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Vidal-Correoso D, Mateo SV, Muñoz-Morales AM, Lucas-Ruiz F, Jover-Aguilar M, Alconchel F, Martínez-Alarcón L, Sánchez-Redondo S, Santos V, López-López V, Ríos-Zambudio A, Cascales P, Pons JA, Ramírez P, Pelegrín P, Peinado H, Baroja-Mazo A. Cell-specific Extracellular Vesicles and Their miRNA Cargo Released Into the Organ Preservation Solution During Cold Ischemia Storage as Biomarkers for Liver Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 2024; 108:e301-e312. [PMID: 38578699 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) is crucial for end-stage liver disease patients, but organ shortages persist. Donation after circulatory death (DCD) aims to broaden the donor pool but presents challenges. Complications like acute rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis, and biliary issues still impact posttransplant prognosis. Biomarkers, including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), show promise in understanding and monitoring posttransplant events. This study explores the role of EVs and their miRNA cargo in LT, including their potential as diagnostic tools. METHODS EVs from intrahepatic end-ischemic organ preservation solution (eiOPS) in 79 donated livers were detected using different techniques (nanosight tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and flow cytometry). EV-derived miRNAs were identified by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the R platform. RESULTS Different-sized and origin-specific EVs were found in eiOPS, with significantly higher concentrations in DCD compared with donation after brain death organs. Additionally, several EV-associated miRNAs, including let-7d-5p , miR-28-5p , miR-200a-3p , miR-200b-3p , miR-200c-3p , and miR-429 , were overexpressed in DCD-derived eiOPS. These miRNAs also exhibited differential expression patterns in liver tissue biopsies. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in signaling pathways involved in extracellular matrix organization and various cellular processes. Moreover, specific EVs and miRNAs correlated with clinical outcomes, including survival and early allograft dysfunction. A predictive model combining biomarkers and clinical variables showed promise in acute rejection detection after LT. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the use of EVs and miRNAs as biomarkers and their possible influence on posttransplantation outcomes, potentially contributing to improved diagnostic approaches and personalized treatment strategies in LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vidal-Correoso
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra V Mateo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Morales
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Experimental Ophthalmology Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla) & Ophthalmology Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Jover-Aguilar
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Felipe Alconchel
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- General Surgery and Abdominal Solid Organ Transplantation Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor López-López
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- General Surgery and Abdominal Solid Organ Transplantation Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Ríos-Zambudio
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- General Surgery and Abdominal Solid Organ Transplantation Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Cascales
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- General Surgery and Abdominal Solid Organ Transplantation Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pons
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- General Surgery and Abdominal Solid Organ Transplantation Unit, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
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2
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Craige SM, Kaur G, Bond JM, Caliz AD, Kant S, Keaney JF. Endothelial Reactive Oxygen Species: Key Players in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 39213161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Endothelial cells (ECs) line the entire vasculature system and serve as both barriers and facilitators of intra- and interorgan communication. Positioned to rapidly sense internal and external stressors, ECs dynamically adjust their functionality. Endothelial dysfunction occurs when the ability of ECs to react to stressors is impaired, which precedes many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). While EC reactive oxygen species (ROS) have historically been implicated as mediators of endothelial dysfunction, more recent studies highlight the central role of ROS in physiological endothelial signaling. Recent Advances: New evidence has uncovered that EC ROS are fundamental in determining how ECs interact with their environment and respond to stress. EC ROS levels are mediated by external factors such as diet and pathogens, as well as inherent characteristics, including sex and location. Changes in EC ROS impact EC function, leading to changes in metabolism, cell communication, and potentially disrupted signaling in CVDs. Critical Issues: Current endothelial biology concepts integrate the dual nature of ROS, emphasizing the importance of EC ROS in physiological stress adaptation and their contribution to CVDs. Understanding the discrete, localized signaling of EC ROS will be critical in preventing adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Future Directions: Exploring how the EC ROS environment alters EC function and cross-cellular communication is critical. Considering the inherent heterogeneity among EC populations and understanding how EC ROS contribute to this diversity and the role of sexual dimorphism in the EC ROS environment will be fundamental for developing new effective cardiovascular treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M Craige
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gaganpreet Kaur
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob M Bond
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Amada D Caliz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Putthanbut N, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Extracellular vesicle therapy in neurological disorders. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:85. [PMID: 39183263 PMCID: PMC11346291 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital for cell-to-cell communication, transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in various physiological and pathological processes. They play crucial roles in immune modulation and tissue regeneration but are also involved in pathogenic conditions like inflammation and degenerative disorders. EVs have heterogeneous populations and cargo, with numerous subpopulations currently under investigations. EV therapy shows promise in stimulating tissue repair and serving as a drug delivery vehicle, offering advantages over cell therapy, such as ease of engineering and minimal risk of tumorigenesis. However, challenges remain, including inconsistent nomenclature, complex characterization, and underdeveloped large-scale production protocols. This review highlights the recent advances and significance of EVs heterogeneity, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of their roles in disease pathologies to develop tailored EV therapies for clinical applications in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napasiri Putthanbut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Jea Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
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4
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Mi W, Zhang X, Wang B, Sun R, Ma S, Hu Z, Dai X. Absolute protein quantification based on calibrated particle counting using electrospray-differential mobility analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342534. [PMID: 38637035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The traceability of in vitro diagnostics or drug products is based on the accurate quantification of proteins. In this study, we developed an absolute quantification approach for proteins. This method is based on calibrated particle counting using electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) coupled with a condensation particle counter (CPC). The absolute concentration of proteins was quantified with the observed protein particle number measured with ES-DMA-CPC, and the detection efficiency was determined by calibrators. The measurement performance and quantitative level were verified using two certificated reference materials, BSA and NIMCmAb. The linear regression fit for the detection efficiency values of three reference materials and one highly purified protein (myoglobin, BSA, NIMCmAb and fibrinogen) indicated that the detection efficiency and the particle size distribution of these proteins exhibited a linear relationship. Moreover, to explore the suitability of the detection efficiency-particle size curve for protein quantification, the concentrations of three typical proteinaceous particles, including two high molecular weight proteins (NIST reference material 8671 and D-dimer) and one protein complex (glutathione S-transferase dimer), were determined. This work suggests that this calibrated particle counting method is an efficient approach for nondestructive, rapid and accurate quantification of proteins, especially for measuring proteinaceous particles with tremendous size and without reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shangying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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5
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Martins B, Pires M, Ambrósio AF, Girão H, Fernandes R. Contribution of extracellular vesicles for the pathogenesis of retinal diseases: shedding light on blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:48. [PMID: 38730462 PMCID: PMC11088087 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), loom as threats to vision, causing detrimental effects on the structure and function of the retina. Central to understanding these diseases, is the compromised state of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), an effective barrier that regulates the influx of immune and inflammatory components. Whether BRB breakdown initiates retinal distress, or is a consequence of disease progression, remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is an indication of retinal dysfunction and potential vision loss.The intricate intercellular dialogues among retinal cell populations remain unintelligible in the complex retinal milieu, under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress. The retina, a specialized neural tissue, sustains a ceaseless demand for oxygen and nutrients from two vascular networks. The BRB orchestrates the exchange of molecules and fluids within this specialized region, comprising the inner BRB (iBRB) and the outer BRB (oBRB). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous structures, and act as messengers facilitating intercellular communication in this milieu.EVs, both from retinal and peripheral immune cells, increase complexity to BRB dysfunction in DR and AMD. Laden with bioactive cargoes, these EVs can modulate the retinal microenvironment, influencing disease progression. Our review delves into the multifaceted role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, elucidating the molecular crosstalk they orchestrate, and their microRNA (miRNA) content. By shedding light on these nanoscale messengers, from their biogenesis, release, to interaction and uptake by target cells, we aim to deepen the comprehension of BRB dysfunction and explore their therapeutic potential, therefore increasing our understanding of DR and AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Maria Pires
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal.
