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Sivam HGP, Chin BY, Gan SY, Ng JH, Gwenhure A, Chan EWL. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and macrophages activates the NLRP3 inflammasome that influences the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a co-culture model. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2284857. [PMID: 38018872 PMCID: PMC10783839 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2284857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are key contributors to the survival, growth, and metastatic behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Central to the role of inflammation and TAMs lies the NLRP3 inflammasome. This study investigated the effects of LPS-stimulated inflammation on cell proliferation, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a co-culture model using PDAC cells and macrophages in the presence or absence of MCC950, a NLRP3-specific inhibitor. The effects of LPS-stimulated inflammation were tested on two PDAC cell lines (Panc 10.05 and SW 1990) co-cultured with RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cell proliferation was determined using the MTT assay. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. Western blot analyses were used to examine the expression of NLRP3 in both PDAC cells and macrophages. The co-culture and interaction between PDAC cell lines and macrophages led to pro-inflammatory microenvironment under LPS stimulation as evidenced by high levels of secreted IL-1β and TNF-α. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by MCC950 counteracted the effects of LPS stimulation on the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-inflammatory cytokines in PDAC and macrophages. However, MCC950 differentially modified the viability of the metastatic vs primary PDAC cell lines. LPS stimulation increased PDAC cell viability by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment of PDAC cells/macrophages co-cultures. The specific inhibition of the NLRP inflammasome by MCC950 effectively counteracted the LPS-stimulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beek Yoke Chin
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sook Yee Gan
- Department of Life Science, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hao Ng
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Agnes Gwenhure
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elaine Wan Ling Chan
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Rho S, Martin S, Nigogosyan Z, Kushnir V, Mintz AJ, Hu ZI. Pancreatic tail cancer in the setting of pancreatitis with a review of the literature: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8023. [PMID: 37830064 PMCID: PMC10565090 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer include acute and chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and tobacco use. Differentiating a pancreatic neoplasm in a patient with pancreatitis can be challenging due to their similar presentations. A 57-year-old African American man with a history of congestive heart failure, pancreatitis, and incomplete pancreas divisum presented with an epigastric abdominal pain that radiated to his back. Imaging showed necrotizing pancreatitis, a developing splenic infarct, and a mass at the pancreas tail. The patient was discharged with pain medications and was recommended follow-up imaging after resolution of his pancreatitis. He was readmitted to the emergency department 2 weeks later with recurrent acute abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan of abdomen and pelvis followed by magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasound revealed an infiltrative pancreatic tail mass. Biopsy of the mass confirmed a locally advanced pancreatic tail adenocarcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with pancreatic cancer. Practitioners should be aware of the co-existence of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and the initial steps to evaluate a malignancy in chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Rho
- School of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Sooyoung Martin
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Zack Nigogosyan
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Vladimir Kushnir
- Department of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron J. Mintz
- Department of RadiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Zishuo Ian Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Section of Medical OncologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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3
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Huang B, Lang X, Li X. The role of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023177. [PMID: 36591515 PMCID: PMC9800921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune regulation. It can activate janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. As one of the important signal transduction pathways in cells, JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway plays a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation by affecting the activation state of downstream effector molecules. The activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is involved in tumorigenesis and development. It contributes to the formation of tumor inflammatory microenvironment and is closely related to the occurrence and development of many human tumors. This article focuses on the relationship between IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and liver cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and ovarian cancer, hoping to provide references for the research of cancer treatment targeting key molecules in IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Operational Management Office, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Lang
- Operational Management Office, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoling Lang, ; Xihong Li,
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China,Emergency Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoling Lang, ; Xihong Li,
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4
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Han M, Tran TPT, Oh JK. Chronic pancreatitis and cancer risk in a matched cohort study using national claims data in South Korea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5545. [PMID: 35365692 PMCID: PMC8975838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between chronic pancreatitis (CP) and cancer incidence and mortality among the Korean population. Based on a cancer-free cohort of 8,317,616 individuals between 2002 and 2010, a matched cohort study was conducted, including 10,899 patients with CP, matched for sex and age with 32,697 individuals without CP. The case and control groups were followed up until the date of onset of cancer or death or the end of follow-up date (December 31, 2018). Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to assess the risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Compared to the control group, patients with CP had a higher risk of all cancers with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.3]. CP was associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8–8.5) and pancreatic cancer (HR 3.9, 95% CI 2.7–5.5) and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9). Regarding cancer mortality, patients with CP had a 1.2-fold risk of all cancer mortality (95% CI 1.1–1.4), compared with the control group. Patients with CP had a higher risk of death from esophageal cancer (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.0) and pancreatic cancer (HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.3–4.7) but had a lower risk of death due to stomach cancer (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8). Patients with CP had a higher risk for both incidence and mortality of all cancer types, especially pancreatic and esophageal cancers, compared with the sex- and age-matched control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Han
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Tran
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Oh
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hsueh HY, Pita-Grisanti V, Gumpper-Fedus K, Lahooti A, Chavez-Tomar M, Schadler K, Cruz-Monserrate Z. A review of physical activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology, intervention, animal models, and clinical trials. Pancreatology 2022; 22:98-111. [PMID: 34750076 PMCID: PMC8748405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer, and the increasing incidence of PDAC may be related to the prevalence of obesity. Physical activity (PA), a method known to mitigate obesity by increasing total energy expenditure, also modifies multiple cellular pathways associated with cancer hallmarks. Epidemiologic evidence has shown that PA can lower the risk of developing a variety of cancers, reduce some of the detrimental side effects of treatments, and improve patient's quality of life during cancer treatment. However, little is known about the pathways underlying the correlations observed between PA interventions and PDAC. Moreover, there is no standard dose of PA intervention that is ideal for PDAC prevention or as an adjuvant of cancer treatments. In this review, we summarize relevant literature showing how PDAC patients can benefit from PA, the potential of PA as an adjuvant treatment for PDAC, the studies using preclinical models of PDAC to study PA, and the clinical trials to date assessing the effects of PA in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yin Hsueh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristyn Gumpper-Fedus
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ali Lahooti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Myrriah Chavez-Tomar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Role of Nrf2 in Pancreatic Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010098. [PMID: 35052602 PMCID: PMC8773052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors are a serious health problem with a 7% mortality rate worldwide. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of pancreatic diseases/cancer. To maintain homeostasis, a balance between free radicals and the antioxidant system is essential. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/NFE2L2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide substantial protection against damage induced by oxidative stress, and a growing body of evidence points to the canonical and noncanonical Nrf2 signaling pathway as a pharmacological target in the treatment of pancreatic diseases. In this review, we present updated evidence on the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and its importance in pancreatic cancer. Our review covers potential modulators of canonical and noncanonical pathway modulation mechanisms that may have a positive effect on the therapeutic response. Finally, we describe some interesting recent discoveries of novel treatments related to the antioxidant system for pancreatic cancer, including natural or synthetic compounds with therapeutic properties.
