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Zuim AF, Edwards A, Ausiello D, Bhatta D, Edwards DA. Hypertonic Aerosols Hydrate Airways Longer and Reduce Acidification Risk with Nonpermeating Cation and Permeating Anion Salts. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:64-76. [PMID: 38354286 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperosmolar aerosols appear to promote or suppress upper airway dysfunction caused by dehydration in a composition-dependent manner. We sought to explore this composition dependence experimentally, in an interventional human clinical study, and theoretically, by numerical analysis of upper airway ion and water transport. Methods: In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study, phonation threshold pressure (PTP) was measured prenasal and postnasal inhalation of hypertonic aerosols of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 in seven human subjects. Numerical analysis of water and solute exchanges in the upper airways following deposition of these same aerosols was performed using a mathematical model previously described in the literature. Results: PTP decreased by 9%-22% relative to baseline (p < 0.05) for all salts within the first 30 minutes postadministration, indicating effective laryngeal hydration. Only MgCl2 reduced PTP beyond 90 minutes (21% below baseline at 2 hours postadministration). By numerical analysis, we determined that, while airway water volume up to 15 minutes postdeposition is dictated by osmolarity, after 30 minutes, divalent cation salts, such as MgCl2, better retain airway surface liquid (ASL) volume by slow paracellular clearance of the divalent cation. Fall of CFTR chloride flux with rise in ASL height, a promoter of airway acidification, appears to be a signature of permeating cation (NaCl) and nonpermeating anion (mannitol) aerosol deposition. For hypertonic aerosols that lack permeating cation and include permeating anion (CaCl2 and MgCl2), this acid-trigger signature does not exist. Conclusions: Nonpermeating cation and permeating anion hypertonic aerosols appear to hydrate upper airways longer and, rather than provoke, may reduce laryngeal dysfunction such as cough and bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flavia Zuim
- Steinberg School of Music, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis Ausiello
- Center for Assessment Technology and Continuous Health (CATCH), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deen Bhatta
- Sensory Cloud, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Edwards
- Sensory Cloud, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- John Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Zajac M, Jakiela S, Dolowy K. Understanding Bidirectional Water Transport across Bronchial Epithelial Cell Monolayers: A Microfluidic Approach. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:901. [PMID: 38132905 PMCID: PMC10744786 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the dynamics of water transport across bronchial epithelial cell monolayers is pivotal for unraveling respiratory physiology and pathology. In this study, we employ an advanced microfluidic system to explore bidirectional water transport across 16HBE14σ bronchial epithelial cells. Previous experiments unveiled electroneutral multiple ion transport, with chloride ions utilizing transcellular pathways and sodium ions navigating both paracellular and transcellular routes. Unexpectedly, under isoosmotic conditions, rapid bidirectional movement of Na+ and Cl- was observed, leading to the hypothesis of a substantial transport of isoosmotic solution (145 mM NaCl) across cell monolayers. To validate this conjecture, we introduce an innovative microfluidic device, offering a 500-fold sensitivity improvement in quantifying fluid flow. This system enables the direct measurement of minuscule fluid volumes traversing cell monolayers with unprecedented precision. Our results challenge conventional models, indicating a self-regulating mechanism governing water transport that involves the CFTR channel and anion exchangers. In healthy subjects, equilibrium is achieved at an apical potential of Δφap = -30 mV, while subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibit modulation by an anion exchanger, reaching equilibrium at [Cl] = 67 mM in the airway surface liquid. This nuanced electrochemical basis for bidirectional water transport in bronchial epithelia sheds light on physiological intricacies and introduces a novel perspective for understanding respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Zajac
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Krzysztof Dolowy
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Kim YH, Lee YK, Park SS, Park SH, Eom SY, Lee YS, Lee WJ, Jang J, Seo D, Kang HY, Kim JC, Lim SB, Yoon G, Kim HS, Kim JH, Park TJ. Mid-old cells are a potential target for anti-aging interventions in the elderly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7619. [PMID: 37993434 PMCID: PMC10665435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological process of aging is thought to result in part from accumulation of senescent cells in organs. However, the present study identified a subset of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells which are the major constituents of organ stroma neither proliferative nor senescent in tissues of the elderly, which we termed "mid-old status" cells. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (IL1B and SAA1) and downregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (SLIT2 and CXCL12) were detected in mid-old cells. In the stroma, SAA1 promotes development of the inflammatory microenvironment via upregulation of MMP9, which decreases the stability of epithelial cells present on the basement membrane, decreasing epithelial cell function. Remarkably, the microenvironmental change and the functional decline of mid-old cells could be reversed by a young cell-originated protein, SLIT2. Our data identify functional reversion of mid-old cells as a potential method to prevent or ameliorate aspects of aging-related tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Kim
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Lee
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Soon Sang Park
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - So Yeong Eom
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Wonhee John Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Juhee Jang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Kim
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Kim
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Inflamm-Aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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4
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Chu M, Deng J, Hu H, Wang R, Li D, Chen Z, Liu XA, Lu J. Nicotine transport across calu-3 cell monolayer: effect of nicotine salts and flavored e-liquids. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:628-636. [PMID: 37751149 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2263791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the transport capability of nicotine across Calu-3 cell monolayer in various nicotine forms, including nicotine freebase, nicotine salts, and flavored e-liquids with nicotine benzoate. SIGNIFICANCE Nicotine is rapidly absorbed from the respiratory system into systemic circulation during e-cigarettes use. However, the mechanism of nicotine transport in the lung has not been well understood yet. This study may offer critical biological evidence and have implications for the use and regulation of e-cigarettes. METHODS The viability of Calu-3 cells after administration of nicotine freebase, nicotine salts and representative e-liquid were evaluated using the MTT assay, and the integrity of the Calu-3 cell monolayer was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance measurement and morphological analysis. Further, the nicotine transport capacity across the Calu-3 cell monolayer in various formulations of nicotine was investigated by analysis of nicotine transport amount. RESULTS The findings indicated that nicotine transport occurred passively and was time-dependent across the Calu-3cell monolayer. In addition, the nicotine transport was influenced by the type of nicotine salts and their respective pH value. The nicotine benzoate exhibited the highest apparent permeability coefficient (Papp), and higher nicotine-to-benzoic acid ratios led to higher Papp values. The addition of flavors to e-liquid resulted in increased Papp values, with the most significant increment being observed in tobacco-flavored e-liquid. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the transport capability of nicotine across the Calu-3 cell monolayer was influenced by the pH values of nicotine salts and flavor additives in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Zuxin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-An Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin Lu
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen First Union Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Health Union Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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5