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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6
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Lai WQ, Xia HF, Chen GH, Wang XL, Yang JG, Wu LZ, Zhao YF, Jia YL, Chen G. p-AKT/VPS4B regulates the small extracellular vesicle size in venous malformation endothelial cells. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1273-1285. [PMID: 37154262 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-mediated intercellular communication is increasingly the key for the understanding of venous malformations (VMs). This study aims to clarify the detailed changes of sEVs in VMs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifteen VM patients without treatment history and twelve healthy donors were enrolled in the study. sEVs were isolated from both fresh lesions and cell supernatant, and were examined by western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were adopted to screening candidate regulator of sEV size. Specific inhibitors and siRNA were employed to validate the role of dysregulated p-AKT/vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B (VPS4B) signaling on the size of sEVs in endothelial cells. RESULTS The size of sEVs derived from both VM lesion tissues and cell model was significantly increased. VPS4B, whose expression level was mostly significantly downregulated in VM endothelial cells, was responsible for the size change of sEVs. Targeting abnormal AKT activation corrected the size change of sEVs by recovering the expression level of VPS4B. CONCLUSION Downregulated VPS4B in endothelial cells, resulted from abnormally activated AKT signaling, contributed to the increased size of sEVs in VMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Lai
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Fu Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Hong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Le Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie-Gang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian-Zhi Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Fang Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Lin Jia
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Dey S, Mohapatra S, Khokhar M, Hassan S, Pandey RK. Extracellular Vesicles in Malaria: Shedding Light on Pathogenic Depths. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:827-844. [PMID: 38320272 PMCID: PMC10928723 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The epidemiological data for 2021 revealed a staggering toll, with 247 million reported cases and 619,000 fatalities attributed to the disease. This formidable global health challenge continues to perplex researchers seeking a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis. Recent investigations have unveiled the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this intricate landscape. These tiny, membrane-bound vesicles, secreted by diverse cells, emerge as pivotal communicators in malaria's pathogenic orchestra. This Review delves into the multifaceted roles of EVs in malaria pathogenesis, elucidating their impact on disease progression and immune modulation. Insights into EV involvement offer potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Integrating this information identifies targets to mitigate malaria's global impact. Moreover, this Review explores the potential of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in malaria. By deciphering the intricate dialogue facilitated by these vesicles, new avenues for intervention and novel strategies for disease management may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dey
- CSO
Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt
Ltd, Bengaluru 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Salini Mohapatra
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Sana Hassan
- Department
of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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8
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Osten F, Löscher W, Gericke B. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells release different types of P-glycoprotein-containing extracellular vesicles upon exposure to doxorubicin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116712. [PMID: 37820772 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is predominantly located on the luminal membrane of microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that form the blood-brain barrier. In addition, Pgp is localized in intracellular organelles involved in Pgp traffic and cycling and, by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), in intercellular Pgp transfer to cells with low Pgp expression. We recently described that drug exposure of a human BMEC line (hCMEC/D3) induces the release of Pgp-EGFP-containing EVs; however, the nature of the Pgp-enriched vesicles was not characterized. The two main categories of EVs are exosomes and microvesicles, which differ in origin, size, and molecular cargo. In the present study, we performed similar experiments with hCMEC/D3 cells in the absence and presence of doxorubicin and isolated and characterized the EVs released by the cells during the experiments by differential ultracentrifugation with/without subsequent sucrose gradient fractionation of EV pellets, proteomic profiling, EV size analysis, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Using cocultures of hCMEC/D3 wildtype cells and cells transduced with MDR1-EGFP or monocultures of hCMEC/D3-MDR1-EGFP cells, we found release of both Pgp-enriched exosomes and microvesicles but analysis of the exosomal marker protein Rab7 indicated that doxorubicin increased particularly the release of exosomes. Transfer experiments with isolated EVs demonstrated EV endocytosis by recipient cells. EV release from BMECs in response to anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin likely serves different functions, including non-genetic intercellular transfer of a resistance phenotype to neighboring BMECs and a mechanism of drug extrusion that contributes to brain protection against potentially toxic chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Osten
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany; Translational Neuropharmacology Lab, NIFE, Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Osaid Z, Haider M, Hamoudi R, Harati R. Exosomes Interactions with the Blood-Brain Barrier: Implications for Cerebral Disorders and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15635. [PMID: 37958619 PMCID: PMC10648512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a selective structural and functional barrier between the circulatory system and the cerebral environment, playing an essential role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis by limiting the passage of harmful molecules. Exosomes, nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cell types into body fluids, have emerged as a major mediator of intercellular communication. Notably, these vesicles can cross the BBB and regulate its physiological functions. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which exosomes regulate the BBB remain unclear. Recent research studies focused on the effect of exosomes on the BBB, particularly in the context of their involvement in the onset and progression of various cerebral disorders, including solid and metastatic brain tumors, stroke, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review focuses on discussing and summarizing the current knowledge about the role of exosomes in the physiological and pathological modulation of the BBB. A better understanding of this regulation will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cerebral diseases and will enable the design of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Osaid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
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10
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van de Wakker SI, Meijers FM, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Its Impact for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1043-1061. [PMID: 37280097 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application of stem cell-derived EVs has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, the exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect have not been fully clarified. This may to a large extent be attributed to a lack of knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest that EVs represent a heterogeneous population of vesicles with distinct functions. The heterogeneity of EVs can be attributed to differences in their biogenesis, and as such, they can be classified into distinct populations that can then be further subcategorized into various subpopulations. A better understanding of EV heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action in tissue regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest insights on EV heterogeneity related to tissue repair, including the different characteristics that contribute to such heterogeneity and the functional differences among EV subtypes. It also sheds light on the challenges that hinder clinical translation of EVs. Additionally, innovative EV isolation techniques for studying EV heterogeneity are discussed. Improved knowledge of active EV subtypes would promote the development of tailored EV therapies and aid researchers in the translation of EV-based therapeutics to the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Within this review we discuss the differences in regenerative properties of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations and implications of EV heterogeneity for development of EV-based therapeutics. We aim to provide new insights into which aspects are leading to heterogeneity in EV preparations and stress the importance of EV heterogeneity studies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonides Immanuel van de Wakker
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Fleur Michelle Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
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Herrera-Zelada N, Zúñiga-Cuevas Ú, Ramírez-Reyes A, Norambuena-Soto I, Venegas-Zamora L, Troncoso MF, Hernández A, Sánchez G, Pedrozo Z, Lavandero S, Riquelme JA. Endothelial activation impairs the function of small extracellular vesicles. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1143888. [PMID: 37050899 PMCID: PMC10083389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1143888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles are nanosized vesicles (30–200 nm) that can ferry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids between cells and therefore, have significant potential as biomarkers, drug delivery tools or therapeutic agents. SEVs of endothelial origin have been shown to -among other functions-reduce in vitro ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in cardiomyocytes, but whether a pro-inflammatory state of the endothelium impairs the functionality of these SEVs remains to be elucidated. To test this, human umbilical vein endothelial cells cells were treated with TNF-α 10 ng/mL and the expression of the pro-inflammatory parameters VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and eNOS were determined by Western blot. SEVs were isolated from endothelial cells treated with or without TNF-α 10 ng/mL using size exclusion chromatography. The size and concentration of SEVs was measured by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. The expression of the surface marker CD81 was determined by immunoassay, whereas their morphology was assessed by electron microscopy. The function of endothelial SEVs was assessed by evaluating their cardioprotective effect in an ex vivo model of global I/R using isolated hearts from adult C57BL/6 mice. Treatment of HUVECs with TNF-α induced the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, whereas eNOS levels were decreased. TNF-α did not affect the production, size, morphology, or expression of CD81. SEVs significantly reduced the infarct size as compared with untreated mice hearts, but SEVs isolated from TNF-α treated cells were unable to achieve this effect. Therefore, a pro-inflammatory state induced by TNF-α does not alter the production of endothelial SEVs but impairs their function in the setting of I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herrera-Zelada
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Úrsula Zúñiga-Cuevas
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Ramírez-Reyes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslye Venegas-Zamora
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayarling F. Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Hernández
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gina Sánchez
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jaime A. Riquelme
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Jaime A. Riquelme,