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Pekarek L, Fraile-Martinez O, Garcia-Montero C, Alvarez-Mon MA, Acero J, Ruiz-Llorente L, García-Honduvilla N, Albillos A, Buján J, Alvarez-Mon M, Guijarro LG, Ortega MA. Towards an updated view on the clinical management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Current and future perspectives. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:809. [PMID: 34630716 PMCID: PMC8490971 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a dire prognosis and will represent the second leading cause of cancer death in the next 10 years. The multifactorial approach represents one of the main issues in controlling the extension of this neoplasm. In recent years, the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, metastasis mechanisms and the relationship between immune system and neoplastic cells have been described, which has made it possible to understand the pathophysiology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Currently, there is a failure to provide an effective preventive method or early detection, so patients present with an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Despite numerous efforts, little progress has been made in clinical outcome and in improving survival in long term. Therefore, in the recent years, diverse diagnostic tests, treatments and possible approaches have been developed in the fields of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery to find a combination of them that improves life expectancy in patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. At the moment, numerous clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate preventive diagnostic procedures such as serological markers or perfecting available imaging tests. On the other hand, implementation of immunotherapy is being studied in a neoplasm that has lagged in the application of this procedure since present possible treatments do not substantially improve quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to summarize the main progresses that have been made in the diagnosis, treatment and screening of this disease, explaining the limitations that have been observed and analyzing future prospects in the management of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo Garcia-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Acero
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, University of Alcalá, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcala de Henares, 28806 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G. Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcala de Henares, 28806 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcala de Henares, 28806 Madrid, Spain
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Gunda V, Chhonker YS, Natesh NS, Raut P, Muniyan S, Wyatt TA, Murry DJ, Batra SK, Rachagani S. Nuclear factor kappa-B contributes to cigarette smoke tolerance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through cysteine metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112312. [PMID: 34678726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrospective studies revealed that cigarette smoking enhances risk of incidence and worsens prognosis in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. Poor prognosis in smoker cohort of PC patients indicates prevalence of cigarette smoke stimulated survival mechanisms yet to be explored in PC. In this study, cigarette smoke induced metabolic pathways were explored and targeted in PC. METHODS Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell (PDAC) lines, genetically engineered mice models (GEMMs), mass spectrometry based heavy isotope-based metabolite analysis, cytotoxicity assays and Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) targeting were utilized in this study. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was prepared fresh each day by bubbling cell culture media with the smoke emitted from 85 mm, filtered, Code 1R6F reference cigarettes and used for in vitro procedures. High dose cigarette smoke exposure of GEMMs was achieved by daily exposure of animals to similar cigarettes, 6 h/day for a total period of 180 days. FINDINGS We observed that PDAC cells upregulate glutathione anabolism through cysteine uptake and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM), supporting survival, upon CSE exposure. In vivo, cigarette smoke exposure leads to concomitant upregulation of GCLM and activated NF-kB in the PDAC consistent with in vitro, in CSE-exposed PDAC. Finally, either inhibition of NF-kB or depletion of cysteine impaired PDAC cell survival in cigarette smoke exposed conditions through suppression of glutathione and ROS enhancement, reverted by glutathione supplementation. INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate scope for targeting smoke induced, NF-kB mediated, cysteine and glutathione metabolism for improving the survival of smoke addicted PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gunda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nagabhishek Sirpu Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Silke J, O’Reilly LA. NF-κB and Pancreatic Cancer; Chapter and Verse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4510. [PMID: 34572737 PMCID: PMC8469693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the world's most lethal cancers. An increase in occurrence, coupled with, presently limited treatment options, necessitates the pursuit of new therapeutic approaches. Many human cancers, including PDAC are initiated by unresolved inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB coordinates many signals that drive cellular activation and proliferation during immunity but also those involved in inflammation and autophagy which may instigate tumorigenesis. It is not surprising therefore, that activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways is increasingly recognized as an important driver of pancreatic injury, progression to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Paradoxically, NF-κB dysregulation has also been shown to inhibit pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer, depending on the context. A pro-oncogenic or pro-suppressive role for individual components of the NF-κB pathway appears to be cell type, microenvironment and even stage dependent. This review provides an outline of NF-κB signaling, focusing on the role of the various NF-κB family members in the evolving inflammatory PDAC microenvironment. Finally, we discuss pharmacological control of NF-κB to curb inflammation, focussing on novel anti-cancer agents which reinstate the process of cancer cell death, the Smac mimetics and their pre-clinical and early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine Ann O’Reilly
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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10
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Umans DS, Hoogenboom SA, Sissingh NJ, Lekkerkerker SJ, Verdonk RC, van Hooft JE. Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: A case of the chicken or the egg. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3148-3157. [PMID: 34163103 PMCID: PMC8218365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer are three distinct pancreatic diseases with different prognoses and treatment options. However, it may be difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant disease. AP may be a first symptom of pancreatic cancer, particularly in patients between the ages of 56 and 75 with presumed idiopathic AP who had a concomitant diagnosis of new-onset diabetes mellitus or patients who present with CP at diagnosis of AP. In these patients, additional imaging is warranted, preferably by endoscopic ultrasonography. CP may lead to pancreatic cancer through oncogenic mutations, mostly in patients with hereditary CP, and in patients in whom risk factors for pancreatic cancer (e.g., nicotine and alcohol abuse) are also present. Patients with PRSS1-mediated CP and patients with a history of autosomal dominant hereditary CP without known genetic mutations may be considered for surveillance for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic inflammation may mimic pancreatic cancer by appearing as a focal mass-forming lesion on imaging. Differentiation between the above mentioned benign and malignant disease may be facilitated by specific features like the duct-penetrating sign and the duct-to-parenchyma ratio. Research efforts are aimed towards developing a superior discriminant between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in the form of imaging modalities or biomarkers. This may aid clinicians in timely diagnosing pancreatic cancer in a potentially curable stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devica S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein 3430 EM, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne A Hoogenboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Noor J Sissingh
- Department of Research and Development, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein 3430 EM, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Selma J Lekkerkerker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein 3430 EM, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanin E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
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Sharma V, Aggarwal A, Jacob J, Sahni D. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Bridging the gap between inflammation and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13021. [PMID: 33455004 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has been identified as one of the deadliest malignancies because it remains asymptomatic and usually presents in the advanced stage. Tumour immune evasion is a well-known mechanism of tumorigenesis in various forms of human malignancies. Chronic inflammation via complex networking of various inflammatory cytokines in the local tissue microenvironment dysregulates the immune system and support tumour development. Pro-inflammatory mediators present in the tumour microenvironment increase the tumour burden by causing immune suppression through the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory cells. These cells, along-with myofibroblasts, create a highly immunosuppressive and resistant tumour microenvironment and are thus considered as one of the culprits for the failure of anti-cancer chemotherapies in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Targeting these MDSCs using various combinatorial approaches might have the potential for abrogating the resistance and suppressive nature of the pancreatic tumour microenvironment. Therefore, there is more curiosity in studying the crosstalk of MDSCs with other immune cells during pathological conditions and the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression in the current scenario. In this article, the possible role of MDSCs in inflammation-mediated tumour progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Justin Jacob
