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hillery F. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Suneeta Chimalapati
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Genaro Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Andrew T. Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nathan Stewart
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hazel A. Fields
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Burak Gulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kelly A. Servage
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Karoliina Stefanius
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aubrie Blevins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bret M. Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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6
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Borrello MT, Martin MB, Pin CL. The unfolded protein response: An emerging therapeutic target for pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2022; 22:148-159. [PMID: 34774415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a debilitating disease involving inflammation and fibrosis of the exocrine pancreas. Recurrent or chronic forms of pancreatitis are a significant risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. While genetic factors have been identified for both pathologies, environmental stresses play a large role in their etiology. All cells have adapted mechanisms to handle acute environmental stress that alters energy demands. A common pathway involved in the stress response involves endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). While rapidly activated by many external stressors, in the pancreas the UPR plays a fundamental biological role, likely due to the high protein demands in acinar cells. Despite this, increased UPR activity is observed in response to acute injury or following exposure to risk factors associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Studies in animal and cell cultures models show the importance of affecting the UPR in the context of both diseases, and inhibitors have been developed for several specific mediators of the UPR. Given the importance of the UPR to normal acinar cell function, efforts to affect the UPR in the context of disease must be able to specifically target pathology vs. physiology. In this review, we highlight the importance of the UPR to normal and pathological conditions of the exocrine pancreas. We discuss recent studies suggesting the UPR may be involved in the initiation and progression of pancreatitis and PDAC, as well as contributing to chemoresistance that occurs in pancreatic cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting the UPR for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Borrello
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mickenzie B Martin
- Depts. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Paediatrics, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Depts. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Paediatrics, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Gravdal A, Xiao X, Cnop M, El Jellas K, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Lowe ME, Johansson BB, Molven A, Fjeld K. The position of single-base deletions in the VNTR sequence of the carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) gene determines proteotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100661. [PMID: 33862081 PMCID: PMC8692231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences in the genome can have functional consequences that contribute to human disease. This is the case for the CEL gene, which is specifically expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and encodes the digestive enzyme carboxyl ester lipase. Rare single-base deletions (DELs) within the first (DEL1) or fourth (DEL4) VNTR segment of CEL cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 8 (MODY8), an inherited disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and diabetes. Studies on the DEL1 variant have suggested that MODY8 is initiated by CEL protein misfolding and aggregation. However, it is unclear how the position of single-base deletions within the CEL VNTR affects pathogenic properties of the protein. Here, we investigated four naturally occurring CEL variants, arising from single-base deletions in different VNTR segments (DEL1, DEL4, DEL9, and DEL13). When the four variants were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, only DEL1 and DEL4 led to significantly reduced secretion, increased intracellular aggregation, and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress compared with normal CEL protein. The level of O-glycosylation was affected in all DEL variants. Moreover, all variants had enzymatic activity comparable with that of normal CEL. We conclude that the longest aberrant protein tails, resulting from single-base deletions in the proximal VNTR segments, have highest pathogenic potential, explaining why DEL1 and DEL4 but not DEL9 and DEL13 have been observed in patients with MODY8. These findings further support the view that CEL mutations cause pancreatic disease through protein misfolding and proteotoxicity, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gravdal
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xunjun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark E Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bente B Johansson
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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8
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Faheem NM, Ali TM. The counteracting effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on the immobilization stress-induced adverse reactions in rat pancreas. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:159-172. [PMID: 33000400 PMCID: PMC7736449 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies suggest that Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) has many protective effects. But little is known about its protective effects against chronic restraint stress-induced damage in rats. The aim was to demonstrate the potential protective effects of EGCG against harmful pancreatic damage to the immobilization stress in the rat model. Forty rats, 2 months old, were divided into four groups (n = 10): control group; EGCG group, rats received EGCG by gavage (100 mg/kg /day) for 30 days; stressed group, rats exposed to immobilization stress; and stressed with EGCG group, rats exposed to immobilization stress and received EGCG for 30 days. Glycemic status parameters, corticosterone, and inflammatory markers were investigated on the first day, 15th day, and the 30th day of the experiment. Pancreatic oxidative stress markers and cytokines were evaluated. Histological, immunohistological, and statistical studies were performed. On the 15th day, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting plasma corticosterone were significantly higher in the stressed group when compared with first and 30th day in the same group as well as when compared with control and stressed with EGCG groups. The stressed group revealed significantly higher pancreatic IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, and NO, serum amylase and serum lipase, and significantly lower GSH, SOD, and CAT when compared to control and stressed with EGCG groups. EGCG treatment attenuated the pancreatic stress-induced cellular degeneration, leucocytic infiltration, and cytoplasmic vacuolations; significantly decreased area percentage of collagen fibers; and significantly increased mean area percentage of insulin immunopositive cell as compared with stressed group. EGCG is a protective agent against immobilization stress because of its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and and anti-oxidative stress properties, as confirmed by biochemical and histological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Mohammed Faheem
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tarek Mohamed Ali
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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9
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Rasineni K, Srinivasan MP, Balamurugan AN, Kaphalia BS, Wang S, Ding WX, Pandol SJ, Lugea A, Simon L, Molina PE, Gao P, Casey CA, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK. Recent Advances in Understanding the Complexity of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic Dysfunction and Pancreatitis Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050669. [PMID: 32349207 PMCID: PMC7277520 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic excessive alcohol use is a well-recognized risk factor for pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis development. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies indicates that the detrimental effects of alcohol on the pancreas are from the direct toxic effects of metabolites and byproducts of ethanol metabolism such as reactive oxygen species. Pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis development are now increasingly thought to be multifactorial conditions, where alcohol, genetics, lifestyle, and infectious agents may determine the initiation and course of the disease. In this review, we first highlight the role of nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in the generation and accumulation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) that cause multi-organellar dysfunction in the pancreas which ultimately leads to pancreatitis development. Further, we discuss how alcohol-mediated altered autophagy leads to the development of pancreatitis. We also provide insights into how alcohol interactions with other co-morbidities such as smoking or viral infections may negatively affect exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function. Finally, we present potential strategies to ameliorate organellar dysfunction which could attenuate pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.A.C.); (N.A.O.); (K.K.K.)