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Teixeira M, Martins TS, Gouveia M, Henriques AG, Santos M, Ribeiro F. Effects of Exercise on Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:241-258. [PMID: 37603284 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that physical exercise has multiple beneficial effects and is essential to a healthy lifestyle is widely accepted for a long-time. The functional and psychological changes promoted by exercise improve clinical outcomes and prognosis in several diseases, by decreasing mortality, disease severity, and hospital admissions. Nonetheless, the mechanisms that regulate the release, uptake, and communication of several factors in response to exercise are still not well defined. In the last years, extracellular vesicles have attracted significant interest in the scientific community due to their ability to carry and deliver proteins, lipids, and miRNA to distant organs in the body, promoting a very exciting crosstalk machinery. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that exercise can modulate the release of those factors within EVs into the circulation, mediating its systemic adaptations.In this chapter, we summarize the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the extracellular vesicle dynamics in healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease. The understanding of the changes in the cargo and kinetics of extracellular vesicles in response to exercise may open new possibilities of research and encourage the development of novel therapies that mimic the effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Teixeira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Soares Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marisol Gouveia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário Santos
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research In Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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13
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Ye SL, Li WD, Li WX, Xiao L, Ran F, Chen MM, Li XQ, Sun LL. The regulatory role of exosomes in venous thromboembolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956880. [PMID: 36092737 PMCID: PMC9449368 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale endocytic vesicles, 30-150 nm in diameter, secreted by most cells. They mainly originate from multivesicular bodies formed by intracellular invagination of lysosomal microparticles, and released into the extracellular matrix after fusion of multivesicular bodies with cell membrane. Studies have shown that exosomes contain a variety of active molecules, such as proteins, lipids and RNAs (such as mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, etc.), which regulate the behavior of recipient cells and serve as circulating biomarkers of diseases, including thrombosis. Therefore, exosome research is important for the diagnosis, treatment, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis of thrombosis in that it can reveal the counts, surface marker expression, protein, and miRNA cargo involved. Recent studies have shown that exosomes can be used as therapeutic vectors for tissue regeneration and as alternative vectors for drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the physiological and biochemical characteristics, isolation, and identification of exosomes. Moreover, we focus on the role of exosomes in thrombosis, specifically venous thromboembolism, and their potential clinical applications, including as biomarkers and therapeutic vectors for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lin Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Dong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Ran
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Chen
- School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Theel EK, Schwaminger SP. Microfluidic Approaches for Affinity-Based Exosome Separation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169004. [PMID: 36012270 PMCID: PMC9409173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a subspecies of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes have provided promising results in diagnostic and theranostic applications in recent years. The nanometer-sized exosomes can be extracted by liquid biopsy from almost all body fluids, making them especially suitable for mainly non-invasive point-of-care (POC) applications. To achieve this, exosomes must first be separated from the respective biofluid. Impurities with similar properties, heterogeneity of exosome characteristics, and time-related biofouling complicate the separation. This practical review presents the state-of-the-art methods available for the separation of exosomes. Furthermore, it is shown how new separation methods can be developed. A particular focus lies on the fabrication and design of microfluidic devices using highly selective affinity separation. Due to their compactness, quick analysis time and portable form factor, these microfluidic devices are particularly suitable to deliver fast and reliable results for POC applications. For these devices, new manufacturing methods (e.g., laminating, replica molding and 3D printing) that use low-cost materials and do not require clean rooms are presented. Additionally, special flow routes and patterns that increase contact surfaces, as well as residence time, and thus improve affinity purification are displayed. Finally, various analyses are shown that can be used to evaluate the separation results of a newly developed device. Overall, this review paper provides a toolbox for developing new microfluidic affinity devices for exosome separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike K. Theel
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Sebastian P. Schwaminger
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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15
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Gao J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Li Y, Zheng Q. Tumor endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles contribute to tumor microenvironment remodeling. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:97. [PMID: 35752798 PMCID: PMC9233793 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression involves several biological steps where angiogenesis is a key tumorigenic phenomenon. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) help modulate and maintain favorable microenvironments for tumors. Endothelial cells (ECs) activated by cancer-derived EVs have important roles in tumor angiogenesis. Interestingly, EVs from ECs activate tumor cells, i.e. extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and provide more supplements for tumor cells. Thus, EV communications between cancer cells and ECs may be effective therapeutic targets for controlling cancer progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on EVs derived from ECs and we examine how these EVs affect TME remodeling. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Science Experiment Center of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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16
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Burtenshaw D, Regan B, Owen K, Collins D, McEneaney D, Megson IL, Redmond EM, Cahill PA. Exosomal Composition, Biogenesis and Profiling Using Point-of-Care Diagnostics—Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853451. [PMID: 35721503 PMCID: PMC9198276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis is an important age-dependent disease that encompasses atherosclerosis, in-stent restenosis (ISR), pulmonary hypertension, autologous bypass grafting and transplant arteriosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC)-like cells is a critical event in the pathology of arteriosclerotic disease leading to intimal-medial thickening (IMT), lipid retention and vessel remodelling. An important aspect in guiding clinical decision-making is the detection of biomarkers of subclinical arteriosclerosis and early cardiovascular risk. Crucially, relevant biomarkers need to be good indicators of injury which change in their circulating concentrations or structure, signalling functional disturbances. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membraneous vesicles secreted by cells that contain numerous bioactive molecules and act as a means of intercellular communication between different cell populations to maintain tissue homeostasis, gene regulation in recipient cells and the adaptive response to stress. This review will focus on the emerging field of EV research in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and discuss how key EV signatures in liquid biopsies may act as early pathological indicators of adaptive lesion formation and arteriosclerotic disease progression. EV profiling has the potential to provide important clinical information to complement current cardiovascular diagnostic platforms that indicate or predict myocardial injury. Finally, the development of fitting devices to enable rapid and/or high-throughput exosomal analysis that require adapted processing procedures will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Burtenshaw
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Regan
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Owen
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McEneaney
- Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Craigavon Area Hospital, Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | - Ian L. Megson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health Science, UHI Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen M. Redmond
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Paul Aidan Cahill
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Paul Aidan Cahill,
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Lymphatic and Blood Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: A Story Yet to Be Written. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050654. [PMID: 35629322 PMCID: PMC9144833 DOI: 10.3390/life12050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are cell-derived, lipid bilayer-enclosed particles mediating intercellular communication and are therefore vital for transmitting a plethora of biological signals. The vascular endothelium substantially contributes to the circulating particulate secretome, targeting important signaling pathways that affect blood cells and regulate adaptation and plasticity of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Different molecular signatures and functional properties of endothelial cells reflect their heterogeneity among different vascular beds and drive current research to understand varying physiological and pathological effects of blood and lymphatic endothelial EVs. Endothelial EVs have been linked to the development and progression of various vascular diseases, thus having the potential to serve as biomarkers and clinical treatment targets. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the human vasculature, the biology of extracellular vesicles, and the current knowledge of endothelium-derived EVs, including their potential role as biomarkers in disease development.
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Shaban SA, Rezaie J, Nejati V. Exosomes Derived from Senescent Endothelial Cells Contain Distinct Pro-angiogenic miRNAs and Proteins. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:592-601. [PMID: 35441341 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes from senescence cells play pivotal roles in endothelium dysfunction. We investigated the exosomal angiogenic cargo of endothelial cells (ECs) in a model of senescence in vitro. After inducing aging by H2O2, the expression of P53, P21, and P16 was investigated by western blotting, while the expression of FMR1, miR-21, and miR-126 were measured by real-time PCR (q-PCR). Oil Red O dye was used to stain cells. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blotting characterized Exosomes. Exosomal miR-21, miR-126, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and tumor necrosis factor- ɑ (TNF-ɑ) proteins were measured by Q-PCR and western blotting. A wound-healing assay was used to explore the effect of exosomes on ECs migration rate. The results showed that the expression of P53, P21, P16, FMR1, and miR-21 was increased in treated cells as compared with control cells (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of miR-126 was decreased in treated cells (P < 0.05). The number of Oil Red O-positive-treated cells increased (P < 0.05). The AChE activity of exosomes from treated cells was increased (P < 0.05). In comparison with control cells, an increase in the expression levels of exosomal miR-21 and TNF-ɑ of treated cells coincided with a decrease in the expression levels of miR-126 and MMP-9 levels (P < 0.05). We found that the migration rate of ECs co-cultured with exosomes from treated cells was decreased (P < 0.05). The data indicate ECs under H2O2 condition produce exosomes with distinct cargo that may be useful as a biomarker of age-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Post Box 165, 5756151818, Iran.
