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Benavente C, Padial P, Scott BR, Almeida F, Olcina G, Pérez-Regalado S, Feriche B. Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1221-1233. [PMID: 38916665 PMCID: PMC11271399 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B R Scott
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- PHysical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research Group, School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - F Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - S Pérez-Regalado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Benavente C, Petrer I, Padial P, Timón R, Arguelles J, Feriche B. Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8-week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1. [PMID: 38446192 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare external and internal training load markers during resistance training (RT) in normoxia (N), intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and intermittent normobaric hypoxia (NH). METHODS Thirty-three volunteers were assigned an 8-week RT program in either N (690 m, n = 10), HH (2320 m, n = 10), or NH (inspired fraction of oxygen = 15.9%; ~ 2320 m, n = 13). The RT program (3x/week) consisted of six exercises, with three sets of six to 12 repetitions at ~ 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with the first session of each week used for analysis. 1RM in back squat and bench press was used to evaluate muscle strength before and after the program. External load was assessed by the volume load relative to body mass (RVL, kg·kg-1). Internal load was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS Smaller relative improvements were found for the back squat in the N group (11.5 ± 8.8%) when compared to the NH group (22.2 ± 8.2%, P = 0.01) and the HH group (22 ± 8.1%, P = 0.02). All groups showed similar RVL, HR responses and RPE across the program (P˃0.05). However, reduced HR recovery values, calculated as the difference between the highest HR value (HRpeak) and the resting heart rate after a two min rest, were seen in the N and NH groups across the program (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It seems that 8 weeks of intermittent RT in hypoxic environments could maximize time-efficiency when aiming to improve strength levels in back squat without evoking higher levels of physiological stress. Performing RT at hypobaric hypoxia may improve the cardiorespiratory response, which in turn could speed recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Division of Sport Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Petrer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafa Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Arguelles
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Chang Y, Liu X, Hurr C. Effect of 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training for repeated vertical jump performance in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:213-221. [PMID: 37791831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful in sports, it is critical to maintain a high level of muscular power throughout a game. Physiological adaptations induced by hypoxic exercise training would provide benefits for fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training program is more effective in improving power endurance during repeated vertical jumps (VJs) when compared with a normoxic counterpart. METHODS Eighteen young adult males were divided into two training groups: 1) normoxic training group (NT, FiO2: 20.9%, N.=9); and 2) hypoxic training group (HT, FiO2: 13.7%, N.=9). For both NT and HT, participants performed three sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of a 60-min exercise session including strength and power training. A repeated VJ (40 reps/set, 2 sets with 5 min rest given between them) was performed before and after the training (pretraining and post-training). RESULTS The HT group displayed an improvement in repeated VJ performance in a later phase of set 1 following the training (25-30 rep: pretraining 26.49±6.20 vs. post-training 30.55±5.37cm, P=0.0285; 30-35 rep: pretraining 25.08±5.29 vs. post-training 29.56±5.37cm, P=0.0064; 35-40 rep: pretraining 25.05±5.51 vs. post-training 29.28±5.71cm, P=0.0161). In set 2, repeated VJ performance in the later phase was also enhanced in HT following the training (P<0.05 for all). No changes in repeated VJ performance were seen in NT following the training (P>0.05 for all). Also, the HT group showed a trend towards a decrease in Fatigue Index in set 1 (pretraining 23.51±13.27 vs. Post 11.87±12.51%, P=0.1308) and set 2 (pretraining 29.11±13.66 vs. post-training 17.81±17.97%, P=0.1588) following the training. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training can be an effective training modality to improve fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea -
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Jenkins JR, Salmon OF, Smith CM. Moderate and Severe Acute Normobaric Hypoxia and the 3-Repetition Deadlift, Hand-Release Push-Up, and Leg Tuck Events From the Army Combat Fitness Test. Mil Med 2023; 188:e753-e760. [PMID: 35072728 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The newly implemented Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) of the U.S. Army seeks to revolutionize the Army's fitness culture and reduce the rate of preventable injuries among soldiers. The initial rollout of the ACFT has been met with several challenges, including a gender-neutral scoring system. The ACFT has undergone several revisions to adapt to the present state of U.S. Army physical fitness; however, the test faces several more obstacles as more data become available. The ACFT was designed to measure combat readiness, a useful tool for units facing deployment or a change in duty station to a high-altitude environment. Reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) at high altitude influences many physiological functions associated with physical fitness, such that there is an increased demand for oxygen in exercising muscle. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate the effects of normoxic and two levels of hypoxia exposure (moderate and severe; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]: 16.0% and 14.3%) during the 3-repetition deadlift (MDL), hand-release push-up (HRP), and leg tuck (LTK) events of the ACFT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen recreationally active men (n = 10) and women (n = 4) soldier analogs (27.36 ± 1.12 years, height 1.71 ± 2.79 m, weight 80.60 ± 4.24 kg) completed the MDL, HRP, and LTK at normoxia and acute normobaric moderate (MH; FiO2 16%) and severe (SH; FiO2 14.3%) hypoxic exposure. Scores and performance were recorded for each event, and heart rate (HR) and total body oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored throughout. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences in modified ACFT scores, performance, HR, and SpO2 among hypoxic conditions, with follow-up one-way ANOVA and paired t-test when appropriate. RESULTS Total body oxygen saturation was decreased at MH and SH conditions compared to normoxia but did not vary between ACFT events. Heart rate was not influenced by altitude but did increase in response to exercise. Scores of the modified total and individual ACFT events were not different between normoxia, MH, and SH. There was also no difference in performance based on the amount of weight lifted during the MDL and number of repetitions of the HRP and LTK events in response to hypoxic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Performance and scores of the modified ACFT were not influenced by acute normobaric MH and SH exposure compared to normoxia. Further investigations should examine the full testing battery of the ACFT to provide a comprehensive analysis and potential evidence for such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Jenkins
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Owen F Salmon
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Cory M Smith
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3676. [PMID: 36871095 PMCID: PMC9985626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [- 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60-80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3-16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the leukocyte responses to resistance exercise. Biol Sport 2023; 40:101-109. [PMID: 36636200 PMCID: PMC9806752 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of systemic hypoxia to improve the training adaptations to resistance exercise. Hypoxia is a well-known stimulator of the immune system, yet the leukocyte responses to this training modality remain uncharacterised. The current study characterised the acute leukocyte responses to resistance exercise in normobaric hypoxia. The single-blinded, randomised trial recruited 13 healthy males aged 18-35 years to perform a bout of resistance exercise in normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2; n = 7) or normoxia (20.9% O2; n = 6). Participants completed 4 × 10 repetitions of lower and upper body exercises at 70% 1-repetition maximum. Oxygen saturation, rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were measured during the session. Venous blood was sampled before and up to 24 hours post-exercise to quantify blood lactate, glucose and leukocytes including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Neutrophils were higher at 120 and 180 minutes post-exercise in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p<0.01), however lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were unaffected by hypoxia. Oxygen saturation was significantly lower during the four exercises in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p < 0.001). However, there were no differences in blood lactate, heart rate, perceived exertion or blood glucose between groups. Hypoxia amplified neutrophils following resistance exercise, though all other leukocyte subsets were unaffected. Therefore, hypoxia does not appear to detrimentally affect the lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil or basophil responses to exercise.
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Lambrianides Y, Epro G, Smith K, Mileva KN, James D, Karamanidis K. Impact of Different Mechanical and Metabolic Stimuli on the Temporal Dynamics of Muscle Strength Adaptation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3246-3255. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Warnier G, Gnimassou O, Belhaj MR, Benoit N, Naslain D, Brook MS, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Nielens H, Atherton PJ, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Higher strength gain after hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training despite no changes in muscle thickness and fractional protein synthetic rate. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21773. [PMID: 34324735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia has previously been suggested to potentiate resistance training-induced hypertrophy by activating satellite cell-dependent myogenesis rather than an improvement in protein balance in human. Here, we tested this hypothesis after a 4-week hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training protocol. For that purpose, 19 physically active male subjects were recruited to perform 6 sets of 10 repetitions of a one-leg knee extension exercise at 80% 1-RM 3 times/week for 4 weeks in normoxia (FiO2 : 0.21; n = 9) or in hypoxia (FiO2 : 0.135, n = 10). Blood and skeletal muscle samples were taken before and after the training period. Muscle fractional protein synthetic rate was measured over the whole period by deuterium incorporation into the protein pool and muscle thickness by ultrasound. At the end of the training protocol, the strength gain was higher in the hypoxic vs the normoxic group despite no changes in muscle thickness and in the fractional protein synthetic rate. Only early myogenesis, as assessed by higher MyoD and Myf5 mRNA levels, appeared to be enhanced by hypoxia compared to normoxia. No effects were found on myosin heavy chain expression, markers of oxidative metabolism and lactate transport in the skeletal muscle. Though the present study failed to unravel clearly the mechanisms by which hypoxic resistance training is particularly potent to increase muscle strength, it is important message to keep in mind that this training strategy could be effective for all athletes looking at developing and optimizing their maximal muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi R Belhaj