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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12
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Mukherjee D, DiVincenzo MJ, Torok M, Choueiry F, Kumar RJ, Deems A, Miller JL, Hinton A, Geraghty C, Maranon JA, Kulp SK, Coss C, Carson WE, Conwell DL, Hart PA, Cooperstone JL, Mace TA. Soy-tomato enriched diet reduces inflammation and disease severity in a pre-clinical model of chronic pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21824. [PMID: 33311549 PMCID: PMC7733503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibro-inflammatory syndrome in individuals who develop persistent pathological responses to parenchymal injury or stress. Novel therapeutic or dietary interventions that could lessen inflammation in this disease could significantly improve quality of life in patients with CP. Complex dietary foods like soy and tomatoes are composed of active metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects. Data from our group reports that bioactive agents in soy and tomatoes can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressive immune populations. Additionally, our team has developed a novel soy-tomato juice currently being studied in healthy individuals with no toxicities, and good compliance and bioavailability. Thus, we hypothesize that administration of a soy-tomato enriched diet can reduce inflammation and severity of CP. C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μg/kg caeurlein (7 hourly injections, twice weekly) for 6 weeks to induce CP. After 4 weeks of caerulein injections, mice were administered a control or a soy-tomato enriched diet for 2 weeks. Disease severity was measured via immunohistochemical analysis of pancreata measuring loss of acini, fibrosis, inflammation, and necrosis. Serum lipase and amylase levels were analyzed at the end of the study. Inflammatory factors in the serum and pancreas, and immune populations in the spleen of mice were analyzed by cytokine multiplex detection, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry respectively. Infra-red (IR) sensing of mice was used to monitor spontaneous activity and distress of mice. Mice fed a soy-tomato enriched diet had a significantly reduced level of inflammation and severity of CP (p = 0.032) compared to mice administered a control diet with restored serum lipase and amylase levels (p < 0.05). Mice with CP fed a soy-tomato diet had a reduction in inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-5) and suppressive immune populations (myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MDSC) compared to control diet fed mice (p < 0.05). Infra-red sensing to monitor spontaneous activity of mice showed that soy-tomato enriched diet improved total activity and overall health of mice with CP (p = 0.055) and CP mice on a control diet were determined to spend more time at rest (p = 0.053). These pre-clinical results indicate that a soy-tomato enriched diet may be a novel treatment approach to reduce inflammation and pain in patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallory J DiVincenzo
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Molly Torok
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Fouad Choueiry
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Rahul J Kumar
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Anna Deems
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jenna L Miller
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Connor Geraghty
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | - Samuel K Kulp
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | | | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 420 W 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 420 W 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jessica L Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
- Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Thomas A Mace
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 420 W 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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13
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Arici M, Abudayyak M, Boran T, Özhan G. Does pendimethalin develop in pancreatic cancer induced inflammation? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126644. [PMID: 32443284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pendimethalin, one of the dinitroaniline group herbicides, is applied for controlling weeds in cereals, legumes and vegetable crops, and has been classified as possible human carcinogen. It is indicated that pendimethalin should arise risks of developing some cancer types; however, there is no data on the effects of pendimethalin on pancreatic cancer-induced inflammation. Injuries resulting from by acute pancreatitis attacks and inflammation are significant factors in the development of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether pendimethalin triggers inflammation as a mechanism of pancreatic cancer development. Parameters related to pancreatic activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured in the human pancreatic (PANC-1) cell line. In the range of 0-100 μM, the levels of chymotrypsin decreased. It should be indicated that the reason for the decrease in chymotrypsin may be the high rates of cell death (20%) observed in the high concentration levels. We observed that pendimethalin significantly induced oxidative damage, while levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) did not change. The obtained results may draw attention to the usage and possible toxic effect of pendimethalin due to oxidative damage induction; however, detailed inflammation mechanisms and other cancer pathways should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Abudayyak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Boran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Özhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Wu J, Zhang L, Shi J, He R, Yang W, Habtezion A, Niu N, Lu P, Xue J. Macrophage phenotypic switch orchestrates the inflammation and repair/regeneration following acute pancreatitis injury. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102920. [PMID: 32739869 PMCID: PMC7399125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired or hyperactive pancreas regeneration after injury would cause exocrine insufficiency or recurrent / chronic pancreatitis and potentially carcinogenesis. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the regenerative pancreas, however their phenotype and role remain poorly defined. Method Using caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) model, we examined the dynamic landscape of pancreatic macrophages throughout the acute inflammation to regeneration phases by flow cytometric and RNA-seq analyses. Liposome depletion of macrophages, Il4ra−/− mice as well as inhibitors were used to elucidate the role and regulatory mechanism of macrophages during pancreatic regeneration. Findings We found that M1 macrophages dominated in the pro-inflammatory phase of AP, while M2-like macrophages dominated during pancreas repair/regeneration. Depletion of macrophages at early or late regenerative stage dramatically blocked the acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) or delayed inflammation resolution, respectively. Moreover, alternative activation of macrophages was partially dependent on IL-4RA signaling, and ECM/AKT activation in pancreatic macrophages facilitated inflammation resolution during tissue regeneration. Interpretation Our findings illustrate a dynamic phenotype and function of macrophages during AP repair/regeneration, helping us better understand the mechanism of pancreatic regeneration and providing clues for novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ruizhe He
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ningning Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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15
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Nelson SR, Walsh N. Genetic Alterations Featuring Biological Models to Tailor Clinical Management of Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1233. [PMID: 32423157 PMCID: PMC7281628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This high mortality rate is due to the disease's lack of symptoms, resulting in a late diagnosis. Biomarkers and treatment options for pancreatic cancer are also limited. In order to overcome this, new research models and novel approaches to discovering PDAC biomarkers are required. In this review, we outline the hereditary and somatic causes of PDAC and provide an overview of the recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) and pathway analysis studies. We also provide a summary of some of the systems used to study PDAC, including established and primary cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and newer models such as organoids and organ-on-chip. These ex vitro laboratory systems allow for critical research into the development and progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland;
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16
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Low Incidence of High-Grade Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Lesions in a Crmp4 Gene-Deficient Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100746. [PMID: 32105991 PMCID: PMC7044544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the most common premalignant lesion of the pancreas, is a histologically well-defined precursor to invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of PanINs have not been fully elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that the expression of collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) in PDAC was associated with poor prognosis. The expression of CRMP4 was also augmented in a pancreatitis mouse model. However, the role of CRMP4 in the progression of PanIN lesions remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the relationship between CRMP4 expression and progression of PanIN lesions using genetically engineered mouse models. PanIN lesions were induced by peritoneal injection of the cholecystokinin analog caerulein in LSL-KRASG12D; Pdx1-Cre (KC-Crmp4 wild-type, WT) mice and LSL-KRASG12D; Pdx1-Cre; Crmp4−/− (KC-Crmp4 knockout, KO) mice. We analyzed pancreatic tissue sections from these mice and evaluated PanIN grade by hematoxylin and eosin staining. CRMP4 expression was examined and the cellular components assessed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CRMP4, CD3, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). The incidence of high-grade PanIN in KC-Crmp4 WT mice was higher than that in KC-Crmp4 KO animals. CRMP4 was expressed not only in epithelial cells but also in αSMA-positive cells in stromal areas of PanIN lesions. The CRMP4 expression in stromal areas correlated with PanIN grade in WT mice. These results suggested that the expression of CRMP4 in stromal cells may underlie the incidence or progression of PanIN.