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Das K, Keshava S, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Factor VIIa suppresses inflammation and barrier disruption through the release of EEVs and transfer of microRNA 10a. Blood 2022; 139:118-133. [PMID: 34469511 PMCID: PMC8718618 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation protease, factor VIIa (FVIIa), binds to endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and induces anti-inflammatory and endothelial barrier protective responses via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1)-mediated, biased signaling. Our recent studies had shown that the FVIIa-EPCR-PAR1 axis induces the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of FVIIa release of endothelial EVs (EEVs) and the contribution of FVIIa-released EEVs to anti-inflammatory and vascular barrier protective effects, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Multiple signaling pathways regulated FVIIa release of EVs from endothelial cells, but the ROCK-dependent pathway appeared to be a major mechanism. FVIIa-released EEVs were enriched with anti-inflammatory microRNAs (miRs), mostly miR10a. FVIIa-released EEVs were taken up readily by monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells. The uptake of FVIIa-released EEVs by monocytes conferred anti-inflammatory phenotype to monocytes, whereas EEV uptake by endothelial cells resulted in barrier protection. In additional experiments, EEV-mediated delivery of miR10a to monocytes downregulated the expression of TAK1 and activation of the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway. In in vivo experiments, administration of FVIIa-released EEVs to wild-type mice attenuated LPS-induced increased inflammatory cytokines in plasma and vascular leakage into vital tissues. The incorporation of anti-miR10a into FVIIa-released EEVs diminished the ability of FVIIa-released EEVs to confer cytoprotective effects. Administration of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632, which significantly inhibits FVIIa release of EEVs into the circulation, to mice attenuated the cytoprotective effects of FVIIa. Overall, our study revealed novel insights into how FVIIa induces cytoprotective effects and communicates with various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
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Zietzer A, Jahnel AL, Bulic M, Gutbrod K, Düsing P, Hosen MR, Dörmann P, Werner N, Nickenig G, Jansen F. Activation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 through hyperglycemia contributes to endothelial apoptosis via vesicle-bound intercellular transfer of ceramides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:48. [PMID: 34951654 PMCID: PMC8739297 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory ceramides are crucially involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. Local cellular ceramide accumulation mediates endothelial apoptosis, especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a major cardiovascular risk factor. In recent years, large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) have been identified as an important means of intercellular communication and as regulators of cardiovascular health and disease. A potential role for lEVs as vehicles for ceramide transfer and inductors of diabetes-associated endothelial apoptosis has never been investigated. Methods and Results A mass-spectrometric analysis of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and their lEVs revealed C16 ceramide (d18:1–16:0) to be the most abundant ceramide in lEVs and to be significantly increased in lEVs after hyperglycemic injury to HCAECs. The increased packaging of ceramide into lEVs after hyperglycemic injury was shown to be dependent on neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), which was upregulated in glucose-treated HCAECs. lEVs from hyperglycemic HCAECs induced apoptosis in the recipient HCAECs compared to native lEVs from untreated HCAECs. Similarly, lEVs from hyperglycemic mice after streptozotocin injection induced higher rates of apoptosis in murine endothelial cells compared to lEVs from normoglycemic mice. To generate lEVs with high levels of C16 ceramide, ceramide was applied exogenously and shown to be effectively packaged into the lEVs, which then induced apoptosis in lEV-recipient HCAECs via activation of caspase 3. Intercellular transfer of ceramide through lEVs was confirmed by use of a fluorescently labeled ceramide analogue. Treatment of HCAECs with a pharmacological inhibitor of nSMases (GW4869) or siRNA-mediated downregulation of nSMase2 abrogated the glucose-mediated effect on apoptosis in lEV-recipient cells. In contrast, for small EVs (sEVs), hyperglycemic injury or GW4869 treatment had no effect on apoptosis induction in sEV-recipient cells. Conclusion lEVs mediate the induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells in response to hyperglycemic injury through intercellular transfer of ceramides. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00018-021-04049-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zietzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alina Lisann Jahnel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marko Bulic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Düsing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammed Rabiul Hosen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Trier, Nordallee 1, 54292, Trier, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Forder A, Hsing CY, Trejo Vazquez J, Garnis C. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Cellular Communication in Metastasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123429. [PMID: 34943937 PMCID: PMC8700460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer death. Small membrane-bound particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from both cancer and stromal cells and have a key role in mediating this communication through transport of cargo such as various RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), proteins, and lipids. Tumor-secreted EVs have been observed to induce a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in non-malignant cells of the stroma, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and local immune cells. These cancer-associated cells then drive metastasis by mechanisms such as increasing the invasiveness of cancer cells, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. This review will cover the role of EV-mediated signaling in the TME during metastasis and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways to develop biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Forder
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Chi-Yun Hsing
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Jessica Trejo Vazquez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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22
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Opadokun T, Rohrbach P. Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research. Malar J 2021; 20:442. [PMID: 34801056 PMCID: PMC8605462 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. More than a century after the discovery of malaria parasites, this disease continues to pose a global public health problem and the pathogenesis of the severe forms of malaria remains incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have been increasingly researched in the field of malaria in a bid to fill these knowledge gaps. EVs released from Plasmodium-infected red blood cells and other host cells during malaria infection are now believed to play key roles in disease pathogenesis and are suggested as vital components of the biology of Plasmodium spp. Malaria-derived EVs have been identified as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. In this review, key findings of malaria EV studies over the last 20 years are summarized and critically analysed. Outstanding areas of research into EV biology are identified. Unexplored EV research foci for the future that will contribute to consolidating the potential for EVs as agents in malaria prevention and control are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Opadokun
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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23
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Shi H, Wang M, Sun Y, Yang D, Xu W, Qian H. Exosomes: Emerging Cell-Free Based Therapeutics in Dermatologic Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736022. [PMID: 34722517 PMCID: PMC8553038 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles released by multiple cell types. These bioactive vesicles are gradually becoming a leading star in intercellular communication involving in various pathological and physiological process. Exosomes convey specific and bioactive transporting cargos, including lipids, nucleic acids and proteins which can be reflective of their parent cells, rendering them attractive in cell-free therapeutics. Numerous findings have confirmed the crucial role of exosomes in restraining scars, burning, senescence and wound recovery. Moreover, the biology research of exosomes in cutting-edge studies are emerging, allowing for the development of particular guidelines and quality control methodology, which favor their possible application in the future. In this review, we discussed therapeutic potential of exosomes in different relevant mode of dermatologic diseases, as well as the various molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, given the advantages of favorable biocompatibility and transporting capacity, the bioengineering modification of exosomes is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Dakai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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24
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Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated with Disease Severity and Interleukin-6 Levels in COPD: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215014. [PMID: 34768536 PMCID: PMC8584816 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex condition in which systemic inflammation plays a role in extrapulmonary manifestations, including cardiovascular diseases: interleukin (IL)-6 has a role in both COPD and atherogenesis. The 2011 GOLD document classified patients according to FEV1, symptoms, and exacerbations history, creating four groups, from A (less symptoms/low risk) to D (more symptoms/high risk). Extracellular vesicles (EV) represent potential markers in COPD: nevertheless, no studies have explored their value in association to both disease severity and inflammation. We conducted a pilot study to analyze circulating endothelial-(E) and monocyte-derived (M) EV levels in 35 COPD patients, who were grouped according to the 2011 GOLD document; the relationship between EV and plasmatic markers of inflammation was analyzed. We found a statistically significant trend for increasing EEV, MEV, IL-6, from group A to D, and a significant correlation between EEV and IL-6. The associations between both EEV and MEV and disease severity, and between EEV and IL-6, suggest a significant interplay between pulmonary disease and inflammation, with non-respiratory cells (endothelial cells and monocytes) involvement, along with the progression of the disease. Thus, EV might help identify a high-risk population for extrapulmonary events, especially in the most severe patients.