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Henri Nielens
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020106. [PMID: 33573198 PMCID: PMC7912455 DOI: 10.3390/life11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
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Allsopp GL, Hoffmann SM, Feros SA, Pasco JA, Russell AP, Wright CR. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2306-2312. [PMID: 32881839 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allsopp, GL, Hoffmann, SM, Feros, SA, Pasco, JA, Russell, AP, and Wright, CR. The effect of normobaric hypoxia on resistance training adaptations in older adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The effect of normobaric hypoxia on strength, body composition, and cardiovascular fitness was investigated after a resistance training intervention in older adults. A single-blinded, randomized control trial recruited 20 healthy adults aged 60-75 years for an 8-week resistance training intervention in normoxia (n = 10) or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2; n = 10). Subjects performed 2 sessions per week of upper-body and lower-body exercises at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Pretraining and post-training, maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), muscular endurance (30 maximal knee flexions/extensions), and 5RM were assessed, with 5RM used to calculate 1RM. Subjects underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at pretraining and post-training for fat and lean mass quantification. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Subjects in both groups substantially improved their calculated 1RM strength for leg extension, pectoral fly, row, and squat (normoxia; 30, 38, 27, and 29%, hypoxia; 43, 50, 28, and 64%, respectively); however, hypoxia did not augment this response. Hypoxia did not enhance V[Combining Dot Above]O2max or muscular endurance responses after the training intervention, with no improvements seen in either group. Fat mass and lean mass remained unchanged in both groups after the intervention. In summary, 8 weeks of resistance training in hypoxia was well tolerated in healthy older adults and increased upper-body and lower-body strength. However, the magnitude of strength and lean muscle improvements in hypoxia was no greater than normoxia; therefore, there is currently no evidence to support the use of hypoxic resistance training in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha M Hoffmann
- Center for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon A Feros
- Center for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Epi-Center for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT SRC, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, the University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.,Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Fernández-Valdés B, Sampaio J, Exel J, González J, Tous-Fajardo J, Jones B, Moras G. The Influence of Functional Flywheel Resistance Training on Movement Variability and Movement Velocity in Elite Rugby Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1205. [PMID: 32695042 PMCID: PMC7338676 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the changes in movement variability and movement velocity during a six-week training period using a resistance horizontal forward-backward task without (NOBALL) or with (BALL) the constraint of catching and throwing a rugby ball in the forward phase. Eleven elite male rugby union players (mean ± SD: age 25.5 ± 2.0 years, height 1.83 ± 0.06 m, body mass 95 ± 18 kg, rugby practice 14 ± 3 years) performed eight repetitions of NOBALL and BALL conditions once a week in a rotational flywheel device. Velocity was recorded by an attached rotary encoder while acceleration data were used to calculate sample entropy (SampEn), multiscale entropy, and the complexity index. SampEn showed no significant decrease for NOBALL (ES = -0.64 ± 1.02) and significant decrease for BALL (ES = -1.71 ± 1.16; p < 0.007) conditions. Additionally, movement velocity showed a significant increase for NOBALL (ES = 1.02 ± 1.05; p < 0.047) and significant increase for BALL (ES = 1.25 ± 1.08; p < 0.025) between weeks 1 and 6. The complexity index showed higher levels of complexity in the BALL condition, specifically in the first three weeks. Movement velocity and complex dynamics were adapted to the constraints of the task after a four-week training period. Entropy measures seem a promising processing signal technique to identify when these exercise tasks should be changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernández-Valdés
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Unió Esportiva Santboiana, División de Honor de Rugby, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Exel
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CreativeLab Research Community, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Julio Tous-Fajardo
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,FC Internazionale Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos RLFC, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie RUFC, Leeds, United Kingdom.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Moras