- Research Service, Veterans’ Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-995-3548; Fax: +1-402-995-4600
| | - Mukund P. Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0419, USA; (M.P.S.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Appakalai N. Balamurugan
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Bhupendra S. Kaphalia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0419, USA; (M.P.S.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (S.W.); (W.-X.D.)
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA; (S.W.); (W.-X.D.)
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.J.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.J.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (L.S.); (P.E.M.)
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (L.S.); (P.E.M.)
| | - Peter Gao
- Program Director, Division of Metabolism and Health Effects, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-6902, USA;
| | - Carol A. Casey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.A.C.); (N.A.O.); (K.K.K.)
- Research Service, Veterans’ Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.A.C.); (N.A.O.); (K.K.K.)
- Research Service, Veterans’ Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (C.A.C.); (N.A.O.); (K.K.K.)
- Research Service, Veterans’ Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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10
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Abstract
The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase worldwide, and it is one of the most common gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the USA. In the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. Studies have elucidated mechanisms of calcium-mediated acinar cell injury and death and the importance of store-operated calcium entry channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. The cytoprotective role of the unfolded protein response and autophagy in preventing sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and necrosis has also been characterized, as has the central role of unsaturated fatty acids in causing pancreatic organ failure. Characterization of these pathways has led to the identification of potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. At the patient level, two classification systems have been developed to classify the severity of acute pancreatitis into prognostically meaningful groups, and several landmark clinical trials have informed management strategies in areas of nutritional support and interventions for infected pancreatic necrosis that have resulted in important changes to acute pancreatitis management paradigms. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in acute pancreatitis with a special emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of the disorder.
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11
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Oleic acid ameliorates palmitic acid-induced ER stress and inflammation markers in naive and cerulein-treated exocrine pancreas cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190054. [PMID: 30992393 PMCID: PMC6522823 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat overload (typical to obesity) increases the risk of pancreatic pathologies through mechanisms yet to be defined. We previously showed that saturated dietary fat induces pancreatic acinar lipotoxicity and cellular stress. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of exocrine pancreas cells is highly developed and thus predisposed to stress. We studied the combination of saturated and unsaturated FAs in metabolic and pancreatitis like cerulein (CER)-induced stress states on cellular ER stress. Exocrine pancreas AR42J and rat primary exocrine acinar cells underwent acute (24 h) challenge with different FAs (saturated, monounsaturated) at different concentrations (250 and 500 µM) and in combination with acute CER-induced stress, and were analyzed for fat accumulation, ER stress unfolded protein response (UPR) and immune and enzyme markers. Acute exposure of AR42J and pancreatic acinar cells to different FAs and their combinations increased triglyceride accumulation. Palmitic acid significantly dose-dependently enhanced the UPR, immune factors and pancreatic lipase (PL) levels, as demonstrated by XBP1 splicing and elevation in UPR transcripts and protein levels (Xbp1,Atf6, Atf4, Chop, Tnfα, Tgfβ and Il-6). Exposure to high palmitic levels in a CER-induced stress state synergistically increased ER stress and inflammation marker levels. Exposure to oleic acid did not induce ER stress and PL levels and significantly decreased immune factors in an acute CER-induced stress state. Combination of oleic and palmitic acids significantly reduced the palmitic-induced ER stress, but did not affect the immune factor response. We show that combination of monounsaturated and saturated FAs protects from exocrine pancreatic cellular ER stress in both metabolic and CER-induced stress.