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25
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Darragh IAJ, O’Driscoll L, Egan B. Exercise Training and Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles: Appraisal of Methodological Approaches and Current Knowledge. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738333. [PMID: 34777006 PMCID: PMC8581208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to acute exercise, an array of metabolites, nucleic acids, and proteins are enriched in circulation. Collectively termed "exercise factors," these molecules represent a topical area of research given their speculated contribution to both acute exercise metabolism and adaptation to exercise training. In addition to acute changes induced by exercise, the resting profile of circulating exercise factors may be altered by exercise training. Many exercise factors are speculated to be transported in circulation as the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and in particular, a sub-category termed "small EVs." This review describes an overview of exercise factors, small EVs and the effects of exercise, but is specifically focused on a critical appraisal of methodological approaches and current knowledge in the context of changes in the resting profile small EVs induced by exercise training, and the potential bioactivities of preparations of these "exercise-trained" small EVs. Research to date can only be considered preliminary, with interpretation of many studies hindered by limited evidence for the rigorous identification of small EVs, and the conflation of acute and chronic responses to exercise due to sample timing in proximity to exercise. Further research that places a greater emphasis on the rigorous identification of small EVs, and interrogation of potential bioactivity is required to establish more detailed descriptions of the response of small EVs to exercise training, and consequent effects on exercise adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. J. Darragh
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
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26
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Yin Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang X. Roles of extracellular vesicles in the aging microenvironment and age-related diseases. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12154. [PMID: 34609061 PMCID: PMC8491204 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a persistently hypoproliferative state with diverse stressors in a specific aging microenvironment. Senescent cells have a double-edged sword effect: they can be physiologically beneficial for tissue repair, organ growth, and body homeostasis, and they can be pathologically harmful in age-related diseases. Among the hallmarks of senescence, the SASP, especially SASP-related extracellular vesicle (EV) signalling, plays the leading role in aging transmission via paracrine and endocrine mechanisms. EVs are successful in intercellular and interorgan communication in the aging microenvironment and age-related diseases. They have detrimental effects on downstream targets at the levels of immunity, inflammation, gene expression, and metabolism. Furthermore, EVs obtained from different donors are also promising materials and tools for antiaging treatments and are used for regeneration and rejuvenation in cell-free systems. Here, we describe the characteristics of cellular senescence and the aging microenvironment, concentrating on the production and function of EVs in age-related diseases, and provide new ideas for antiaging therapy with EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yizhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyXinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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27
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Scott A, Sueiro Ballesteros L, Bradshaw M, Tsuji C, Power A, Lorriman J, Love J, Paul D, Herman A, Emanueli C, Richardson RJ. In Vivo Characterization of Endogenous Cardiovascular Extracellular Vesicles in Larval and Adult Zebrafish. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2454-2468. [PMID: 34261327 PMCID: PMC8384253 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate molecular transport across extracellular space, allowing local and systemic signaling during homeostasis and in disease. Extensive studies have described functional roles for EV populations, including during cardiovascular disease, but the in vivo characterization of endogenously produced EVs is still in its infancy. Because of their genetic tractability and live imaging amenability, zebrafish represent an ideal but under-used model to investigate endogenous EVs. We aimed to establish a transgenic zebrafish model to allow the in vivo identification, tracking, and extraction of endogenous EVs produced by different cell types. Approach and Results Using a membrane-tethered fluorophore reporter system, we show that EVs can be fluorescently labeled in larval and adult zebrafish and demonstrate that multiple cell types including endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes actively produce EVs in vivo. Cell-type specific EVs can be tracked by high spatiotemporal resolution light-sheet live imaging and modified flow cytometry methods allow these EVs to be further evaluated. Additionally, cryo electron microscopy reveals the full morphological diversity of larval and adult EVs. Importantly, we demonstrate the utility of this model by showing that different cell types exchange EVs in the adult heart and that ischemic injury models dynamically alter EV production. Conclusions We describe a powerful in vivo zebrafish model for the investigation of endogenous EVs in all aspects of cardiovascular biology and pathology. A cell membrane fluorophore labeling approach allows cell-type specific tracing of EV origin without bias toward the expression of individual protein markers and will allow detailed future examination of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scott
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
| | - Lorena Sueiro Ballesteros
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (L.S.B., A.H.)
- Now with Charles River Laboratories, Discovery House, Quays Office Park, Conference Avenue, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (L.S.B.)
| | - Marston Bradshaw
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
| | - Chisato Tsuji
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
| | - Ann Power
- BioEconomy Centre, The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom (A.P., J.L.)
| | - James Lorriman
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
| | - John Love
- BioEconomy Centre, The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom (A.P., J.L.)
| | - Danielle Paul
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
| | - Andrew Herman
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (L.S.B., A.H.)
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Science (C.E.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (C.E.)
| | - Rebecca J. Richardson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (A.S., M.B., C.T., J.L., D.P., R.J.R.)
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28
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Escudé Martinez de Castilla P, Tong L, Huang C, Sofias AM, Pastorin G, Chen X, Storm G, Schiffelers RM, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a drug delivery system: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113801. [PMID: 34015418 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system. Here, we assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic review. For each study published in the past decade, disease models, animal species, EV donor cell types, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), EV surface modifications, API loading methods, EV size and charge, estimation of EV purity, presence of biodistribution studies and administration routes were quantitatively analyzed in a defined and reproducible way. We have interpreted the trends we observe over the past decade, to define the niches where to apply EVs for drug delivery in the future and to provide a basis for regulatory guidelines.
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29
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Alberro A, Iparraguirre L, Fernandes A, Otaegui D. Extracellular Vesicles in Blood: Sources, Effects, and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158163. [PMID: 34360924 PMCID: PMC8347110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant cells, and they are highly abundant in body fluids. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of EVs, as well as isolation and characterization approaches. Then, we focus on one of the most relevant sources of EVs: the blood. Indeed, apart from EVs secreted by blood cells, EVs of diverse origins travel in the bloodstream. We present the numerous types of EVs that have been found in circulation. Besides, the implications of blood-derived EVs in both physiological and pathological processes are summarized, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases, and also as indicators of physiological modifications. Finally, the applications of EVs introduced in the circulatory system are discussed. We describe the use of EVs from distinct origins, naturally produced or engineered, autologous, allogeneic, or even from different species and the effects they have when introduced in circulation. Therefore, the present work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, effects, and applications of EVs in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Alberro
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Leire Iparraguirre
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Otaegui
- Multiple Sclerosis Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.A.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Das K, Keshava S, Ansari SA, Kondreddy V, Esmon CT, Griffin JH, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Factor VIIa induces extracellular vesicles from the endothelium: a potential mechanism for its hemostatic effect. Blood 2021; 137:3428-3442. [PMID: 33534910 PMCID: PMC8212509 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant factor FVIIa (rFVIIa) is used as a hemostatic agent to treat bleeding disorders in hemophilia patients with inhibitors and other groups of patients. Our recent studies showed that FVIIa binds endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and induces protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1)-mediated biased signaling. The importance of FVIIa-EPCR-PAR1-mediated signaling in hemostasis is unknown. In the present study, we show that FVIIa induces the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of EPCR or PAR1 in endothelial cells blocked the FVIIa-induced generation of EVs. Consistent with these data, FVIIa treatment enhanced the release of EVs from murine brain endothelial cells isolated from wild-type (WT), EPCR-overexpressing, and PAR1-R46Q-mutant mice, but not EPCR-deficient or PAR1-R41Q-mutant mice. In vivo studies revealed that administration of FVIIa to WT, EPCR-overexpressing, and PAR1-R46Q-mutant mice, but not EPCR-deficient or PAR1-R41Q-mutant mice, increased the number of circulating EVs. EVs released in response to FVIIa treatment exhibit enhanced procoagulant activity. Infusion of FVIIa-generated EVs and not control EVs to platelet-depleted mice increased thrombin generation at the site of injury and reduced blood loss. Administration of FVIIa-generated EVs or generation of EVs endogenously by administering FVIIa augmented the hemostatic effect of FVIIa. Overall, our data reveal that FVIIa treatment, through FVIIa-EPCR-PAR1 signaling, releases EVs from the endothelium into the circulation, and these EVs contribute to the hemostatic effect of FVIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Shabbir A Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Vijay Kondreddy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK; and
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
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31
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Figueira I, Godinho-Pereira J, Galego S, Maia J, Haskó J, Molnár K, Malhó R, Costa-Silva B, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Brito MA. MicroRNAs and Extracellular Vesicles as Distinctive Biomarkers of Precocious and Advanced Stages of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5214. [PMID: 34069135 PMCID: PMC8155987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer presents higher mortality and poorer survival rates than other breast cancer (BC) types, due to the proneness to brain metastases formation, which are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Therefore, the discovery of BC brain metastases (BCBM) biomarkers appears pivotal for a timely intervention. With this work, we aimed to disclose microRNAs (miRNAs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the circulation as biomarkers of BCBM formation. Using a BCBM animal model, we analyzed EVs in plasma by nanoparticle tracking analysis and ascertained their blood-brain barrier (BBB) origin by flow cytometry. We further evaluated circulating miRNAs by RT-qPCR and their brain expression by in situ hybridization. In parallel, a cellular model of BCBM formation, combining triple negative BC cells and BBB endothelial cells, was used to differentiate the origin of biomarkers. Established metastases were associated with an increased content of circulating EVs, particularly of BBB origin. Interestingly, deregulated miRNAs in the circulation were observed prior to BCBM detection, and their brain origin was suggested by matching alterations in brain parenchyma. In vitro studies indicated that miR-194-5p and miR-205-5p are expressed and released by BC cells, endothelial cells and during their interaction. These results highlight miRNAs and EVs as biomarkers of BCBM in early and advanced stages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Figueira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.F.); (J.G.-P.); (S.G.)