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Guardado IM, Ureña BS, Cardenosa AC, Cardenosa MC, Camacho GO, Andrada RT. Effects of strength training under hypoxic conditions on muscle performance, body composition and haematological variables. Biol Sport 2020; 37:121-129. [PMID: 32508379 PMCID: PMC7249800 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.93037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of a hypoxic stimulus during resistance training is suggested to increase the metabolic responses, enhancing hypertrophy and muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training performed at submaximal intensities combined with normobaric hypoxia on muscular performance, body composition and haematological parameters. Thirty-two untrained subjects participated in this study (weight: 74.68±12.89 kg; height: 175±0.08 cm; BMI: 24.28±3.80 kg/m2). They were randomized to two groups: hypoxia (FiO2 = 13%) or normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%). The training programme lasted 7 weeks (3 d/w) and several muscle groups were exercised (3 sets x 65-80% 1RM to failure). Measurements were taken before, after the training and after a 3-week detraining period. Body composition and muscle mass were assessed through skinfolds and muscle girths. Muscle strength was evaluated by the 1RM estimated test. Finally, haemoglobin and haematocrit were taken from the antecubital vein. Both groups improved their strength performance and muscle perimeters, but the hypoxia group obtained a greater increase in muscle mass (hypoxia: +1.80% vs. normoxia: +0.38%; p<0.05) and decrease in fat mass (hypoxia: -6.83% vs. normoxia: +1.26%; p<0.05) compared to the normoxia group. Additionally, haematocrit values were also higher for the hypoxia group after the detraining period (hypoxia: +2.20% vs. normoxia: -2.22%; p<0.05). In conclusion, resistance training under hypoxic conditions could increase muscle mass and decrease fat mass more effectively than training performed in normoxia, but without contributing to greater muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Braulio Sánchez Ureña
- School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life, National University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Timón Andrada
- GAEDAF Research Group. Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
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15
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Törpel A, Peter B, Schega L. Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32411007 PMCID: PMC7198789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) under hypoxic conditions has been used to increase muscular performance under normoxic conditions in young people. However, the effects of RT and thus of RT under hypoxia (RTH) could also be valuable for parameters of physical capacity and body composition across the lifespan. Therefore, we compared the effects of low- to moderate-load RTH with matched designed RT on muscular strength capacity, cardiopulmonary capacity, hematological adaptation, and body composition in young and older people. Methods In a pre–post randomized, blinded, and controlled experiment, 42 young (18 to 30 year) and 42 older (60 to 75 year) participants were randomly assigned to RTH or RT (RTH young, RT young, RTH old, RT old). Both groups performed eight resistance exercises (25–40% of 1RM, 3 × 15 repetitions) four times a week over 5 weeks. The intensity of hypoxic air for the RTH was administered individually in regards to the oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2): ∼80–85%. Changes and differences in maximal isokinetic strength, cardiopulmonary capacity, total hemoglobin mass (tHb), blood volume (BV), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined pre–post, and the acute reaction of erythropoietin (EPO) was tested during the intervention. Results In all parameters, no significant pre–post differences in mean changes (time × group effects p = 0.120 to 1.000) were found between RTH and RT within the age groups. However, within the four groups, isolated significant improvements (p < 0.050) of the single groups were observed regarding the muscular strength of the legs and the cardiopulmonary capacity. Discussion Although the hypoxic dose and the exercise variables of the resistance training in this study were based on the current recommendations of RTH, the RTH design used had no superior effect on the tested parameters in young and older people in comparison to the matched designed RT under normoxia after a 5-week intervention period. Based on previous RTH-studies as well as the knowledge about RT in general, it can be assumed that the expected higher effects of RTH can may be achieved by changing exercise variables (e.g., longer intervention period, higher loads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beate Peter
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Tomas-Carus P, Olcina G, Timón R, Brazo-Sayavera J. Effects of whole-body vibration under hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:625-632. [PMID: 31236796 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and function, which are associated with decrease of functional capacity. Combination of WBV training with normobaric hypoxic exposure could augment the beneficial effects due to synergic effects of both treatments. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 36 sessions of the combined WBV training and normobaric hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. METHODS Nineteen elderly people were randomly assigned to a: vibration normoxic exposure group (NWBV; n = 10; 20.9% FiO2) and vibration hypoxic exposure group (HWBV; n = 9). Participants developed 36 sessions of WBV training along 18 weeks, which included 4 bouts of 30 s (12.6 Hz in frequency and 4 mm in amplitude) with 60 s of rest between bouts, inside a hypoxic chamber for the HWBV. The "Timed Up and Go Test" evaluated functional mobility. Percentages of lean mass were obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Neither statistically significant within group variations nor statistically significant differences between both groups were detected to any parameter. DISCUSSION Baseline characteristics of population, training protocol and the level of hypoxia employed could cause different adaptations on muscle mass and function. CONCLUSIONS The combination of WBV training and hypoxic exposure did not cause any effect on either legs lean mass or functional mobility of older adults.