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12
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Habtezion A, Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ. Acute Pancreatitis: A Multifaceted Set of Organelle and Cellular Interactions. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1941-1950. [PMID: 30660726 PMCID: PMC6613790 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the exocrine pancreas associated with tissue injury and necrosis. The disease can be mild, involving only the pancreas, and resolve spontaneously within days or severe, with systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated extrapancreatic organ failure and even death. Importantly, there are no therapeutic agents currently in use that can alter the course of the disease. This article emphasizes emerging findings that stressors (environmental and genetic) that cause acute pancreatitis initially cause injury to organelles of the acinar cell (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and endolysosomal-autophagy system), and that disorders in the functions of the organelles lead to inappropriate intracellular activation of trypsinogen and inflammatory pathways. We also review emerging work on the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in mediating the local and systemic inflammatory response in addition to known cytokines and chemokine pathways. In the review, we provide considerations for correction of organelle functions in acute pancreatitis to create a discussion for clinical trial treatment and design options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Groblewski GE, Mareninova OA, Lugea A, Antonucci L, Waldron RT, Habtezion A, Karin M, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I. Recent Insights Into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Pancreatitis: Role of Acinar Cell Organelle Disorders. Pancreas 2019; 48:459-470. [PMID: 30973461 PMCID: PMC6461375 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially lethal inflammatory disease that lacks specific therapy. Damaged pancreatic acinar cells are believed to be the site of AP initiation. The primary function of these cells is the synthesis, storage, and export of digestive enzymes. Beginning in the endoplasmic reticulum and ending with secretion of proteins stored in zymogen granules, distinct pancreatic organelles use ATP produced by mitochondria to move and modify nascent proteins through sequential vesicular compartments. Compartment-specific accessory proteins concentrate cargo and promote vesicular budding, targeting, and fusion. The autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal pathways maintain acinar cell homeostasis by removing damaged/dysfunctional organelles and recycling cell constituents for substrate and energy. Here, we discuss studies in experimental and genetic AP models, primarily from our groups, which show that acinar cell injury is mediated by distinct mechanisms of organelle dysfunction involved in protein synthesis and trafficking, secretion, energy generation, and autophagy. These early AP events (often first manifest by abnormal cytosolic Ca signaling) in the acinar cell trigger the inflammatory and cell death responses of pancreatitis. Manifestations of acinar cell organelle disorders are also prominent in human pancreatitis. Our findings suggest that targeting specific mediators of organelle dysfunction could reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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Lowe ME, Goodman MT, Coté GA, Glesby MJ, Haupt M, Schork NJ, Singh VK, Andersen DK, Pandol SJ, Uc A, Whitcomb DC. Accelerating the Drug Delivery Pipeline for Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis: Summary of the Working Group on Drug Development and Trials in Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop. Pancreas 2019; 47:1193-1199. [PMID: 30325857 PMCID: PMC6195328 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is a complex clinical syndrome with significant morbidity, unpredictable outcomes, and limited treatment options. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease sponsored a workshop on July 25, 2018, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to address research gaps impeding development of effective therapies for pancreatitis. The RAP working group identified challenges to clinical progress using existing definitions, risk assessment, diagnostic and severity criteria, disease trajectories, outcomes, and research methods. Recurrent acute pancreatitis includes all the risk of acute pancreatitis and often progresses to chronic pancreatitis with variable complications of chronic pain, exocrine insufficiency, diabetes, and pancreatic cancer. However, the great variability among individuals with RAP requires better precision in defining the risks, individual episodes, as well as their frequency, pathogenic pathways, and specific outcome measures for each of the systems affected by pancreatic inflammation. Because of disease complexity, few patients are similar enough for traditional studies and methods to conduct clinical trials with small sample sizes are required. The need for genetic testing, biomarker development, and better imaging methods was highlighted. Adaptive and N-of-one study designs, better endpoints, and outcome measures including patient-reported outcomes should considered early in developing future therapeutic trial design and include all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gregory A. Coté
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Mark Haupt
- ARIEL Precision Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Department of Quantitative Medicine, The Transcriptional Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Vikesh K. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dana K. Andersen
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aliye Uc
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pancreatology and Nutrition, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - David C. Whitcomb
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Abu-El-Haija M, Lowe ME. Pediatric Pancreatitis-Molecular Mechanisms and Management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:741-753. [PMID: 30337030 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric pancreatitis is an emerging field with an increasing incidence of disease. Management of pediatric pancreatitis is understudied and, therefore, extrapolated from adult studies (although the etiologies are different). There is evidence that feeding is safe in mild acute pancreatitis in children without increased pain or length of stay. Studies are needed to predict course of the disease, disease severity, and risk of chronic pancreatitis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisam Abu-El-Haija
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 2010, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Mark E Lowe
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, MPRB 4th Floor, Campus Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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16