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17
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Kruger D, Yako YY, Devar J, Lahoud N, Smith M. Inflammatory cytokines and combined biomarker panels in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Enhancing diagnostic accuracy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221169. [PMID: 31415645 PMCID: PMC6695103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is challenged by the absence of accurate early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. CA19-9 is the established, diagnostic tumour marker in PDAC, despite its limitations. Effective primary screening using circulating biomarker panels have only been considered in a handful of studies and we investigated whether combinations of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors in multivariate logistic models could facilitate earlier diagnosis in our South African setting. Methods Plasma levels of 38 cytokines and angiogenic factors were measured in 131 Black South African patients, 85 with PDAC, 25 with benign biliary pathology (BBP) and 21 benign non-HPB controls (BC), by use of human magnetic multiplex screening assays. Multivariate biomarker panels were developed by identifying the top performing biomolecules from univariate logistic regression. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curve (AUC) are reported. Results Classification modelling to distinguish PDAC patients from BC showed that a panel of CA19-9 and CXCL10 (IP-10) demonstrated improved diagnostic power over CA19-9 alone (AUC = 0.977 vs. AUC = 0.807, p-value = 0.001). A combined panel including age, BMI and IL-15 showed significant diagnostic power in discriminating PDAC from BBP (AUC = 0.952, p < 0.0001). Finally, a combined panel of IL-8, IL-15 and gender demonstrated diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.830, p < 0.0001) in distinguishing PDAC in the presence of jaundice from benign controls with either jaundice, choledocholithiasis or common bile duct injury. Conclusions Combined biomarker panels improve diagnostic accuracy in PDAC. In addition to CA19-9, cytokines CXCL10, IL-8 and IL-15 are strong additions to diagnostic biomarker panels in PDAC in Black South Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdré Kruger
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Yandiswa Y. Yako
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Devar
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Unit, Department of General Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicola Lahoud
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Smith
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Unit, Department of General Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Srinivasan S, Dosch AR, Nagathihalli NS. New mechanistic insights into modifiable risk factors that promote pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2417-2418. [PMID: 31069003 PMCID: PMC6497434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Srinivasan
- Nagaraj S. Nagathihalli: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Austin R Dosch
- Nagaraj S. Nagathihalli: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nagaraj S Nagathihalli
- Nagaraj S. Nagathihalli: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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19
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Kowalski S, Wyrzykowski D, Hac S, Rychlowski M, Radomski MW, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. New Oxidovanadium(IV) Coordination Complex Containing 2-Methylnitrilotriacetate Ligands Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Autophagy in Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E261. [PMID: 30634697 PMCID: PMC6358955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by one of the lowest five-year survival rates. In search for new treatments, some studies explored several metal complexes as potential anticancer drugs. Therefore, we investigated three newly synthesized oxidovanadium(IV) complexes with 2-methylnitrilotriacetate (bcma3-), N-(2-carbamoylethyl)iminodiacetate (ceida3-) and N-(phosphonomethyl)-iminodiacetate (pmida4-) ligands as potential anticancer compounds using pancreatic cancer cell lines. We measured: Cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red (NR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay; antiproliferative activity by bromodeoxyuridine BrdU assay; reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry; protein level by Western blot and cellular morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that these oxidovanadium(IV) complexes were cytotoxic on pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa2), but not on non-tumor human immortalized pancreas duct epithelial cells (hTERT-HPNE) over the concentration range of 10⁻25 μM, following 48 h incubation. Furthermore, molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity of [4-NH₂-2-Me(Q)H][VO(bcma)(H₂O)]2H₂O (T1) were dependent on antiproliterative activity, increased ROS generation, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with simultaneous triggering of the p53/p21 pathway, binucleation, and induction of autophagy. Our study indicates that oxidovanadium(IV) coordination complexes containing 2-methylnitrilotriacetate ligand are good candidates for preclinical development of novel anticancer drugs targeting pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Stanislaw Hac
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Michal Rychlowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk-Medical University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marek Witold Radomski
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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20
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Pang C, Gu Y, Ding Y, Ma C, Yv W, Wang Q, Meng B. Several genes involved in the JAK-STAT pathway may act as prognostic markers in pancreatic cancer identified by microarray data analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13297. [PMID: 30557977 PMCID: PMC6320066 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms in pancreatic cancer (PC) carcinogenesis and those as potential prognostic biomarkers, which can also be served as new therapeutic targets of PC. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between PC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissue samples from a public GSE62452 dataset, followed by functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and prognosis-related genes were screened based on genes in the PPI network, before which prognostic gene-related miRNA regulatory network was constructed. Functions of the prognostic gene in the network were enriched before which Kaplan-Meier plots were calculated for significant genes. Moreover, we predicted related drug molecules based on target genes in the miRNA regulatory network. Furthermore, another independent GSE60979 dataset was downloaded to validate the potentially significant genes. RESULTS In the GSE62452 dataset, 1017 significant DEGs were identified. Twenty-six important prognostic-related genes were found using multivariate Cox regression analysis. Through pathway enrichment analysis and miRNA regulatory analysis, we found that the 5 genes, such as Interleukin 22 Receptor Subunit Alpha 1 (IL22RA1), BCL2 Like 1 (BCL2L1), STAT1, MYC Proto-Oncogene (MYC), and Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 2 (STAT2), involved in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway were significantly associated with prognosis. Moreover, the expression change of these 5 genes was further validated using another microarray dataset. Additionally, we identified camptothecin as an effective drug for PC. CONCLUSION IL22RA1, BCL2L1, STAT1, MYC, and STAT2 involved in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway may be significantly associated with prognosis of PC.
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21
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Fucic A, Aghajanyan A, Culig Z, Le Novere N. Systems Oncology: Bridging Pancreatic and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:1269-1277. [PMID: 30220022 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large investments by pharmaceutical companies in the development of new antineoplastic drugs have not been resulting in adequate advances of new therapies. Despite the introduction of new methods, technologies, translational medicine and bioinformatics, the usage of collected knowledge is unsatisfactory. In this paper, using examples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PaC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we proposed a concept showing that, in order to improve applicability of current knowledge in oncology, the re-clustering of clinical and scientific data is crucial. Such an approach, based on systems oncology, would include bridging of data on biomarkers and pathways between different cancer types. Proposed concept would introduce a new matrix, which enables combining of already approved therapies between cancer types. Paper provides a (a) detailed analysis of similarities in mechanisms of etiology and progression between PaC and CRPC, (b) diabetes as common hallmark of both cancer types and (c) knowledge gaps and directions of future investigations. Proposed horizontal and vertical matrix in cancer profiling has potency to improve current antineoplastic therapy efficacy. Systems biology map using Systems Biology Graphical Notation Language is used for summarizing complex interactions and similarities of mechanisms in biology of PaC and CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A Aghajanyan
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Z Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Araujo TF, Cordeiro AV, Vasconcelos DAA, Vitzel KF, Silva VRR. The role of cathepsin B in autophagy during obesity: A systematic review. Life Sci 2018; 209:274-281. [PMID: 30107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy homeostasis by releasing adipokines and modulating cell maintenance. Nutrient excess affects adipocyte hypertrophy directly in WAT by increasing excessively the activity of autophagy systems, generating proinflammatory markers and increasing infiltration of macrophages, causing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Evidences suggest that cathepsin B (CTSB), a papain-like cysteine peptidase protein, can modulate autophagy processes in adipocytes. This review will focus on the role of CTSB in autophagy under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Araujo
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kaio F Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Sielaff CM, Mousa SA. Status and future directions in the management of pancreatic cancer: potential impact of nanotechnology. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1205-1217. [PMID: 29721665 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is typically diagnosed at a late stage, has limited treatments, and patients have poor survival rates. It currently ranks as the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths globally and has increasing rates of diagnosis. Improved PDAC treatment requires the development of innovative, effective, and economical therapeutic drugs. The late stage diagnosis limits options for surgical resection, and traditional PDAC chemotherapeutics correlate with increased organ and hematologic toxicity. In addition, PDAC tumor tissue is dense and highly resistant to many traditional chemotherapeutic applications, making the disease difficult to treat and impeding options for palliative care. New developments in nanotechnology may offer innovative options for targeted PDAC therapeutic drug delivery. Nanotechnology can be implemented using multimodality methods that offer increased opportunities for earlier diagnosis, precision enhanced imaging, targeted long-term tumor surveillance, and controlled drug delivery, as well as improved palliative care and patient comfort. Nanoscale delivery methods have demonstrated the capacity to infiltrate the dense, fibrous tumor tissue associated with PDAC, increasing delivery and effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents and reducing toxicity through the loading of multiple drug therapies on a single nano delivery vehicle. This review presents an overview of nanoscale drug delivery systems and multimodality carriers at the forefront of new PDAC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Sielaff