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Liu J, Mao F, Chen J, Lu S, Qi Y, Sun Y, Fang L, Yeung ML, Liu C, Yu G, Li G, Liu X, Yao Y, Huang P, Hao D, Liu Z, Ding Y, Liu H, Yang F, Chen P, Sa R, Sheng Y, Tian X, Peng R, Li X, Luo J, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Lin Y, Song R, Jin R, Huang B, Choe H, Farzan M, Yuen KY, Tan W, Peng X, Sui J, Li W. An IgM-like inhalable ACE2 fusion protein broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5191. [PMID: 37626079 PMCID: PMC10457309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics are not effective against newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we developed the metallo-enzyme domain of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2-into an IgM-like inhalable molecule (HH-120). HH-120 binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein with high avidity and confers potent and broad-spectrum neutralization activity against all known SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. HH-120 was developed as an inhaled formulation that achieves appropriate aerodynamic properties for rodent and monkey respiratory system delivery, and we found that early administration of HH-120 by aerosol inhalation significantly reduced viral loads and lung pathology scores in male golden Syrian hamsters infected by the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain (GDPCC-nCoV27) and the Delta variant. Our study presents a meaningful advancement in the inhalation delivery of large biologics like HH-120 (molecular weight (MW) ~ 1000 kDa) and demonstrates that HH-120 can serve as an efficacious, safe, and convenient agent against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Finally, given the known role of ACE2 in viral reception, it is conceivable that HH-120 has the potential to be efficacious against additional emergent coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Yinyan Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linqiang Fang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | | | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu Ding
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Pan Chen
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Rigai Sa
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Tian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Peng
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Huahui Health Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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6
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Edwards DA, Chung KF. Mouth breathing, dry air, and low water permeation promote inflammation, and activate neural pathways, by osmotic stresses acting on airway lining mucus. QRB DISCOVERY 2023; 4:e3. [PMID: 37529032 PMCID: PMC10392678 DOI: 10.1017/qrd.2023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory disease and breathing abnormalities worsen with dehydration of the upper airways. We find that humidification of inhaled air occurs by evaporation of water over mucus lining the upper airways in such a way as to deliver an osmotic force on mucus, displacing it towards the epithelium. This displacement thins the periciliary layer of water beneath mucus while thickening topical water that is partially condensed from humid air on exhalation. With the rapid mouth breathing of dry air, this condensation layer, not previously reported while common to transpiring hydrogels in nature, can deliver an osmotic compressive force of up to around 100 cm H2O on underlying cilia, promoting adenosine triphosphate secretion and activating neural pathways. We derive expressions for the evolution of the thickness of the condensation layer, and its impact on cough frequency, inflammatory marker secretion, cilia beat frequency and respiratory droplet generation. We compare our predictions with human clinical data from multiple published sources and highlight the damaging impact of mouth breathing, dry, dirty air and high minute volume on upper airway function. We predict the hypertonic (or hypotonic) saline mass required to reduce (or amplify) dysfunction by restoration (or deterioration) of the structure of ciliated and condensation water layers in the upper airways and compare these predictions with published human clinical data. Preserving water balance in the upper airways appears critical in light of contemporary respiratory health challenges posed by the breathing of dirty and dry air.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Edwards
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Fu A, Chang M, Zhu H, Liu H, Wu D, Zeng H. Air-blood barrier (ABB) on a chip. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Minuto J, Bedenice D, Ceresia M, Zaghloul I, Böhlke M, Mazan MR. Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of nebulized lidocaine in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:984108. [PMID: 36187809 PMCID: PMC9521615 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.984108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nebulized lidocaine appears promising as a novel corticosteroid-sparing therapeutic for equine asthma, but its safety and pharmacokinetic behavior have yet to be confirmed. Objective To describe the effect of nebulized lidocaine on upper airway sensitivity, lung mechanics, and lower respiratory cellular response of healthy horses, as well as delivery of lidocaine to lower airways, and its subsequent absorption, clearance, and duration of detectability. Animals Six healthy university- and client-owned horses with normal physical examination and serum amyloid A, and no history of respiratory disease within 6 months. Methods Prospective, descriptive study evaluating the immediate effects of 1 mg/kg 4% preservative-free lidocaine following nebulization with the Flexineb®. Prior to and following nebulization, horses were assessed using upper airway endoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and pulmonary function testing with esophageal balloon/pneumotachography and histamine bronchoprovocation. Additionally, blood and urine were collected at predetermined times following single-dose intravenous and nebulized lidocaine administration for pharmacokinetic analysis. Results Upper airway sensitivity was unchanged following lidocaine nebulization, and no laryngospasm or excessive salivation was noted. Lidocaine nebulization (1 mg/kg) resulted in a mean epithelial lining fluid concentration of 9.63 ± 5.05 μg/mL, and a bioavailability of 29.7 ± 7.76%. Lidocaine concentrations were higher in epithelial lining fluid than in systemic circulation (Cmax 149.23 ± 78.74 μg/L, CELF:Cmaxplasma 64.4, range 26.5–136.8). Serum and urine lidocaine levels remained detectable for 24 and 48 h, respectively, following nebulization of a single dose. Baseline spirometry, lung resistance and dynamic compliance, remained normal following lidocaine nebulization, with resistance decreasing post-nebulization. Compared to the pre-nebulization group, two additional horses were hyperresponsive following lidocaine nebulization. There was a significant increase in mean airway responsiveness post-lidocaine nebulization, based on lung resistance, but not dynamic compliance. One horse had BAL cytology consistent with airway inflammation both before and after lidocaine treatment. Conclusions Nebulized lidocaine was not associated with adverse effects on upper airway sensitivity or BAL cytology. While baseline lung resistance was unchanged, increased airway reactivity to histamine bronchoprovocation in the absence of clinical signs was seen in some horses following nebulization. Further research is necessary to evaluate drug delivery, adverse events, and efficacy in asthmatic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Minuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Bedenice
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Michelle Ceresia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Iman Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark Böhlke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa R. Mazan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Melissa R. Mazan
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9
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Brown EF, Mitaera T, Fronius M. COVID-19 and Liquid Homeostasis in the Lung—A Perspective through the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Lens. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111801. [PMID: 35681496 PMCID: PMC9180030 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with a new corona virus in 2019 lead to the definition of a new disease known as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The sever cases of COVID-19 and the main cause of death due to virus infection are attributed to respiratory distress. This is associated with the formation of pulmonary oedema that impairs blood oxygenation and hypoxemia as main symptoms of respiratory distress. An important player for the maintenance of a defined liquid environment in lungs needed for normal lung function is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The present article reviews the implications of SARS-CoV-2 infections from the perspective of impaired function of ENaC. The rationale for this perspective is derived from the recognition that viral spike protein and ENaC share a common proteolytic cleavage site. This cleavage site is utilized by the protease furin, that is essential for ENaC activity. Furin cleavage of spike ‘activates’ the virus protein to enable binding to host cell membrane receptors and initiate cell infection. Based on the importance of proteolytic cleavage for ENaC function and activation of spike, it seems feasible to assume that virus infections are associated with impaired ENaC activity. This is further supported by symptoms of COVID-19 that are reminiscent of impaired ENaC function in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Brown
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tamapuretu Mitaera
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (E.F.B.); (T.M.)
- HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Healthy Hearts for Aotearoa New Zealand, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Discovery, Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-471-6081
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10
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Garcia-Vilanova A, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Moliva JI, Allué-Guardia A, Singh H, Merritt RE, Maselli DJ, Peters JI, Restrepo BI, Wang Y, Schlesinger LS, Turner J, Weintraub ST, Torrelles JB. The aging human lung mucosa: A proteomics study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1969-1974. [PMID: 35460553 PMCID: PMC9536443 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The older adult population, estimated to double by 2050, is at increased risk of respiratory infections and other pulmonary diseases. Biochemical changes in the lung alveolar lining fluid (ALF) and in alveolar compartment cells can alter local immune responses as we age, generating opportunities for invading pathogens to establish successful infections. Indeed, the lung alveolar space of older adults is a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, dysregulated environment that remains understudied. We performed an exploratory, quantitative proteomic profiling of the soluble proteins present in ALF, developing insight into molecular fingerprints, pathways, and regulatory networks that characterize the alveolar space in old age, comparing it to that of younger individuals. We identified 457 proteins that were significantly differentially expressed in older adult ALF, including increased production of matrix metalloproteinases, markers of cellular senescence, antimicrobials, and proteins of neutrophilic granule origin, among others, suggesting that neutrophils in the lungs of older adults could be potential contributors to the dysregulated alveolar environment with increasing age. Finally, we describe a hypothetical regulatory network mediated by the Serum Response Factor that could explain the neutrophilic profile observed in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Angélica M Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT-Health SA, San Antonio, TX
| | - Robert E Merritt
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH
| | - Diego J Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT-Health SA, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jay I Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT-Health SA, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTSA, San Antonio, TX
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT-Health SA, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
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11
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George CE, Scheuch G, Seifart U, Inbaraj LR, Chandrasingh S, Nair IK, Hickey AJ, Barer MR, Fletcher E, Field RD, Salzman J, Moelis N, Ausiello D, Edwards DA. COVID-19 symptoms are reduced by targeted hydration of the nose, larynx and trachea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4599. [PMID: 35351914 PMCID: PMC8964810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration of the upper airways increases risks of respiratory diseases from COVID-19 to asthma and COPD. We find in human volunteer studies involving 464 human subjects in Germany, the US, and India that respiratory droplet generation increases by up to 4 orders of magnitude in dehydration-associated states of advanced age (n = 357), elevated BMI-age (n = 148), strenuous exercise (n = 20) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 87), and falls with hydration of the nose, larynx and trachea by calcium-rich hypertonic salts. We also find in a protocol of exercise-induced airway dehydration that hydration of the airways by calcium-rich salts increases oxygenation relative to a non-treatment control (P < 0.05). In a random control study of COVID-19 positive subjects (n = 40), thrice-a-day delivery of the calcium-rich hypertonic salts (active) suppressed respiratory droplet generation by 51% ± 11% and increased oxygen saturation over three days of treatment by 48.08% ± 9.61% (P < 0.001), while no changes were observed in the nasal-saline control group. Self-reported symptoms significantly declined in the active group and did not decline in the control group. Hydration of the upper airways appears promising as a non-drug approach for reducing risks of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Indu K Nair
- Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Michael R Barer
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eve Fletcher
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rachel D Field
- School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nathan Moelis
- School of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David A Edwards
- Sensory Cloud, 650 East Kendall St, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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A new and simple parameter for diagnosis pulmonary edema: Expiratory air humidity. Heart Lung 2022; 52:165-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Pauluhn J. Derivation of thresholds for inhaled chemically reactive irritants: Searching for substance-specific common denominators for read-across prediction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 130:105131. [PMID: 35124139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emergency response planning guideline values are used to protect the public when there has been a short-term chemical release. These values serve the purpose of identifying areas where a hazard exists if the concentration of hazardous chemicals is exceeded for the specified exposure duration. This paper focuses on carbonyl chlorides, a class of highly irritant/corrosive chemical intermediates characterized by the reactive moiety R-COCl. Despite their unifying property of reacting with nucleophilic biopolymers/peptides lining the airways of the respiratory tract, their adverse outcome pathway (AOP), in addition to surface area dose, appears to be dominated by their site(s) of major deposition (liquid) or retention (gas) within the respiratory tract. Thus, the physicochemical properties "phase" and "lipophilicity" become more decisive for the AOP than the chemical structure. This complicates the grouping of portal-of-entry irritant chemicals for the read-across prediction of chemicals, especially those with semivolatile properties. Phosgene (COCl2) served as a template to predict emergency response planning levels 2 (non-incapacitating, reversible injury) and 3 (nonlethal) for related chemicals such as SOCl2, formates, and acid chlorides. A rationale and guide to the systematic characterization of uncertainties associated with the lung region, water solubility of the vapor phase, and chemical specificity is given. The approach described in this paper highlights the regional differences and outcomes that are phenotypically described as irritation of the respiratory tract. Especially for such a data-lean group of chemicals, reliable read-across predictions could reduce the uncertainty associated with the derivation of values used for emergency-related risk assessment and management. Likewise, the approach suggested could improve the grouping and categorization of such chemicals, providing a means to reduce animal testing with potentially corrosive chemicals. Overall, the course taken for read-across predictions provided valid estimates as long as emphasis was directed to the physicochemical properties determining the most critical regional injury within the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Pauluhn
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Global Phosgene Steering Group, 51365, Leverkusen, Germany.