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Barrera K, Stanek A, Okochi K, Niewiadomska Z, Mueller C, Ou P, John D, Alfonso AE, Tenner S, Huan C. Acinar cell injury induced by inadequate unfolded protein response in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2018; 9:37-46. [PMID: 30283709 PMCID: PMC6163129 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v9.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of pancreatic tissue initiated in injured acinar cells. Severe AP remains a significant challenge due to the lack of effective treatment. The widely-accepted autodigestion theory of AP is now facing challenges, since inhibiting protease activation has negligible effectiveness for AP treatment despite numerous efforts. Furthermore, accumulating evidence supports a new concept that malfunction of a self-protective mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is the driving force behind the pathogenesis of AP. The UPR is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a disturbance frequently found in acinar cells, to prevent the aggravation of ER stress that can otherwise lead to cell injury. In addition, the UPR’s signaling pathways control NFκB activation and autophagy flux, and these dysregulations cause acinar cell inflammatory injury in AP, but with poorly understood mechanisms. We therefore summarize the protective role of the UPR in AP, propose mechanistic models of how inadequate UPR could promote NFκB’s pro-inflammatory activity and impair autophagy’s protective function in acinar cells, and discuss its relevance to current AP treatment. We hope that insight provided in this review will help facilitate the research and management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylene Barrera
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kei Okochi
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Cathy Mueller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Peiqi Ou
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Devon John
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Antonio E Alfonso
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Tenner
- Greater New York Endoscopy Surgical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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17
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Lugea A, Gerloff A, Su HY, Xu Z, Go A, Hu C, French SW, Wilson JS, Apte MV, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. The Combination of Alcohol and Cigarette Smoke Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cell Death in Pancreatic Acinar Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1674-1686. [PMID: 28847752 PMCID: PMC5705421 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Smoking, an independent risk factor for pancreatitis, accelerates the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. Alcohol feeding of mice induces up-regulation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), which regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response and promotes cell survival upon ER stress. We examined whether smoking affects the adaptive mechanisms induced by alcohol and accelerates disorders of the ER in pancreatic acinar cells. METHODS We studied the combined effects of ethanol (EtOH) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on ER stress and cell death responses in mouse and human primary acini and the acinar cell line AR42J. Cells were incubated with EtOH (50 mmol/L), CSE (20-40 μg/mL), or both (CSE+EtOH), and analyzed by immunoblotting, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and cell death assays. Some cells were incubated with MKC-3946, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1, also called IRE1) that blocks XBP1s formation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed isocaloric amounts of an EtOH-containing (Lieber-DeCarli) or control diet for 11 weeks and exposed to cigarette smoke or room air in an exposure chamber for 2 hours each day. During the last 3 weeks, a subset of rats received intravenous injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg per week) to induce pancreatitis or saline (control). Pancreatic tissues were collected and analyzed by histology and immunostaining techniques. RESULTS In AR42J and primary acini, CSE+EtOH induced cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), but neither agent alone had this effect. Cell death was associated with a significant decrease in expression of XBP1s. CSE+EtOH, but neither agent alone, slightly decreased adenosine triphosphate levels in AR42J cells, but induced oxidative stress and sustained activation (phosphorylation) of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3, also called PERK) and increased protein levels of DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also called CHOP). CHOP regulates transcription to promote apoptosis. Incubation of AR42J or primary mouse or human acinar cells with MKC-3946 reduced expression of XBP1s, increased levels of CHOP, and induced cell death. In rats fed an EtOH diet, exposure to cigarette smoke increased ER stress in acinar cells and sensitized the pancreas to LPS-induced pathology. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke promotes cell death and features of pancreatitis in EtOH-sensitized acinar cells by suppressing the adaptive unfolded protein response signaling pathway. It also activates ER stress pathways that promote acinar cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Andreas Gerloff
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Zhihong Xu
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Ariel Go
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jeremy S. Wilson
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Minoti V. Apte
- University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Mareninova OA, Shalbueva N, Deng N, Su HY, Thomas DD, Jones EK, Messenger SW, Yang J, Hu C, Gukovsky I, Liu Z, Groblewski GE, Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ. Human Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Proteomic Characterization, Physiologic Responses, and Organellar Disorders in ex Vivo Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2726-2743. [PMID: 28935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is largely based on studies using rodents. To assess similar mechanisms in humans, we performed ex vivo pancreatitis studies in human acini isolated from cadaveric pancreata from organ donors. Because data on these human acinar preparations are sparse, we assessed their functional integrity and cellular and organellar morphology using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy; and their proteome by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acinar cell responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the bile acid taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate were also analyzed. Proteomic analysis of acini from donors of diverse ethnicity showed similar profiles of digestive enzymes and proteins involved in translation, secretion, and endolysosomal function. Human acini preferentially expressed the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 and maintained physiological responses to CCh for at least 20 hours. As in rodent acini, human acini exposed to toxic concentrations of CCh and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate responded with trypsinogen activation, decreased cell viability, organelle damage manifest by mitochondrial depolarization, disordered autophagy, and pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress. Human acini also secreted inflammatory mediators elevated in acute pancreatitis patients, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 2 and 3, macrophage inhibitory factor, and chemokines mediating neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. In conclusion, human cadaveric pancreatic acini maintain physiological functions and have similar pathological responses and organellar disorders with pancreatitis-causing treatments as observed in rodent acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane D Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaina K Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott W Messenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Lew D, Afghani E, Pandol S. Chronic Pancreatitis: Current Status and Challenges for Prevention and Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1702-1712. [PMID: 28501969 PMCID: PMC5507364 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current status of our understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of the continuum of pancreatic diseases from acute and recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis and the diseases that are often linked with pancreatitis including diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. In addition to reviewing the current state of the field, we identify gaps in knowledge that are necessary to address to improve patient outcomes in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lew
