1
|
Nema K, Ruzbarsky P, Rydzik Ł, Peric T. Relationship of selected conditioning parameters and sport performance indicators in karate. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1433117. [PMID: 39070232 PMCID: PMC11272523 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1433117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The variables of aerobic performance and aerobic capacity are of significant importance in maintaining intensity during a fight and also contribute to faster recovery between rounds in sports fighting in karate. Anaerobic performance is crucial for the execution of the techniques during high-intensity offensive or defensive actions that determine the outcome of a fight. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between selected performance indicators of aerobic and anaerobic capacity to sports performance in karate. Methods The study included six male karate athletes (age 28 ± 3 years, body mass 85.10 kg; height 185.5 cm), medalists from European and World championship, events in senior categories. The selection criteria included training experience and sports level. The Karate specific aerobic test (KSAT) was use in conjunction with heart rate monitoring and changes in blood lactate levels to diagnose special aerobic endurance parameters. To determine the level of anaerobic performance the Wingate test were choosed. Technical and tactical indicators (efficiency, effectiveness and activeness of the attack) were used to assess the sports skill level during competition. Results Based on the Spearman correlation coefficient results demonstrated statistically significant differences (rs = -0.81) with large effect size index between efficiency of the attack and average heart rate achieved in the test KSAT. Additionally statistically significant differences (rs = 0.81) with large effect size were demonstrated between the fatigue index and efficiency of the attack Furthermore, the selected indicators of special aerobic endurance parameters and anaerobic performance demonstrated a high degree of predictive validity in relation to the efficiency (rp = 0.960) and activity (rp = 0.927) of attacks. Conclusion The high level of predictive validity confirmed the importance of a high level of anaerobic conditions for performance in karate. The low values of the average heart rate in relation to the efficiency of the attack confirm the high performance level of karate athletes in relation to special aerobic performance parameters. It was found that the effectiveness of the attack had no relation to the monitored parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nema
- Department of Educology of Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Ruzbarsky
- Department of Sports Kinantropology, Faculty of Sport, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomas Peric
- Department of Sports Educology and Humanities, Faculty of Sport, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martín-Ruiz J, Alarcón-Jiménez J, de Bernardo N, Tamarit-Grancha I, Iglesias X, Ruiz-Sanchis L. Muscle Changes during Direct Attack under Different Conditions in Elite Wheelchair Fencing. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:188. [PMID: 39058079 PMCID: PMC11280821 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheelchair fencing is a medium-distance combat sport in which the wheelchair is fixed to the floor. This requires a maximum concentration and gestational speed. Refined techniques and fatigue tolerance are essential to achieve competitive results. AIM The main objective of this study was to measure the speed and muscular participation of a direct attack gesture with and without fatigue in a sample of elite wheelchair fencers. METHODS The maximal isometric force, gestural speed, and resistance to gestural velocity were estimated in 10 elite performed direct fencers. RESULTS The results revealed that sitting height and wingspan were important factors in achieving the highest speed, especially in women (r = 0.9; p = 0.07). Other factors, such as the elbow angle where the closed position was better, affected muscle contraction in both categories of athletes (p = 0.01). The onset of fatigue was earlier in category B than in category A, with greater variation in direct attack movement. The results highlight the importance of analyzing direct attacks for the best application of quick force, speed, and muscle participation, as well as identifying the onset of technical deterioration to devise a competitive strategy. These parameters may allow for precise design of conditioning sessions for elite wheelchair shooters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Martín-Ruiz
- Department of Health and Functional Assessment, Catholic University of Valencia, 46900 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jorge Alarcón-Jiménez
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Valencia Catholic University, 46900 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.-J.); (N.d.B.)
| | - Nieves de Bernardo
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Valencia Catholic University, 46900 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.-J.); (N.d.B.)
| | - Ignacio Tamarit-Grancha
- Department of Physical Preparation and Conditioning, Catholic University of Valencia, 46900 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, Universidad de Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Laura Ruiz-Sanchis
- Department of Sports Management and Physical Activity, Catholic University of Valencia, 46900 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Albuquerque MR, Flôr CAG, Ribeiro AIS, Mesquita PHC, Franchini E, Laurentino GC. Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Sport-Specific Performance in Highly Trained Taekwondo Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:179. [PMID: 39058070 PMCID: PMC11280546 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which involves episodes of blood flow restriction followed by reperfusion, has uncertain effects on athletes. Additionally, employing sports-specific tests that are highly familiar to athletes can enhance methodological rigor in determining IPC's effects on taekwondo performance. This study aimed to investigate IPC's influence on taekwondo athletes' performance through two studies. To induce occlusion in both studies, the cuff was inflated to an individualized occlusion pressure established for each athlete's lower limb, with four cycles of occlusion lasting five minutes each, alternated with five-minute reperfusion intervals. Both traditional frequentist statistics and Bayesian analysis were employed. In the first study, eleven high-level athletes were subjected to either IPC or a placebo (SHAM) procedure on both legs, followed by performing countermovement jumps (CMJs) and a specific taekwondo endurance test. However, no significant differences were observed in taekwondo endurance performance or CMJ between the IPC and SHAM conditions. The second study involved fourteen elite athletes who underwent the same IPC or SHAM conditions, performing CMJ and three bouts of the Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick test (FSKTmult) in three blocks, each separated by approximately thirty minutes. Again, the results indicated no significant differences in FSKTmult measures or CMJ performance between the two conditions. In conclusion, IPC did not significantly affect neuromuscular (in both studies), endurance (in the first study), or anaerobic (in the second study) performance in these taekwondo athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo—CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Isadora Santos Ribeiro
- Combat Sports Laboratory, Department of Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo—CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31120-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-030, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Gilberto Candido Laurentino
- Physical Activity Science Program, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, São Paulo, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rufino HVO, Franchini E, Forte LDM, da Silva TBO, Meireles CLS, Soares YM. Physiological and Perceptual Responses of a Guard Passing Test and a Simulated Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Combat: A Pilot Study. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00459. [PMID: 38900221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rufino, HVdO, Franchini, E, Forte, LDM, da Silva, TBO, Meireles, CLS, and Soares, YM. Physiological and perceptual responses of a guard passing test and a simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu combat: a pilot study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a grappling combat sport characterized by high-intensity efforts during the scoring actions interspersed by low-intensity actions or pause during the referee stoppage. Therefore, understanding of the physiological response to a BJJ match and BJJ-specific test can contribute to both athletes testing and training prescription. Thus, the present study aimed to compare the physiological and perceptual responses to a guard passing test (GPT) and to a simulated BJJ combat (simulated combat [SC]). For that, 7 male BJJ athletes performed a BJJ SC and the GPT at different days at random order. GPT was composed by 6 sets of all-out guard passing movements. Heart rate, blood lactate concentration ([La]), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured immediately after SC and after each set of GPT. RPE increased after sets 4, 5, and 6 compared with set 1, with no differences to SC (p < 0.001). In additionally, no differences were observed between [La] or heart rate after SC to GPT. Results suggests that GPT is an efficient training protocol that elicits similar physiological and perceptual responses to BJJ combat. Future studies should investigate GPT reliability and validity for performance assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hallisson V O Rufino
- Sports Training and Performance Study Group, Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Lucas D M Forte
- Sports Training and Performance Study Group, Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thomás B O da Silva
- Sports Training and Performance Study Group, Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Claudio L S Meireles
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ytalo M Soares