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14
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Torrelles JB, Restrepo BI, Bai Y, Ross C, Schlesinger LS, Turner J. The Impact of Aging on the Lung Alveolar Environment, Predetermining Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:818700. [PMID: 35821836 PMCID: PMC9261427 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.818700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the top causes of death in the elderly population, displaying susceptibility factors with increasing age that are potentially amenable to interventions. We posit that with increasing age there are predictable tissue-specific changes that prevent the immune system from working effectively in the lung. This mini-review highlights recent evidence for altered local tissue environment factors as we age focusing on increased tissue oxidative stress with associated immune cell changes, likely driven by the byproducts of age-associated inflammatory disease. Potential intervention points are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Blanca I. Restrepo
- School of Public Health in Brownsville, University of Texas Health Houston, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT-Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Corinna Ross
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Soutwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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15
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Hendrix DA, Hurowitz JA, Glotch TD, Schoonen MAA. Olivine Dissolution in Simulated Lung and Gastric Fluid as an Analog to the Behavior of Lunar Particulate Matter Inside the Human Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Systems. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000491. [PMID: 34849441 PMCID: PMC8609536 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the Artemis III mission scheduled to land humans on the Moon in 2025, work must be done to understand the hazards lunar dust inhalation would pose to humans. In this study, San Carlos olivine was used as an analog of lunar olivine, a common component of lunar dust. Olivine was dissolved in a flow-through apparatus in both simulated lung fluid and 0.1 M HCl (simulated gastric fluid) over a period of approximately 2 weeks at physiological temperature, 37°C. Effluent samples were collected periodically and analyzed for pH, iron, silicon, and magnesium ion concentrations. The dissolution rate data derived from our measurements allow us to estimate that an inhaled 1.0 μm diameter olivine particle would take approximately 24 years to dissolve in the human lungs and approximately 3 weeks to dissolve in gastric fluid. Results revealed that inhaled olivine particles may generate the toxic chemical, hydroxyl radical, for up to 5-6 days in lung fluid. Olivine dissolved in 0.1 M HCl for 2 weeks transformed to an amorphous silica-rich solid plus the ferric iron oxy-hydroxide ferrihydrite. Olivine dissolved in simulated lung fluid shows no detectable change in composition or crystallinity. Equilibrium thermodynamic models indicate that olivine in the human lungs can precipitate secondary minerals with fibrous crystal structures that have the potential to induce detrimental health effects similar to asbestos exposure. Our work indicates that inhaled lunar dust containing olivine can settle in the human lungs for years and could induce long-term potential health effects like that of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin A. A. Schoonen
- Environment, Biology, Nuclear Science, & NonproliferationBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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16
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Pauluhn J, Whalan JE. Human risk assessment of inhaled irritants: Role of sensory stimulations from spatially separated nociceptors. Toxicology 2021; 462:152929. [PMID: 34481904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary approaches to human health risk assessment for respiratory tract irritants are variable and controversial. This manuscript provides an in-depth analysis and assessment of the applicability of the classical respiratory depression 50 % (RD50) assay with focus on the Log-linear extrapolation of the non-sensory irritant threshold (RD0 or RD10) relative to the contemporary Point of Departure (POD) U.S.-EPA benchmark approach. Three prototypic volatile chemically reactive irritants are used to exemplify the pros and cons of this alternative approach. These irritants differ in physicochemical properties affecting water-solubility and lipophilicity. Depending on these variables, a vapor may preferentially be retained in the extrathoracic region (ET), the tracheobronchial region (TB), and the pulmonary region (PU); although a smooth transition between these regions occurs at increasingly high concentrations. Each region has its specific nociceptors sensing irritants and regional-specific response to injury. The alternative approach using rats identified the chemical-specific critical region of respiratory tract injury. Statistically derived PODs on ET-TB related sensory irritation provide important information for ET-TB irritants but not for PU irritants. The POD of ET-TB irritants from acute and repeated studies decreased substantially. In summary, statistically derived PODs improve the risk assessment of respiratory tract irritants; however, those from repeated exposures should be given preference to those from acute exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Pauluhn
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Global Phosgene Steering Group, 51365, Leverkusen, Germany; Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - John E Whalan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20460, USA.
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17
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Leander RN, Wu Y, Ding W, Nelson DE, Sinkala Z. A model of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the alveolar epithelium. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210090. [PMID: 34430043 PMCID: PMC8355678 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a differential equation model of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 within the alveolar epithelium. Critical determinants of the viral dynamics and host response, including type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells, interferons, chemokines, toxins and innate immune cells, are included. We estimate model parameters, compute the within-host basic reproductive number, and study the impacts of therapies, prophylactics, and host/pathogen variability on the course of the infection. Model simulations indicate that the innate immune response suppresses the infection and enables the alveolar epithelium to partially recover. While very robust antiviral therapy controls the infection and enables the epithelium to heal, moderate therapy is of limited benefit. Meanwhile interferon therapy is predicted to reduce viral load but exacerbate tissue damage. The deleterious effects of interferon therapy are especially apparent late in the infection. Individual variation in ACE2 expression, epithelial cell interferon production, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding affinity are predicted to significantly impact prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Leander
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132-0002, USA
| | - Y. Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132-0002, USA
| | - W. Ding
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132-0002, USA
| | - D. E. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132-0002, USA
| | - Z. Sinkala
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro 37132-0002, USA
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18
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Hartung N, Borghardt JM. A mechanistic framework for a priori pharmacokinetic predictions of orally inhaled drugs. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008466. [PMID: 33320846 PMCID: PMC7771877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of orally inhaled drugs is determined by pulmonary pharmacokinetic processes such as particle deposition, pulmonary drug dissolution, and mucociliary clearance. Even though each single process has been systematically investigated, a quantitative understanding on the interaction of processes remains limited and therefore identifying optimal drug and formulation characteristics for orally inhaled drugs is still challenging. To investigate this complex interplay, the pulmonary processes can be integrated into mathematical models. However, existing modeling attempts considerably simplify these processes or are not systematically evaluated against (clinical) data. In this work, we developed a mathematical framework based on physiologically-structured population equations to integrate all relevant pulmonary processes mechanistically. A tailored numerical resolution strategy was chosen and the mechanistic model was evaluated systematically against data from different clinical studies. Without adapting the mechanistic model or estimating kinetic parameters based on individual study data, the developed model was able to predict simultaneously (i) lung retention profiles of inhaled insoluble particles, (ii) particle size-dependent pharmacokinetics of inhaled monodisperse particles, (iii) pharmacokinetic differences between inhaled fluticasone propionate and budesonide, as well as (iv) pharmacokinetic differences between healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients. Finally, to identify the most impactful optimization criteria for orally inhaled drugs, the developed mechanistic model was applied to investigate the impact of input parameters on both the pulmonary and systemic exposure. Interestingly, the solubility