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Elham Afghani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Setiawan VW, Monroe K, Lugea A, Yadav D, Pandol S. Uniting Epidemiology and Experimental Disease Models for Alcohol-Related Pancreatic Disease. Alcohol Res 2017; 38:173-182. [PMID: 28988572 PMCID: PMC5513684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings from epidemiologic studies and research with experimental animal models provide insights into alcohol-related disease pathogeneses. Epidemiologic data indicate that heavy drinking and smoking are associated with high rates of pancreatic disease. Less clear is the association between lower levels of drinking and pancreatitis. Intriguingly, a very low percentage of drinkers develop clinical pancreatitis. Experimental models demonstrate that alcohol administration alone does not initiate pancreatitis but does sensitize the pancreas to disease. Understanding the effects of alcohol use on the pancreas may prove beneficial in the prevention of both pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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21
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Dumartin L, Alrawashdeh W, Trabulo SM, Radon TP, Steiger K, Feakins RM, di Magliano MP, Heeschen C, Esposito I, Lemoine NR, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. ER stress protein AGR2 precedes and is involved in the regulation of pancreatic cancer initiation. Oncogene 2016; 36:3094-3103. [PMID: 27941872 PMCID: PMC5467015 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are still largely unknown. In the present study, we analysed the role of anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) in the earliest stages of pancreatic neoplasia. Immunohistochemical analysis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and peritumoral areas in PDAC tissues showed that AGR2 was present in tubular complexes (TC) and early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs). Moreover, AGR2 was also found in discrete subpopulations of non-transformed cells neighbouring these pre-neoplastic lesions. In primary cells derived from human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, flow-cytometry revealed that AGR2 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSC) compared with non-stem cancer cells. In LSL-KrasG12D;Pdx1-Cre (KC) mouse model Agr2 induction preceded the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions and their development was largely inhibited by Agr2 deletion in engineered LSL-KrasG12D;Pdx1-Cre; Agr2−/− mice. In vitro, AGR2 expression was stimulated by tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in both KRAS wild-type normal pancreas cells, as well as in KRAS mutated pancreatic cancer cells and was essential for ER homoeostasis. The unfolded protein response proteins GRP78, ATF6 and XBP1s were found expressed in CP and PDAC peritumoral tissues, but in contrast to AGR2, their expression was switched off during TC and PanIN formation. Real-time PCR and ELISA analyses showed that ER stress induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype in pancreatic normal, cancer and stellate cells. Moreover, AGR2 expression was inducible by paracrine transfer of ER stress and pro-inflammation between different pancreatic cell types. Our findings demonstrate that AGR2 induced in ER-stressed and inflammatory pre-neoplastic pancreas is a potential marker of cancer progenitor cells with an important functional role in PDAC initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dumartin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - W Alrawashdeh
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S M Trabulo
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer &Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - T P Radon
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - K Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - R M Feakins
- Department of Histopathology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - M P di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C Heeschen
- Centre for Stem Cells in Cancer &Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N R Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - T Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Xiao X, Jones G, Sevilla WA, Stolz DB, Magee KE, Haughney M, Mukherjee A, Wang Y, Lowe ME. A Carboxyl Ester Lipase (CEL) Mutant Causes Chronic Pancreatitis by Forming Intracellular Aggregates That Activate Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23224-23236. [PMID: 27650499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) frequently have genetic risk factors for disease. Many of the identified genes have been connected to trypsinogen activation or trypsin inactivation. The description of CP in patients with mutations in the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) domain of carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) presents an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of CP independently of trypsin pathways. We tested the hypothesis that a deletion and frameshift mutation (C563fsX673) in the CEL VNTR causes CP through proteotoxic gain-of-function activation of maladaptive cell signaling pathways including cell death pathways. HEK293 or AR42J cells were transfected with constructs expressing CEL with 14 repeats in the VNTR (CEL14R) or C563fsX673 CEL (CEL maturity onset diabetes of youth with a deletion mutation in the VNTR (MODY)). In both cell types, CEL MODY formed intracellular aggregates. Secretion of CEL MODY was decreased compared with that of CEL14R. Expression of CEL MODY increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, activated the unfolded protein response, and caused cell death by apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that disorders of protein homeostasis can lead to CP and suggest that novel therapies to decrease the intracellular accumulation of misfolded protein may be successful in some patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunjun Xiao
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Gabrielle Jones
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Wednesday A Sevilla
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kelsey E Magee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Margaret Haughney
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Yan Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
| | - Mark E Lowe
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224 and