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17
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Britto FA, Gnimassou O, De Groote E, Balan E, Warnier G, Everard A, Cani PD, Deldicque L. Acute environmental hypoxia potentiates satellite cell-dependent myogenesis in response to resistance exercise through the inflammation pathway in human. FASEB J 2019; 34:1885-1900. [PMID: 31914659 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute environmental hypoxia may potentiate muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training but the mechanisms are still unknown. To this end, twenty subjects performed a 1-leg knee extension session (8 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% 1 repetition maximum, 2-min rest between sets) in normoxic or normobaric hypoxic conditions (FiO2 14%). Muscle biopsies were taken 15 min and 4 hours after exercise in the vastus lateralis of the exercised and the non-exercised legs. Blood samples were taken immediately, 2h and 4h after exercise. In vivo, hypoxic exercise fostered acute inflammation mediated by the TNFα/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 (+333%, +194%, + 163% and +50% respectively) pathway, which has been shown to contribute to satellite cells myogenesis. Inflammation activation was followed by skeletal muscle invasion by CD68 (+63%) and CD197 (+152%) positive immune cells, both known to regulate muscle regeneration. The role of hypoxia-induced activation of inflammation in myogenesis was confirmed in vitro. Acute hypoxia promoted myogenesis through increased Myf5 (+300%), MyoD (+88%), myogenin (+1816%) and MRF4 (+489%) mRNA levels in primary myotubes and this response was blunted by siRNA targeting STAT3. In conclusion, our results suggest that hypoxia could improve muscle hypertrophic response following resistance exercise through IL-6/STAT3-dependent myogenesis and immune cells-dependent muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Britto
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olouyoumi Gnimassou
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Estelle De Groote
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Estelle Balan
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain la Neuve, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain la Neuve, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
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18
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Girard O, Willis SJ, Purnelle M, Scott BR, Millet GP. Separate and combined effects of local and systemic hypoxia in resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2313-2325. [PMID: 31468172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES This study quantified performance, physiological, and perceptual responses during resistance exercise to task failure with blood flow restriction (BFR), in systemic hypoxia, and with these stimuli combined. METHODS Fourteen young men were tested for 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell biceps curl and lying triceps extension exercises. On separate visits, subjects performed exercise trials (4 sets to failure at 70% 1RM with 90 s between sets) in six separate randomized conditions, i.e., in normoxia or hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with three different levels of BFR (0%, 45%, or 60% of resting arterial occlusion pressure). Muscle activation and oxygenation were monitored via surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perceptual responses were assessed following each set. RESULTS Compared to set 1, the number of repetitions before failure decreased in sets 2, 3, and 4 for both exercises (all P < 0.001), independently of the condition (P > 0.065). Arterial oxygen saturation was lower with systemic hypoxia (P < 0.001), but not BFR, while heart rate did not differ between conditions (P > 0.341). Muscle oxygenation and activation during exercise trials remained unaffected by the different conditions (all P ≥ 0.206). A significant main effect of time, but not condition, was observed for overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing, and limb discomfort (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, did not modify the fatigue-induced change in performance, trends of muscle activation or oxygenation, nor exercise-related sensations during a multi-set resistance exercise to task failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marin Purnelle
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Ikutomo A, Goto K. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Growth Factor Responses to Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:844. [PMID: 31447683 PMCID: PMC6696976 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of repeated-sprint exercise in moderate hypoxia on inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and angiogenic growth factor responses among athletes. Ten male college track and field sprinters [mean ± standard error (SE): age, 20.9 ± 0.1 years; height, 175.7 ± 1.9 cm; body weight, 67.3 ± 2.0 kg] performed two exercise trials in either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR; FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of three sets of 5 s × 6 s maximal sprints with 30 s rest periods between sprints and 10 min rest periods between sets. After completing the exercise, subjects remained in the chamber for 3 h under the prescribed oxygen concentration (hypoxia or normoxia). The average power output during exercise did not differ significantly between trials (p = 0.17). Blood lactate concentrations after exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than in the NOR trial (p < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations increased significantly after exercise (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two trials (p = 0.07). Post-exercise plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, serum myoglobin, serum lipid peroxidation, plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations did not differ significantly between the two trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, exercise-induced inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and VEGF responses following repeated-sprint exercise were not different between hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Ikutomo
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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20