- Sports Training and Performance Study Group, Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Benhammou S, Mourot L, Clemente FM, Coquart J, Belkadi A. Is test specificity the issue in assessing aerobic fitness and performance of runners? A systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:539-549. [PMID: 38324270 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various tests have been developed to evaluate aerobic fitness and performance of runners. However, a systematic understanding of which methods are more accurate is necessary to provide coaches and the sports sciences community with useful and confident outcomes. This study aims to summarize the evidence regarding the validity, reliability and sensitivity of tests for measuring aerobic fitness and performance in runners of several background of training. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search was conducted of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus up to 31st December 2022 according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Studies that reported findings about tests covering maximal aerobic speed, final velocity achieved during the test, average running speed or other method of evaluating the reference speed during the test were included. We evaluated the risk of bias in the included articles using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). The tests were categorized into continuous incremental tests, intermittent tests and time-trial test. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 23 studies met eligibility criteria. These studies contained three background of training: track and road runners (N.=15), trail runners (N.=7) and inexperienced runners (N.=1). Criterion validity was assessed in 73% of the studies, while only 41% of studies examined convergent validity. The majority of the reviewed studies (87%) ignored test-retest reliability. Test sensitivity was not reported in any study. CONCLUSIONS At least one aerobic fitness and performance test was identified for each types of background of training. However, some methodological aspects were not provided in the included articles. Most studies examined at least one aspect of validity (i.e., criterion or convergent-related validity), whilst few studies investigated test-retest reliability. Researchers and practitioners can use the information provided in this systematic review to select appropriate tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saddek Benhammou
- Platform Exercise Performance Health Innovation (Plateforme EPSI), Paris, France -
- Laboratory of Optimizing Research Programs on Physical and Sports Activities, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria -
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Platform Exercise Performance Health Innovation (Plateforme EPSI), Paris, France
- Unit of Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (MPFRPV), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Coquart
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sante Société, Lille, France
| | - Adel Belkadi
- Laboratory of Optimizing Research Programs on Physical and Sports Activities, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee YH, Chang J, Lee JE, Jung YS, Lee D, Lee HS. Essential elements of physical fitness analysis in male adolescent athletes using machine learning. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298870. [PMID: 38564629 PMCID: PMC10986970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) includes various factors that significantly impacts athletic performance. Analyzing PF is critical in developing customized training methods for athletes based on the sports in which they compete. Previous approaches to analyzing PF have relied on statistical or machine learning algorithms that focus on predicting athlete injury or performance. In this study, six machine learning algorithms were used to analyze the PF of 1,489 male adolescent athletes across five sports, including track & field, football, baseball, swimming, and badminton. Furthermore, the machine learning models were utilized to analyze the essential elements of PF using feature importance of XGBoost, and SHAP values. As a result, XGBoost represents the highest performance, with an average accuracy of 90.14, an area under the curve of 0.86, and F1-score of 0.87, demonstrating the similarity between the sports. Feature importance of XGBoost, and SHAP value provided a quantitative assessment of the relative importance of PF in sports by comparing two sports within each of the five sports. This analysis is expected to be useful in analyzing the essential PF elements of athletes in various sports and recommending personalized exercise methods accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical-Sports, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisuk Chang
- Department of Sports Management, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sung Jung
- The Sport Science Center in Gyeonggi, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongheon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Lee
- Department of Exercise and Medical Science, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical-Sports, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Makaruk H, Starzak M, Tarkowski P, Sadowski J, Winchester J. The Effects of Resistance Training on Sport-Specific Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:135-155. [PMID: 38689584 PMCID: PMC11057612 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examines the influence of resistance training (RT) on the performance outcomes of elite athletes. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was conducted, considering studies up to November 19, 2023. The inclusion criteria were elite athletes involved in high-level competitions. Studies were categorized by the competitive level among elite athletes, athlete's sex, performance outcomes, and a training modality with subgroup analyses based on these factors. Thirty-five studies involving 777 elite athletes were included. The results of the meta-analysis revealed a large and significant overall effect of RT on sport-specific performance (standardized mean difference, SMD = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.66), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 84%). Subgroup analyses revealed differential effects based on the competitive level, the type of sport-specific outcomes, and sex. National elite athletes showed more pronounced (large SMD) benefits from RT compared to international elite athletes (small SMD). Global outcomes revealed a medium but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMD, while local outcomes showed a large SMD. Notably, female athletes exhibited a large SMD, though not reaching statistical significance (p > 0.05), probably due to limited study participants. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were found between heavy and light load RT. Resistance training is effective in improving sport-specific performance in elite athletes, with its effectiveness modulated by the competitive level, the type of the performance outcome, and athlete's sex. The findings underscore the need for personalized RT regimens and further research, particularly in female elite athletes, as well as advanced RT methods for international elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Makaruk
- Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marcin Starzak
- Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Piotr Tarkowski
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sadowski
- Department of Sports and Training Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Jason Winchester
- Division of Health Sciences & Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Escobar-Molina R, Cuevas-Laguna M, Chirosa-Ríos IJ, Merino-Fernández M, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Franchini E. Analysis of grip specificity on force production in grapplers and its effect on bilateral deficit grip specificity and bilateral deficit in force production among grapplers. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1190369. [PMID: 37822971 PMCID: PMC10563762 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1190369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of strength training is important for athletes in combat sports such as judo and jiu-jitsu. Specificity is key when prescribing strength training programs for athletes, considering maximal strength, muscular power and strength-endurance. Grappling combat sports require grip control, which is necessary to execute throwing techniques and groundwork. The aim of this study was to verify the bilateral strength deficit in general and in grappling combat sport-specific action in the control group and grapplers. A sample of 73 subjects, divided into 2 groups, was used: the Student Group (15 females and 16 males) and the Grappler Group (29 males and 13 females). The male and female participants attended four laboratory sessions over a 48-hour interval, the first two to familiarize themselves with the Electromechanical Functional Dynamometer (EMFD), and the last two to collect maximal isometric strength data, using a standard grip and a judo/jiujitsu specific grip. Significant differences in mean and peak forces (p < 0.001) were found, with high performance combat sport athletes having greater maximal isometric strength compared to students both bilaterally and unilaterally (p < 0.001). All comparisons also indicated higher values for males compared to females (p < 0.001). The results suggest that specific training in combat sports as well as sex differences play a significant role in maximal isometric strength performance. The type of grip used affects the application of force in the upper limb isometric strength tests, finding a main effect of grip type (p < 0.001), with the standard grip obtaining higher levels. However, the dominance between hands remains constant. More research is needed on specific judogi/jiu-jitsu-gi grips and their impact on maximal isometric strength with the EMFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Escobar-Molina
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cuevas-Laguna