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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Peng W, Furuuchi N, Aslanukova L, Huang YH, Brown SZ, Jiang W, Addya S, Vishwakarma V, Peters E, Brody JR, Dixon DA, Sawicki JA. Elevated HuR in Pancreas Promotes a Pancreatitis-Like Inflammatory Microenvironment That Facilitates Tumor Development. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:e00427-17. [PMID: 29133460 PMCID: PMC5770537 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00427-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antigen R (ELAVL1; HuR) is perhaps the best-characterized RNA-binding protein. Through its overexpression in various tumor types, HuR promotes posttranscriptional regulation of target genes in multiple core signaling pathways associated with tumor progression. The role of HuR overexpression in pancreatic tumorigenesis is unknown and led us to explore the consequences of HuR overexpression using a novel transgenic mouse model that has a >2-fold elevation of pancreatic HuR expression. Histologically, HuR-overexpressing pancreas displays a fibroinflammatory response and other pathological features characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. This pathology is reflected in changes in the pancreatic gene expression profile due, in part, to genes whose expression changes as a consequence of direct binding of their respective mRNAs to HuR. Older mice develop pancreatic steatosis and severe glucose intolerance. Elevated HuR cooperated with mutant K-rasG12D to result in a 3.4-fold increase in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) incidence compared to PDAC presence in K-rasG12D alone. These findings implicate HuR as a facilitator of pancreatic tumorigenesis, especially in the setting of inflammation, and a novel therapeutic target for pancreatitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidan Peng
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Narumi Furuuchi
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hung Huang
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha Z Brown
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at the Jefferson Pancreatic, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at the Jefferson Pancreatic, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at the Jefferson Pancreatic, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Erika Peters
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at the Jefferson Pancreatic, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dan A Dixon
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Janet A Sawicki
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at the Jefferson Pancreatic, Biliary, and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Presentation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) as acute pancreatitis (AP), association of chronic pancreatitis (CP) with PC, and role of inflammation in PC carcinogenesis are well recognized. We hypothesized that inflammatory changes associated with remote history of AP (≥2 years before PC diagnosis) would result in earlier age of PC diagnosis. METHODS We evaluated PC patients prospectively enrolled in the Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Gene Environment Risk (PAGER) study at the University of Pittsburgh for history of pancreatitis and reviewed relevant medical records and imaging studies. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses evaluated the relationship between PC and remote history of AP. RESULTS Among 790 patients with histologically confirmed PC, 114 (14.4%) had a history of pancreatitis (AP within 2 years of PC diagnosis in 69 [8.7%], remote history of AP in 28 [3.5%], CP in 4 [0.5%], and unknown duration of pancreatitis in 13 [1.6%]). After controlling for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol history, and diabetic status at diagnosis, patients with a remote history of AP were diagnosed on average 4.7 years earlier with PC when compared with PC patients without history of AP (P < 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Remote history of AP may accelerate carcinogenesis in PC.
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Ben-Harosh Y, Anosov M, Salem H, Yatchenko Y, Birk R. Pancreatic stellate cell activation is regulated by fatty acids and ER stress. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Kowalski S, Hać S, Wyrzykowski D, Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak A, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I. Selective cytotoxicity of vanadium complexes on human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line by inducing necroptosis, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe process. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60324-60341. [PMID: 28947974 PMCID: PMC5601142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and characterized by one of the lowest five-year survival rate. The current therapeutic options are demonstrating minimal effectiveness, therefore studies on new potential anticancer compounds, with non-significant side effects are highly desirable. Recently, it was demonstrated that vanadium compounds, in particular organic derivatives, exhibit anticancer properties against different type of tumor as well as favorable biodistribution from a pancreatic cancer treatment perspective. In this research, we showed selective cytotoxic effect of vanadium complexes, containing phenanthroline and quinoline as an organic ligands, against human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line (PANC-1), compared to non-tumor human immortalized pancreas duct epithelial cells (hTERT-HPNE). Results exhibited that vanadium complexes inhibited autophagy process in selective cytotoxic concentration as well as caused the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase associated with mitotic catastrophe and increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, in higher concentration, vanadium derivatives induced a mix type of cell death in PANC-1 cells, including apoptotic and necroptotic process. Our investigation emphasizes the anticancer potential of vanadium complexes by indicating their selective cytotoxic activity, through different process posed by alternative type of cell deaths to apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Further studies supporting the therapeutic potential of vanadium in pancreatic cancer treatment is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Hać
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:1366-1372. [PMID: 28762376 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a putative risk factor for pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and temporality of this association. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for observational studies investigating the association between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. We computed overall effect estimates (EEs) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects meta-analytic model. The EEs were stratified by length of follow-up from chronic pancreatitis diagnosis to pancreatic cancer (lag period). Robustness of the results was examined in sensitivity analyses. We identified 13 eligible studies. Pooled EEs for pancreatic cancer in patients with chronic pancreatitis were 16.16 (95% CI: 12.59-20.73) for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer within 2 years from their chronic pancreatitis diagnosis. The risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with chronic pancreatitis decreased when the lag period was increased to 5 years (EE: 7.90; 95% CI: 4.26-14.66) or a minimum of 9 years (EE: 3.53; 95% CI: 1.69-7.38). In conclusion, chronic pancreatitis increases the risk of pancreatic cancer, but the association diminishes with long-term follow-up. Five years after diagnosis, chronic pancreatitis patients have a nearly eight-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer. We suggest that common practice on inducing a 2-year lag period in these studies may not be sufficient. We also recommend a close follow-up in the first years following a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis to avoid overlooking a pancreatic cancer.
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29
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Liou GY, Bastea L, Fleming A, Döppler H, Edenfield BH, Dawson DW, Zhang L, Bardeesy N, Storz P. The Presence of Interleukin-13 at Pancreatic ADM/PanIN Lesions Alters Macrophage Populations and Mediates Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1322-1333. [PMID: 28514653 PMCID: PMC5510483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of the innate immune system to the development of pancreatic cancer are still ill defined. Inflammatory macrophages can initiate metaplasia of pancreatic acinar cells to a duct-like phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia [ADM]), which then gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) when oncogenic KRas is present. However, it remains unclear when and how this inflammatory macrophage population is replaced by tumor-promoting macrophages. Here, we demonstrate the presence of interleukin-13 (IL-13), which can convert inflammatory into Ym1+ alternatively activated macrophages, at ADM/PanIN lesions. We further show that Ym1+ macrophages release factors, such as IL-1ra and CCL2, to drive pancreatic fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. Treatment of mice expressing oncogenic KRas under an acinar cell-specific promoter with a neutralizing antibody for IL-13 significantly decreased the accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages at these lesions, resulting in decreased fibrosis and lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ligia Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alicia Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Inhibition of Jak/STAT signaling reduces the activation of pancreatic stellate cells in vitro and limits caerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1787. [PMID: 28496202 PMCID: PMC5431930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibro-inflammatory disease leading to pain, maldigestion, and pancreatic insufficiency. No therapeutic options exist due to a limited understanding of the biology of CP pathology. Recent findings implicate pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) as prominent mediators of inflammatory and fibrotic processes during CP. Here, we utilized primary and immortalized PSC obtained from mice and patients with CP or pancreatic cancer to examine the effect of Jak/STAT and MAPK pathway inhibition in vitro. The well-characterized caerulein model of CP was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Jak1/2 inhibition in vivo. Treatment of cultured PSC with the Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker of PSC activation. Treatment with the MAPK inhibitor, MEK162, had less consistent effects on PSC proliferation and no impact on activation. In the caerulein-induced murine model of CP, administration of ruxolitinib for one week significantly reduced biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis. These data suggest that the Jak/STAT pathway plays a prominent role in PSC proliferation and activation. In vivo treatment with the Jak1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced the severity of experimental CP, suggesting that targeting Jak/STAT signaling may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for CP.