of the inhaled drug did not have any relevant impact on the local and systemic pharmacokinetics. Instead, the pulmonary dissolution rate, the particle size, the tissue affinity, and the systemic clearance were the most impactful potential optimization parameters. In the future, the developed prediction framework should be considered a powerful tool for identifying optimal drug and formulation characteristics. The use of orally inhaled drugs for treating lung diseases is appealing since they have the potential for lung selectivity, i.e. high exposure at the site of action –the lung– without excessive side effects. However, the degree of lung selectivity depends on a large number of factors, including physiochemical properties of drug molecules, patient disease state, and inhalation devices. To predict the impact of these factors on drug exposure and thereby to understand the characteristics of an optimal drug for inhalation, we develop a predictive mathematical framework (a “pharmacokinetic model”). In contrast to previous approaches, our model allows combining knowledge from different sources appropriately and its predictions were able to adequately predict different sets of clinical data. Finally, we compare the impact of different factors and find that the most important factors are the size of the inhaled particles, the affinity of the drug to the lung tissue, as well as the rate of drug dissolution in the lung. In contrast to the common belief, the solubility of a drug in the lining fluids is not found to be relevant. These findings are important to understand how inhaled drugs should be designed to achieve best treatment results in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hartung
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Markus Borghardt
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Research DMPK, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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19
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Obendorf J, Fabian C, Thome UH, Laube M. Paracrine stimulation of perinatal lung functional and structural maturation by mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:525. [PMID: 33298180 PMCID: PMC7724458 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were shown to harbor therapeutic potential in models of respiratory diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common sequel of preterm birth. In these studies, cells or animals were challenged with hyperoxia or other injury-inducing agents. However, little is known about the effect of MSCs on immature fetal lungs and whether MSCs are able to improve lung maturity, which may alleviate lung developmental arrest in BPD. Methods We aimed to determine if the conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs stimulates functional and structural lung maturation. As a measure of functional maturation, Na+ transport in primary fetal distal lung epithelial cells (FDLE) was studied in Ussing chambers. Na+ transporter and surfactant protein mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Structural maturation was assessed by microscopy in fetal rat lung explants. Results MSC-CM strongly increased the activity of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and the Na,K-ATPase as well as their mRNA expression. Branching and growth of fetal lung explants and surfactant protein mRNA expression were enhanced by MSC-CM. Epithelial integrity and metabolic activity of FDLE cells were not influenced by MSC-CM. Since MSC’s actions are mainly attributed to paracrine signaling, prominent lung growth factors were blocked. None of the tested growth factors (VEGF, BMP, PDGF, EGF, TGF-β, FGF, HGF) contributed to the MSC-induced increase of Na+ transport. In contrast, inhibition of PI3-K/AKT and Rac1 signaling reduced MSC-CM efficacy, suggesting an involvement of these pathways in the MSC-CM-induced Na+ transport. Conclusion The results demonstrate that MSC-CM strongly stimulated functional and structural maturation of the fetal lungs. These effects were at least partially mediated by the PI3-K/AKT and Rac1 signaling pathway. Thus, MSCs not only repair a deleterious tissue environment, but also target lung cellular immaturity itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Obendorf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Thome
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Laube
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Niu B, Luo Q, Zhang Y, Quan G, Pan X, Wu C. Cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks for pulmonary delivery of curcumin with improved solubility and fine aerodynamic performance. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119777. [PMID: 32805383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, it is still a major challenge to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs to lungs with good solubility and fine aerodynamic performance. In this study, curcumin was loaded into cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) for pulmonary delivery. Compared with micronized curcumin prepared by jet milling, curcumin-loaded CD-MOFs (Cur-CD-MOFs) exhibited excellent aerodynamic performance, which was attributed to the unique porous structure and lower density of CD-MOFs. The dissolution test showed that the drug release rate of Cur-CD-MOFs was much faster than that of micronized curcumin. The all-atom molecular dynamic simulation showed that curcumin molecules were loaded into the hydrophobic cavities of CD-MOFs or entered into the large hydrophilic cavities to form nanoclusters. The elevated wettability of Cur-CD-MOFs and the unique spatial distribution feature of curcumin in porous interior of CD-MOFs might be favorable for the improved dissolution rate. The DPPH radical scavenging test showed that Cur-CD-MOFs had prominent antioxidant activities. Therefore, CD-MOFs were expected to be promising carriers for pulmonary delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Boyi Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiaorong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guilan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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21
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Hulme KD, Yan L, Marshall RJ, Bloxham CJ, Upton KR, Hasnain SZ, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Loh Z, Ronacher K, Chew KY, Gallo LA, Short KR. High glucose levels increase influenza-associated damage to the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier. eLife 2020; 9:56907. [PMID: 32697191 PMCID: PMC7392605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a known susceptibility factor for severe influenza virus infections. However, the mechanisms that underlie this susceptibility remain incompletely understood. Here, the effects of high glucose levels on influenza severity were investigated using an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier as well as an in vivo murine model of type II diabetes. In vitro we show that high glucose conditions prior to IAV infection increased virus-induced barrier damage. This was associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells and the subsequent damage of the epithelial junctional complex. These results were subsequently validated in vivo. This study provides the first evidence that hyperglycaemia may increase influenza severity by damaging the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and increasing pulmonary oedema. These data suggest that maintaining long-term glucose control in individuals with diabetes is paramount in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Limin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Marshall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Conor J Bloxham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Kyle R Upton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Zhixuan Loh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Linda A Gallo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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22
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Abstract
Every winter, people with diabetes are at increased risk of severe influenza. At present, the mechanisms that cause this increased susceptibility are unclear. Here, we show that the fluctuations in blood glucose levels common in people with diabetes are associated with severe influenza. These data suggest that glycemic stability could become a greater clinical priority for patients with diabetes during outbreaks of influenza. People with diabetes are two times more likely to die from influenza than people with no underlying medical condition. The mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are poorly understood. In healthy individuals, small and short-lived postprandial peaks in blood glucose levels occur. In diabetes mellitus, these fluctuations become greater and more frequent. This glycemic variability is associated with oxidative stress and hyperinflammation. However, the contribution of glycemic variability to the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) has not been explored. Here, we used an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and novel murine models to investigate the role of glycemic variability in influenza severity. In vitro, a history of glycemic variability significantly increased influenza-driven cell death and destruction of the epithelial-endothelial barrier. In vivo, influenza virus-infected mice with a history of glycemic variability lost significantly more body weight than mice with constant blood glucose levels. This increased disease severity was associated with markers of oxidative stress and hyperinflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results provide the first indication that glycemic variability may help drive the increased risk of severe influenza in people with diabetes mellitus.