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Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I. New insights into the pathways initiating and driving pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2016; 32:429-435. [PMID: 27428704 PMCID: PMC5235997 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we discuss recent studies that advance our understanding of molecular and cellular factors initiating and driving pancreatitis, with the emphasis on the role of acinar cell organelle disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The central physiologic function of the pancreatic acinar cell - to synthesize, store, and secrete digestive enzymes - critically relies on coordinated actions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the endolysosomal system, mitochondria, and autophagy. Recent studies begin to unravel the roles of these organelles' disordering in the mechanism of pancreatitis. Mice deficient in key autophagy mediators Atg5 or Atg7, or lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, exhibit dysregulation of multiple signaling and metabolic pathways in pancreatic acinar cells and develop spontaneous pancreatitis. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by sustained opening of the permeability transition pore is shown to mediate pancreatitis in several clinically relevant experimental models, and its inhibition by pharmacologic or genetic means greatly reduces local and systemic pathologic responses. Experimental pancreatitis is also alleviated with inhibitors of ORAI1, a key component of the plasma membrane channel mediating pathologic rise in acinar cell cytosolic Ca2+. Pancreatitis-promoting mutations are increasingly associated with the ER stress. These findings suggest novel pathways and drug targets for pancreatitis treatment. In addition, the recent studies identify new mediators (e.g., neutrophil extracellular traps) of the inflammatory and other responses of pancreatitis. SUMMARY The recent findings illuminate a critical role of organelles regulating the autophagic, endolysosomal, mitochondrial, and ER pathways in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis and secretory function; provide compelling evidence that organelle disordering is a key pathogenic mechanism initiating and driving pancreatitis; and identify molecular and cellular factors that could be targeted to restore organellar functions and thus alleviate or treat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ilya Gukovsky
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We conducted a prospective analysis of 145,886 participants in the multiethnic cohort to examine the relationship of alcohol drinking and smoking with pancreatitis. METHODS Pancreatitis cases were categorized as gallstone-related acute pancreatitis (GSAP) (N = 1,065), non-GSAP (N = 1,222), and recurrent acute (RAP)/chronic pancreatitis (CP) (N = 523). We used the baseline questionnaire to identify alcohol intake and smoking history. Associations were estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox models. RESULTS Cigarette smoking was associated with non-GSAP and RAP/CP. Moderate alcohol intake was inversely associated with all types of pancreatitis in women (HRs, 0.66 to 0.81 for <1 drink per day), and with RAP/CP in men (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.79 for <2 drinks per day). The risk of non-GS pancreatitis associated with current smoking was highest among men who consumed more than 4 drinks per day (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.28-3.30), whereas among never smokers, moderate drinking was associated with a reduced risk (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.96). In women, drinking less than 2 drinks per day was associated with a reduced risk of GSAP among never smokers (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46-0.80). CONCLUSIONS Smoking is a risk factor for non-GS pancreatitis. Moderate alcohol intake is protective against all types of pancreatitis in women and against RAP/CP in men.
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Phillipson-Weiner L, Mirek ET, Wang Y, McAuliffe WG, Wek RC, Anthony TG. General control nonderepressible 2 deletion predisposes to asparaginase-associated pancreatitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1061-70. [PMID: 26968207 PMCID: PMC4935488 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00052.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with the antileukemic agent asparaginase can induce acute pancreatitis, but the pathophysiology remains obscure. In the liver of mice, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is essential for mitigating metabolic stress caused by asparaginase. We determined the consequences of asparaginase treatment on the pancreata of wild-type (WT, GCN2-intact) and GCN2-deleted (ΔGcn2) mice. Mean pancreas weights in ΔGcn2 mice treated with asparaginase for 8 days were increased (P < 0.05) above all other groups. Histological examination revealed acinar cell swelling and altered staining of zymogen granules in ΔGcn2, but not WT, mice. Oil Red O staining and measurement of pancreas triglycerides excluded lipid accumulation as a contributor to acini appearance. Instead, transmission electron microscopy revealed dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in the pancreas of ΔGcn2 mice treated with asparaginase. Consistent with the idea that loss of GCN2 in a pancreas exposed to asparaginase induced ER stress, phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and its substrate eIF2 was increased in the pancreas of asparaginase-treated ΔGcn2 mice. In addition, mRNA expression of PERK target genes, activating transcription factors 4, 3, and 6 (Atf4, Atf3, and Atf6), fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (Hspa5), and spliced Xbp1 (sXbp1), as well as pancreas mass, was elevated in the pancreas of asparaginase-treated ΔGcn2 mice. Furthermore, genetic markers of oxidative stress [sirtuin (Sirt1)], inflammation [tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnfα)], and pancreatic injury [pancreatitis-associated protein (Pap)] were elevated in asparaginase-treated ΔGcn2, but not WT, mice. These data indicate that loss of GCN2 predisposes the exocrine pancreas to a maladaptive ER stress response and autophagy during asparaginase treatment and represent a genetic basis for development of asparaginase-associated pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Phillipson-Weiner
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey;
| | - Emily T. Mirek
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey;
| | - Yongping Wang
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey;
| | - W. Geoffrey McAuliffe
- 4Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and
| | - Ronald C. Wek
- 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tracy G. Anthony
- 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; ,2Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; ,3New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey;
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26
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Danino H, Ben-Dror K, Birk R. Exocrine pancreas ER stress is differentially induced by different fatty acids. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
An international symposium entitled "Acute pancreatitis: progress and challenges" was held on November 5, 2014 at the Hapuna Beach Hotel, Big Island, Hawaii, as part of the 45th Anniversary Meeting of the American Pancreatic Association and the Japanese Pancreas Society. The course was organized and directed by Drs. Stephen Pandol, Tooru Shimosegawa, Robert Sutton, Bechien Wu, and Santhi Swaroop Vege. The symposium objectives were to: (1) highlight current issues in management of acute pancreatitis, (2) discuss promising treatments, (3) consider development of quality indicators and improved measures of disease activity, and (4) present a framework for international collaboration for development of new therapies. This article represents a compilation and adaptation of brief summaries prepared by speakers at the symposium with the purpose of broadly disseminating information and initiatives.