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio J. Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Luis J. Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Apollaro G, Sarmet Moreira PV, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Franchini E, Falcó C. Time-motion analysis of taekwondo matches in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:964-973. [PMID: 37212828 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine the time-motion structure of high-level taekwondo matches during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in relation to sex, match outcome, weight category and match round. METHODS Overall, 7007 actions were recorded during the analysis of 134 performances (67 rounds of 24 matches: four rounds of 16, eight quarterfinals, eight semifinals and four finals) in male and female flyweight (≤58 kg and ≤49 kg, respectively), and heavyweight categories (≥80 kg and ≥67 kg, respectively). The attack time (AT), number of AT (AN), skipping time (ST) and pause time (PT) were registered. RESULTS The AT/ST ratio was ~1:1.5. Male athletes performed significantly longer (P<0.001) sum PT than female athletes. Flyweight athletes differed significantly from their heavyweight counterparts by having longer (P<0.001) average and sum AT, greater (P<0.001) AN, higher (P<0.001) AT/ST ratio, shorter (P<0.001) average and sum ST, and lower (P<0.01) (AT+ST)/PT ratio. Rounds 2 and 3 had average PT significantly longer (P<0.01) than round 1. Round 3 had sum PT longer (P<0.001) and (AT+ST)/PT ratio lower than in round 1. CONCLUSIONS The rule changes and the implementation of the electronic score recording system had a major impact on the time-motion structure of combat by generating a considerably higher AT/ST ratio than in the past. The comparisons indicated that the structure of the combat is modulated by weight category and phase of the combat. In practice, coaches could develop sport-specific high-intensity interval training using the time-motion indexes of the present study as guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy -
| | - Pedro V Sarmet Moreira
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Tech4Fight Sports Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Coral Falcó
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gençoğlu C, Ulupınar S, Özbay S, Ouergui I, Franchini E. Reliability and Validity of the Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:715-724. [PMID: 35503974 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2048783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the test-retest reliability and discriminant validity of the Kickboxing Anaerobic Speed Test (KAST) and established a comparison with the maximal cycling sprint test (MCST). Methods: Forty-two male kickboxing athletes (18 elite and 24 sub-elite) participated in this study. Kickboxers performed the tests in both single and multiple forms. The KASTsingle was composed of kicks and punches, performed as quickly as possible until 5 reps of a 4 techniques' combination (i.e., straight left punch, right-roundhouse kick, straight right punch, and left-roundhouse kick) were completed. The MCSTsingle was composed by a single 6-s maximal effort. The KASTmultiple was performed using 5 sequential sets of the single form following a 10s rest interval between sets. The MCSTmultiple was performed using 5 × 6 s repeated cycling efforts with 10s rest intervals. The tests and retests were carried out on separate occasions. To establish the test's discriminatory capability, elite and sub-elite athletes were compared. Results: All tests' performance scores showed excellent relative and absolute reliability (ICC > 0.900, SEM ≤ 0.98 s for KASTs and ≤ 0.74 W•kg-1 for MCST tests). Significant correlations between the identical versions were "large" (r > 0.70). Receiving operating characteristic analyses indicated that the KASTs and cycling tests were able to effectively discriminate between elite and sub-elite kickboxers. Additionally, the findings showed that KASTsingle, MCSTsingle, KASTmultiple, and MCSTmultiple correctly classified the groups by 78.6%, 73.6%, 88.1%, and 78.6%, respectively. Conclusions: This study supported the test-retest reliability and the discriminant validity of the KASTsingle and KASTmultiple to evaluate kickboxing athletes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mojtahedi D, Dagnall N, Denovan A, Clough P, Dewhurst S, Hillier M, Papageorgiou K, Perry J. Competition Anxiety in Combat Sports and the Importance of Mental Toughness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:713. [PMID: 37753991 PMCID: PMC10525228 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Combat sports require participants to engage in potentially dangerous forms of contact-based competition. Pressure to succeed, coupled with the risk of severe injury can induce significant levels of anxiety, which if uncontrolled, can negatively impact performance and possibly promote unsporting conduct. The present study examined competitive anxiety levels of combat sports athletes and determined whether self-reported scores were associated with mental toughness and Sportspersonship attitudes. A cross-sectional survey design was used whereby participants (N = 194) completed a battery of questionnaires measuring competitive combat sport experiences, demographic details, Sportspersonship traits (compliance towards rules, respect for opponents, and game perspective), and competition anxiety (somatic, cognitive, and self-confidence; reported retrospectively). Results suggest that mentally tough athletes experience lower levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher self-confidence, prior to competitions. Findings also found that athletes endorsing more altruistic and respectful attitudes in sport (Sportspersonship) reported higher levels of competition anxiety. The findings demonstrate that mental toughness is allied to positive attributes and could potentially be operationalized to improve both the retention and performance of combat sports athletes. Thus, the authors advocate the use of mental toughness coaching interventions within combat sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara Mojtahedi
- Department of Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, University of Bolton, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | - Neil Dagnall
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Andrew Denovan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Peter Clough
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Kirklees HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | | | - Kostas Papageorgiou
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK
| | - John Perry
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kons RL, Ache-Dias J, Gheller RG, Bishop C, Detanico D. Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:638-649. [PMID: 34986710 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2024542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the bilateral deficit (BLD) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) in judo athletes and determine the relationship between the BLD and judo-specific performance. Fourteen male judo athletes participated. Athletes performed three specific judo tests, Maximal Sprint Speed Judo Test, Maximal Aerobic Speed Judo Test and Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), and double- and single-leg CMJ. The following CMJ variables were used: jump height (JH), mean (MPO) and peak (PPO) power output, peak force (PF), peak velocity (PV) and impulse (IMP). The Pearson's or Spearman's test were used (p < 0.05). The results show that the BLD is found in all CMJ parameters (20 to 31%). Negative correlations between first set of SJFTTT (total throws) and BLD in PF (r = -0.60; p= 0.022) and between the second set of SJFTTT and BLD in MPO (r= -0.74;p = 0.002), PV (r =-0.59;p = 0.025) and IMP (r =-0.55; p = 0.040) were found. Also, negative correlations between SJFTTT and the BLD in all CMJ parameters (r= -0.53 to -0.85; p < 0.05) were found. Higher values of BLD are related to poor SJFTTT performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Ache-Dias
- Research Group on Technology, Sport and Rehabilitation, Catarinense Federal Institute, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Gheller
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Škugor K, Gilić B, Karninčić H, Jokai M, Babszky G, Ranisavljev M, Štajer V, Roklicer R, Drid P. What Determines the Competitive Success of Young Croatian Wrestlers: Anthropometric Indices, Generic or Specific Fitness Performance? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:90. [PMID: 37489303 PMCID: PMC10366759 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying factors influencing wrestling performance is important for determining which capacities should be developed the most. This research aimed to investigate whether anthropometric indices, generic fitness, and specific fitness performance determine the competitive success of young wrestlers. This research included 49 Croatian Greco-Roman male wrestlers aged 17.75 ± 1.51 years. Variables included training and competing experience, anthropometric indices, generic fitness (countermovement jump and handgrip strength), and specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT). Wrestlers were separated into medallists and non-medallists (i.e., wrestlers who won a medal at the previous National Championship and wrestlers who did not win a medal, respectively). The t-test for independent samples was used to determine the differences between the two categories in all variables. Moreover, discriminant analysis was performed to identify differences in a multivariate manner. Medallists and non-medallists did not differ in anthropometric indices and wrestling experience. Medallists had better results in the countermovement jump (t = 2.55, p < 0.01), handgrip strength (t = 2.77, p < 0.01), and SWFT performance (t = 2.29, p < 0.05) than non-medallists. The discriminant analysis confirmed that performance categories differed in generic and specific fitness tests (Wilks' Lambda = 0.73, p < 0.05). It could be suggested that coaches should develop both the generic and specific fitness of their wrestlers to become more successful at competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krešo Škugor
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Barbara Gilić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Karninčić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Matyas Jokai