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Rodrigues S, da Costa AMR, Flórez-Fernández N, Torres MD, Faleiro ML, Buttini F, Grenha A. Inhalable Spray-Dried Chondroitin Sulphate Microparticles: Effect of Different Solvents on Particle Properties and Drug Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020425. [PMID: 32059360 PMCID: PMC7077709 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spray-drying stands as one of the most used techniques to produce inhalable microparticles, but several parameters from both the process and the used materials affect the properties of the resulting microparticles. In this work, we describe the production of drug-loaded chondroitin sulphate microparticles by spray-drying, testing the effect of using different solvents during the process. Full characterisation of the polymer and of the aerodynamic properties of the obtained microparticles are provided envisaging an application in inhalable tuberculosis therapy. The spray-dried microparticles successfully associated two first-line antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifabutin) with satisfactory production yield (up to 85%) and drug association efficiency (60%–95%). Ethanol and HCl were tested as co-solvents to aid the solubilisation of rifabutin and microparticles produced with the former generally revealed the best features, presenting a better ability to sustainably release rifabutin. Moreover, these presented aerodynamic properties compatible with deep lung deposition, with an aerodynamic diameter around 4 μm and fine particle fraction of approximately 44%. Finally, it was further demonstrated that the antitubercular activity of the drugs remained unchanged after encapsulation independently of the used solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodrigues
- Centre for Marine Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.R.); (N.F.-F.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Ana M. Rosa da Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Centre for Marine Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.R.); (N.F.-F.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Faculty of Sciences, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Faculty of Sciences, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Maria Leonor Faleiro
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Grenha
- Centre for Marine Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (S.R.); (N.F.-F.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-289-244-441
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Tankasala D, Linnes JC. Noninvasive glucose detection in exhaled breath condensate. Transl Res 2019; 213:1-22. [PMID: 31194942 PMCID: PMC6783357 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-thirds of patients with diabetes avoid regularly monitoring their blood glucose levels because of the painful and invasive nature of current blood glucose detection. As an alternative to blood sample collection, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has emerged as a promising noninvasive sample from which to monitor glucose levels. However, this dilute sample matrix requires sensors capable of detecting glucose with high resolution at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations. Recent developments in EBC collection methods and highly sensitive glucose biosensors provide a path toward enabling robust and sensitive glucose detection in EBC. This review addresses current and emerging EBC collection and glucose sensing modalities capable of quantifying glucose in EBC samples. We highlight the opportunities and challenges for development and integration of EBC glucose detection systems that will enable clinically robust and accurate EBC glucose measurements for improved glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Tankasala
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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25
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The Role of Water Homeostasis in Muscle Function and Frailty: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081857. [PMID: 31405072 PMCID: PMC6723611 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Water, the main component of the body, is distributed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Water exchange between these compartments is mainly governed by osmotic pressure. Extracellular water osmolarity must remain within very narrow limits to be compatible with life. Older adults lose the thirst sensation and the ability to concentrate urine, and this favours increased extracellular osmolarity (hyperosmotic stress). This situation, in turn, leads to cell dehydration, which has severe consequences for the intracellular protein structure and function and, ultimately, results in cell damage. Moreover, the fact that water determines cell volume may act as a metabolic signal, with cell swelling acting as an anabolic signal and cell shrinkage acting as a catabolic signal. Ageing also leads to a progressive loss in muscle mass and strength. Muscle strength is the main determinant of functional capacity, and, in elderly people, depends more on muscle quality than on muscle quantity (or muscle mass). Intracellular water content in lean mass has been related to muscle strength, functional capacity, and frailty risk, and has been proposed as an indicator of muscle quality and cell hydration. This review aims to assess the role of hyperosmotic stress and cell dehydration on muscle function and frailty.
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26
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The human lung mucosa drives differential Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection outcome in the alveolar epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:795-804. [PMID: 30846830 PMCID: PMC6462240 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is deposited into the alveolus where it first encounters the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) prior contacts host cells. We demonstrated that M.tb-exposure to human ALF alters its cell surface, driving better M.tb infection control by professional phagocytes. Contrary to these findings, our results with non-professional phagocytes alveolar epithelial cells (ATs) define two distinct subsets of human ALFs; where M.tb exposure to Low (L)-ALF or High(H)-ALF results in low or high intracellular bacterial growth rates in ATs, respectively. H-ALF exposed-M.tb growth within ATs was independent of M.tb-uptake, M.tb-trafficking, and M.tb-infection induced cytotoxicity; however, it was associated with enhanced bacterial replication within LAMP-1+/ABCA1+ compartments. H-ALF exposed-M.tb infection of ATs decreased AT immune mediator production, decreased AT surface adhesion expression, and downregulated macrophage inflammatory responses. Composition analysis of H-ALF vs. L-ALF showed H-ALF with higher protein tyrosine nitration and less functional ALF-innate proteins important in M.tb pathogenesis. Replenishment of H-ALF with functional ALF-innate proteins reversed the H-ALF-M.tb growth rate to the levels observed for L-ALF-M.tb. These results indicate that dysfunctionality of innate proteins in the H-ALF phenotype promotes M.tb replication within ATs, while limiting inflammation and phagocyte activation, thus potentiating ATs as a reservoir for M.tb replication and survival.
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Hajdu I, Angyal J, Szikra D, Kertész I, Malanga M, Fenyvesi É, Szente L, Vecsernyés M, Bácskay I, Váradi J, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Vasvári G, Rusznyák Á, Trencsényi G, Fenyvesi F. Radiochemical synthesis and preclinical evaluation of 68Ga-labeled NODAGA-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (68Ga-NODAGA-HPBCD). Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 128:202-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Loy H, Kuok DIT, Hui KPY, Choi MHL, Yuen W, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Therapeutic Implications of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Attenuating Influenza A(H5N1) Virus-Associated Acute Lung Injury. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:186-196. [PMID: 30085072 PMCID: PMC6306016 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses can cause severe forms of acute lung injury (ALI) in humans, where pulmonary flooding leads to respiratory failure. The therapeutic benefits of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in a model of ALI due to influenza A(H5N1) virus. However, clinical translation is impractical and limited by a decline in efficacy as the age of the donor increases. Umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs) are easier to obtain by comparison, and their primitive source may offer more-potent therapeutic effects. Methods Here we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of UC-MSCs on the mechanisms of pulmonary edema formation and alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability of A(H5N1)-infected human alveolar epithelial cells. UC-MSCs were also tested in a mouse model of influenza ALI. Results We found that UC-MSCs were effective in restoring impaired alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability of A(H5N1)-infected human alveolar epithelial cells. UC-MSCs consistently outperformed bone marrow MSCs, partly because of greater growth factor secretion of angiopoietin 1 and hepatocyte growth factor. Conditioned UC-MSC medium and UC-MSC exosomes were also able to recapitulate these effects. However, UC-MSCs only slightly improved survival of A(H5N1)-infected mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that UC-MSCs are effective in restoring alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability in A(H5N1)-associated ALI and confer functional in addition to practical advantages over conventional bone marrow MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Loy