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Liu B, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Wei Y, Long C, Chen M, Ling Y, Ge J, Zhuo Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes amyloid-beta peptides production in RGC-5 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:827-35. [PMID: 24643796 PMCID: PMC4389842 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. We have previously observed amyloid production in the retina of the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used tunicamycin-induced ER stress in RGC-5 cells, a cell line identical to the photoreceptor cell line 661W, to investigate the effect of ER stress on production of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides. We found that the mRNA level of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) remained stable, while the protein level of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) was decreased, the amyloid-beta precursor protein cleaving enzymes beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and presenilin 1 were upregulated, Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 production were increased, and reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis markers were elevated following induction of ER stress. The protein level of Abeta degradation enzymes, neprilysin, endothelin-converting enzyme 1, and endothelin-converting enzyme 2 remained unchanged during the prolonged ER stress, showing that the generation of Abeta did not result from reduction of proteolysis by these enzymes. Inclusion of group II caspase inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, increased the ER stress mediated Abeta production, suggesting that they are generated by a caspase-independent mechanism. Our findings provided evidence of a role of ER stress in Abeta peptide overproduction and apoptotic pathway activation in RGC-5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- />New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yantao Wei
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Chongde Long
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Yunlan Ling
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Jian Ge
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- />State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 China
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Kadiyala V, Lee LS, Banks PA, Suleiman S, Paulo JA, Wang W, Rosenblum J, Sainani NI, Mortele K, Conwell DL. Cigarette smoking impairs pancreatic duct cell bicarbonate secretion. JOP : JOURNAL OF THE PANCREAS 2013; 14:31-8. [PMID: 23306332 DOI: 10.6092/1590-8577/1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pancreatic duct cell function in smokers (current and past) and never smokers by measurement of secretin-stimulated peak bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) in endoscopic collected pancreatic fluid (PF). METHODS This retrospective study was cross-sectional in design, recording demographic information (age, gender, etc.), smoking status (former, current, never), alcohol intake, clinical data (imaging, endoscopy), and laboratory results (peak PF [HCO3-]) from subjects evaluated for pancreatic disease at a tertiary pancreas center. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (SAS Version 9.2, Cary, NC, USA) was performed to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and secretin-stimulated pancreatic fluid bicarbonate concentration. RESULTS A total of 131 subjects underwent pancreatic fluid collection (endoscopic pancreatic function test, ePFT) for bicarbonate analysis: 25.2% (33 out of 131) past smokers, 31.3% (41 out of 131) current smokers, and 43.5% (57 out of 131) were never smokers. Measures of Association: The mean peak PF [HCO3-] in never smokers (81.3 ± 18.5 mEq/L) was statistically higher (indicating better duct cell function) when compared to past smokers (66.8 ± 24.7 mEq/L, P=0.005) and current smokers (70.0 ± 20.2 mEq/L, P=0.005). However, the mean peak [HCO3-] in past smokers was not statistically different from that in current smokers (P=0.575), and therefore, the two smoking groups were combined to form a single "smokers cohort". When compared to the never smokers, the smokers cohort was older (P=0.037) and had a greater proportion of subjects with definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (P=0.010), alcohol consumption ≥20 g/day (P=0.012), and abnormal peak PF [HCO3-] (P<0.001). Risk-Based Estimates: Cigarette smoking (risk ratio, RR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.5; P<0.001), diagnosis of definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (RR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.6-3.2; P<0.001) and alcohol consumption ≥20 g/day (RR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.4; P=0.033) were all associated with low mean peak PF [HCO3-] (indicating duct cell secretory dysfunction). Multivariate Analysis: Smoking (odds ratio, OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.6-9.1; P=0.003) and definite chronic pancreatitis imaging (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.2-14.8; P<0.001) were determined to be independent predictors of low peak PF [HCO3-], controlling for age, gender, and alcohol intake. Furthermore there was no interaction between smoking status and alcohol intake in predicting duct cell dysfunction (P=0.571). CONCLUSION Measurement of pancreatic fluid bicarbonate in smokers reveals that cigarette smoking (past and current) is an independent risk factor for pancreatic duct cell secretory dysfunction (low PF [HCO3-]). Furthermore, the risk of duct cell dysfunction in subjects who smoked was approximately twice the risk (RR: 2.2) in never smokers. Further in depth, translational research approaches to pancreatic fluid analysis may help unravel mechanisms of cigarette smoking induced pancreatic duct cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kadiyala