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (TF), Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Wrestling Academy "Kozma István", 1213 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Babszky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (TF), Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Wrestling Academy "Kozma István", 1213 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marijana Ranisavljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Valdemar Štajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Wrestling Academy of Vojvodina, 24420 Kanjiza, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Viale Ratisbona 16, 39042 Brixen-Bressanone, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Franchini E. Energy System Contributions during Olympic Combat Sports: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020297. [PMID: 36837916 PMCID: PMC9961508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the studies that estimate the energy systems' contributions during match simulations of striking (boxing, karate, and taekwondo), grappling (judo), and weapon-based (fencing) Olympic combat sports. The purpose is to provide insights into the metabolism of these athletes. In striking Olympic combat sports, the oxidative contribution varied from 62% (in karate and taekwondo) to 86% (in boxing), the ATP-PCr system contribution varied from 10% (in boxing) to 31% (in taekwondo), and the glycolytic contribution was between 3% (in the third round of taekwondo) and 21% (in karate). In grappling combat sports, only judo was studied, and for a 4 min match, the oxidative contribution was 79%, followed by 14% ATP-PCr system contribution and 7% contribution from the glycolytic system. In fencing, the only weapon-based Olympic combat sport, the oxidative contribution varied from 81% (in the first bout) to 90% (in the second bout), followed by 9% (bout 2) to 12% (bout 1) contribution from the ATP-PCr system, and 0.6% to 7% contribution from the glycolytic system during 3 × 3 min bouts of épée match simulation. Hence, Olympic combat sports are primarily powered by the oxidative system, but the key scoring actions are likely fueled by anaerobic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrera-Valenzuela T, Franchini E, Valdés-Badilla P, Ojeda-Aravena A, Pardo-Tamayo C, Zapata-Huenullán C, Cofre-Bolados C, Sanchez-Ramirez C. Relation between VT1, VT2, and VO 2max with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test in Youth Wrestlers: A Short Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2570. [PMID: 36767939 PMCID: PMC9915859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2) with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables. Thirteen wrestlers (male: six; female: seven) of Olympic freestyle wrestling were assessed. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was used to establish the relationship between variables. A positive correlation was found between VT1 with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.37-0.93), total throws (r = 0.73; p = 0.004; 95%CI = 0.30-0.91), heart rate recovery (r = 0.58; p = 0.036; 95%CI = 0.05-0.86), and test index (r = -0.60; p = 0.031; 95%CI = -0.86-0.07); between VT2 and throws in set B (r = 0.57; p = 0.043; 95%CI = 0.01-0.86); and between peak oxygen uptake with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.39-0.93), throws in set C (r = 0.64; p = 0.02; 95%CI = 0.12-0.89), and total throws (r = 0.72; p = 0.006; 95%CI = 0.28-0.91). In conclusion, the peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds correlated with specific Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Sports Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05594-110, Brazil
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
| | - Carolina Pardo-Tamayo
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Carolina Zapata-Huenullán
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Cristián Cofre-Bolados
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Celso Sanchez-Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kons RL, Orssatto LBR, Athayde MSDS, Detanico D. Judo-Specific Tests: A Narrative Review With Recommendations for Physical Assessment. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
17
|
Boutios S, di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Iuliano E, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G. Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100154. [PMID: 36287767 PMCID: PMC9610096 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of training as well as the specificity of monitoring the training process are believed to be fundamental principles to efficiently plan and carry out the preparation and performance development of athletes. The Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) is a sport-specific field test used to specifically evaluate the anaerobic profile of Taekwondo athletes. The aim of this study was to verify whether TAIKT and the 'gold standard' Wingate Anaerobic test (WAnT) were both efficient means to optimally determine the anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of Greek Taekwondo athletes at a middle-high technical level. Fifteen athletes, 10 females and 5 males (mean age 23.4 ± 4.14 years), underwent the two anaerobic tests (TAIKT and WAnT). The peak of power, the anaerobic capacity, and the peak of blood lactate (BL) were recorded. The two tests showed a moderate correlation with the r value ranging between 0.353 and 0.428, if applied to a sample of middle-high technical level athletes. Regarding the peak of BL, data indicated 40% concordance between the two tests with a coefficient of variation of 12%. Consequently, the two tests were correlated even if not interchangeable due to the different type of exercise required in these assessments. In conclusion, to assess the anaerobic performances and physiological characteristics of Taekwondo athletes, independently of their technical level, the WAnT resulted suitable, while to better assess the functional performance and specific demands of Taekwondo, the TAIKT is more indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Boutios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square 15, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-3652054
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Francino L, Villarroel B, Valdés-Badilla P, Ramirez-Campillo R, Báez-San Martín E, Ojeda-Aravena A, Aedo-Muñoz E, Pardo-Tamayo C, Herrera-Valenzuela T. Effect of a Six Week In-Season Training Program on Wrestling-Specific Competitive Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159325. [PMID: 35954682 PMCID: PMC9368167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of multi-component training on specific performance is under-researched in wrestlers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of multi-component training on The Special Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT) performances of wrestlers who were preparing for an international championship, and to, additionally, determine their inter-individual adaptive variability. The wrestlers (n = 13; 7 females; all international level) underwent technical-tactical and physical fitness training for the six weeks before the championship, 12 sessions per week (i.e., 36 h per week). Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed with the SWFT, a wrestling-specific competitive performance test that includes measurements for throws, heart rate response to the SWFT, and the SWFT index. Significant pre–post intervention improvements were noted for throws (pre = 23.5 ± 2.9; post = 24.9 ± 3.6; p = 0.022) and SWFTindex (pre = 14.9 ± 2.2; post = 14.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.013. In conclusion, six weeks of multi-component training improved wrestling-specific competitive performances in highly-trained wrestlers, although with a meaningful inter-subject variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucciano Francino
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Salud, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (L.F.); (B.V.); (C.P.-T.)
| | - Bayron Villarroel
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Salud, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (L.F.); (B.V.); (C.P.-T.)
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Science, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile;
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2561427, Chile;
| | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica Deportiva, Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Carolina Pardo-Tamayo
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Salud, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; (L.F.); (B.V.); (C.P.-T.)
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-(2)-718-3751
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sinnott AM, Eagle SR, Kochick V, Bricker IR, Collins MW, Sparto PJ, Flanagan SD, Elbin RJ, Connaboy C, Kontos AP. Test-Retest, Interrater Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Dynamic Exertion Test (EXiT) for Concussion. Sports Health 2022; 15:410-421. [PMID: 35678147 PMCID: PMC10170234 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221093556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dynamic Exertion Test (EXiT) was developed to inform return-to-play (RTP) decision-making following clinical recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC). The purpose of the current study was to document intrarater and test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) scores for physiological [heart rate (HR) and blood pressure], performance (change-of-direction task completion time and errors), and clinical outcomes (endorsed symptoms, perceived exertion) of EXiT, and interrater reliability of performance outcomes. HYPOTHESIS Healthy athletes would exhibit stable physiological responses to the EXiT across visits, demonstrate consistent change-of-direction task completion time between consecutive trials at each visit, and the fastest time (of 2 trials) across visits, and endorse equivocal symptoms and effort across visits. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, test-retest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Seventy-nine (female: 34 [43%], 19.6 ± 5.0 years) athletes completed the EXiT at 2 study visits (8.7 ± 4.7 days between visits). Two-way, mixed, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate intrarater and test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha was used to document the internal consistency of symptoms at each visit, and MDC scores were calculated on the physiological, performance, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Measured and percentage of age-estimated maximum HR were reliable following EXiT (ICC = 0.579-0.618). Change-of-direction task completion time (MDC range = 0.75-8.70 s) had good-to-excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.703-0.948) and interrater (ICC = 0.932-0.965) reliability. Symptoms had a high internal consistency at visits 1 (α = 0.894) and 2 (α = 0.805) and were reliable across visits (ICC = 0.588). CONCLUSION The current investigation established test-retest reliability in addition to MDC scores of an objective dynamic exercise assessment among healthy adolescent and adult athletes. The EXiT may be an objective approach to inform RTP decision-making following SRC recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The EXiT is a clinically feasible exertion-based assessment that can be readily administered in a variety of outpatient clinical settings.