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Olcina G, Tomas-Carus P, Timón R. Evaluation of 18-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in an Elderly Population. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:157-164. [PMID: 31021265 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of hypoxic training have been suggested for clinical populations, such as elderly who could suffer loss of lower limb muscle strength and higher risk of falling. This study investigated the effects of 18 weeks of whole-body vibration (WBV) training in normobaric hypoxia on the strength parameters of an elderly population. Thirty-one healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to a hypoxic whole-body vibration group (HWBV; n = 10), normoxic whole-body vibration group (NWBV; n = 11), or control group (n = 10). The experimental groups received the same vibration treatment in a hypoxia chamber (HWBV: 16.1% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]; NWBV: 21.0% FiO2). Isokinetic leg muscle strength was evaluated using a Biodex System-3 isokinetic dynamometer. Body composition was obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences between groups in either strength or body composition parameters. The NWBV group showed statistically significant improvements in the maximal strength of knee extensors, with a small effect size (p = 0.004; d = 0.54). No significant differences were found in any variable of the HWBV group. The combination of WBV training and exposure to normobaric cyclic hypoxia carried out in the present study did not have an effect on strength parameters in healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- 2 Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,3 Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- 4 Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Cie^ncia e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,5 Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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21
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Martínez-Guardado I, Ramos-Campo DJ, Olcina GJ, Rubio-Arias JA, Chung LH, Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE, Timón R. Effects of high-intensity resistance circuit-based training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:941-951. [PMID: 30638154 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1564796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic training methods are increasingly being used by researchers in an attempt to improve performance in normoxic ambients. Moreover, previous research suggests that resistance training in hypoxia can cause physiological and muscle adaptations. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) training in hypoxia on body composition and strength performance. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of HRC on metabolic parameters. Twenty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to either hypoxia (Fraction of inspired oxygen [FIO2] = 15%; HRChyp: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; weight: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia [FIO2] = 20.9%; HRCnorm: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; weight: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg) groups. Training sessions consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, leg extension and front pull down; Block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at six repetition maximum. Rest periods lasted for 35-s between exercises, 3-min between sets and 5-min between blocks. Participants exercised twice weekly for 8 weeks, and body composition, strength and blood tests were performed before and after the training program. Lean body mass and bone mineral density significantly increased over time in the HRChyp (p < .005; ES = 0.14 and p < .014; ES = 0.19, respectively) but not in the HRCnorm after training. Both groups improved their strength performance over time (p < .001), but without group effect differences. These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise produced trivial effects on lean body mass and bone mineral density compared to normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Linda H Chung
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- b Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,c UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- a Sport Science Faculty , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
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22
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Martínez-Guardado I, Sánchez-Ureña B, Olcina G, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Timón R. Bench press performance during an intermittent hypoxic resistance training to muscle failure. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1138-1143. [PMID: 30293408 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training performed under hypoxia conditions has been shown to cause major metabolic and hormonal responses. However, the influence of hypoxia on an acute session has been barely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of an intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) to muscle failure on bench press performance. METHODS A randomized crossover design was performed, and 25 untrained men performed a resistance training under two different conditions: normoxia (FIO2=21%) and high-level hypoxia (FIO2=13%). Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 75% 1RM to muscle failure, with a 2-minute rest between sets. Physical performance was assessed by quantifying total repetitions, concentric velocity and power variable during all sets. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), capillary blood lactate and muscle soreness were also assessed after training. RESULTS Physical performance during bench press did not differ under hypoxic conditions (P>0.05). However, there were significant increases (P<0.05) of RPE (from 7.5±0.8 to 7.9±0.8) and blood lactate concentrations (from 5.5±1.2 to 6.2±1.5 mmol/L) in the hypoxia group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that hypoxic resistance exercise does not affect exercise performance during bench press exercise. However, influence to perceived exercise intensity and blood lactate concentrations, suggesting that hypoxic resistance training may add substantially to the training dose experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain -
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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23