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31
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Duan J, Xiaokaiti Y, Fan S, Pan Y, Li X, Li X. Direct interaction between caffeic acid phenethyl ester and human neutrophil elastase inhibits the growth and migration of PANC-1 cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3019-3025. [PMID: 28339071 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors of the digestive system, but the mechanisms of its development and progression are unclear. Inflammation is thought to be fundamental to pancreatic cancer development and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of honey bee resin or propolis with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. We investigated the inhibitory effects of CAPE on cell growth and migration induced by human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and report that HNE induced cancer cell migration at low doses and growth at higher doses. In contrast, lower CAPE doses inhibited migration and higher doses of CAPE inhibited the growth induced by HNE. HNE activity was significantly inhibited by CAPE (7.5-120 µM). Using quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, we observed that CAPE (18-60 µM) did not affect transcription and translation of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT), an endogenous HNE inhibitor. However, in an in silico drug target docking model, we found that CAPE directly bound to the binding pocket of HNE (25.66 kcal/mol) according to CDOCKER, and the residue of the catalytic site stabilized the interaction between CAPE and HNE as evidenced by molecular dynamic simulation. Response unit (RU) values of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) significantly increased with incremental CAPE doses (7.5-120 µM), indicating that CAPE could directly bind to HNE in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, CAPE is an effective inhibitor of HNE via direct interaction whereby it inhibits the migration and growth of PANC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yilixiati Xiaokaiti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Shengjun Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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32
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Guo N, Liu Z, Zhao W, Wang E, Wang J. Small Molecule APY606 Displays Extensive Antitumor Activity in Pancreatic Cancer via Impairing Ras-MAPK Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155874. [PMID: 27223122 PMCID: PMC4880342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has been found with abnormal expression or mutation in Ras proteins. Oncogenic Ras activation exploits their extensive signaling reach to affect multiple cellular processes, in which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling exerts important roles in tumorigenesis. Therapies targeted Ras are thus of major benefit for pancreatic cancer. Although small molecule APY606 has been successfully picked out by virtual drug screening based on Ras target receptor, its in-depth mechanism remains to be elucidated. We herein assessed the antitumor activity of APY606 against human pancreatic cancer Capan-1 and SW1990 cell lines and explored the effect of Ras-MAPK and apoptosis-related signaling pathway on the activity of APY606. APY606 treatment resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cancer cell viability. Additionally, APY606 exhibited strong antitumor activity, as evidenced not only by reduction in tumor cell invasion, migration and mitochondrial membrane potential but also by alteration in several apoptotic indexes. Furthermore, APY606 treatment directly inhibited Ras-GTP and the downstream activation of MAPK, which resulted in the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, leading to the up-regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related proteins (Bax, cytosolic Cytochrome c and Caspase 3) and of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and Cyclin A, E. These data suggest that impairing Ras-MAPK signaling is a novel mechanism of action for APY606 during therapeutic intervention in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zuojia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Toste PA, Nguyen AH, Kadera BE, Duong M, Wu N, Gawlas I, Tran LM, Bikhchandani M, Li L, Patel SG, Dawson DW, Donahue TR. Chemotherapy-Induced Inflammatory Gene Signature and Protumorigenic Phenotype in Pancreatic CAFs via Stress-Associated MAPK. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:437-47. [PMID: 26979711 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a characteristically dense stroma comprised predominantly of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). CAFs promote tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This study aimed to investigate the molecular changes and functional consequences associated with chemotherapy treatment of PDAC CAFs. Chemoresistant immortalized CAFs (R-CAF) were generated by continuous incubation in gemcitabine. Gene expression differences between treatment-naïve CAFs (N-CAF) and R-CAFs were compared by array analysis. Functionally, tumor cells (TC) were exposed to N-CAF- or R-CAF-conditioned media and assayed for migration, invasion, and viability in vitro Furthermore, a coinjection (TC and CAF) model was used to compare tumor growth in vivo R-CAFs increased TC viability, migration, and invasion compared with N-CAFs. In vivo, TCs coinjected with R-CAFs grew larger than those accompanied by N-CAFs. Genomic analysis demonstrated that R-CAFs had increased expression of various inflammatory mediators, similar to the previously described senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In addition, SASP mediators were found to be upregulated in response to short duration treatment with gemcitabine in both immortalized and primary CAFs. Inhibition of stress-associated MAPK signaling (P38 MAPK or JNK) attenuated SASP induction as well as the tumor-supportive functions of chemotherapy-treated CAFs in vitro and in vivo These results identify a negative consequence of chemotherapy on the PDAC microenvironment that could be targeted to improve the efficacy of current therapeutic regimens. IMPLICATIONS Chemotherapy treatment of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts results in a proinflammatory response driven by stress-associated MAPK signaling that enhances tumor cell growth and invasiveness. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 437-47. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Toste
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew H Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian E Kadera
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Mindy Duong
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Nanping Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Irmina Gawlas
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Linh M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Mihir Bikhchandani
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Luyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanjeet G Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy R Donahue
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.