- Farm-ID—Associação da Faculdade de Farmácia para a Investigação e Desenvolvimento, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Godinho-Pereira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.F.); (J.G.-P.); (S.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Galego
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.F.); (J.G.-P.); (S.G.)
| | - Joana Maia
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.M.); (B.C.-S.)
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - János Haskó
- Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (J.H.); (K.M.); (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (J.H.); (K.M.); (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Rui Malhó
- BioISI, BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.M.); (B.C.-S.)
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (J.H.); (K.M.); (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (J.H.); (K.M.); (I.W.); (I.A.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.F.); (J.G.-P.); (S.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Weihrauch D, Keszler A, Lindemer B, Krolikowski J, Lohr NL. Red light stimulates vasodilation through extracellular vesicle trafficking. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 220:112212. [PMID: 34049180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Red light (670 nm) promotes ex vivo dilation of blood vessels in a nitric oxide (NO) dependent, but eNOS independent manner by secreting a quasi-stable and transferable vasoactive substance with the characteristics of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) from the endothelium. In the present work we establish that 670 nm light mediated vasodilation occurs in vivo and is physiologically stable. Light exposure depletes intracellular S-nitroso protein while concomitantly increasing extracellular RNSO, suggesting vesicular pathways are involved. Furthermore, we demonstrate this RSNO vasodilator is embedded in extracellular vesicles (EV). The action of red light on vesicular trafficking appears to increase expression of endosome associated membrane protein CD63 in bovine aortic endothelial cells, enhance endosome localization in the endothelium, and induce exit of RSNO containing EVs from murine facialis arteries. We suggest a mechanism by which the concerted actions of 670 nm light initiate formation of RSNO containing EVs which exit the endothelium and trigger relaxation of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes Keszler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Brian Lindemer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - John Krolikowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Nicole L Lohr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Clement J Zablocki VA Medical Center, USA.
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Ubiquinone Metabolism and Transcription HIF-1 Targets Pathway Are Toxicity Signature Pathways Present in Extracellular Vesicles of Paraquat-Exposed Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105065. [PMID: 34064677 PMCID: PMC8150401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the knowledge in extracellular vesicles (EVs) biogenesis and modulation has increasingly grown. As their content reflects the physiological state of their donor cells, these “intercellular messengers” progressively became a potential source of biomarker reflecting the host cell state. However, little is known about EVs released from the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). The current study aimed to isolate and characterize EVs from HBMECs and to analyze their EVs proteome modulation after paraquat (PQ) stimulation, a widely used herbicide known for its neurotoxic effect. Size distribution, concentration and presence of well-known EV markers were assessed. Identification and quantification of PQ-exposed EV proteins was conducted by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). Signature pathways of PQ-treated EVs were analyzed by gene ontology terms and pathway enrichment. Results highlighted that EVs exposed to PQ have modulated pathways, namely the ubiquinone metabolism and the transcription HIF-1 targets. These pathways may be potential molecular signatures of the PQ-induced toxicity carried by EVs that are reflecting their cell of origin by transporting with them irreversible functional changes.
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Mathiesen A, Hamilton T, Carter N, Brown M, McPheat W, Dobrian A. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles: From Keepers of Health to Messengers of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094640. [PMID: 33924982 PMCID: PMC8125116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelium has a rich vesicular network that allows the exchange of macromolecules between blood and parenchymal cells. This feature of endothelial cells, along with their polarized secretory machinery, makes them the second major contributor, after platelets, to the particulate secretome in circulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by the endothelial cells mirror the remarkable molecular heterogeneity of their parent cells. Cargo molecules carried by EVs were shown to contribute to the physiological functions of endothelium and may support the plasticity and adaptation of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Endothelium-derived vesicles can also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease or can serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, endothelium-derived EVs can be used as therapeutic tools to target endothelium for drug delivery or target stromal cells via the endothelial cells. In this review we revisit the recent evidence on the heterogeneity and plasticity of endothelial cells and their EVs. We discuss the role of endothelial EVs in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis along with their contributions to endothelial adaptation and dysfunction. Finally, we evaluate the potential of endothelial EVs as disease biomarkers and their leverage as therapeutic tools.
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Małys MS, Aigner C, Schulz SM, Schachner H, Rees AJ, Kain R. Isolation of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human Sera. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094653. [PMID: 33925027 PMCID: PMC8124960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust, well-characterized methods for purifying small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from blood are needed before their potential as disease biomarkers can be realized. Here, we compared isolation of sEV from serum by differential ultracentrifugation (DUC) and by exclusion chromatography using commercially available Exo-spin™ columns. We show that sEV can be purified by both methods but Exo-spin™ columns contain copious additional particles recorded by nanoparticle tracking analysis, invalidating its use for quantifying yields. DUC samples contained higher concentrations of exosome specific proteins CD9, CD63 and CD81 and electron microscopy confirmed that most particles in DUC preparations were sEV, whereas Exo-spin™ samples also contained copious co-purified plasma lipids. MACSPlex bead analysis identified multiple exosome surface proteins, with stronger signals in DUC samples, enabling detection of 21 of 37, compared to only 10 in Exo-spin™ samples. Nevertheless, the pattern of expression was consistent in both preparations, indicating that lipids do not interfere with bead-based technologies. Thus, both DUC and Exo-spin™ can be used to isolate sEV from human serum and what is most appropriate depends on the subsequent use of sEV. In summary, Exo-spin™ enables isolation of sEV from blood with vesicle populations similar to the ones recovered by DUC, but with lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata S. Małys
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Christof Aigner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M. Schulz
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Helga Schachner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Andrew J. Rees
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.M.); (C.A.); (S.M.S.); (H.S.); (A.J.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Knox S, Wissner R, Piszkiewicz S, Schepartz A. Cytosolic Delivery of Argininosuccinate Synthetase Using a Cell-Permeant Miniature Protein. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:641-649. [PMID: 34056094 PMCID: PMC8155463 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrullinemia type I (CTLN-I) results from the absence or deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), a 46 kDa enzyme that acts in the cytosol of hepatocytes to convert aspartic acid and citrulline into argininosuccinic acid. AS is an essential component of the urea cycle, and its absence or deficiency results in the harmful accumulation of ammonia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. No disease-modifying treatment of CTLN-I exists. Here we report that the cell-permeant miniature protein (CPMP) ZF5.3 (ZF) can deliver AS to the cytosol of cells in culture and the livers of healthy mice. The fusion protein ZF-AS is catalytically active in vitro, stabilized in plasma, and traffics successfully to the cytosol of cultured Saos-2 and SK-HEP-1 cells, achieving cytosolic concentrations greater than 100 nM. This value is 3-10-fold higher than the concentration of endogenous AS (11 ± 1 to 44 ± 5 nM). When injected into healthy C57BL/6 mice, ZF-AS reaches the mouse liver to establish concentrations almost 200 nM above baseline. These studies demonstrate that ZF5.3 can deliver a complex enzyme to the cytosol at therapeutically relevant concentrations and support its application as an improved delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins that function in the cytosol, including enzyme replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan
L. Knox
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca Wissner
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
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Extracellular Vesicles and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094689. [PMID: 33925261 PMCID: PMC8125219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by thromboembolism, obstetric complications, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in intercellular communication and connectivity and are known to be involved in endothelial and vascular pathologies. Despite well-characterized in vitro and in vivo models of APS pathology, the field of EVs remains largely unexplored. This review recapitulates recent findings on the role of EVs in APS, focusing on their contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Several studies have found that APS patients with a history of thrombotic events have increased levels of EVs, particularly of endothelial origin. In obstetric APS, research on plasma levels of EVs is limited, but it appears that levels of EVs are increased. In general, there is evidence that EVs activate endothelial cells, exhibit proinflammatory and procoagulant effects, interact directly with cell receptors, and transfer biological material. Future studies on EVs in APS may provide new insights into APS pathology and reveal their potential as biomarkers to identify patients at increased risk.