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Alhammoud M, Morel B, Girard O, Racinais S, Sevrez V, Germain A, Chamu T, Hautier C. Hypoxia and Fatigue Impair Rapid Torque Development of Knee Extensors in Elite Alpine Skiers. Front Physiol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 30140231 PMCID: PMC6094991 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of acute hypoxia on maximal and explosive torque and fatigability in knee extensors of skiers. Twenty-two elite male alpine skiers performed 35 maximal, repeated isokinetic knee extensions at 180°s-1 (total exercise duration 61.25 s) in normoxia (NOR, FiO2 0.21) and normobaric hypoxia (HYP, FiO2 0.13) in a randomized, single-blind design. Peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) from 0 to 100 ms and associated Vastus Lateralis peak EMG activity and rate of EMG rise (RER) were determined for each contraction. Relative changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the VL muscle were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Peak torque and peak EMG activity did not differ between conditions and decreased similarly with fatigue (p < 0.001), with peak torque decreasing continuously but EMG activity decreasing significantly after 30 contractions only. Compared to NOR, RTD, and RER values were lower in HYP during the first 12 and 9 contractions, respectively (both p < 0.05). Deoxyhemoglobin concentration during the last five contractions was higher in HYP than NOR (p = 0.050) but the delta between maximal and minimal deoxyhemoglobin for each contraction was similar in HYP and NOR suggesting a similar muscle O2 utilization. Post-exercise heart rate (138 ± 24 bpm) and blood lactate concentration (5.8 ± 3.1 mmol.l-1) did not differ between conditions. Arterial oxygen saturation was significantly lower (84 ± 4 vs. 98 ± 1%, p < 0.001) and ratings of perceived exertion higher (6 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 1, p < 0.001) in HYP than NOR. In summary, hypoxia limits RTD via a decrease in neural drive in elite alpine skiers undertaking maximal repeated isokinetic knee extensions, but the effect of hypoxic exposure is negated as fatigue develops. Isokinetic testing protocols for elite alpine skiers should incorporate RTD and RER measurements as they display a higher sensitivity than peak torque and EMG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Alhammoud
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Le Mans University, Le Mans, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Violaine Sevrez
- French National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Chamu
- Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital La Sauvegarde, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Hautier
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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24
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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25
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Mayo B, Miles C, Sims S, Driller M. The Effect of Resistance Training in a Hypoxic Chamber on Physical Performance in Elite Rugby Athletes. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:28-34. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Mayo
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Bay of Plenty Rugby Union, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - Cory Miles
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Sims
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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26
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Bertuzzi R, Gáspari AF, Trojbicz LR, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Lima-Silva AE, Billaut F, Girard O, Millet GP, Bossi AH, Hopker J, Pandeló DR, Fulton TJ, Paris HL, Chapman RF, Grosicki GJ, Murach KA, Hureau TJ, Dufour SP, Favret F, Kruse NT, Nicolò A, Sacchetti M, Pedralli M, Pinheiro FA, Tricoli V, Brietzke C, Pires FO, Sandford GN, Pearson S, Kilding AE, Ross A, Laursen PB, da Silveira ALB, Olivares EL, de Azevedo Cruz Seara F, Miguel-dos-Santos R, Mesquita TRR, Nelatury S, Vagula M. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:529-535. [PMID: 29480788 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur F. Gáspari
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Trojbicz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Silva-Cavalcante
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriano E. Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil,Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Oliver Girard
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, England
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, England
| | - Domingos R. Pandeló
- Federal University of São Paulo Centro de Alta Performance (High Performance Center)
| | | | | | | | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thomas J. Hureau
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane P. Dufour
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicholas T. Kruse
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marinei Pedralli
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Fabiano A. Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Adaptation to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- Laboratory of Adaptation to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gareth N. Sandford
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand,Athletics New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Andrew E. Kilding
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand,Athletics New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B. Laursen