Collapse
|
20
|
Silva Junior J, Penteado dos Santos R, Kons R, Gillis J, Caputo F, Detanico D. Relationship between a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu specific test performance and physical capacities in experience athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Aloui A, Tayech A, Mejri MA, Makhlouf I, Clark CCT, Granacher U, Zouhal H, Ben Abderrahman A. Reliability and Validity of a New Taekwondo-Specific Change-of-Direction Speed Test With Striking Techniques in Elite Taekwondo Athletes: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:774546. [PMID: 35557973 PMCID: PMC9086405 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.774546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminative validity of a new taekwondo-specific change-of-direction (COD) speed test with striking techniques (TST) in elite taekwondo athletes. Twenty (10 males and 10 females) elite (athletes who compete at national level) and top-elite (athletes who compete at national and international level) taekwondo athletes with an average training background of 8.9 ± 1.3 years of systematic taekwondo training participated in this study. During the two-week test-retest period, various generic performance tests measuring COD speed, balance, speed, and jump performance were carried out during the first week and as a retest during the second week. Three TST trials were conducted with each athlete and the best trial was used for further analyses. The relevant performance measure derived from the TST was the time with striking penalty (TST-TSP). TST-TSP performances amounted to 10.57 ± 1.08 s for males and 11.74 ± 1.34 s for females. The reliability analysis of the TST performance was conducted after logarithmic transformation, in order to address the problem of heteroscedasticity. In both groups, the TST demonstrated a high relative test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients and 90% compatibility limits were 0.80 and 0.47 to 0.93, respectively). For absolute reliability, the TST's typical error of measurement (TEM), 90% compatibility limits, and magnitudes were 4.6%, 3.4 to 7.7, for males, and 5.4%, 3.9 to 9.0, for females. The homogeneous sample of taekwondo athletes meant that the TST's TEM exceeded the usual smallest important change (SIC) with 0.2 effect size in the two groups. The new test showed mostly very large correlations with linear sprint speed (r = 0.71 to 0.85) and dynamic balance (r = -0.71 and -0.74), large correlations with COD speed (r = 0.57 to 0.60) and vertical jump performance (r = -0.50 to -0.65), and moderate correlations with horizontal jump performance (r = -0.34 to -0.45) and static balance (r = -0.39 to -0.44). Top-elite athletes showed better TST performances than elite counterparts. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the TST effectively discriminated between top-elite and elite taekwondo athletes. In conclusion, the TST is a valid, and sensitive test to evaluate the COD speed with taekwondo specific skills, and reliable when considering ICC and TEM. Although the usefulness of the TST is questioned to detect small performance changes in the present population, the TST can detect moderate changes in taekwondo-specific COD speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aloui
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)—EA 1274, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Amel Tayech
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Arbi Mejri
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Issam Makhlouf
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)—EA 1274, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
A new taekwondo-specific field test for estimating aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264910. [PMID: 35294451 PMCID: PMC8926267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose a new multidimensional taekwondo-specific test to estimate aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility. Out of sixty-five male volunteers, forty-six, forty-eight, and fifty athletes (18–35 years; black- and red-belt level) were included in the final analysis for aerobic, anaerobic, and agility assessments, respectively. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, using a graded exercise test on a treadmill), anaerobic power (using the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test, WAnT), and agility performance (using the agility T-Test) were measured via non-specific laboratory and field tests across a two-week period. The taekwondo-specific aerobic-anaerobic-agility (TAAA) test comprised six 20-s intervals of shuttle sprints over a 4-m distance, and the execution of roundhouse kicks alternating the legs at the end of each distance, with 10-s rest intervals between the sets. The multiple linear regression revealed that the difference between heart rate (HR) after and 1 minute after the TAAA test (p < 0.001), and body mass index (BMI; p = 0.006) were significant to estimate VO2max. Likewise, there was a very large (R = 0.79) and large (R = 0.55) correlation between the average and maximum number of kicks performed in the TAAA test and the WAnT mean and peak power, respectively (p < 0.001). Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the T-Test and agility performance acquired in the TAAA test (R = 0.74; p < 0.001). The TAAA test can be considered a valid simple tool for monitoring VO2max, anaerobic fitness, and agility in male taekwondo athletes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Apollaro G, Rodríguez YQ, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Hernández-Mendo A, Falcó C. Relative and Chronological Age in Successful Athletes at the World Taekwondo Championships (1997-2019): A Focus on the Behaviour of Multiple Medallists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031425. [PMID: 35162444 PMCID: PMC8835237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the relative and chronological age among taekwondo world medal winners (by gender, Olympic 4-year period, Olympic weight category; N = 740), and to study the behaviour of multiple medallists (N = 156) to monitor changes in weight categories and wins over time. The observed birth quartile distribution for the heavyweight category was significantly skewed (p = 0.01). Female athletes (22.2 ± 3.5 years) achieve success at a significantly younger age (p = 0.01) than their male counterparts (23.6 ± 3.3 years). In the weight categories, female flyweights were significantly younger than those welterweights (p = 0.03) and heavyweight (p = 0.01); female featherweights were significantly younger than those heavyweights (p = 0.03). Male flyweights and featherweights were significantly younger than those welterweights and heavyweights (p = 0.01). When a taekwondo athlete won a medal several times, he/she did so within the same Olympic weight category group and won two medals in his/her career (p = 0.01). Multiple medallists of the lighter and heavier groups did not differ in the number of medals won but in the time span in which they won medals (p = 0.02). The resources deployed by stakeholders to achieve success in these competitions highlight an extremely competitive environment. In this sense, the information provided by this study can be relevant and translated into key elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez
- Department of Sports Dididactics, University of Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca, Pinar del Río 20100, Cuba;
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Coral Falcó
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Azócar-Gallardo J, Campos-Uribe V, García-García JM. Relationship between explosive strength characteristics with change of direction speed in junior and cadet karate athletes. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Explosive strength and change of direction speed (CODS) are relevant physical abilities in karate. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the characteristics of explosive strength and the 5-m linear sprint (5M) with CODS performance and ii) to examine the influential characteristics of explosive strength on CODS performance. METHODS: Eighteen cadet and junior karate athletes, eight females and ten males were evaluated. The physical abilities assessments included: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5M and CODS. Also, pre-stretch percentage increase (PSA), eccentric utilization index (EUR) reactive strength index (RSI) were calculated. RESULTS: Superior performance (p< 0.05) was documented in SJ, CMJ and CODS in male vs. female. Also, significant correlations between CODS with SJ and CMJ (r=-0.70 to -0.80; R2=-0.51 to -0.73; p< 0.05, respectively) and correlations (r=-0.14 to -0.22; R2= 0.01 to 0.04; p> 0.05) between CODS with RSI, EUR and PSA. Multiple regression model documented that only SJ significantly influenced CODS performance in male (R2= 60%; p= 0.009) and female (R2= 71%; p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: CODS correlate with SJ and CMJ. In particular, SJ influence CODS independently of gender.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- School of Sports and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Life and Wellness Quality Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Victor Campos-Uribe
- Programa de Vida Saludable, Actividad Física y Deporte, Undergraduate Studies Universidad de Talca Campus Curicó, Curicó, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sports Training Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Monitoring of Eccentric Hamstring Strength and Eccentric Derived Strength Ratios in Judokas from a Single Weight Category. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010604. [PMID: 35010858 PMCID: PMC8744727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to perform isokinetic knee testing of male judokas competing in the under 73 kg category. The main aims were: to establish the concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) strength profile of hamstrings (H) and CON profile of quadriceps (Q) muscles; to evaluate the differences in CON and ECC peak torques (PT) with various strength ratios and their bilateral asymmetries; the calculation of the dynamic control ratio (DCR) and H ECC to CON ratio (HEC); Methods: 12 judokas competing on a national and international levels with a mean age of 19 ± 4 years, a weight of 75 ± 2 kg and with a height of 176 ± 5 cm were tested. All the subjects were right-hand dominant. Isokinetic testing was performed on iMOMENT, SMM isokinetic machine (SMM, Maribor, Slovenia). The paired t-test was used to determine the difference between paired variables. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05; Results: Statistical differences between left (L) and right (R) Q PT (L 266; R 241 Nm), H ECC PT (L 145; R 169 Nm), HQR (L 0.54; R 0.63), DCR (L 0.55; R 0.70), HEC (L 1.02; R 1.14) and PTQ/BW (L 3.57; R 3.23 Nm/kg) were shown. Bilateral strength asymmetries in CON contraction of 13.52% ± 10.04 % for Q, 10.86% ± 7.67 % for H and 22.04% ± 12.13% for H ECC contraction were shown. Conclusions: This study reports the isokinetic strength values of judokas in the under 73 kg category, emphasising eccentric hamstring strength and eccentric derived strength ratios DCR and HEC. It was shown that asymmetries are better detected using eccentric testing and that the dominant leg in judokas had stronger eccentric hamstring strength resulting in higher DCR and HEC.