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Krška Z, Šváb J, Hoskovec D, Ulrych J. Pancreatic Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment--Current State. Prague Med Rep 2016; 116:253-67. [PMID: 26654799 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents permanent and ever rising issue worldwide. Five-year survival does not exceed 3 to 6%, i.e. the worst result among solid tumours. The article evaluates the current state of PDAC diagnostics and treatment specifying also development and trends. Percentage of non-resectable tumours due to locally advanced or metastatic condition varies 60-80%, mostly over 80%. Survival with non-resectable PDAC is 4 to 8 months (median 3.5). In contrast R0 resection shows the survival 18-27 months. Laboratory and imaging screening methods are not indicated on large scale. Risk factors are smoking, alcohol abuse, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus. Genetic background in most PDAC has not been detected yet. Some genes connected with high risk of PDAC (e.g. BRCA2, PALB2) have been identified as significant and highly penetrative, but link between PDAC and these genes can be seen only in 10-20%. This article surveys perspective oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, microRNA. Albeit CT is still favoured over other imaging methods, involvement of NMR rises. Surgery prefers the "vessel first" approach, which proves to be justified especially in R0 resection. According to EBM immunotherapy same as radiotherapy are not significant in PDAC treatment. Chemotherapy shows limited importance in conversion treatment of locally advanced or borderline tumours or in case of metastatic spread. Unified procedures cannot be defined due to inhomogenous arrays. Surgical resection is the only chance for curative treatment of PDAC and depends mainly on timely indication for surgery and quality of multidisciplinary team in a high-volume centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Krška
- 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Šváb
- 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Hoskovec
- 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ulrych
- 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Niccolai E, Taddei A, Ricci F, Rolla S, D'Elios MM, Benagiano M, Bechi P, Bencini L, Ringressi MN, Pini A, Castiglione F, Giordano D, Satolli MA, Coratti A, Cianchi F, Bani D, Prisco D, Novelli F, Amedei A. Intra-tumoral IFN-γ-producing Th22 cells correlate with TNM staging and the worst outcomes in pancreatic cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:247-58. [PMID: 26590104 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death. The causes of this cancer remain unknown, but increasing evidence indicates a key role of the host immune response and cytokines in human carcinogenesis. Intra-tumoral IL (interleukin)-22 levels have been shown to be elevated in PDAC patients. However, little is known regarding the expression and clinical relevance of Th22 cells in human PDAC and, furthermore, which TILs (tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes) are the main producers of IL-22 is unknown. In the present study, we characterized the functional proprieties of the different subsets of IL-22-producing TILs and analysed their relationship with the TNM staging system and patient survival. We have demonstrated for the first time that, in PDAC patients, the T-cells co-producing IFN-γ (interferon γ) and exerting perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are the major intra-tumoral source of IL-22. In addition, isolated Th22 cells were able to induce apoptosis, which was antagonized by IL-22. Finally, we observed that the IL-22-producing T-cells were significantly increased in tumour tissue and that this increase was positively correlated with TNM staging of PDAC and poorer patient survival. These novel findings support the dual role of the anti-tumour immune system and that IL-22-producing cells may participate in PDAC pathogenesis. Therefore monitoring Th22 levels could be a good diagnostic parameter, and blocking IL-22 signalling may represent a viable method for anti-PDAC therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Paracrine Communication
- Perforin/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 19, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Ricci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Rolla
- Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marisa Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lapo Bencini
- Department of Oncology, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Castiglione
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Giordano
- Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Satolli
- Centro Oncologico Ematologico Subalpino (COES), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Coratti
- Department of Oncology, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Cianchi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Michelangiolo 41, 50125 Florence, Italy Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology Service, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 19, 10126 Turin, Italy Centre for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy Molecular Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy Department of Neuro-Skeletal Muscle and Sensory Organs, Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
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36
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Diet and Pancreatic Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2309-17. [PMID: 26610570 PMCID: PMC4695892 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is without any doubt the malignancy with the poorest prognosis and the lowest survival rate. This highly aggressive disease is rarely diagnosed at an early stage and difficult to treat due to its resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify the causes responsible for pancreatic cancer and to identify preventive strategies to reduce its incidence in the population. Some circumstances, such as smoking habits, being overweight and diabetes, have been identified as potentially predisposing factors to pancreatic cancer, suggesting that diet might play a role. A diet low in fat and sugars, together with a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, weight reduction and not smoking, may contribute to prevent pancreatic cancer and many other cancer types. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that some food may have chemo preventive properties. Indeed, a high dietary intake of fresh fruit and vegetables has been shown to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, and recent epidemiological studies have associated nut consumption with a protective effect against it. Therefore, diet could have an impact on the development of pancreatic cancer and further investigations are needed to assess the potential chemo preventive role of specific foods against this disease. This review summarizes the key evidence for the role of dietary habits and their effect on pancreatic cancer and focuses on possible mechanisms for the association between diet and risk of pancreatic cancer.
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37
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Huang L, Holtzinger A, Jagan I, BeGora M, Lohse I, Ngai N, Nostro C, Wang R, Muthuswamy LB, Crawford HC, Arrowsmith C, Kalloger SE, Renouf DJ, Connor AA, Cleary S, Schaeffer DF, Roehrl M, Tsao MS, Gallinger S, Keller G, Muthuswamy SK. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell- and patient-derived tumor organoids. Nat Med 2015; 21:1364-71. [PMID: 26501191 PMCID: PMC4753163 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are few in vitro models of exocrine pancreas development and primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We establish three-dimensional culture conditions to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into exocrine progenitor organoids that form ductal and acinar structures in culture and in vivo. Expression of mutant KRAS or TP53 in progenitor organoids induces mutation-specific phenotypes in culture and in vivo. Expression of TP53(R175H) induces cytosolic SOX9 localization. In patient tumors bearing TP53 mutations, SOX9 was cytoplasmic and associated with mortality. We also define culture conditions for clonal generation of tumor organoids from freshly resected PDAC. Tumor organoids maintain the differentiation status, histoarchitecture and phenotypic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and retain patient-specific physiological changes, including hypoxia, oxygen consumption, epigenetic marks and differences in sensitivity to inhibition of the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Thus, pancreatic progenitor organoids and tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and for drug screening to identify precision therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Audrey Holtzinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ishaan Jagan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael BeGora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ines Lohse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ngai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristina Nostro
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi B. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve E. Kalloger
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Renouf
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashton A Connor
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Cleary
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David F. Schaeffer
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Roehrl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Keller
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Senthil K. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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38
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Thrower E. Pathologic cellular events in smoking-related pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:723-35. [PMID: 25938854 PMCID: PMC4491681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis, a debilitating inflammatory disorder, results from pancreatic injury. Alcohol abuse is the foremost cause, although cigarette smoking has recently surfaced as a distinct risk factor. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its toxins initiate pathological cellular events leading to pancreatitis, have not been clearly defined. Although cigarette smoke is composed of more than 4000 compounds, it is mainly nicotine and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which have been extensively studied with respect to pancreatic diseases. This review summarizes these research findings and highlights cellular pathways which may be of relevance in initiation and progression of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT 06516, USA .
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39
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Storz P. The crosstalk between acinar cells with Kras mutations and M1-polarized macrophages leads to initiation of pancreatic precancerous lesions. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008794. [PMID: 26155420 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the processes that lead to the development of pancreatic cancer indicate that inflammatory macrophages have key functions in the initiation of pre-neoplastic lesions. Specifically, acquisition of an activating Kras mutation in pancreatic acinar cells leads to upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which serves as a chemoattractant for M1-polarized macrophages. M1 macrophages then contribute to acinar cell metaplasia and development of precancerous lesions through inflammatory cytokines and secreted proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic ; Jacksonville, FL, USA
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40
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Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis. Indian J Surg Oncol 2015; 6:57-62. [PMID: 25937765 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-014-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Data exists to indicate a definite association between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. The strength of this association varies between various causes of pancreatitis, with hereditary and tropical pancreatitis more likely to result in malignancy. Pathogenesis may involve genetic factors, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption. Clinically a significant overlap exists between the two conditions, with histology difficult to obtain and interpret in this setting. Biomarkers like CA19-9 and others may be useful, as is a variety of newer imaging modalities. Treatment needs to be individualised as surgery offers the only chance of cure, albeit in but a few.