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Denise I T Kuok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kenrie P Y Hui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Miranda H L Choi
- Healthbaby Biotech, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - W Yuen
- Healthbaby Biotech, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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29
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Sayes CM, Singal M. Optimizing a Test Bed System to Assess Human Respiratory Safety After Exposure to Chemical and Particle Aerosolization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuri Singal
- Safety, Quality, Regulatory, and Compliance, Reckitt Benckiser, LLC, Montvale, New Jersey
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30
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Turi KN, Romick-Rosendale L, Ryckman KK, Hartert TV. A review of metabolomics approaches and their application in identifying causal pathways of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1191-1201. [PMID: 28479327 PMCID: PMC5671382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because asthma is a disease that results from host-environment interactions, an approach that allows assessment of the effect of the environment on the host is needed to understand the disease. Metabolomics has appealing potential as an application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of metabolomics methods and their application to understanding host-environment pathways in asthma development. We reviewed recent literature on advances in metabolomics and their application to study pathways to childhood asthma development. We highlight the (1) potential of metabolomics in understanding the pathogenesis of disease and the discovery of biomarkers; (2) choice of metabolomics techniques, biospecimen handling, and data analysis; (3) application to studying the role of the environment on asthma development; (4) review of metabolomics applied to the outcome of asthma; (5) recommendations for application of metabolomics-based -omics data integration in understanding disease pathogenesis; and (6) limitations. In conclusion, metabolomics allows use of biospecimens to identify useful biomarkers and pathways involved in disease development and subsequently to inform a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis and endotypes and prediction of the clinical course of childhood asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir N Turi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, College of Public Health and Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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31
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Dry powder inhalers: An overview of the in vitro dissolution methodologies and their correlation with the biopharmaceutical aspects of the drug products. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 113:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Krause NC, Kutsche HS, Santangelo F, DeLeon ER, Dittrich NP, Olson KR, Althaus M. Hydrogen sulfide contributes to hypoxic inhibition of airway transepithelial sodium absorption. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R607-17. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00177.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In lung epithelial cells, hypoxia decreases the expression and activity of sodium-transporting molecules, thereby reducing the rate of transepithelial sodium absorption. The mechanisms underlying the sensing of hypoxia and subsequent coupling to sodium-transporting molecules remain unclear. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as a cellular signaling molecule whose intracellular concentrations critically depend on oxygen levels. Therefore, it was questioned whether endogenously produced H2S contributes to hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport. In electrophysiological Ussing chamber experiments, hypoxia was established by decreasing oxygen concentrations in the chambers. Hypoxia concentration dependently and reversibly decreased amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption by cultured H441 monolayers and freshly dissected porcine tracheal epithelia due to inhibition of basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase. Exogenous application of H2S by the sulfur salt Na2S mimicked the effect of hypoxia and inhibited amiloride-sensitive sodium absorption by both tissues in an oxygen-dependent manner. Hypoxia increased intracellular concentrations of H2S and decreased the concentration of polysulfides. Pretreatment with the cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor d/l-propargylglycine (PAG) decreased hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport by H441 monolayers, whereas inhibition of cystathionine-β-synthase (with aminooxy-acetic acid; AOAA) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (with aspartate) had no effect. Inhibition of all of these H2S-generating enzymes with a combination of AOAA, PAG, and aspartate decreased the hypoxic inhibition of sodium transport by H441 cells and pig tracheae and decreased H2S production by tracheae. These data suggest that airway epithelial cells endogenously produce H2S during hypoxia, and this contributes to hypoxic inhibition of transepithelial sodium absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Krause
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Hanna S. Kutsche
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Fabrizio Santangelo
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Eric R. DeLeon
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Nikolaus P. Dittrich
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Mike Althaus
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
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Schwingshackl A. The role of stretch-activated ion channels in acute respiratory distress syndrome: finally a new target? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L639-52. [PMID: 27521425 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00458.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen therapy (hyperoxia; HO) comprise the cornerstones of life-saving interventions for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Unfortunately, the side effects of MV and HO include exacerbation of lung injury by barotrauma, volutrauma, and propagation of lung inflammation. Despite significant improvements in ventilator technologies and a heightened awareness of oxygen toxicity, besides low tidal volume ventilation few if any medical interventions have improved ARDS outcomes over the past two decades. We are lacking a comprehensive understanding of mechanotransduction processes in the healthy lung and know little about the interactions between simultaneously activated stretch-, HO-, and cytokine-induced signaling cascades in ARDS. Nevertheless, as we are unraveling these mechanisms we are gathering increasing evidence for the importance of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in the activation of lung-resident and inflammatory cells. In addition to the discovery of new SAC families in the lung, e.g., two-pore domain potassium channels, we are increasingly assigning mechanosensing properties to already known Na(+), Ca(2+), K(+), and Cl(-) channels. Better insights into the mechanotransduction mechanisms of SACs will improve our understanding of the pathways leading to ventilator-induced lung injury and lead to much needed novel therapeutic approaches against ARDS by specifically targeting SACs. This review 1) summarizes the reasons why the time has come to seriously consider SACs as new therapeutic targets against ARDS, 2) critically analyzes the physiological and experimental factors that currently limit our knowledge about SACs, and 3) outlines the most important questions future research studies need to address.