Collapse
|
26
|
Apollaro G, Ruscello B. Exploring the age of taekwondo athletes in the Olympic Games: an analysis from Sydney 2000 to Rio 2016. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:838-845. [PMID: 34821491 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to quantify the age at which taekwondo athletes competed in the Olympic Games and to provide initial insights into weight category changes over time. METHODS For the first analysis, the study included all 611 taekwondo athletes who competed in the Olympics between 2000 and 2016; for each sex, a three-way ANOVA (edition of Olympic Games, competitive achievement, weight category) was performed to detect differences in the age of athletes. For the second analysis, we considered all 109 taekwondo athletes who took part in more than one edition of the Olympics between 2000 and 2016; chi-squared goodness of fit tests were performed to study the number of participations and changes in weight category of these athletes. RESULTS Female athletes, with a mean age of 23.8 ± 4.1 years, are significantly younger (p=0.001) than their male counterparts, with a mean age of 25.1 ± 3.9 years. In weight category, lighter athletes being younger than heavier ones in both females (22.7 ± 3.7 vs 24.5 ± 4.2 yrs., p=0.04) and males (23.6 ± 3.8 vs 26.7 ± 3.8 yrs., p=0.001; 24.2 ± 3.5 vs 26.7 ± 3.8 yrs., p=0.001). When an athlete reaches Olympic competition several times, he/she generally competes in the same weight category (p=0.001) and takes part in two consecutive editions (p=0.001). Heavier athletes have greater longevity at Olympic level than lighter athletes (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The current data provides important information for national federations engaged in the selection of athletes for Olympic competitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy -
| | - Bruno Ruscello
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Relationship Between Flat-Water Tests and Canoe Slalom Performance on 4 Different Grades of Water Terrain Difficulty. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:185-194. [PMID: 34611060 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between flat-water tests and canoe slalom performance on 4 different grades of water terrain difficulty. METHODS Nineteen elite canoe slalom athletes racing in category K1 men (n = 7), K1 women (n = 5), or C1 men (n = 7) completed flat-water tests: (1) a sprint with a turn to the preferred side, (2) a sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side, (3) a sprint with a turn to both sides, and (4) a 12 × 15-m all-out shuttle test. Canoe slalom performance was measured in competitions with 4 different grades of water terrain difficulty. RESULTS There were relationships between 12 × 15-m all-out shuttle test and performance across different water terrain grades (P < .001; r = .706-.871)); however, the magnitude of the relationship decreased with increasing water terrain grade difficulty. Similar trends were observed for the sprint with a turn to the preferred side (r = .588-.884), sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side (r = .544-.864), and sprint with a turn to both sides (r = .638-.909). In addition, small to moderate differences were observed between preferred and nonpreferred side in K1 women (P = .050, ES = 0.37), K1 men (P = .019, ES = 0.66), and C1 men (P = .003, ES = 0.69). CONCLUSION The novel battery of flatwater tests can be used to measure the performance-related physical fitness of canoe slalom athletes. Sprint with a turn to the preferred side and sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side can also be used to assess the imbalance between an athlete's preferred and nonpreferred side. Accordingly, to our findings, practitioners could consider adapting the training program in preparation for important competitions specifically to water terrain difficulty grades where these competitions will be organized.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Fitness Assessment: A Systematic Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165418. [PMID: 34450860 PMCID: PMC8400146 DOI: 10.3390/s21165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in sports open a new era in athlete’s training, not only for performance monitoring and evaluation but also for fitness assessment. These technologies rely on sensor systems that collect, process and transmit relevant data, such as biomarkers and/or other performance indicators that are crucial to evaluate the evolution of the athlete’s condition, and therefore potentiate their performance. This work aims to identify and summarize recent studies that have used wearables and IoT technologies and discuss its applicability for fitness assessment. A systematic review of electronic databases (WOS, CCC, DIIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, SCIELO, IEEEXplore, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane and Web of Science) was undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 280 studies initially identified, 20 were fully examined in terms of hardware and software and their applicability for fitness assessment. Results have shown that wearable and IoT technologies have been used in sports not only for fitness assessment but also for monitoring the athlete’s internal and external workloads, employing physiological status monitoring and activity recognition and tracking techniques. However, the maturity level of such technologies is still low, particularly with the need for the acquisition of more—and more effective—biomarkers regarding the athlete’s internal workload, which limits its wider adoption by the sports community.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kons RL, Franchini E, Bragança JR, Detanico D. Psychometric Suitability of Adaptations to the Special Judo Fitness Test for Athletes With Visual Impairment. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2033-2051. [PMID: 34210230 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the reliability, sensitivity, construct and logical validity of an adapted Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) for judo athletes with visual impairment . Twenty judo athletes with visual impairments performed both the adapted SJFT with tactile and sonorous stimuli (experimental conditions) and the typically administered SJFT (standard condition). We used analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated-measures to compare the groups' SJFT performances, and one-way ANOVAs to compare different visual ability classes of athletes (B1, B2 and B3). We used t-tests to compare SJFT variables between elite and sub-elite groups. We set statistical significance for all tests at p < 0.05. The standard SJFT showed excellent test-retest reliability for number of throws and overall index (ICC = 0.91-0.95), and both sonorous and tactile sensitivity adaptations of the SJFT showed medium sensitivity for detecting performance changes. The number of throws and SJFT index were higher with the sonorous adaptation of the test, compared to the tactile and standard versions (p < 0.001). Athletes who were blind (B1) presented similar performances to athletes who were partially sighted (B2 and B3) only on the SJFT with the sonorous stimulus. Moreover, only the sonorous SJFT adaptation discriminated between the performances of elite and sub-elite athletes (p < 0.001). In conclusion, both SJFT adaptations showed excellent reliability and medium sensitivity on test-retest, but, only the SJFT with the sonorous stimulus seemed valid for assessing judo athletes with varying degrees of visual impairment, and only the sonorous stimulus SJFT discriminated elite from sub-elite athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paulus J, Croisier JL, Kaux JF, Tubez F, Meyer D, Schwartz C. Development of a new fatigability jumping protocol: Effect of the test duration on reproducibility and performance. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
31
|
Silva R, Rico-González M, Lima R, Akyildiz Z, Pino-Ortega J, Clemente FM. Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2623. [PMID: 33918020 PMCID: PMC8070051 DOI: 10.3390/s21082623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Silva
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.L.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ricardo Lima
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.L.); (F.M.C.)
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (R.L.); (F.M.C.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Effects of 4 Weeks of a Technique-Specific Protocol with High-Intensity Intervals on General and Specific Physical Fitness in Taekwondo Athletes: An Inter-Individual Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073643. [PMID: 33807435 PMCID: PMC8037394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled design, sixteen male and female athletes (five females and 11 males) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) that participated in the technique-specific HIIT and a control group (CG) that participated in traditional taekwondo training. Both groups trained three days/week for four weeks. Squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-metre sprint (5M), 20-metre shuttle run (20MSR), taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), total kicks, and kick decrement index (KDI), as well as body composition were evaluated. Results indicate that there are no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the factors group and time factor and group by time interaction (p > 0.05). Although percentage and effect size increases were documented for post-intervention fitness components in TSAT, total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR, responders and non-responders were also documented. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol based on taekwondo-specific technical movements does not report significant differences in fitness and body composition compared to traditional taekwondo training, nor inter-individual differences between athletes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hausen M, Freire R, Machado AB, Pereira GR, Millet GP, Itaborahy A. Maximal and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses to a Novel Graded Karate Test. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:310-316. [PMID: 34211324 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to propose and assess the physiological responses of a novel graded karate test. Ten male national-level karate athletes (age 26 ± 5 yrs; body mass 69.5 ± 11.6 kg; height 1.70 ± 0.09 m) performed two exercise tests (separated by 2-7 days): 1) a running-based cardiopulmonary exercise test; 2) a graded karate test. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was comprised of an individualized ramp protocol for treadmill running, and the graded karate test was comprised of a sequence of 'kisami-gyaku-zuki" punching at a fixed frequency of a stationary target that becomes progressively distant. Cardiorespiratory responses, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured. A verification phase was also performed in both tests to confirm the maximal physiological outcomes. The graded karate test evoked similar maximal responses to the running protocol: V̇O2 (57.4 ± 5.1 vs 58.3 ± 3.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; p = 0.53), heart rate (192 ± 6 vs 193 ± 10]beats.min-1; p = 0.62) and blood lactate (14.6 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 3.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.14) with a shorter duration (351 ± 71 vs 640 ± 9 s; p < 0.001). Additionally, the graded karate test evoked higher V̇O2 (72.6 ± 6.5 vs 64.4 ± 4.3 %V̇O2MAX; p = 0.005) and heart rate (89.4 ± 4.6 vs 77.3 ± 7.2 %HRMAX p < 0.001) at the ventilatory threshold and a higher heart rate (97.0 ± 2.4 vs 92.9 ± 2.2 %HRMAX; p = 0.02) at the respiratory compensation point. Incremental and verification phases evoked similar responses in V̇O2 and minute-ventilation during both tests. This novel displacement-based sport-specific test evoked similar maximal and higher submaximal responses, indicating a superior pathway to assess karate athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa B Machado