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anderson Luiz B. da Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Azevedo Cruz Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Dascombe BJ. Hypoxia During Resistance Exercise Does Not Affect Physical Performance, Perceptual Responses, or Neuromuscular Recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:2174-2182. [PMID: 29239993 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scott, BR, Slattery, KM, Sculley, DV, and Dascombe, BJ. Hypoxia during resistance exercise does not affect physical performance, perceptual responses, or neuromuscular recovery. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2174-2182, 2018-This study aimed to determine whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia affects markers of physical performance, perceptual responses, and neuromuscular function. Fourteen male subjects (age: 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height: 179.7 ± 5.9 cm; body mass: 84.6 ± 11.6 kg) with >2 years resistance training experience performed moderate-load resistance exercise in 2 conditions: normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21) and hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.16). Resistance exercise comprised 3 sets of 10 repetitions of back squats and deadlifts at 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), with 60 seconds inter-set rest. Physical performance was assessed by quantifying velocity and power variables during all repetitions. Perceptual ratings of perceived exertion, physical fatigue, muscle soreness, and overall well-being were obtained during and after exercise. Neuromuscular performance was assessed by vertical jump and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) tasks for up to 48 hours after exercise. Although physical performance declined across sets, there were no differences between conditions. Similarly, perceived exertion and fatigue scores were not different between conditions. Muscle soreness increased from baseline at 24 and 48 hours after exercise in both conditions (p ≤ 0.001). Jump height and IMTP peak force were decreased from baseline immediately after exercise (p ≤ 0.026), but returned to preexercise values after 24 hours. These findings suggest that hypoxic resistance exercise does not affect exercise performance or perceived exercise intensity. In addition, neuromuscular recovery and perceptual markers of training stress were not affected by hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxic resistance training may not add substantially to the training dose experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie M Slattery
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dean V Sculley
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Wonnabussapawich P, Hamlin MJ, Lizamore CA, Manimmanakorn N, Leelayuwat N, Tunkamnerdthai O, Thuwakum W, Manimmanakorn A. Living and Training at 825 m for 8 Weeks Supplemented With Intermittent Hypoxic Training at 3,000 m Improves Blood Parameters and Running Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3287-3294. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Scott BR, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:92-103. [PMID: 29045191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Brendan R Scott
- c School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
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30
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Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Smith SM, Peiffer JJ, Dascombe BJ. Acute physiological and perceptual responses to high-load resistance exercise in hypoxia. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:595-602. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Katie M. Slattery
- New South Wales Institute of Sport; Sydney Olympic Park NSW Australia
| | - Dean V. Sculley
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory; Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Ben J. Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport; La Trobe University; Bundoora VIC Australia
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31
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De Smet S, van Herpt P, D'Hulst G, Van Thienen R, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P. Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High. Front Physiol 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28620311 PMCID: PMC5449743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TRHYP) and with the other leg in normoxia (TRNOR). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass (r = 0.78, P < 0.05; TR: +2.6%, P < 0.05; CON: −0.7%, P > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TRHYP vs. TRNOR (P < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TRHYP (~80%, P < 0.01) but not in TRNOR (~50%, P = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs (P < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TRHYP (~8%, P < 0.05) but not in TRNOR (~4%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Paul van Herpt
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Leemputte
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Athletic Performance Center, Bakala Academy, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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32
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Filopoulos D, Cormack SJ, Whyte DG. Normobaric hypoxia increases the growth hormone response to maximal resistance exercise in trained men. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:821-829. [PMID: 28445110 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1317834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of hypoxia on growth hormone (GH) release during an acute bout of high-intensity, low-volume resistance exercise. Using a single-blinded, randomised crossover design, 16 resistance-trained males completed two resistance exercise sessions in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; inspiratory oxygen fraction, (FiO2) 0.12, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) 82 ± 2%) and normoxia (NOR; FiO2 0.21, SpO2 98 ± 0%). Each session consisted of five sets of three repetitions of 45° leg press and bench press at 85% of one repetition maximum. Heart rate, SpO2, and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the vastus lateralis muscle were measured throughout the protocol. Serum lactate and GH levels were determined pre-exposure, and at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. Differences in mean and integrated EMG between HYP and NOR treatments were unclear. However, there was an important increase in the peak levels and area under the curve of both lactate (HYP 5.8 ± 1.8 v NOR 3.9 ± 1.1 mmol.L-1 and HYP 138.7 ± 33.1 v NOR 105.8 ± 20.8 min.mmol.L-1) and GH (HYP 4.4 ± 3.1 v NOR 2.1 ± 2.5 ng.mL-1 and HYP 117.7 ± 86.9 v NOR 72.9 ± 85.3 min.ng.mL-1) in response to HYP. These results suggest that performing high-intensity resistance exercise in a hypoxic environment may provide a beneficial endocrine response without compromising the neuromuscular activation required for maximal strength development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Filopoulos
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Douglas G Whyte
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
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