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The Significance of Phenotyping and Quantification of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Levels Using High-Sensitivity Flow Cytometry during COVID-19 Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050767. [PMID: 33925492 PMCID: PMC8146052 DOI: 10.3390/v13050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New investigation results point to the potential participation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection, its progression, and mechanisms of the therapy effectiveness. This dictates the necessity to transfer scientific testing technologies to medical practice. Here, we demonstrated the method of phenotyping and quantitative analysis of plasma EVs based on differential centrifugation, immunostaining, and high-sensitivity multicolor flow cytometry. We used EV markers that were potentially associated with SARS-CoV-2 dissemination via vesicles and cell-origination markers, characterizing objects from different cell types that could influence clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Plasma levels of CD235a+ and CD14+ EVs in patients with moderate infection were significantly increased while CD8+ and CD19+ EVs were decreased comparing with HD. Patients with severe infection had lower levels of CD4+, CD19+, and CD146+ EVs than HD. These findings demonstrate that EV concentrations in COVID-19 are severity related. Moreover, the three-point dynamic assessment demonstrated significant loss of CD63+ and CD147+ plasma EVs. The used method can be a convenient tool for vital infection pathogenesis investigation and for COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Schneider J, Pultar M, Oesterreicher J, Bobbili MR, Mühleder S, Priglinger E, Redl H, Spittler A, Grillari J, Holnthoner W. Cre mRNA Is Not Transferred by EVs from Endothelial and Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells during Vascular Network Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084050. [PMID: 33919955 PMCID: PMC8070972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coculture systems employing adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASC) and endothelial cells (EC) represent a widely used technique to model vascularization. Within this system, cell-cell communication is crucial for the achievement of functional vascular network formation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as key players in cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules between cells. In this study we aimed to address the role of EVs in ASC/EC cocultures by discriminating between cells, which have received functional EV cargo from cells that have not. Therefore, we employed the Cre-loxP system, which is based on donor cells expressing the Cre recombinase, whose mRNA was previously shown to be packaged into EVs and reporter cells containing a construct of floxed dsRed upstream of the eGFP coding sequence. The evaluation of Cre induced color switch in the reporter system via EVs indicated that there is no EV-mediated RNA transmission either between EC themselves or EC and ASC. However, since Cre mRNA was not found present in EVs, it remains unclear if Cre mRNA is generally not packaged into EVs or if EVs are not taken up by the utilized cell types. Our data indicate that this technique may not be applicable to evaluate EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication in an in vitro setting using EC and ASC. Further investigations will require a functional system showing efficient and specific loading of Cre mRNA or protein into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Schneider
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marianne Pultar
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johannes Oesterreicher
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Bobbili
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Heinz Redl
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Surgery, Research Labs & Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Biotechnology, Intitute of Molecular Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (M.P.); (J.O.); (M.R.B.); (E.P.); (H.R.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)-5-93-93-41961
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Biodistribution of surfactant-free poly(lactic-acid) nanoparticles and uptake by endothelial cells and phagocytes in zebrafish: Evidence for endothelium to macrophage transfer. J Control Release 2021; 331:228-245. [PMID: 33444668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic nanoparticles (NP), there is a large gap between in vitro testing and in vivo experimentation. Despite its prominence as a model, the mouse shows severe limitations for imaging NP and the cells with which they interact. Recently, the transparent zebrafish larva, which is well suited for high-resolution live-imaging, has emerged as a powerful alternative model to investigate the in vivo behavior of NP. Poly(D,L lactic acid) (PLA) is widely accepted as a safe polymer to prepare therapeutic NP. However, to prevent aggregation, many NP require surfactants, which may have undesirable biological effects. Here, we evaluate 'safe-by-design', surfactant-free PLA-NP that were injected intravenously into zebrafish larvae. Interaction of fluorescent NPs with different cell types labelled in reporter animals could be followed in real-time at high resolution; furthermore, by encapsulating colloidal gold into the matrix of PLA-NP we could follow their fate in more detail by electron microscopy, from uptake to degradation. The rapid clearance of fluorescent PLA-NP from the circulation coincided with internalization by endothelial cells lining the whole vasculature and macrophages. After 30 min, when no NP remained in circulation, we observed that macrophages continued to internalize significant amounts of NP. More detailed video-imaging revealed a new mechanism of NP transfer where NP are transmitted along with parts of the cytoplasm from endothelial cells to macrophages.
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Kopec AK, Yokokawa R, Khan N, Horii I, Finley JE, Bono CP, Donovan C, Roy J, Harney J, Burdick AD, Jessen B, Lu S, Collinge M, Sadeghian RB, Derzi M, Tomlinson L, Burkhardt JE. Microphysiological systems in early stage drug development: Perspectives on current applications and future impact. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:99-114. [PMID: 33642521 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are making advances to provide more standardized and predictive physiologically relevant responses to test articles in living tissues and organ systems. The excitement surrounding the potential of MPS to better predict human responses to medicines and improving clinical translation is overshadowed by their relatively slow adoption by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Collaboration between multiorganizational consortia and regulators is necessary to build an understanding of the strengths and limitations of MPS models and closing the current gaps. Here, we review some of the advances in MPS research, focusing on liver, intestine, vascular system, kidney and lung and present examples highlighting the context of use for these systems. For MPS to gain a foothold in drug development, they must have added value over existing approaches. Ideally, the application of MPS will augment in vivo studies and reduce the use of animals via tiered screening with less reliance on exploratory toxicology studies to screen compounds. Because MPS support multiple cell types (e.g. primary or stem-cell derived cells) and organ systems, identifying when MPS are more appropriate than simple 2D in vitro models for understanding physiological responses to test articles is necessary. Once identified, MPS models require qualification for that specific context of use and must be reproducible to allow future validation. Ultimately, the challenges of balancing complexity with reproducibility will inform the promise of advancing the MPS field and are critical for realization of the goal to reduce, refine and replace (3Rs) the use of animals in nonclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kopec
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Nasir Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Ikuo Horii
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Japan
| | - James E Finley
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Carol Donovan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Jessica Roy
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | - Julie Harney
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Shuyan Lu
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CA, USA
| | - Mark Collinge
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., CT, USA
| | | | - Mazin Derzi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., MA, USA
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Fujimoto S, Fujita Y, Kadota T, Araya J, Kuwano K. Intercellular Communication by Vascular Endothelial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their MicroRNAs in Respiratory Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:619697. [PMID: 33614707 PMCID: PMC7890564 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.619697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and their comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and muscle atrophy, have been increasing in the world. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are released from almost all cell types and play crucial roles in intercellular communication, both in the regulation of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Exosomes are of endosomal origin and range in size from 50 to 150 nm in diameter, while microvesicles are generated by the direct outward budding of the plasma membrane in size ranges of 100-2,000 nm in diameter. EVs can contain various proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, such as mRNA, non-coding RNA species, and DNA fragments. In addition, these nucleic acids in EVs can be functional in recipient cells through EV cargo. The endothelium is a distributed organ of considerable biological importance, and disrupted endothelial function is involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Endothelial cell-derived EVs (EC-EVs) play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological conditions by traveling to distant sites through systemic circulation. This review summarizes the pathological roles of vascular microRNAs contained in EC-EVs in respiratory diseases, mainly focusing on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, this review discusses the potential clinical usefulness of EC-EVs as therapeutic agents in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujimoto
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Fujita
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Translational Research for Exosomes, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kadota
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Parada N, Romero-Trujillo A, Georges N, Alcayaga-Miranda F. Camouflage strategies for therapeutic exosomes evasion from phagocytosis. J Adv Res 2021; 31:61-74. [PMID: 34194832 PMCID: PMC8240105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect. Aim of review Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery. Here, we summarize the current evidence about the mechanisms underlying the recognition and sequestration of therapeutic exosomes by phagocytic cells. Also, we propose different strategies to generate 'invisible' exosomes for the immune system, through the incorporation of different anti-phagocytic molecules on the exosomes’ surface that allow increasing the circulating half-life of therapeutic exosomes with the purpose to increase their bioavailability to reach the target tissue, transfer their therapeutic molecular cargo and improve their efficacy profile. Key scientific concepts of review Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis are the main responsible behind the short half-life in circulation of systemically injected exosomes, hindering their therapeutic effect. Exosomes ‘Camouflage Cloak’ strategy using antiphagocytic molecules can contribute to the inhibition of exosomal clearance, hence, increasing the on-target effect. Some candidate molecules that could exert an antiphagocytic role are CD47, CD24, CD44, CD31, β2M, PD-L1, App1, and DHMEQ. Pre- and post-isolation methods for exosome engineering are compatible with the loading of therapeutic cargo and the expression of antiphagocytic surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Parada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Romero-Trujillo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Georges