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41
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Davis GE, Norden PR, Bowers SLK. Molecular control of capillary morphogenesis and maturation by recognition and remodeling of the extracellular matrix: functional roles of endothelial cells and pericytes in health and disease. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:392-402. [PMID: 26305158 PMCID: PMC4765926 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1066781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses fundamental mechanisms underlying how capillaries form in three-dimensional extracellular matrices and how endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes co-assemble to form capillary networks. In addition to playing a critical role in supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues, recent work suggests that blood vessels supply important signals to facilitate tissue development. Here, we hypothesize that another major function of capillaries is to supply signals to suppress major disease mechanisms including inflammation, infection, thrombosis, hemorrhage, edema, ischemic injury, fibrosis, autoimmune disease and tumor growth/progression. Capillary dysfunction plays a key pathogenic role in many human diseases, and thus, this suppressing function may be attenuated and central toward the initiation and progression of disease. We describe how capillaries form through creation of EC-lined tube networks and vascular guidance tunnels in 3D extracellular matrices. Pericytes recruit to the abluminal EC tube surface within these tunnel spaces, and work together to assemble the vascular basement membrane matrix. These processes occur under serum-free conditions in 3D collagen or fibrin matrices and in response to five key growth factors which are stem cell factor, interleukin-3, stromal-derived factor-1α, fibroblast growth factor-2 and insulin. In addition, we identified a key role for EC-derived platelet-derived growth factor-BB and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor in pericyte recruitment and proliferation to promote EC-pericyte tube co-assembly and vascular basement membrane matrix deposition. A molecular understanding of capillary morphogenesis and maturation should lead to novel therapeutic strategies to repair capillary dysfunction in major human disease contexts including cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Davis
- a Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology , Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , MO , USA
| | - Pieter R Norden
- a Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology , Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , MO , USA
| | - Stephanie L K Bowers
- a Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology , Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , MO , USA
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42
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Edderkaoui M, Eibl G. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: underlying mechanisms and potential targets. Front Physiol 2014; 5:490. [PMID: 25540626 PMCID: PMC4261721 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Eibl
- Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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43
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Liou GY, Döppler H, Necela B, Edenfield B, Zhang L, Dawson DW, Storz P. Mutant KRAS-induced expression of ICAM-1 in pancreatic acinar cells causes attraction of macrophages to expedite the formation of precancerous lesions. Cancer Discov 2014; 5:52-63. [PMID: 25361845 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Desmoplasia and an inflammatory environment are defining features of pancreatic cancer. Unclear is how pancreatic cells that undergo oncogenic transformation can cross-talk with immune cells and how this contributes to the development of pancreatic lesions. Here, we demonstrate that pancreatic acinar cells expressing mutant KRAS can expedite their transformation to a duct-like phenotype by inducing local inflammation. Specifically, we show that KRAS(G12D) induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which serves as chemoattractant for macrophages. Infiltrating macrophages amplify the formation of KRAS(G12D)-caused abnormal pancreatic structures by remodeling the extracellular matrix and providing cytokines such as TNF. Depletion of macrophages or treatment with a neutralizing antibody for ICAM-1 in mice expressing oncogenic Kras under an acinar cell-specific promoter resulted in both a decreased formation of abnormal structures and decreased progression of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions. SIGNIFICANCE We here show that oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic acinar cells upregulates the expression of ICAM-1 to attract macrophages. Hence, our results reveal a direct cooperative mechanism between oncogenic Kras mutations and the inflammatory environment to drive the initiation of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Brian Necela
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Brandy Edenfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
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44
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Paulo JA. Nicotine alters the proteome of two human pancreatic duct cell lines. JOP : JOURNAL OF THE PANCREAS 2014; 15:465-74. [PMID: 25262714 DOI: 10.6092/1590-8577/2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor of pancreatic disease. Nicotine--a major cigarette tobacco component--can traffic through the circulatory system and may induce fibrosis and metastasis, hallmarks of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. However, at the biomolecular level, particularly in pancreatic research, the effects of nicotine remain unresolved. METHODS The effects of nicotine on the proteomes of two pancreatic duct cell lines-an immortalized normal cell line (HPNE) and a cancer cell line (PanC1)- were investigated using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. For each cell line, the global proteomes of cells exposed to nicotine for 24 hrs were compared with untreated cells in triplicate using 6-plex tandem mass tag-based isobaric labeling techniques. RESULTS Over 5,000 proteins were detected per cell line. Of these, over 900 proteins were differentially abundant with statistical significance (corrected P-value <0.01) upon nicotine treatment, 57 of which were so in both cell lines. Amyloid precursor protein, previously observed to increase expression in pancreatic stellate cells when exposed to nicotine, was also up-regulated in both cell lines.In general, the two cell lines varied in the classes of proteins altered by nicotine treatment, supporting published evidence that nicotine may play different roles in the initiation and progression of pancreatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the underlying mechanisms associating nicotine with pancreatic function is paramount to intervention aiming to retard, arrest, or ameliorate pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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45
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Rozengurt E. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR): a point of convergence in the action of insulin/IGF-1 and G protein-coupled receptor agonists in pancreatic cancer cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:357. [PMID: 25295009 PMCID: PMC4171984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common form of pancreatic cancer, is one of the most lethal human diseases. PDAC is now the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in both men and women and deaths due to PDAC are projected to increase dramatically. Novel targets and agents for chemoprevention are urgently needed and will most likely arise from a more detailed understanding of the signaling mechanisms that stimulate the promotion and progression of sub-malignant cells into pancreatic cancer cells and from the identification of modifiable risk factors for PDAC. Many epidemiological studies have linked obesity and long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with increased risk and worse clinical outcomes for developing PDAC. These diet-related metabolic disorders are multifaceted but characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, compensatory overproduction of insulin and increased bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Mounting evidence indicates that the insulin/IGF-1 receptor system plays a critical role in PDAC development and multiple studies support the notion that crosstalk between the insulin receptor and heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling systems is an important element in the biological responses elicited by these signaling systems, including cell proliferation. This article highlights the central role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in mediating crosstalk between insulin/IGF-1 and GPCR signaling in pancreatic cancer cells and proposes strategies, including the use of metformin, to target this signaling system in PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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46
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Omega-3 fatty acids reduce obesity-induced tumor progression independent of GPR120 in a mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3504-13. [PMID: 25220417 PMCID: PMC4362785 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and inflammation are both risk factors for a variety of cancers, including breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) decreases the risk of breast cancer, and also reduces obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, but whether the two effects are related is currently unknown. We tested this hypothesis in a postmenopausal breast cancer model using ovariectomized, immune-competent female mice orthotopically injected with Py230 mammary tumor cells. Obesity, whether triggered genetically or by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, increased inflammation in the mammary fat pad and promoted mammary tumorigenesis. The presence of tumor cells in the mammary fat pad further enhanced the local inflammatory milieu. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the most highly upregulated cytokine in the obese mammary fat pad, and we observed that TNF-α dose-dependently stimulated Py230 cell growth in vitro. An ω-3 PUFA-enriched HFD (referred to as fish oil diet, FOD) reduced inflammation in the obese mammary fat pad in the absence of tumor cells and inhibited Py230 tumor growth in vivo. Although some anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 PUFAs were previously shown to be mediated by the G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), the FOD reduced Py230 tumor burden in GPR120-deficient mice to a similar degree as observed in wild-type mice, indicating that the effect of FOD to reduce tumor growth does not require GPR120 in the host mouse. Instead, in vitro studies demonstrated that ω-3 PUFAs act directly on tumor cells to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Our results show that obesity promotes mammary tumor progression in this model of postmenopausal breast cancer and that ω-3 PUFAs, independent of GPR120, inhibit mammary tumor progression in obese mice.
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47
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Rasch S, Algül H. A clinical perspective on the role of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal cancer. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014; 7:261-72. [PMID: 25143751 PMCID: PMC4134025 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s43457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of malignancy, and knowledge about its molecular and cellular mechanisms is increasing. Several chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are important as risk factors for malignancy and have been studied in detail. In this review, we summarize important molecular mechanisms in chronic inflammation and highlight established and potential links between chronic inflammation and gastrointestinal cancer. In addition, we present the role of chronic inflammation in numerous tumors within the gastrointestinal tract as well as the relevant pathways or epidemiologic observations linking the pathogenesis of these tumors to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rasch
- II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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