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kons RL, Detanico D, Franchini E. Internal versus external focus of attention on high-intensity exercise performance in judo athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
35
|
Prieske O, Chaabene H, Gäbler M, Herz M, Helm N, Markov A, Granacher U. Seasonal Changes in Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness and the Relationships with Sporting Success in Young Sub-Elite Judo Athletes: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7169. [PMID: 33007957 PMCID: PMC7579507 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This exploratory study aimed to monitor long-term seasonal developments in measures of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness in young judo athletes, and to compute associations between these measures and sporting success. Forty-four young judoka (20 females, 24 males) volunteered to participate. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body-composition (e.g., lean body mass), muscle strength (isometric handgrip strength), vertical jumping (e.g., countermovement-jump (CMJ) height), and dynamic balance (Y-balance test) were conducted at the beginning and end of a 10-month training season. Additionally, sporting success at the end of the season was recorded for each athlete. Analyses revealed significant time × sex interaction effects for lean-body-mass, isometric handgrip strength, and CMJ height (0.7 ≤ d ≤ 1.6). Post-hoc analyses showed larger gains for all measures in young males (1.9 ≤ d ≤6.0) compared with females (d = 2.4) across the season. Additionally, significant increases in body height and mass as well as Y-balance test scores were found from pre-to-post-test (1.2 ≤ d ≤4.3), irrespective of sex. Further, non-significant small-to-moderate-sized correlations were identified between changes in anthropometry/body composition/physical fitness and sporting success (p > 0.05; -0.34 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.32). Regression analysis confirmed that no model significantly predicted sporting success. Ten months of judo training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness, particularly in young male judo athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Am Luftschiffhafen 1, 14471 Potsdam, Germany;
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Herz
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Norman Helm
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Olympischer Weg 2, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (H.C.); (M.G.); (M.H.); (N.H.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The Novel Single-Stroke Kayak Test: Can It Discriminate Between 200-m and Longer-Distance (500- and 1000-m) Specialists in Canoe Sprint? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:208-215. [PMID: 32942255 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the force-velocity (F-V) relationship obtained during a specific single-stroke kayak test (SSKT) and during nonspecific traditional resistance-training exercises (bench press and prone bench pull) could discriminate between 200-m specialists and longer-distance (500- and 1000-m) specialists in canoe sprint. METHODS A total of 21 experienced male kayakers (seven 200-m specialists and 14 longer-distance specialists) participated in this study. After a familiarization session, kayakers came to the laboratory on 2 occasions separated by 48 to 96 hours. In a randomized order, kayakers performed the SSKT in one session and the bench press and bench pull tests in another session. Force and velocity outputs were recorded against 5 loads in each exercise to determine the F-V relationship and related parameters (maximum force, maximum velocity, F-V slope, and maximum power). RESULTS The individual F-V relationships were highly linear for the SSKT (r = .990 [.908, .998]), bench press (r = .993 [.974, .999]), and prone bench pull (r = .998 [.992, 1.000]). The F-V relationship parameters (maximum force, maximum velocity, and maximum power) were significantly higher for 200-m specialists compared with longer-distance specialists (all Ps ≤ .047) with large effect sizes (≥0.94) revealing important practical differences. However, no significant differences were observed between 200-m specialists and longer-distance specialists in the F-V slope (P ≥ .477). CONCLUSIONS The F-V relationship assessed during both specific (SSKT) and nonspecific upper-body tasks (bench press and bench pull) may distinguish between kayakers specialized in different distances.
Collapse
|
37
|
Franchini E. High-Intensity Interval Training Prescription for Combat-Sport Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:767-776. [PMID: 32502972 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Combat sports are composed of high-intensity actions (eg, attacks, defensive actions, and counterattacks in both grappling and striking situations depending on the specific sport) interspersed with low-intensity actions (eg, displacement without contact, stepping) or pauses (eg, referee stoppages), characterizing an intermittent activity. Therefore, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is at the essence of combat-sport-specific training and is used as complementary training, as well. HIIT prescription can be improved by using intensity parameters derived from combat-sport-specific tests. Specifically, the assessment of physiological indexes (intensity associated with the maximal blood lactate steady state, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal sprint) or of time-motion variables (high-intensity actions, low-intensity actions, and effort:pause ratio) is a key element for a better HIIT prescription because these parameters provide an individualization of the training loads imposed on these athletes. PURPOSE To present a proposal for HIIT prescription for combat-sport athletes, exemplifying with different HIIT protocols (HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training) using combat-sport-specific actions and the parameters for the individualization of these protocols. CONCLUSIONS The use of combat-sport-specific tests is likely to improve HIIT prescription, allowing coaches and strength and conditioning professionals to elaborate HIIT short intervals, HIIT long intervals, repeated-sprint training, and sprint interval training protocols using combat-sport actions, providing more specificity and individualization for the training sessions.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ince İ, Ulupinar S. Prediction of competition performance via selected strength-power tests in junior weightlifters. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:236-243. [PMID: 32125125 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies were limited to physical measurements or included very few performance test batteries, which has hindered the determination of the best tests for predicting competition performance in weightlifters. This study aimed to examine the relationships between body composition, Wingate anaerobic power, vertical jump height, isokinetic strength, handgrip strength, trunk strength, and competition performance and to determine the best predictors of competition performance in male junior weightlifters. METHODS Sixty-seven male junior weightlifters (age 16.6±1.5 years, height 166.6±5.2 cm, body mass 67.0±9.3 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. After a national weightlifting competition, the participants were evaluated for anthropometric measurements, Wingate anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, vertical jump, handgrip strength, and trunk strength tests. The competition performance of the participants was calculated using the Sinclair equation and used as the dependent variable in statistical analysis. RESULTS The correlations between the variables calculated from the five strength-power tests and the Sinclair score were significant (r=0.448 to 0.951, P≤0.05). The regression model suggested that the best predictors of weightlifting performance were Wingate mean power, the countermovement jump with arm swing, and body fat percentage, which accounted for approximately 88% of the common variance associated with competition performance in male junior weightlifters. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that the predictors of weightlifting performance were Wingate mean power, countermovement jump with arm swing, and body fat percentage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İzzet Ince
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Sport Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey -
| | - Süleyman Ulupinar
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lopes-Silva JP, Ferreira da Silva Santos J, Abbiss CR, Franchini E. Measurement Properties and Feasibility of Repeated Sprint Ability Test: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Kons RL, Diefenthaeler F, Orssatto LBR, Sakugawa RL, da Silva Junior JN, Detanico D. Relationship between lower limb asymmetry and judo-specific test performance. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
41
|
Sehgal S, Esht V. Talent development of roller skating using an exercise program in young males: a study protocol for randomized controlled trial. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2019.1648727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonakshi Sehgal
- Department of Sports Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vandana Esht
- Department of Sports Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Criterion Validity, Reliability and Usefulness of a Judo-Specific Maximal Aerobic Power Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:987-993. [PMID: 30676816 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate criterion validity, reliability and usefulness of a test to measure maximal aerobic power using judo-specific movements (UKtest). METHODS 12 judokas performed five graded exercise tests (GETs) in 4 sessions. In sessions 1 and 2, upper-body (UBtest), lower-body (LBtest) and familiarization UKtest. GETs were randomly performed and separated by at least 48 hours. In sessions 3 and 4, test and retest UKtest were performed (7-day apart). For all GETs, peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak), maximal heart rate (HRmax), peak blood lactate concentration ([Lapeak]), maximal aerobic intensity and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. Another group of 12 judokas performed the UKtest and one confirmation test (20-min after the UKtest), at 105% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS) until exhaustion, to confirm if maximal responses were achieved. RESULTS V̇O2peak did not differ (P>.05) between UKtest (46.04±5.34 mL.kg-1.min-1) and LBtest (44.78±5.98 mL.kg-1.min-1), but was higher (P<.05) than UBtest (37.03±7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1). Total duration (551±60s) and [Lapeak] (7.10±1.76 mmol.L-1) in the UKtest were different (P<.05) from UBtest (416±47s, 9.93±2.15 mmol.L-1, respectively) and LBtest (433±54s, 10.29±2.23 mmol.L-1, respectively). Very large relationships between V̇O2peak in UKtest with UBtest (r=0.78, P=.003) and LBtest (r=0.87, P<.001) were found. Maximal values were achieved for the UKtest V̇O2peak, HRmax, [Lapeak], RPE and MAS, with no difference between test and retest (P>.05). In addition, very large intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the V̇O2peak (ICC=0.86), HRmax (ICC=0.90) and MAS (ICC=0.81) were found. CONCLUSIONS UKtest can be considered a valid, reliable and useful test to measure maximal aerobic power using judo-specific movements.