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Fröhlich E, Mercuri A, Wu S, Salar-Behzadi S. Measurements of Deposition, Lung Surface Area and Lung Fluid for Simulation of Inhaled Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:181. [PMID: 27445817 PMCID: PMC4919356 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern strategies in drug development employ in silico techniques in the design of compounds as well as estimations of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity parameters. The quality of the results depends on software algorithm, data library and input data. Compared to simulations of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of oral drug compounds, relatively few studies report predictions of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled substances. For calculation of the drug concentration at the absorption site, the pulmonary epithelium, physiological parameters such as lung surface and distribution volume (lung lining fluid) have to be known. These parameters can only be determined by invasive techniques and by postmortem studies. Very different values have been reported in the literature. This review addresses the state of software programs for simulation of orally inhaled substances and focuses on problems in the determination of particle deposition, lung surface and of lung lining fluid. The different surface areas for deposition and for drug absorption are difficult to include directly into the simulations. As drug levels are influenced by multiple parameters the role of single parameters in the simulations cannot be identified easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Shengqian Wu
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbHGraz, Austria
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35
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Polk WW, Sharma M, Sayes CM, Hotchkiss JA, Clippinger AJ. Aerosol generation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes exposed to cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:20. [PMID: 27108236 PMCID: PMC4842292 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol generation and characterization are critical components in the assessment of the inhalation hazards of engineered nanomaterials (NMs). An extensive review was conducted on aerosol generation and exposure apparatus as part of an international expert workshop convened to discuss the design of an in vitro testing strategy to assess pulmonary toxicity following exposure to aerosolized particles. More specifically, this workshop focused on the design of an in vitro method to predict the development of pulmonary fibrosis in humans following exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Aerosol generators, for dry or liquid particle suspension aerosolization, and exposure chambers, including both commercially available systems and those developed by independent researchers, were evaluated. Additionally, characterization methods that can be used and the time points at which characterization can be conducted in order to interpret in vitro exposure results were assessed. Summarized below is the information presented and discussed regarding the relevance of various aerosol generation and characterization techniques specific to aerosolized MWCNTs exposed to cells cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). The generation of MWCNT aerosols relevant to human exposures and their characterization throughout exposure in an ALI system is critical for extrapolation of in vitro results to toxicological outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Polk
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc, Contractor Supporting the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd, London, UK
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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36
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Aeffner F, Bolon B, Davis IC. Mouse Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Analytical Approaches, Pathologic Features, and Common Measurements. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1074-92. [PMID: 26296628 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315598399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe pulmonary reaction requiring hospitalization, which is incited by many causes, including bacterial and viral pneumonia as well as near drowning, aspiration of gastric contents, pancreatitis, intravenous drug use, and abdominal trauma. In humans, ARDS is very well defined by a list of clinical parameters. However, until recently no consensus was available regarding the criteria of ARDS that should be evident in an experimental animal model. This lack was rectified by a 2011 workshop report by the American Thoracic Society, which defined the main features proposed to delineate the presence of ARDS in laboratory animals. These should include histological changes in parenchymal tissue, altered integrity of the alveolar capillary barrier, inflammation, and abnormal pulmonary function. Murine ARDS models typically are defined by such features as pulmonary edema and leukocyte infiltration in cytological preparations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and/or lung sections. Common pathophysiological indicators of ARDS in mice include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and histological evidence of inflammatory infiltrates into the lung. Thus, morphological endpoints remain a vital component of data sets assembled from animal ARDS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Flagship Biosciences Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Columbus, Ohio, USA GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA
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37
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Brune K, Frank J, Schwingshackl A, Finigan J, Sidhaye VK. Pulmonary epithelial barrier function: some new players and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L731-45. [PMID: 25637609 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary epithelium serves as a barrier to prevent access of the inspired luminal contents to the subepithelium. In addition, the epithelium dictates the initial responses of the lung to both infectious and noninfectious stimuli. One mechanism by which the epithelium does this is by coordinating transport of diffusible molecules across the epithelial barrier, both through the cell and between cells. In this review, we will discuss a few emerging paradigms of permeability changes through altered ion transport and paracellular regulation by which the epithelium gates its response to potentially detrimental luminal stimuli. This review is a summary of talks presented during a symposium in Experimental Biology geared toward novel and less recognized methods of epithelial barrier regulation. First, we will discuss mechanisms of dynamic regulation of cell-cell contacts in the context of repetitive exposure to inhaled infectious and noninfectious insults. In the second section, we will briefly discuss mechanisms of transcellular ion homeostasis specifically focused on the role of claudins and paracellular ion-channel regulation in chronic barrier dysfunction. In the next section, we will address transcellular ion transport and highlight the role of Trek-1 in epithelial responses to lung injury. In the final section, we will outline the role of epithelial growth receptor in barrier regulation in baseline, acute lung injury, and airway disease. We will then end with a summary of mechanisms of epithelial control as well as discuss emerging paradigms of the epithelium role in shifting between a structural element that maintains tight cell-cell adhesion to a cell that initiates and participates in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Brune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Frank
- The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, and NCIRE/Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Andreas Schwingshackl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James Finigan
- Division of Oncology, Cancer Center, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Ashry O, Schnecko A, Clauss WG, Fronius M. Evidence for expression and function of angiotensin II receptor type 1 in pulmonary epithelial cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 195:37-40. [PMID: 24530803 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANGII) can act as an auto-/paracrine mediator to regulate epithelial ion transport processes. The present study focused on the impact of ANGII on transepithelial ion transport in pulmonary epithelia. Transcripts for the ANGII receptor type 1 (ATR1) were detected in lungs of Xenopus laevis and H441 cells (human pulmonary epithelial cell line). Native Xenopus lung preparations were used for Ussing chamber recordings and apically applied ANGII (10μM) induced a significant increase of short-circuit current (ISC: 8±2%, n=13). Pre-incubation with losartan (LOS), an antagonist of ATR1 prevented the effect of ANGII on ISC. Transcripts for ATR1 in Xenopus lungs and H441 cells were detected and an increase of ISC was observed by ANGII in native Xenopus lung epithelia. This indicates that ANGII is a potential auto-/paracrine mediator for ion transport regulation in pulmonary epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaima Ashry
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anja Schnecko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang G Clauss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Martin Fronius
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Richter K, Kiefer KP, Grzesik BA, Clauss WG, Fronius M. Hydrostatic pressure activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels in lung epithelium by ATP release through pannexin and connexin hemichannels. FASEB J 2013; 28:45-55. [PMID: 24048216 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lungs of air-breathing vertebrates are constantly exposed to mechanical forces and therefore are suitable for investigation of mechanotransduction processes in nonexcitable cells and tissues. Freshly dissected Xenopus laevis lungs were used for transepithelial short-circuit current (ISC) recordings and were exposed to increased hydrostatic pressure (HP; 5 cm fluid column, modified Ussing chamber). I(SC) values obtained under HP (I(5cm)) were normalized to values before HP (I(0cm)) application (I(5cm)/I(0cm)). Under control conditions, HP decreased I(SC) (I(5cm)/I(0cm)=0.84; n=68; P<0.0001). This effect was reversible and repeatable ≥30 times. Preincubation with ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (K(ATP)) inhibitors (HMR1098 and glibenclamide) prevented the decrease in I(SC) (I(5cm)/I(0cm): HMR1098=1.19, P<0.0001; glibenclamide=1.11, P<0.0001). Similar effects were observed with hemichannel inhibitors (I(5cm)/I(0cm): meclofenamic acid=1.09, P<0.0001; probenecid=1.0, P<0.0001). The HP effect was accompanied by release of ATP (P<0.05), determined by luciferin-luciferase luminescence in perfusion solution from the luminal side of an Ussing chamber. ATP release was abrogated by both meclofenamic acid and probenecid. RT-PCR experiments revealed the expression of pannexin and connexin hemichannels and KATP subunit transcripts in X. laevis lung. These data show an activation of KATP in pulmonary epithelial cells in response to HP that is induced by ATP release through mechanosensitive pannexin and connexin hemichannels. These findings represent a novel mechanism of mechanotransduction in nonexcitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Richter
- 2Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Schoenberger M, Althaus M. Novel small molecule epithelial sodium channel inhibitors as potential therapeutics in cystic fibrosis – a patent evaluation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1383-9. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.829454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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