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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Yaker L, Kamel S, Ausseil J, Boullier A. Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremic Toxins on Extracellular Vesicle Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120811. [PMID: 33371311 PMCID: PMC7767379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a cardiovascular complication associated with a high mortality rate, especially in patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis or chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD patients, VC is associated with the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulphate or inorganic phosphate, which can have a major impact in vascular remodeling. During VC, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo an osteogenic switch and secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are heterogeneous in terms of their origin and composition. Under physiological conditions, EVs are involved in cell-cell communication and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. They contain high levels of calcification inhibitors, such as fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein. Under pathological conditions (and particularly in the presence of uremic toxins), the secreted EVs acquire a pro-calcifying profile and thereby act as nucleating foci for the crystallization of hydroxyapatite and the propagation of calcification. Here, we review the most recent findings on the EVs’ pathophysiological role in VC, the impact of uremic toxins on EV biogenesis and functions, the use of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and the EVs’ therapeutic potential in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yaker
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie CHU Amiens-Picardie, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, University of Toulouse III, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
- CHU PURPAN—Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Avenue de Grande Bretagne, F-31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie CHU Amiens-Picardie, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-322087019
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Nanou A, Mol L, Coumans FAW, Koopman M, Punt CJA, Terstappen LWMM. Endothelium-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Associate with Poor Prognosis in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2688. [PMID: 33333805 PMCID: PMC7765205 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated, tumor-derived extracellular vesicle (tdEV) and circulating tumor cell (CTC) loads in metastatic cancer are associated with poor clinical outcome. Herein, we investigate whether endothelium-derived extracellular vesicles (edEVs) can be detected in the blood of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients, and whether those vesicles associate with prognosis. The open-source ACCEPT (Automated CTC Classification, Enumeration, and Phenotyping) software was used to enumerate edEVs, tdEVs, and other objects from digitally stored CellSearch images acquired after CTC and circulating endothelial cell (CEC) enrichment from the blood of 395 mCRC patients before the initiation of a new therapy. Patients had participated in the prospective phase III CAIRO2 study. The presence of edEVs was found 5- to 10-fold higher than CECs. The hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of progression-free survival (PFS) for increased CTCs (≥3 in 7.5 mL), tdEVs (≥40 in 7.5 mL), and edEVs (≥287 in 4.0 mL.) was 1.4 (1.1-1.9), 2.0 (1.5-2.6), and 1.7 (1.2-2.5), respectively. The HR of Overall Survival (OS) for increased CTCs, tdEVs and edEVs was 2.2 (1.7-3.0), 2.7 (2.0-3.5), and 2.1 (1.5-2.8), respectively. There was no cut-off value for CECs, leading to a dichotomization of patients with a significant HR. Only tdEVs remained a significant predictor of OS in the final multivariable model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Nanou
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522ND Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Linda Mol
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, 6533AA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Frank A. W. Coumans
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522ND Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Cornelis J. A. Punt
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Oesterreicher J, Pultar M, Schneider J, Mühleder S, Zipperle J, Grillari J, Holnthoner W. Fluorescence-Based Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and Flow Cytometry for Characterization of Endothelial Extracellular Vesicle Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9278. [PMID: 33291792 PMCID: PMC7731108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a prominent topic in life sciences, a growing number of studies are published on a regular basis addressing their biological relevance and possible applications. Nevertheless, the fundamental question of the true vesicular nature as well as possible influences on the EV secretion behavior have often been not adequately addressed. Furthermore, research regarding endothelial cell-derived EVs (EndoEVs) often focused on the large vesicular fractions comprising of microvesicles (MV) and apoptotic bodies. In this study we aimed to further extend the current knowledge of the influence of pre-isolation conditions, such as cell density and conditioning time, on EndoEV release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We combined fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and the established fluorescence-triggered flow cytometry (FT-FC) protocol to allow vesicle-specific detection and characterization of size and surface markers. We found significant effects of cell density and conditioning time on both abundance and size distribution of EndoEVs. Additionally, we present detailed information regarding the surface marker display on EVs from different fractions and size ranges. Our data provide crucial relevance for future projects aiming to elucidate EV secretion behavior of endothelial cells. Moreover, we show that the influence of different conditioning parameters on the nature of EndoEVs has to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Oesterreicher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Pultar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaana Schneider
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Johannes Zipperle
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, 1200 Vienna, Austria; (J.O.); (M.P.); (J.S.); (J.Z.); (J.G.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Chatterjee V, Yang X, Ma Y, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Extracellular vesicles: new players in regulating vascular barrier function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1181-H1196. [PMID: 33035434 PMCID: PMC7792704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00579.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted rising interests in the cardiovascular field not only because they serve as serological markers for circulatory disorders but also because they participate in important physiological responses to stress and inflammation. In the circulation, these membranous vesicles are mainly derived from blood or vascular cells, and they carry cargos with distinct molecular signatures reflecting the origin and activation state of parent cells that produce them, thus providing a powerful tool for diagnosis and prognosis of pathological conditions. Functionally, circulating EVs mediate tissue-tissue communication by transporting bioactive cargos to local and distant sites, where they directly interact with target cells to alter their function. Recent evidence points to the critical contributions of EVs to the pathogenesis of vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction during inflammatory response to injury or infection. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the current knowledge on EV biology and advanced techniques in EV isolation and characterization. This is followed by a discussion focusing on the role and mechanisms of EVs in regulating blood-endothelium interactions and vascular permeability during inflammation. We conclude with a translational perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in vascular injury or infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
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Romano E, Netti PA, Torino E. Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100319. [PMID: 33086616 PMCID: PMC7603361 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-955-8158
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Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100785. [PMID: 32992810 PMCID: PMC7600722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the clinical, histological and molecular features of the novel coronavirus 2019 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has remained elusive. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by this virus has unusual clinical presentation with regard to other related coronaviruses. Recent reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, unlike other related viruses, infects and replicates within endothelial cells, which may explain a significant portion of the observed clinical pathology. Likewise, mounting evidence associates vascular and endothelial cell dysfunction with increased mortality. This review focuses on understanding how endothelial cell pathology is caused by SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular and cellular levels and how these events relate to COVID-19. A detailed examination of current knowledge regarding canonical inflammatory reaction pathways as well as alteration of endothelial cell-derived exosomes and transdifferentiation by SARS-CoV-2 is included in this assessment. Additionally, given an understanding of endothelial contributions to COVID-19, potential therapeutic aims are discussed, particularly as would affect endothelial function and pathology.
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Zhang H, Chen G, Qiu W, Pan Q, Chen Y, Chen Y, Ma X. Plasma endothelial microvesicles and their carrying miRNA-155 serve as biomarkers for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2290-2301. [PMID: 32725652 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) could reflect the status of endothelial cells (ECs) which are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). MiR-155 could regulate EC functions. However, their roles in IS remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the levels of plasma EMVs and EMVs carrying miRNA-155 (EMVs-miR-155) in IS patients to explore their potential roles as biomarkers. Ninety-three IS patients and 70 controls were recruited in this study. The levels of circulating EMVs and EMVs-miR-155 were detected by fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. The correlations between level of EMVs/EMVs-miR-155 and the onset time, severity, infarct volume, and subtypes of IS were analyzed. The severity and infarct volume were assessed by NIHSS and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of IS. The ROC curve and area under ROC curve (AUC) of EMVs and EMVs-miR-155 were determined. The levels of plasma EMVs and EMVs-miR-155 were increased significantly in acute and subacute stages of IS and remained unchanged in chronic stage, and were positively related to the infarct volume and NIHSS scores and were associated with large artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism subtypes defined by Trial of Org 10 172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that plasma EMVs and EMVs-miR-155 were significant and independent risk factors of IS and their AUC were 0.778 and 0.851, respectively, and increased to 0.892 after combination. Our study suggests that plasma EMVs and EMVs-miR-155 are promising biomarkers for IS. The diagnostic value of EMVs-miR-155 is higher and their combination is the best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenji Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Yusen Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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