Collapse
|
43
|
Barley OR, Chapman DW, Guppy SN, Abbiss CR. Considerations When Assessing Endurance in Combat Sport Athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:205. [PMID: 30906267 PMCID: PMC6419021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat sports encompass a range of sports, each involving physical combat between participants. Such sports are unique, with competitive success influenced by a diverse range of physical characteristics. Effectively identifying and evaluating each characteristic is essential for athletes and support staff alike. Previous research investigating the relationship between combat sports performance and measures of strength and power is robust. However, research investigating the relationship between combat sports performance and assessments of endurance is less conclusive. As a physical characteristic, endurance is complex and influenced by multiple factors including mechanical efficiency, maximal aerobic capacity, metabolic thresholds, and anaerobic capacities. To assess endurance of combat sports athletes, previous research has employed methods ranging from incremental exercise tests to circuits involving sports-specific techniques. These tests range in their ability to discern various physiological attributes or performance characteristics, with varying levels of accuracy and ecological validity. In fact, it is unclear how various physiological attributes influence combat sport endurance performance. Further, the sensitivity of sports specific skills in performance based tests is also unclear. When developing or utilizing tests to better understand an athletes' combat sports-specific endurance characteristic, it is important to consider what information the test will and will not provide. Additionally, it is important to determine which combination of performance and physiological assessments will provide the most comprehensive picture. Strengthening the understanding of assessing combat sport-specific endurance as a physiological process and as a performance metric will improve the quality of future research and help support staff effectively monitor their athlete's characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Barley
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Dale W. Chapman
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Performance Support, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart N. Guppy
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Patterson C, Platzer HP, Raschner C. The 2 Minute Loaded Repeated Jump Test: Longitudinal Anaerobic Testing in Elite Alpine Ski Racers. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:128-136. [PMID: 30787660 PMCID: PMC6370961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the 4-year development of anaerobic power and capacity in Austrian elite female alpine ski racers and examined the relationship between the 2-minute loaded repeated jump test (LRJT) results and ski racing performance (International Ski Federation (FIS) points). Ten Austrian elite female ski racers were tested prior to four racing seasons. The LRJT consisted of 48 loaded countermovement jumps (LCMJs) with barbell load equivalent to 20% bodyweight. Before the LRJT, maximal body mass normalized average power of a single LCMJ (PMAX) was determined. The mean jump power was calculated across all jumps in the test (P0-120). Anaerobic power (PMAX) in season 2 (32.3 ± 2.3 W·kg-1) significantly improved over season 1 (30.5 ± 2.3 W·kg-1) (p < 0.05) but there were no further differences between seasons, with season 3 at 33.5 ± 3.4 W·kg-1 and season 4 at 33.6 ± 3.0 W·kg-1. Anaerobic capacity (P0-120) increased up to season 3 by 9.2% (27.1 ± 2.8 to 29.6 ± 2.4 W·kg-1), but was significantly higher only when comparing season 4 to seasons 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). FIS points changed significantly (p < 0.05), from 18.1 ± 8.2 in season 1 to 8.4 ± 4.8 in season 4 (lower FIS points indicates better racing results). FIS points had a positive relationship with PMAX (r = -0.73, p < 0.05) and P0-120 (r = -0.64, p < 0.05) only in season 4. Improvements in FIS points from year to year did not correlate with seasonal increases in LRJT results. In conclusion, anaerobic power improved only after season 1, and anaerobic capacity changes were evident only in season 4. Ski racing performance (FIS points) correlated with LRJT test results in only season 4. The LRJT can monitor a ski racer's anaerobic power and capacity, but does not correlate with ski racing performance.
Collapse
|
45
|
Franchini E, Schwartz J, Takito MY. Maximal isometric handgrip strength: comparison between weight categories and classificatory table for adult judo athletes. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:968-973. [PMID: 30656156 PMCID: PMC6323329 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836396.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the maximal isometric handgrip strength of judo athletes from different weight categories and to create a classificatory table for this test. A total of 406 athletes had their maximal isometric handgrip strength measured, following standardized recommendations. Absolute and relative values were calculated for each hand and for the sum of both hands. Weight categories were compared through a one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey test. The effect size was determined by partial eta squared, and the relationship between variables was determined using Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a large effect of weight category in absolute handgrip strength for each hand and for the sum of both hands, with lower values for the lighter categories. Conversely, when the relative strength was considered higher values were found for the lighter categories (P<0.001). Very large and significant positive correlations (P<0.001) were found between right and left for absolute (r=0.886) and relative (r=0.883) handgrip values. Overall, there was an increase in absolute and a decrease in relative handgrip strength across weight categories. These differences found in grip strength in weight categories are probably linked to differences in muscle mass between them. There was a high correlation between each hand for absolute and relative values, which suggests that assessing only one hand may be enough, and therefore a faster way of evaluation. Finally, the normative classificatory table created may serve as a reference for different purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Combat Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Juliano Schwartz
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Monica Yuri Takito
- Human Movement Pedagogy Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Franchini E, Shiroma SA, Julio UF. Critical velocity during judo-specific throwing exercise (nage-komi). SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Helm N, Prieske O, Muehlbauer T, Krüger T, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Validation of A New Judo-Specific Ergometer System in Male Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2018; 17:465-474. [PMID: 30116120 PMCID: PMC6090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our experimental approach included two studies to determine discriminative validity and test-retest reliability (study 1) as well as ecological validity (study 2) of a judo ergometer system while performing judo-specific movements. Sixteen elite (age: 23 ± 3 years) and 11 sub-elite (age: 16 ± 1 years) athletes participated in study 1 and 14 male sub-elite judo athletes participated in study 2. Discriminative validity and test-retest reliability of sport-specific parameters (mechanical work, maximal force) were assessed during pulling movements with and without tsukuri (kuzushi). Ecological validity of muscle activity was determined by performing pulling movements using the ergometer without tsukuri and during the same movements against an opponent. In both conditions, electromyographic activity of trunk (e.g., m. erector spinae) and upper limb muscles (e.g., m. biceps brachii) were assessed separately for the lifting and pulling arm. Elite athletes showed mostly better mechanical work, maximal force, and power (0.12 ≤ d ≤ 1.80) compared with sub-elite athletes. The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed acceptable validity of the JERGo© system to discriminate athletes of different performance levels predominantly during kuzushi without tsukuri (area under the curve = 0.27-0.90). Moreover, small-to-medium discriminative validity was found to detect meaningful performance changes for mechanical work and maximal force. The JERGo© system showed small-to-high relative (ICC = 0.37-0.92) and absolute reliability (SEM = 10.8-18.8%). Finally, our analyses revealed acceptable correlations (r = 0.41-0.88) between muscle activity during kuzushi performed with the JERGo© system compared with a judo opponent. Our findings indicate that the JERGo© system is a valid and reliable test instrument for the assessment and training of judo-specific pulling kinetics particularly during kuzushi movement without tsukuri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Helm
- Olympic Testing and Training Center Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Krüger
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|