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4-Phenylbutyric acid reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress, trypsin activation, and acinar cell apoptosis while increasing secretion in rat pancreatic acini. Pancreas 2013; 42:92-101. [PMID: 22889983 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318259f6ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to misfolded proteins inside the ER and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR). Unfolded protein response components are involved in pancreatic function and activated during pancreatitis. However, the exact role of ER stress in the exocrine pancreas is unclear. The present study examined the effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER chaperone, on acini and UPR components. METHODS Rat acini were stimulated with cholecystokinin (10 pmol/L to 10 nmol/L) with or without preincubation of 4-PBA. The UPR components were analyzed, including chaperone-binding protein, protein kinaselike ER kinase, X-box-binding protein 1, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, caspase 3, and apoptosis. Effects of 4-PBA were measured on secretion, calcium, and trypsin activation. RESULTS 4-Phenylbutyric acid led to an increase of secretion, whereas trypsin activation with supraphysiological cholecystokinin was significantly reduced. 4-Phenylbutyric acid prevented chaperone-binding protein up-regulation, diminished protein kinaselike ER kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation, prohibited X-box-binding protein 1 splicing and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein expression, caspase 3 activation, and apoptosis caused by supraphysiological cholecystokinin. CONCLUSION By incubation with 4-PBA, beneficial in urea cycle deficiency, it was possible to enhance enzyme secretion to suppress trypsin activation, UPR activation, and proapoptotic pathways. The data hint new perspectives for the use of chemical chaperones in pancreatic diseases.
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31
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Tao J, Zhu M, Wang H, Afelik S, Vasievich MP, Chen XW, Zhu G, Jensen J, Ginsburg D, Zhang B. SEC23B is required for the maintenance of murine professional secretory tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2001-9. [PMID: 22745161 PMCID: PMC3406820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209207109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, newly synthesized secretory proteins require COPII (coat protein complex II) to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). COPII contains five core components: SAR1, SEC23, SEC24, SEC13, and SEC31. SEC23 is a GTPase-activating protein that activates the SAR1 GTPase and also plays a role in cargo recognition. Missense mutations in the human COPII paralogues SEC23A and SEC23B result in craniolenticulosutural dysplasia and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II, respectively. We now report that mice completely deficient for SEC23B are born with no apparent anemia phenotype, but die shortly after birth, with degeneration of professional secretory tissues. In SEC23B-deficient embryonic pancreas, defects occur in exocrine and endocrine tissues shortly after differentiation. Pancreatic acini are completely devoid of zymogen granules, and the ER is severely distended. Similar ultrastructural alterations are also observed in salivary glands, but not in liver. Accumulation of proteins in the ER lumen activates the proapoptotic pathway of the unfolded protein response, suggesting a central role for apoptosis in the degeneration of these tissues in SEC23B-deficient embryos. Although maintenance of the secretory pathway should be required by all cells, our findings reveal a surprising tissue-specific dependence on SEC23B for the ER exit of highly abundant cargo, with high levels of SEC23B expression observed in professional secretory tissues. The disparate phenotypes in mouse and human could result from residual SEC23B function associated with the hypomorphic mutations observed in humans, or alternatively, might be explained by a species-specific shift in function between the closely related SEC23 paralogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Min Zhu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - He Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Solomon Afelik
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Matthew P. Vasievich
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jan Jensen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - David Ginsburg
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Bin Zhang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
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Wu L, Cai BC. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis-associated acinar cell injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1307-1311. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i15.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common severe disease involving a complicated cascade of events. The injury of pancreatic acinar cells is the trigger of local and systemic inflammation. Calcium overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial injury are closely associated with the injury of pancreatic acinar cells. This review aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis-associated acinar cell injury.
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Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. The emerging role of smoking in the development of pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2011; 11:469-74. [PMID: 21986098 PMCID: PMC3222114 DOI: 10.1159/000332196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cigarette smoking has been linked to many diseases, including pancreatic cancer and more recently, pancreatitis. METHODS Electronic searches of primarily PubMed from 1990 to August 2011 were conducted and only articles published in English were reviewed. Original articles and reviews were selected based on screening of article abstracts and their relevance to tobacco smoking, its components, nicotine and its metabolites, and their effects particularly on the pancreas. RESULTS Smoking may affect the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis or its progression. Smoking may also affect the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. Its effects in pancreatitis appear to be dose dependent and its effects may be alcohol independent but synergize with alcohol. CONCLUSION Specific constituents of cigarette smoke, including nicotine and its metabolites, could mediate effects on the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA,*Edwin C. Thrower, GI Research Laboratory, Building 4, VA Healthcare System Connecticut, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 (USA), Tel. +1 203 932 5711, ext. 3284, E-Mail
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